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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240003i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240003i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Takotsubo Syndrome and its Relationship with Major Depressive Disorder: Case Report</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-6090-208X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Wanessa Julia da</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7645-0582</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sembeneli</surname><given-names>Gabriel</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-9368-2150</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bueno</surname><given-names>Pedro Petiti Arbex</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5308-6170</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rodrigues</surname><given-names>Rafaela Claro</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-4041-0067</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gil</surname><given-names>Fernanda Meirelles</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1396-491X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Faldoni</surname><given-names>Flavia Lima Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Domingos</surname><given-names>Claudia Helena Cury</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Ribeirão Preto</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Flávia Faldoni</bold> • Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - Arnaldo Victaliano, 1800. Postal Code <postal-code>14096-380</postal-code>, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>flaviafaldoni@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>07</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240003</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>02</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>20</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>16</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>Depression</kwd>
<kwd>Mental Disorders</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="19"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a medical condition characterized by reversible regional dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV) and/or right ventricle. TTS is often triggered by situations of acute physical or emotional stress. It presents characteristics similar to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event, but without coronary abnormality evidenced by exams such as angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Furthermore, upon admission, patients with TTS also manifest substantially lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values, when compared to those with ACS. Nonetheless, even with these lower levels, the chances of cardiovascular damage are lower, and the restoration of LVEF is more satisfactory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Although the pathophysiology of TTS is complex and, in part, unknown, studies suggest that exacerbated sympathetic activation, confirmed by increased levels of plasma catecholamines, and adrenergic drugs may precipitate the condition. It predominantly occurs in postmenopausal women. However, it can affect younger women and men, and it is estimated that 1% to 3% of all patients and 5% to 6% of female patients who undergo coronary angiography due to suspected ACS have TTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Reproductive and hormonal factors and stressful emotional events are associated with greater occurrence of TTS in women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> whereas the physical factor is the most frequent agent in men, as well as in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Regarding its etiopathogenesis, several emotional (divorce, death of a family member, and financial problems) or physical (physical activity, thyrotoxicosis, sepsis, pregnancy, ACS, and stroke) stressors have been described as possible triggers of TTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The sympathetic stimulation that is triggered can lead to direct toxicity in cardiomyocytes, epicardial or microvascular coronary artery spasm, and acute coronary microvascular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite this established causal relationship, some individuals do not present acute stress factors, which suggests the existence of predisposing substrates that still need to be grasped. In this sense, the influence of psychiatric disorders as a predisposing psychopathological substrate in patients with TTS has been the subject of investigation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Even though it is a rare, reversible condition with benign sequelae, TTS can present events such as acute heart failure and pulmonary edema, with a mortality rate of approximately 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Due to the fact that its clinical manifestations, including acute chest pain, dyspnea, elevated myocardial necrosis markers, and electrocardiographic changes, are analogous to those found in ACS, TTS is still underdiagnosed and neglected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>The objective of this case report was to promote better understanding of TTS in the context of patients with psychiatric disorders and provide information that could impact the clinical practice of general practitioners.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Report</title>
<p>We report the case of a 76-year-old female patient who sought care, reporting severe chest pain, associated with an episode of vomiting and profuse sweating that lasted 1 hour and spontaneously resolved. She stated that the previous day, she had the same pain, but with less intensity. The pain lasted approximately 1 hour, was retrosternal without irradiation, without associated symptoms, and it spontaneously resolved. She reported that the condition began when she was nervous regarding a family discussion.</p>
<p>She underwent an electrocardiogram, which showed an inactive electrical zone in the anteroseptal wall. Ultrasensitive troponin level was 1616 ng/L. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed LVEF of 35%, with the following LV wall motion abnormalities: middle anterior wall hypokinesia and akinesia of the middle anterior septum, the middle inferior septum, and the entire apex. She was referred to the hemodynamics laboratory, where catheterization was performed, revealing coronary arteries with no evidence of significant obstructive lesions, and LV wall motion abnormalities suggestive of adrenergic cardiomyopathy (takotsubo). After 15 days, she underwent magnetic resonance imaging, which showed preserved systolic performance, hypokinesia of the middle and apical segments of the LV, and mild late enhancement areas with a non-ischemic pattern and diffuse distribution suggestive of myocardial necrosis and septal thickening. These findings were compatible with TTS. Without recurrence of chest pain, she was treated with a beta-blocker, antihypertensives, and statins, and she was discharged, with full coagulation for 3 months. She returned for follow-up in 3 months, and the new transthoracic echocardiogram revealed complete resolution of the condition as follows: left atrium: 34, septum 43, LVEF 72%, mild left atrial dilation, preserved LV end-systolic diameter, and normal LV wall motion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The anticoagulant was discontinued, but beta-blocker use was continued.