﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240035i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240035i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Characteristics and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Heart Failure According to the Universal Ejection Fraction Classification</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0361-6217</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Collini</surname><given-names>Michelle Bozko</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0188-4955</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cunha</surname><given-names>Gustavo Sarot Pereira da</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8972-4396</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Leonardo Henrique dos Santos de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4069-8781</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Matheus Bissa Duarte</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2385-0361</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Daikubara</surname><given-names>Jorge Tadashi</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7565-8753</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moretti</surname><given-names>Rafael</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3098-0401</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Senger</surname><given-names>Carolina Ruschel</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-0939-3845</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vercka</surname><given-names>Karoline Cordeiro</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2118-9381</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Reichert</surname><given-names>Jessica Tamires</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0622-8631</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Prado</surname><given-names>Lucas Muller</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0947-3464</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Anziliero</surname><given-names>Jamilly Giuriatti</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2936-2350</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Adam</surname><given-names>Eduardo Leal</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9285-0261</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cirino</surname><given-names>Raphael Henrique Déa</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname><given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva</bold> • Universidade Federal do Paraná – Rua Gen. Carneiro, 181. Postal Code <postal-code>80060-900</postal-code>, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>miguelmorita@ufpr.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
<p>Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva - Received lecture fees from Boehringer and Bayer.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>18</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240035</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>19</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>27</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>The universal classification of heart failure (HF) defined four categories based on ejection fraction (EF). Although it has been shown these EF-based categories have distinct prognoses and responses to treatment, most of the data has been focused on chronic HF.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>We compared the prognosis and characteristics of patients with acute HF according to the universal EF classification.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>We performed a prospective cohort study of patients admitted to a tertiary hospital for acute HF. Patients were classified into the four categories of the universal EF classification: reduced (HFrEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), preserved (HFpEF), and improved (HFimpEF), based on an echocardiogram conducted during the hospitalization. The primary outcome was all-cause death in six months of follow-up.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>153 patients hospitalized for acute HF (67.2 ± 14.9 years, 50.3% female, EF = 43.8 ± 17.6%) were included, being 52% HFrEF, 35% HFpEF, 12% HFmrEF, and 1% HFimpEF. HFrEF patients were more likely to have an ischemic etiology (42.5%), while HFpEF patients were more likely female (67.3%), had hypertension (90.9%) and atrial fibrillation (49.1%). Six-month mortality was similar among HFrEF, HFpEF, and HFmrEF categories (15% vs 20% vs 11%, respectively, Log-rank p = 0.75), and change in EF from a previous echocardiogram was not associated with outcomes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>In patients with acute HF, the EF categories from the universal classification had similar mortality rates. The proportion of patients with improved EF was very small in patients with acute HF and improvement of EF was not associated with better outcomes.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
<kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="21"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome with current or previous symptoms and signs caused by cardiac abnormalities and the rise of natriuretic peptides or objective evidence of congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The prevalence of HF is estimated at around 1% to 2%, representing 26 million adults worldwide, rising to 10% in individuals older than 70 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> HF is a major cause of hospitalization in Europe and the United States, with over one million admissions and representing 1% to 2% of all hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>HF patients can be subcategorized in many ways, according to their functional classification from the New York Heart Association,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> etiology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> stages,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and according to the Left Ventricle (LV) Ejection Fraction (EF). Recently, a position paper from the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Heart Failure Society, and the Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure proposed a universal classification, dividing the LVEF into four classes: HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF), HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) and HF with improved EF (HFimpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>These classes have different characteristics, prognosis, and treatment response in patients with chronic HF. HFrEF patients are more likely to have ischemic etiology, coronary artery disease, and be male,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and it is the class with the highest rates of hospitalization and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> On the other hand, HFpEF is a heterogenous group, being more prevalent in women and patients with obesity and hypertension. HFmrEF has intermediate characteristics between HFrEF and HFpEF and reduced mortality rates compared to these classes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, the HFimpEF class is more prevalent in women, young, and nonischemic etiology, and is the class with the best prognosis, fewer hospitalizations, and lower mortality rates among all the other EF categories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<caption>
<title>Survival probability curve, according to the ejection fraction classification. HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240035-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>However, despite the LVEF universal classification being extensively studied in patients with chronic HF, the literature is scarce on patients hospitalized with acute HF, particularly for the HFimpEF category, and the impact of the improvement of the EF in these patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>The primary objective of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and prognosis of hospitalized acute HF patients according to the universal EF classification. We also evaluated the association between the improvement of the EF with all-cause mortality in these patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Population</title>
<p>The patients included in this study were hospitalized in the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (HC-UFPR). We included patients with 18 years old or older, admitted in HC-UFPR with the primary diagnosis of acute HF from October 2019 to July 2021. The exclusion criteria were: patients with hospitalization for another diagnosis, even if previous HF history, and patients that were hospitalized for less than 24 hours.</p>
<p>After consenting, each patient was interviewed by a trained researcher, who also reviewed medical charts. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were collected at the patient&apos;s admission and inserted in the database as previously described for the BPC program. Data on previous echocardiograms was also reviewed from medical charts.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Exposure variable</title>
<p>The patients were classified according to the new EF classification regarding the index hospitalization: HFrEF when the EF was below or equal to 40%, HFmrEF when the EF was 41-49%, HFpEF when the EF was above or equal to 50%, and HFimpEF with a baseline EF below or equal to 40%, a 10% or more increase from baseline EF and a second measurement of EF above 40%.</p>
<p>A sub-analysis was made independently from the universal EF classification, in which the patients were classified in Delta EF ≥ +10% and Delta EF &lt; +10% according to the EF variation in two echocardiograms. This variation was calculated by the EF from the echocardiogram made in the index hospitalization subtracted from the EF from a previous echocardiogram (if the patient had more than one EF record, the lowest value was used), being considered Delta EF ≥ +10% of those who presented a 10% or higher EF raise. It should be noted that this sub-analysis differs from the universal classification, as it considers only the EF variation</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Outcome and follow-up</title>
<p>Every patient was contacted by a phone call in 30 days and six months after discharge. The primary outcome was death from any cause.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Other variables</title>
<p>We also collected data on sex, age, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, atrial flutter/atrial fibrillation, previous HF, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, valvar disease, and stroke/transient ischemic attack), previous cardiac procedures (percutaneous and surgical myocardial revascularization), HF etiology (ischemic, Chagas disease and others) and hemodynamic profile (dry-warm, wet-warm, dry-cold, wet-cold), according to medical notes of patient&apos;s admission. The patient was also interviewed for family income, in which low was defined by less than two minimal wages, and education level, low being characterized by illiteracy or incomplete elementary schooling. Each patient&apos;s weight and height measured at the admission was used to calculate the body mass index (BMI).</p>