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion on electrocardiography</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2015 (before TTS)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2022 (during TTS)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2022 (after TTS)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2023 (follow-up)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">62%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV wall motion</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No segmental abnormalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Middle anterior wall hypokinesia; septal akinesia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No segmental abnormalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No segmental abnormalities</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TTS: takotsubo syndrome.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The patient was undergoing outpatient cardiology care at this service due to a positive Chagas test, with no evidence of Chagas cardiomyopathy. She had dyslipidemia, uncontrolled systemic arterial hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (GOLD 1). She had a history of tobacco and alcohol use, as well as prior history of glaucoma and stroke 6 years ago, without sequelae. The patient had long-standing major depressive disorder (MDD) and used clonazepam, fluoxetine, and nortriptyline hydrochloride for 3 years, when these medications were stopped and bupropion was prescribed. After 1 year, bupropion was discontinued and amitriptyline hydrochloride was prescribed, which she used irregularly for 7 years. She discontinued use of her own accord, having been off the medication for 2 years before the TTS occurred.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Even though it is a benign condition, the etiopathogenesis of TTS is still a subject of investigation. Recent research has investigated the susceptibility of patients with psychiatric disorders to developing TTS. Anxiety and depression are often associated, especially in cardiocirculatory disorders. Sancassiani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> in a 2018 case-control study, found a significant association between TTS with depressive disorders and the use of antidepressants; however, they did not confirm an association with anxiety disorders.</p>
<p>A case-control study of risk and mortality markers provided evidence that, although physical factors play a prominent role as triggers, the majority of people affected by TTS had associated psychiatric or neurological conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>The 2022 study carried out by Pozzi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> compared patients who presented TTS and ACS, with similar cardiovascular risk factors, undergoing comprehensive lifetime psychiatric assessment. The TTS group had a higher prevalence of mood disorders, including MDD, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia, when compared to the SCA group. Patients with TTS also had a significant tendency to use psychotropic medications, have substance abuse issues, and consult with a psychologist or psychiatrist.</p>
<p>Based on this evidence, the hypothesis was proposed that heart-brain interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of TTS. Structural anatomical brain differences between patients with TTS and healthy controls were analyzed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Among the main differences found, hypoconnectivity of central brain regions associated with autonomic functions and regulation of the limbic system, such as the amygdala, stood out in patients with TTS, suggesting autonomic-limbic integration in its pathophysiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>The amygdala is a component of the limbic system that plays a fundamental role in the response to acute stressors, and its activity independently predicts cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Corroborating these findings, 18F-FDG-PET/CT images have demonstrated that the basal activity of the amygdala is greater in individuals who subsequently develop TTS, supporting the existence of a predisposing neurobiological substrate in its genesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Psychological stress can act on the cardiovascular response, through neuroendocrine pathways, such as the adrenal medulla (producing catecholamines through sympathetic stimulation), the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and reduced vagal tone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Patients with TTS have significantly more psychological changes compared to those reported with ACS, showing the importance of considering psychological dimensions in the context of the pathology. The prevalence of depression in patients with TTS can range from 20.5% to 48%; this means that perhaps half of patients may experience depressive symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> These depressive symptoms are often exacerbated by hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and, consequently, by increasing cortisol levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diverse psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological approaches are available to assist patients in managing stress and depression, including resources such as self-help books, counseling services, cognitive-behavioral and group therapy, relaxation techniques, and the use of psychotropic medications. The effectiveness of psychotropic medications in preventing and treating TTS symptoms is a subject of debate, with diverging opinions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> While some authors question their usefulness, others believe them to be an essential tool.</p>