<p>HF medications in use prior to the hospitalization were also collected: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi), beta blocker, spironolactone, hydralazine, nitrate, loop diuretics, digoxin, and anticoagulant.</p>
<p>The LVEF was obtained from the echocardiogram performed during the hospitalization. As for the previous echocardiogram, it was obtained in the patient&apos;s charts. An analysis of the subgroups Delta EF ≥ +10% and Delta EF &lt; +10% was made for the following echocardiographic parameters: previous and hospitalization Left Atrium (LA) diameter, previous and hospitalization LV diastolic and systolic diameters and its variations, and the time difference between the echocardiograms.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>The categorical variables were presented in proportions and the continuous in mean ± standard deviation or median and quartiles. The continuous variables were compared among the groups with ANOVA if normal distribution and Kruskal-Wallis if not normal. The categorical variables were compared with the use of the chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier curves were built for the survival analysis, being censured in 180 days and compared with the Log-rank test. Then, the association between the EF categories and the EF variation with the primary outcome were analyzed with the Cox regression adjusted for possible confusion factors. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The software used for analysis was the Stata v.15.1 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>One hundred and fifty-three patients were hospitalized with acute HF in this period, of which only 77 had a previous echocardiogram, 52% were classified as HFrEF, 35% as HFpEF, 12% as HFmrEF and 1% as HFimpEF, representing only two patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Due to the small number of patients in the HFimpEF category, we divided the patients into one of the other three categories and evaluated the Delta EF separately (see below). The mean age varied between 64 to 71 years (HFrEF 64.30 ± 14.14, HFmrEF 67.73 ± 12.83, and HFpEF 71.40 ± 14.37), and the women proportion also varied amongst the categories (HFrEF 33.8%, HFmrEF 55.6%, and HFpEF 67.3%).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Proportion of patients in each ejection fraction category. EF: ejection fraction; HFimpEF: heart failure with improved ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240035-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>For the EF variation analysis, the 77 previous echocardiograms were used (67 ± 14 years, 48% women, EF = 43 ± 18%). The median period between the previous echocardiogram and the hospitalization echocardiogram was 224 [114, 463] days.</p>
<sec>
<title>Clinical characteristics</title>
<p>Most patients were overweight and had hypertension and previous HF. Also, more than a third had diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. The most common hemodynamic profile was the wet-warm, and more than half of the included patients had low family income and education level (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Clinical and demographic characteristics according to the ejection fraction classification</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="19%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">HFrEF</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">HFmrEF</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">HFpEF</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 80</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 18</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 55</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Age, years</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">64.30 ± 14.14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">67.73 ± 12.83</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">71.40 ± 14.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.017</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Female, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27 (33.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (55.6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (67.3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27.93 ± 6.04</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29.16 ± 5.88</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30.01 ± 8.41</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57 (71.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83.3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50 (90.9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.019</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (40.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (33.3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (36.4%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.83</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (30.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (50.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (29.1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Coronary Artery Disease, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33 (41.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (27.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (14.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Myocardial infarction, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (22.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (16.7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>PCI, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (25.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11.1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.009</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>CABG Surgery, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (10.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5.6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.58</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23 (28.7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (50.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27 (49.1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.033</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Previous Heart Failure, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57 (71.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13 (72.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36 (65.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.74</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Chronic kidney disease (Cr &gt;2.0), n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (22.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11.1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10.9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.16</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>COPD/Asthma, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (13.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11.1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (30.9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.030</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Valvar Disease, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (17.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (27.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (43.6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (21.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (12.7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Etiology, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ischemic</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (42.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (22.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10.9%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chagas Disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Other</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">43 (53.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (77.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 (89.1%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Hemodynamic Profile, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.54</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dry-warm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (3.6%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Wet-warm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">70 (88.6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (94.4%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 (87.3%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Wet-cold</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5.6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (9.1%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dry-cold</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Low Level of Education, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52 (65.0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61.1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">39 (70.9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Low Family Income, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42 (53.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12 (66.7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (58.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.55</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>BI: body mass index; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; n: number of patients; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Myocardial ischemia, coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularization, and ischemic HF etiology were more prevalent in the HFrEF group. The HFpEF group presented higher age, more frequently female sex, and higher rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, valvar disease, and hypertension. The HFmrEF group presented intermediate characteristics between the HFrEF and HFpEF groups concerning: age, sex, hypertension, BMI, coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, percutaneous revascularization, and valvar disease. However, the flutter/atrial fibrillation rates were similar between the HFmrEF and HFpEF groups, being higher when compared to HFrEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<p>There was no statistically significant difference between the analyzed EF categories and the use of HF medications previous to the index hospitalization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Medications that were used previously to index hospitalization according to the ejection fraction categories</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
<th align="left" valign="middle">HFrEF</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">HFmrEF</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">HFpEF</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle">n = 80</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">n = 18</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">n = 55</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ACEI/ARB/ARNI</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">60.0%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">72.2%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">56.4%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.49</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-Blockers</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">53.8%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">61.1%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">43.6%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.34</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Spironolactone</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">28.7%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">33.3%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">16.4%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.18</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hydralazine</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">10.0%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">5.6%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.0%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.053</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Nitrate</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">6.2%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">11.1%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">1.8%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.26</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Loop Diuretics</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">40.0%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">55.6%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">41.8%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Digoxin</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">2.5%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.0%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">7.3%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.25</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagulant</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">2.5%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.0%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">7.3%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.25</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
<p>There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the following echocardiographic parameters between the subgroups Delta EF ≥ +10% e Delta EF &lt; +10%: previous and hospitalization LA diameter, previous and hospitalization LV diastolic diameter and its variations, previous and hospitalization LV systolic diameter and the time difference between the echocardiograms.</p>
<p>As for the LV systolic diameter variation, there was a difference between the groups, with higher values in the Delta EF &lt; +10% group (2.49 ± 5.02 vs −5.33 ± 3.01, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Echocardiographic variables according to the ejection fraction variation</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="24%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2" rowspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Delta EF &lt; +10</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Delta EF ≥ +10</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 71</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>LA Diameter, mm</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Previous</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">46.3 ± 7.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47.8 ± 3.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalization</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47.4 ± 6.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51.7 ± 7.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>LV Diastolic Diameter, mm</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Previous</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">54.0 ± 9.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52.5 ± 8.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.72</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalization</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">54.6 ± 9.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52.7 ± 8.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>LV Systolic Diameter, mm</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Previous</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40.4 ± 12.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">41.7 ± 11.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.82</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalization</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42.3 ± 11.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36.3 ± 11.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>LA Diameter Variation, mm</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.1 ± 5.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 ± 5.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>LV Diastolic Diameter Variation, mm</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.8 ± 5.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.2 ± 3.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.76</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>LV Systolic Diameter Variation, mm</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2.5 ± 5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-5.3 ± 3.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>The time between Echocardiograms, days</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">220 [87; 463]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">423 [133; 592]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,46</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>EF: ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Outcome</title>
<p>From the 153 patients analyzed, 25 (16.3%) died during the follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences in the outcome of death by all causes according to the EF classes (HFrEF 15% vs HFpEF 20% vs HFmrEF 11%, Log-rank p = 0.55) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
<p>As for the analysis according to the EF variation, in the 180 days survival analysis, there was no association between the improvement of EF (Delta &gt; 10%) and mortality (hazard ratio [HR] =2.22; confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.49 - 10.03; p = 0.30), even after adjustment for age, sex, current EF and period between the EF measurements (adjusted HR = 2.40; CI 95% = 0.45 - 12.9; p = 0.31). The EF variation as a continuous variable showed an apparent &quot;U&quot; shaped association with mortality in 180 days, but was not statistically significant (p = 0.32; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Mortality according to the ejection fraction variation as a continuous variable. EF: ejection fraction.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240035-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>In this cohort of patients with acute HF, we found that the clinical characteristics differed among the EF classes according to the universal definition, similar to what has been found in patients with chronic HF. Nevertheless, the mortality was similar across the EF classes, which is the opposite of what is known for patients with chronic HF, where HFrEF patients display the lowest survival rates,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> while HFimpEF patients have the highest survival rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Noteworthy, the proportion of patients with HFimpEF in our study was very small, and we did not find a significant association between improvement of EF and mortality. This suggests that the EF and its categories appear to have a different role in patients with acute HF, who have a more severe presentation of the disease even if they have had improvement of EF.</p>
<p>There are divergences in the literature about the relationship between EF and outcomes in patients with acute HF. A previous study from Brazil described similar survival rates in acute HF patients according to EF categories, although they did not evaluate the improvement in EF and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Another study evaluated patients with HFmrEF and subdivided them into improved (if the EF improved at least 5 points and was &gt; 50% in a posterior measurement), worsened (EF change of at least 5 points and EF &lt; 40%), or no change, and they found that improved EF was associated with better survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> It has also been suggested that the association between EF and outcomes may attenuate in patients with the first acute HF episode, so-called <italic>de novo</italic> (again) acute HF. While EF was not associated with outcomes in patients with <italic>de novo</italic> acute HF, the HFrEF category displayed worse survival compared with HFmrEF and HFpEF ones among patients with chronic decompensated HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> These divergences demonstrate the need for more data on the impact of LVEF on cardiovascular outcomes among patients with acute HF. Our study agrees with previous data that suggested no association between EF and outcomes in patients with acute HF and further provides data on previous EF changes in an acute scenario.</p>
<p>The distribution of HF categories was similar to what had been published before.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nevertheless, we found a very low number of patients with HFimpEF, which may be related to a low hospitalization rate among patients with chronic HF in this category.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Characteristics of patients across categories in our study followed what has been described in chronic patients: while HFrEF patients had a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, and ischemic HF etiology, HFpEF patients were older, more frequently women had a higher prevalence of hypertension and atrial flutter/atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The HFmrEF patients presented intermediate characteristics between HFrEF and HfpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Acute HF is a pathophysiological entity less known when compared to chronic HF. It is characterized as a quick installation or a gradual worsening of HF signs and symptoms, severe enough to make the patient seek urgent medical assistance. Mortality rates in one year after discharge vary from 25% to 30%, and rehospitalization rates reach up to 45%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Clinical risk scores have been validated to predict the risk of in-hospital mortality in decompensated acute HF patients, such as the ADHERE and the GWTG scores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and they do not incorporate EF as predictors of mortality. Instead, they include age, race, comorbidities, systolic blood pressure, sodium levels, and kidney function. This indicates that the short-term prognosis of acute HF is better evaluated by parameters that reflect acute hemodynamic abnormalities, which are not captured by EF. The EF measured during hospitalization is a lumped parameter that reflects both chronic and acute hemodynamic abnormalities. Acute changes in EF are associated with variations in stroke volume, preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility, but measuring them is unfeasible since they would need to be assessed in a short period, with previous EF measured days or weeks before hospitalization. With the data available so far, the one-point measurement of EF during hospitalization does not appear to predict in-hospital mortality. Our study adds by further studying the EF fluctuations over a long period, which was not associated with mortality during hospitalization or in the six months afterward.</p>
<sec>
<title>Limitations</title>
<p>Our study has limitations that should be considered. First, the relatively small sample size limited the power to detect differences in mortality. Second, the very small number of patients with HFimpEF precluded an analysis that included this category. Third, change in EF was calculated using an available previous echocardiogram that was usually performed by another observer and equipment with varied times between the previous and current echocardiograms, which inserted additional variability to the EF measurement. We adjusted for the time between the EF measurements, but we could not address other factors that may contribute to changes in EF, including medical treatment optimization, HF etiology, changes in volume status, and inter-observer variability.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>In patients hospitalized for acute HF, EF categories represented distinct HF phenotypes, but they were not associated with mortality. The prevalence of HFimpEF was low in the acute setting, likely reflecting a lower risk of hospitalization in this category.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Paraná under the protocol number CAEE 48561715.5.2021.0096. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bozkurt</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Coats</surname><given-names>AJS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tsutsui</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Abdelhamid</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adamopoulos</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Albert</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association</article-title>
<source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>352</fpage>
<lpage>380</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.2115</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H, Abdelhamid CM, Adamopoulos S, Albert N, et al. Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(3):352-80. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2115.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vaduganathan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fonarow</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Epidemiology of Hospitalized Heart Failure: Differences and Similarities between Patients with Reduced versus Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
<source>Heart Fail Clin</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>271</fpage>
<lpage>276</lpage>
<comment>v</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hfc.2013.04.001</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vaduganathan M, Fonarow GC. Epidemiology of Hospitalized Heart Failure: Differences and Similarities between Patients with Reduced versus Preserved Ejection Fraction. Heart Fail Clin. 2013;9(3):271-6, v. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2013.04.001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Ambrosy</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fonarow</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Butler</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chioncel</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Greene</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vaduganathan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>The Global Health and Economic Burden of Hospitalizations for Heart Failure: Lessons Learned from Hospitalized Heart Failure Registries</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1123</fpage>
<lpage>1133</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.053</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, et al. The Global Health and Economic Burden of Hospitalizations for Heart Failure: Lessons Learned from Hospitalized Heart Failure Registries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(12):1123-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.053.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>White</surname><given-names>PD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Myers</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The Classification of Cardiac Diagnosis, with Especial Reference to Etiology</article-title>
<source>Am Heart J</source>
<year>1925</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>95</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0002-8703(25)90008-7</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>White PD, Myers MM. The Classification of Cardiac Diagnosis, with Especial Reference to Etiology. Am Heart J. 1925;1(1):87–95. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(25)90008-7.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Udelson</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Is Heart Failure Etiology Destiny?: Outcome and Therapeutic Implications</article-title>
<source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>466</fpage>
<lpage>458</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2019.03.014</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Udelson JE. Is Heart Failure Etiology Destiny?: Outcome and Therapeutic Implications. JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7(6):466-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.03.014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Mann</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zipes</surname><given-names>DP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Libby</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bonow</surname><given-names>RO</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<source>Braunwald&apos;s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine</source>
<edition>10th ed.</edition>
<publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
<year>2014</year>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. Braunwald&apos;s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Lauritsen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gustafsson</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Abdulla</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Characteristics and Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Heart Failure and Mid-range Ejection Fraction Compared with Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
<source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>685</fpage>
<lpage>694</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.12283</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Lauritsen J, Gustafsson F, Abdulla J. Characteristics and Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Heart Failure and Mid-range Ejection Fraction Compared with Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ESC Heart Fail. 2018;5(4):685-94. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12283.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bian</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Characteristics and Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Reduced, Mid-range, and Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
<source>Clin Cardiol</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>17</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.23754</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Liang M, Bian B, Yang Q. Characteristics and Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Reduced, Mid-range, and Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2022;45(1):5-17. doi: 10.1002/clc.23754.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Gulati</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Udelson</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heart Failure with Improved Ejection Fraction: Is it Possible to Escape One&apos;s Past?</article-title>
<source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>725</fpage>
<lpage>733</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.004</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gulati G, Udelson JE. Heart Failure with Improved Ejection Fraction: Is it Possible to Escape One&apos;s Past? JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(9):725-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Mebazaa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>IY</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>HA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Characteristics, Outcomes, and Treatment of Heart Failure with Improved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
<source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<elocation-id>e011077</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.011077</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Park CS, Park JJ, Mebazaa A, Oh IY, Park HA, Cho HJ, et al. Characteristics, Outcomes, and Treatment of Heart Failure with Improved Ejection Fraction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(6):e011077. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.011077.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Danzmann</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bartholomay</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bodanese</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Donay</surname><given-names>BG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Magedanz</surname><given-names>EH</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Survival of Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Mid-range Ejection Fraction in a Developing Country - A Cohort Study in South Brazil</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>14</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190427</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Petersen LC, Danzmann LC, Bartholomay E, Bodanese LC, Donay BG, Magedanz EH, et al. Survival of Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Mid-range Ejection Fraction in a Developing Country - A Cohort Study in South Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(1):14-23. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190427.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>KH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>GY</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>JO</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jeon</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>HY</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Outcomes of de Novo and Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients According to Ejection Fraction</article-title>
<source>Heart</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>525</fpage>
<lpage>532</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311813</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Choi KH, Lee GY, Choi JO, Jeon ES, Lee HY, Cho HJ, et al. Outcomes of de Novo and Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients According to Ejection Fraction. Heart. 2018;104(6):525-32. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311813.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Kapłon-Cieślicka</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Benson</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chioncel</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Crespo-Leiro</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Coats</surname><given-names>AJS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Anker</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>A Comprehensive Characterization of Acute Heart Failure with Preserved versus Mildly Reduced versus Reduced Ejection Fraction - Insights from the ESC-HFA EORP Heart Failure Long-Term Registry</article-title>
<source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>335</fpage>
<lpage>350</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.2408</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Benson L, Chioncel O, Crespo-Leiro MG, Coats AJS, Anker SD, et al. A Comprehensive Characterization of Acute Heart Failure with Preserved versus Mildly Reduced versus Reduced Ejection Fraction - Insights from the ESC-HFA EORP Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(2):335-50. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2408.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>SP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ibrahim</surname><given-names>NE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Januzzi</surname><given-names>JL</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Review</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>324</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>488</fpage>
<lpage>504</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2020.10262</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Murphy SP, Ibrahim NE, Januzzi JL Jr. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Review. JAMA. 2020;324(5):488-504. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10262.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Tanabe</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sakamoto</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heart Failure with Recovered Ejection Fraction</article-title>
<source>J Echocardiogr</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>9</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12574-018-0396-2</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tanabe K, Sakamoto T. Heart Failure with Recovered Ejection Fraction. J Echocardiogr. 2019;17(1):5-9. doi: 10.1007/s12574-018-0396-2.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Kalogeropoulos</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fonarow</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Georgiopoulou</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Burkman</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Siwamogsatham</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Characteristics and Outcomes of Adult Outpatients with Heart Failure and Improved or Recovered Ejection Fraction</article-title>
<source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>510</fpage>
<lpage>518</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2016.1325</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kalogeropoulos AP, Fonarow GC, Georgiopoulou V, Burkman G, Siwamogsatham S, Patel A, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Adult Outpatients with Heart Failure and Improved or Recovered Ejection Fraction. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(5):510-8. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.1325.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Jørgensen</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Andersson</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vasan</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Køber</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Abdulla</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Characteristics and Prognosis of Heart Failure with Improved Compared with Persistently Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses</article-title>
<source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>366</fpage>
<lpage>376</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487317750437</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Jørgensen ME, Andersson C, Vasan RS, Køber L, Abdulla J. Characteristics and Prognosis of Heart Failure with Improved Compared with Persistently Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25(4):366-76. doi: 10.1177/2047487317750437.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bloom</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Greenberg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jaarsma</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Januzzi</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>CSP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Maggioni</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
<source>Nat Rev Dis Primers</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<fpage>17058</fpage>
<lpage>17058</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrdp.2017.58</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bloom MW, Greenberg B, Jaarsma T, Januzzi JL, Lam CSP, Maggioni AP, et al. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17058. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.58.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Savarese</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Stolfo</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sinagra</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lund</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heart Failure with Mid-range or Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
<source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>100</fpage>
<lpage>116</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41569-021-00605-5</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Savarese G, Stolfo D, Sinagra G, Lund LH. Heart Failure with Mid-range or Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(2):100-16. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00605-5.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>McDonagh</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Metra</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adamo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gardner</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Baumbach</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Böhm</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<issue>36</issue>
<fpage>3599</fpage>
<lpage>3726</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Fonarow</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>KF</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name>
<name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>WT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Yancy</surname><given-names>CW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Boscardin</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name>
<collab>ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee, Study Group, and Investigators</collab>
</person-group>
<article-title>Risk Stratification for In-hospital Mortality in Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure: Classification and Regression Tree Analysis</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>293</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>572</fpage>
<lpage>580</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.293.5.572</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ; ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee, Study Group, and Investigators. Risk Stratification for In-hospital Mortality in Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure: Classification and Regression Tree Analysis. JAMA. 2005;293(5):572-80. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.5.572.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240035</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Características e Prognóstico de Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Aguda de Acordo com a Classificação Universal da Fração de Ejeção</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0361-6217</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Collini</surname><given-names>Michelle Bozko</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0188-4955</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cunha</surname><given-names>Gustavo Sarot Pereira da</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8972-4396</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Leonardo Henrique dos Santos de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4069-8781</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Matheus Bissa Duarte</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2385-0361</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Daikubara</surname><given-names>Jorge Tadashi</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7565-8753</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moretti</surname><given-names>Rafael</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3098-0401</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Senger</surname><given-names>Carolina Ruschel</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-0939-3845</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vercka</surname><given-names>Karoline Cordeiro</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2118-9381</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Reichert</surname><given-names>Jessica Tamires</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0622-8631</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Prado</surname><given-names>Lucas Muller</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0947-3464</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Anziliero</surname><given-names>Jamilly Giuriatti</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2936-2350</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Adam</surname><given-names>Eduardo Leal</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9285-0261</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cirino</surname><given-names>Raphael Henrique Déa</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname><given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva</bold> • Universidade Federal do Paraná – Rua Gen. Carneiro, 181. CEP <postal-code>80060-900</postal-code>, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: <email>miguelmorita@ufpr.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
<p>Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva - Recebeu honorários para palestras da Boehringer e Bayer.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>A classificação universal de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) definiu quatro categorias com base na fração de ejeção (FE). Embora tenha sido demonstrado que essas categorias baseadas em FE têm prognóstico e resposta distintos ao tratamento, a maioria dos dados se concentrou na IC crônica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Comparamos o prognóstico e as características de pacientes com IC aguda de acordo com a classificação universal de FE.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes internados em um hospital terciário para o tratamento da IC aguda. Os pacientes foram classificados nas quatro categorias da classificação universal de FE: reduzida (ICFEr), levemente reduzida (ICFElr), preservada (ICFEp) e melhorada (ICFEm), com base em um ecocardiograma realizado durante a internação. O desfecho primário foi óbito por todas as causas em seis meses de acompanhamento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Foram incluídos 153 pacientes hospitalizados com a IC aguda (67,2 ± 14,9 anos, 50,3% do sexo feminino, FE = 43,8 ± 17,6%), sendo 52% ICFEr, 35% ICFEp, 12% ICFElr e 1% ICFEm. Pacientes com ICFEr eram mais propensos a ter uma etiologia isquêmica (42,5%), enquanto pacientes com ICFEp eram mais frequentemente do sexo feminino (67,3%), com maior propensão a hipertensão (90,9%) e fibrilação atrial (49,1%). A mortalidade em seis meses foi semelhante entre as categorias ICFEr, ICFEp e ICFElr (15% vs 20% vs 11%, respectivamente, Log-rank p = 0,75), e a variação na FE a partir de um ecocardiograma anterior não foi associada ao risco de desfechos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>Em pacientes com IC aguda, as categorias de FE da classificação universal apresentaram taxas de mortalidade semelhantes. A proporção de pacientes com FE melhorada foi muito pequena e a melhora da FE não foi associada a melhores desfechos.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Volume Sistólico</kwd>
<kwd>Prognóstico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f6">
<caption>
<title>Curva de probabilidade de sobrevivência de acordo com a classificação da fração de ejeção. ICFElr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240035-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica heterogênea com sintomas e sinais atuais ou prévios causados por anormalidades cardíacas e aumento de peptídeos natriuréticos ou evidência objetiva de congestão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A prevalência de IC é estimada em torno de 1% a 2%, representando 26 milhões de adultos em todo o mundo, e aumentando para 10% em indivíduos com mais de 70 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A IC é uma das principais causas de hospitalização na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, com mais de 1 milhão de admissões e representando 1% a 2% de todas as internações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pacientes com IC podem ser subcategorizados de diversas maneiras, de acordo com sua classificação funcional da NYHA (New York Heart Association),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> etiologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> estágios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e de acordo com a fração de ejeção (FE) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Recentemente, um artigo de posicionamento da <italic>Heart Failure Society of America</italic>, <italic>Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology</italic>, <italic>Japanese Heart Failure Society</italic> e <italic>Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure</italic> propôs uma classificação universal, dividindo a FEVE em quatro classes: IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr), IC com FE levemente reduzida (ICFElr), IC com FE preservada (ICFEp) e IC com FE melhorada (ICFEm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Essas classes têm características, prognóstico e resposta ao tratamento diferentes em pacientes com IC crônica. Pacientes com ICFEr têm maior probabilidade de apresentar uma etiologia isquêmica, doença arterial coronária e ser do sexo masculino,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> além de ser a classe com as maiores taxas de internação e óbito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a ICFEp é um grupo heterogêneo, sendo mais prevalente em mulheres e em pacientes com obesidade e hipertensão. A ICFElr tem características intermediárias entre a ICFEr e a ICFEp e taxas de mortalidade reduzidas em comparação a essas classes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, a classe ICFEm é mais prevalente em mulheres, jovens e com etiologia não isquêmica, sendo a classe com melhor prognóstico, menor taxa de internações e de mortalidade entre todas as outras categorias de FE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>No entanto, apesar da classificação universal da FEVE ser extensivamente estudada em pacientes com IC crônica, a literatura é escassa a respeito de pacientes hospitalizados com IC aguda, particularmente para a categoria ICFEm e para o impacto da melhora da FE nesses pacientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos</title>
<p>O objetivo primário deste estudo foi comparar as características clínicas e o prognóstico de pacientes hospitalizados com IC aguda, de acordo com a classificação universal de FE. Além disso, avaliamos a associação entre a melhora da FE e a mortalidade por todas as causas nesses pacientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<sec>
<title>População</title>
<p>Os pacientes incluídos neste estudo foram internados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR). Foram incluídos pacientes com 18 anos ou mais, internados no HC-UFPR com diagnóstico primário de IC aguda no período de outubro de 2019 a julho de 2021. Os critérios de exclusão foram: pacientes com internação por outro diagnóstico, mesmo que com histórico prévio de IC, e pacientes que permaneceram internados por menos de 24 horas.</p>
<p>Após consentimento, cada paciente foi entrevistado por um pesquisador treinado, que também revisou os prontuários médicos. Parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficos foram coletados na admissão do paciente e inseridos no banco de dados conforme descrito anteriormente para o programa BPC. Dados sobre ecocardiogramas anteriores também foram revisados a partir dos prontuários médicos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Variável de exposição</title>
<p>Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a nova classificação de FE em relação à internação índice: ICFEr quando a FE estava abaixo ou igual a 40%, ICFElr quando a FE estava 41-49%, ICFEp quando a FE estava acima ou igual a 50% e ICFEm com uma FE basal abaixo ou igual a 40%, um aumento de 10% ou mais desde a FE basal, e uma segunda medição de FE acima de 40%.</p>
<p>Uma subanálise foi feita, independentemente da classificação universal de FE, na qual os pacientes foram classificados em Delta FE ≥ +10% e Delta FE &lt; +10% de acordo com a variação da FE em dois ecocardiogramas. Essa variação foi calculada pela FE do ecocardiograma feito na internação índice, subtraída da FE de um ecocardiograma prévio (se o paciente tivesse mais de um registro de FE, o menor valor era usado), sendo considerado Delta FE ≥ +10% aqueles que apresentaram elevação de FE igual ou maior que 10%. Vale ressaltar que essa subanálise difere da classificação universal, uma vez que considera apenas a variação da FE</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Desfecho e acompanhamento</title>
<p>Todos os pacientes foram contatados por telefone em 30 dias e seis meses após a alta. O desfecho primário foi óbito por qualquer causa.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Outras variáveis</title>
<p>Dados sobre sexo, idade, comorbidades (hipertensão, diabetes, dislipidemia, doença arterial coronária, infarto do miocárdio prévio, flutter atrial/fibrilação atrial, IC prévia, doença renal crônica, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica/asma, doença valvar e acidente vascular encefálico/ataque isquêmico transitório), procedimentos cardíacos prévios (revascularização miocárdica percutânea e cirúrgica), etiologia da IC (isquêmica, doença de Chagas e outras) e perfil hemodinâmico (seco-quente, úmido-quente, seco-frio, úmido-frio) foram coletados de acordo com prontuários médicos de admissão do paciente. O paciente também foi entrevistado quanto à renda familiar, onde a renda baixa foi definida como menos de dois salários mínimos, e nível de escolaridade, onde o nível baixo foi caracterizado por analfabetismo ou ensino fundamental incompleto. O peso e a altura de cada paciente, conforme medidos na admissão, foram usados para calcular o índice de massa corporal (IMC).</p>
<p>Além disso, foram coletados os medicamentos para IC em uso antes da internação: inibidor da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA), inibidor da neprilisina do receptor da angiotensina (INRA), betabloqueadores, espironolactona, hidralazina, nitrato, diuréticos de alça, digoxina e anticoagulantes.</p>
<p>A FEVE foi obtida do ecocardiograma realizado durante a internação. O ecocardiograma prévio foi obtido nos prontuários do paciente. Uma análise dos subgrupos Delta FE ≥ +10% e Delta FE &lt; +10% foi feita para os seguintes parâmetros ecocardiográficos: diâmetro do Átrio Esquerdo (AE) prévio e durante a internação, diâmetros diastólico e sistólico do VE prévios e durante a internação e suas variações, e a diferença de tempo entre os ecocardiogramas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise estatística</title>
<p>As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas em proporções e as contínuas em média ± desvio padrão ou mediana e quartis. As variáveis contínuas foram comparadas entre os grupos com ANOVA para distribuição normal e Kruskal-Wallis para não normal. As variáveis categóricas foram comparadas com o uso do teste qui-quadrado. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram construídas para a análise de sobrevivência, sendo censuradas em 180 dias e comparadas com o teste Log-rank. Em seguida, a associação entre as categorias de FE e a variação da FE com o desfecho primário foram analisadas com a regressão de Cox ajustada para possíveis fatores de confusão. Um valor-p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O software utilizado para análise foi o Stata, v.15.1 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Cento e cinquenta e três pacientes foram hospitalizados com IC aguda neste período, dos quais apenas 77 tinham ecocardiograma prévio, 52% foram classificados como ICFEr, 35% como ICFEp, 12% como ICFElr e 1% como ICFEm, representando apenas dois pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Devido ao baixo número de pacientes na categoria de ICFEm, dividimos os pacientes em uma das outras três categorias e avaliamos o Delta FE separadamente (veja abaixo). A idade média variou entre 64 e 71 anos (ICFEr 64,30 ± 14,14, ICFElr 67,73 ± 12,83 e ICFEp 71,40 ± 14,37), e a proporção de mulheres também variou entre as categorias (ICFEr 33,8%, ICFElr 55,6% e ICFEp 67,3%).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Proporção de pacientes em cada categoria de fração de ejeção. FE: fração de ejeção; ICFEm: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção melhorada; ICFElr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240035-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Para a análise da variação da FE, foram utilizados os 77 ecocardiogramas prévios (67 ± 14 anos, 48% de mulheres, FE = 43 ± 18%). O período mediano de tempo entre o ecocardiograma anterior e o ecocardiograma de internação foi de 224 [114, 463] dias.</p>
<sec>
<title>Características clínicas</title>
<p>A maioria dos pacientes estava acima do peso, e tinham hipertensão e IC prévia. Além disso, mais de um terço tinha diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia. O perfil hemodinâmico mais comum foi o úmido-quente, e mais da metade dos pacientes incluídos tinha renda familiar e nível educacional baixos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Características clínicas/demográficas segundo a classificação da fração de ejeção</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="19%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">ICFElr</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEp</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Valor-p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 80</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 18</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 55</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Idade, anos</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">64,30 ± 14,14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">67,73 ± 12,83</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">71,40 ± 14,37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,017</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Sexo feminino, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27 (33,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (55,6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (67,3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27,93 ± 6,04</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29,16 ± 5,88</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30,01 ± 8,41</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Hipertensão, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57 (71,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83,3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50 (90,9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,019</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (40,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (33,3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (36,4%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,83</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Dislipidemia, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (30,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (50,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (29,1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Doença da artéria coronária, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33 (41,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (27,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (14,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Infarto do miocárdio, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (22,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (16,7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,028</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>ICP, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (25,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11,1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,009</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (10,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5,6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,58</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Fibrilação Atrial/Flutter, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23 (28,7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (50,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27 (49,1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,033</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Insuficiência Cardíaca Prévia, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57 (71,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13 (72,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36 (65,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,74</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Doença Renal Crônica (Cr &gt; 2,0), n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (22,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11,1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10,9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,16</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>DPOC/Asma, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (13,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11,1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (30,9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,030</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Doença Valvar, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (17,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (27,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (43,6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>AVC/Ataque Isquêmico Transitório, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (21,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (12,7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Etiologia, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isquêmica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (42,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (22,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10,9%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Doença de Chagas</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Outros</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">43 (53,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (77,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 (89,1%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Perfil Hemodinâmico, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,54</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Seco-quente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (3,6%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Úmido-quente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">70 (88,6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (94,4%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 (87,3%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Úmido-frio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5,6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (9,1%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Seco-frio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3,8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Baixa Escolaridade, n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52 (65,0%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61,1%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">39 (70,9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Baixa Renda Familiar, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42 (53,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12 (66,7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (58,2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,55</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4">
<p>IMC: índice de massa corporal; CRM: cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio; DPOC: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; ICFElr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; n: número de pacientes; ICP: intervenção coronária percutânea.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Isquemia miocárdica, doença arterial coronária, infarto do miocárdio prévio, revascularização miocárdica e etiologia da IC isquêmica foram mais prevalentes no grupo ICFEr. O grupo de ICFEp apresentou idade mais avançada, sexo feminino mais frequentemente e maiores taxas de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica/asma, doença valvar e hipertensão. O grupo de ICFEm apresentou características intermediárias entre os grupos ICFEr e ICFEp em relação a idade, sexo, hipertensão, IMC, doença arterial coronária, infarto do miocárdio prévio, revascularização percutânea e doença valvar. No entanto, as taxas de flutter/fibrilação atrial foram semelhantes entre os grupos ICFElr e ICFEp, sendo maiores quando comparadas à ICFEr (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
<p>Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as categorias de FE analisadas e o uso de medicamentos para IC prévios à internação índice (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Medicamentos usados anteriormente à internação índice, de acordo com as categorias de fração de ejeção</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">ICFElr</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEp</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Valor-p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 80</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 18</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 55</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IECA/BRA/INRA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">60,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72,2%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56,4%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,49</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">53,8%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">61,1%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">43,6%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,34</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Espironolactona</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">28,7%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33,3%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,4%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,18</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hidralazina</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,6%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,053</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Nitrato</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6,2%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11,1%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,8%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,26</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diuréticos de alça</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">55,6%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">41,8%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Digoxina</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,5%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,3%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,25</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagulante</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,5%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,3%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,25</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5">
<p>IECA: inibidor da enzima de conversão da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina do receptor da angiotensina; ICFElr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Variáveis ecocardiográficas</title>
<p>Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante ao comparar os seguintes parâmetros ecocardiográficos entre os subgrupos Delta FE ≥ +10% e Delta FE &lt; +10%: diâmetro do AE prévio e da internação, diâmetro diastólico do VE prévio e da internação e suas variações, diâmetro sistólico do VE prévio e da internação e a diferença temporal entre os ecocardiogramas.</p>
<p>Quanto à variação do diâmetro sistólico do VE, houve diferença entre os grupos, com valores maiores no grupo Delta FE &lt; +10% (2,49 ± 5,02 vs −5,33 ± 3,01, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption><title>Variáveis ecocardiográficas de acordo com a variação da fração de ejeção</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="24%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2" rowspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Delta FE &lt; +10</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Delta FE ≥ +10</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Valor-p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 71</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>Diâmetro do AE, mm</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Prévio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">46,3 ± 7,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47,8 ± 3,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Internação</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47,4 ± 6,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51,7 ± 7,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,15</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>Diâmetro diastólico do VE, mm</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Prévio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">54,0 ± 9,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52,5 ± 8,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,72</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Internação</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">54,6 ± 9,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52,7 ± 8,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>Diâmetro sistólico do VE, mm</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Prévio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40,4 ± 12,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">41,7 ± 11,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,82</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Internação</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42,3 ± 11,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36,3 ± 11,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Variação do diâmetro do AE, mm</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,1 ± 5,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 ± 5,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Variação do diâmetro diastólico do VE, mm</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,8 ± 5,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,2 ± 3,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,76</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Variação do diâmetro sistólico do VE, mm</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,5 ± 5,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-5,3 ± 3,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Tempo entre ecocardiogramas, dias</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">220 [87, 463]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">423 [133, 592]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,46</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN6">
<p>FE: fração de ejeção; AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Desfecho</title>
<p>Dos 153 pacientes analisados, 25 (16,3%) morreram durante o acompanhamento. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas no desfecho de óbito por todas as causas de acordo com as classes de FE (ICFEr 15% vs ICFEp 20% vs ICFElr 11%, Log-rank p = 0,55) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
<p>Quanto à análise segundo a variação da FE, na análise de sobrevivência de 180 dias, não houve associação entre a melhora da FE (Delta &gt; 10%) e mortalidade (razão de risco [RR] = 2,22; intervalo de confiança [CI] 95% 0,49 - 10,03; p = 0,30), mesmo após ajuste para idade, sexo, FE atual e período de tempo entre as medidas de FE (RR ajustado = 2,40; CI 95% = 0,45 - 12,9; p = 0,31). A variação da FE como variável contínua mostrou uma associação aparente em forma de &quot;U&quot; com mortalidade em 180 dias, mas sem significância estatística (p = 0,32; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Mortalidade segundo a variação da fração de ejeção como variável contínua. FE: fração de ejeção.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240035-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Nesta coorte de pacientes com IC aguda, descobrimos que as características clínicas diferiram entre as classes de FE de acordo com a definição universal, similarmente ao que foi encontrado em pacientes com IC crônica. No entanto, a mortalidade foi similar entre as classes de FE, sendo o oposto do que é conhecido para pacientes com IC crônica, onde pacientes com ICFEr apresentam as menores taxas de sobrevivência,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> enquanto pacientes com ICFEm têm as maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que a proporção de pacientes com ICFEm em nosso estudo foi muito pequena, e não encontramos uma associação significativa entre melhora da FE e mortalidade. Isso sugere que a FE e suas categorias parecem ter um papel diferente em pacientes com IC aguda, com apresentação mais grave da doença, mesmo que tenham tido melhora da FE.</p>
<p>Existem divergências na literatura sobre a relação entre FE e resultados em pacientes com IC aguda. Um estudo anterior do Brasil descreveu taxas de sobrevivência semelhantes em pacientes com IC aguda de acordo com categorias de FE, embora não tenham avaliado a melhora na FE e nos desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outro estudo avaliou pacientes com ICFElr e os subdividiu em melhorados (se a FE melhorou pelo menos 5 pontos e foi &gt; 50% em uma medição posterior), piorados (mudança de FE de pelo menos 5 pontos e FE &lt; 40%) ou nenhuma mudança, e descobriram que a FE melhorada estava associada à melhor taxa de sobrevivência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Também foi sugerido que a associação entre FE e resultados pode atenuar em pacientes com primeiro episódio agudo de IC, a chamada IC aguda <italic>de novo</italic>. Enquanto a FE não foi associada a resultados em pacientes com IC aguda <italic>de novo</italic>, a categoria de ICFEr apresentou pior sobrevivência em comparação com ICFElr e ICFEp entre pacientes com IC crônica descompensada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Essas divergências demonstram a necessidade de mais dados sobre o impacto da FEVE nos resultados cardiovasculares entre pacientes com IC aguda. Nosso estudo corrobora os dados anteriores, que sugerem nenhuma associação entre FE e resultados em pacientes com IC aguda, e fornece ainda dados sobre alterações anteriores de FE em um cenário agudo.</p>
<p>A distribuição das categorias de IC foi semelhante ao que foi publicado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, encontramos um número muito baixo de pacientes com ICFEm, o que pode estar relacionado a uma baixa taxa de internação entre pacientes com IC crônica nesta categoria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As características dos pacientes em todas as categorias do nosso estudo seguiram o que foi anteriormente descrito em pacientes crônicos: enquanto os pacientes com ICFEr apresentaram maior prevalência de doença arterial coronária, infarto do miocárdio prévio e etiologia de IC isquêmica, os pacientes com ICFEp eram mais velhos, mais frequentemente do sexo feminino, apresentaram maior prevalência de hipertensão e flutter atrial/fibrilação atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os pacientes com ICFElr apresentaram características intermediárias entre ICFEr e ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>A IC aguda é uma entidade fisiopatológica menos conhecida, quando comparada à IC crônica. É caracterizada como uma instalação rápida ou uma piora gradual dos sinais e sintomas de IC, grave o suficiente para fazer o paciente procurar assistência médica urgente. As taxas de mortalidade em 1 ano após a alta variam de 25% a 30%, e as taxas de re-internação chegam a 45%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os escores de risco clínico foram validados para prever o risco de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, como os escores ADHERE e GWTG,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que não incorporam a FE como preditores de mortalidade. Em vez disso, eles incluem idade, raça, comorbidades, pressão arterial sistólica, níveis de sódio e função renal. Isso indica que o prognóstico de curto prazo da IC aguda é mais bem avaliado por parâmetros que refletem anormalidades hemodinâmicas agudas, não capturadas pela FE. A FE medida durante a internação é um parâmetro agregado que reflete anormalidades hemodinâmicas crônicas e agudas. Alterações agudas na FE estão associadas a variações no volume sistólico, pré-carga, pós-carga e contratilidade miocárdica, mas medi-las é inviável, uma vez que precisariam ser avaliadas em um curto período de tempo, com FE anterior medida dias ou semanas antes da internação. Com os dados disponíveis até o momento, a medição de um ponto da FE durante a internação não parece prever a mortalidade hospitalar. Nosso estudo acrescenta ao estudar mais profundamente as flutuações da FE durante um longo período de tempo, o que não foi associado à mortalidade durante a internação ou nos seis meses seguintes.</p>
<sec>
<title>Limitações</title>
<p>Nosso estudo tem limitações que devem ser consideradas. Primeiramente, o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra limitou o poder de detecção das diferenças na mortalidade. Segundo, o número muito pequeno de pacientes com ICFEm impediu uma análise que incluísse essa categoria. Terceiro, a alteração na FE foi calculada usando um ecocardiograma prévio disponível, que geralmente foi realizado por outro observador e com equipamento com tempos variados entre os ecocardiogramas prévio e atual, o que inseriu variabilidade adicional à medição da FE. Ajustamos o tempo entre as medições de FE, mas não conseguimos abordar outros fatores que podem contribuir para mudanças na FE, incluindo otimização do tratamento médico, etiologia da IC, alterações no estado do volume e variabilidade entre observadores.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>Em pacientes hospitalizados por IC aguda, as categorias de FE representaram fenótipos distintos de IC, mas não foram associadas à mortalidade. A prevalência de ICFEm foi baixa no cenário agudo, o que provavelmente reflete um risco menor de internação nesta categoria.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal do Paraná sob o número de protocolo CAEE 48561715.5.2021.0096. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>