<p>According to several studies, beta-blockers may be used to control anxiety, especially in postmenopausal women. In some cases, they may be prescribed for prolonged periods to control the production of stress-related hormones. On the other hand, the main objective of treatment with antidepressants is to relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety, in order to prevent the development of TTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>MDD is associated with an increase in the density of postsynaptic beta-adrenergic receptors. Long-term antidepressant treatment regulates beta-1 adrenergic receptor levels, decreasing their density by means of several strategies. Even with this reduction, a paradoxical increase in intracellular cAMP levels is observed, demonstrating that the activation of the cAMP system is crucial to antidepressants’ therapeutic action. The CREB transcription factor is an important target of these treatments, and the <italic>BDNF</italic> gene is regulated by CREB. Severe stress is associated with decreased <italic>BDNF</italic> expression in the hippocampus. A current theory suggests that long-term antidepressant treatment increases the expression of <italic>BDNF</italic> and its TrkB receptor, due to the intensified activity of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Myocardial stunning in TTS represents a catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy, resulting from high concentrations of plasma adrenaline. Some antidepressant classes can act to regulate catecholamine levels; therefore, it is plausible to infer that there is a possible relationship between the interruption of the treatment by the patient under analysis and the triggering of TTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Overall, the results of this study are concluded to reveal the importance of comprehensive care that includes management of cardiac conditions and mental health in patients with TTS; therefore, it may be fundamental to address depression and other mental health issues in order to improve these patients’ quality of life and prognosis. In essence, treating the underlying mental illness may help reduce the risk of cardiac complications related to high levels of catecholamines; however, there is still no definitive scientific evidence showing that the use of common antidepressants would have an impact on the genesis and progression of TTS.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de Ribeirão Preto under the protocol number CAAE 09815219300005498. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240003</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Síndrome de Takotsubo e sua Relação com Transtorno Depressivo Maior: Relato de Caso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-6090-208X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Wanessa Julia da</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7645-0582</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sembeneli</surname><given-names>Gabriel</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-9368-2150</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bueno</surname><given-names>Pedro Petiti Arbex</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5308-6170</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rodrigues</surname><given-names>Rafaela Claro</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-4041-0067</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gil</surname><given-names>Fernanda Meirelles</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1396-491X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Faldoni</surname><given-names>Flavia Lima Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Domingos</surname><given-names>Claudia Helena Cury</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Flávia Faldoni •</bold> Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - Arnaldo Victaliano, 1800. CEP <postal-code>14096-380</postal-code>, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>flaviafaldoni@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo</kwd>
<kwd>Depressão</kwd>
<kwd>Transtornos Mentais</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A síndrome de takotsubo (STT) é uma condição médica caracterizada por disfunção regional reversível do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e/ou ventrículo direito. Essa síndrome é frequentemente desencadeada por situações de estresse agudo físico ou emocional. Apresenta características semelhantes a um evento de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), porém sem anormalidade coronariana evidenciada por exames como angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Além disso, na admissão, os pacientes com STT também manifestam valores de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) substancialmente menores quando comparados com os portadores de SCA. Todavia, mesmo com esses níveis mais baixos, as chances de danos cardiovasculares são menores e o restabelecimento da FEVE mais satisfatório.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Embora a fisiopatologia da STT seja complexa e, em parte, desconhecida, estudos sugerem que a ativação simpática exacerbada, confirmada pelo aumento dos níveis de catecolaminas plasmáticas, e drogas adrenérgicas podem precipitar o quadro. Ocorre predominantemente em mulheres na pós menopausa, entretanto, pode acometer mulheres mais jovens e homens, estimando-se que 1% a 3% de todos os pacientes e 5% a 6% das pacientes do sexo feminino submetidas a angiografia coronária por suspeita de SCA apresentem STT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Fatores reprodutivos, hormonais e eventos emocionais estressantes estão associados com sua maior ocorrência nas mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> enquanto nos homens o fator físico é o agente mais frequente, como naqueles em tratamento quimioterápico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em sua etiopatogenia, foram descritos diversos estressores emocionais (divórcio, morte de um membro da família e problemas financeiros) ou físicos (atividade física, tireotoxicose, sepse, gravidez, SCA e acidente vascular cerebral) como possíveis desencadeadores da síndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A estimulação simpática desencadeada pode levar à toxicidade direta nos cardiomiócitos, ao espasmo da artéria coronária epicárdica ou microvascular e à disfunção microvascular coronariana aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar dessa relação causal estabelecida, alguns indivíduos não apresentam fatores de estresse agudos, o que sugere a existência de substratos predisponentes que ainda precisam ser compreendidos. Nesse sentido, a influência dos transtornos psiquiátricos como substrato psicopatológico predisponente em pacientes com STT tem sido objeto de investigação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar de ser uma condição rara, de caráter reversível e com sequelas benignas, a STT pode apresentar eventos como insuficiência cardíaca aguda e edema pulmonar, apresentando uma taxa de mortalidade de aproximadamente 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Devido ao fato de suas manifestações clínicas como dor torácica aguda, dispneia, elevação dos marcadores de necrose miocárdica e alterações eletrocardiográficas serem análogas às alterações encontradas na SCA, a STT ainda é mal diagnosticada e negligenciada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Este relato de caso objetivou promover uma melhor compreensão sobre a STT no contexto de pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos e fornecer informações que possam impactar na prática clínica de médicos generalistas.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de Caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 76 anos, procura atendimento referindo quadro de dor precordial intensa, associada à um episódio de vômito e sudorese profusa com duração de uma hora e resolução espontânea. Refere que no dia anterior apresentou o mesmo quadro de dor, porém de menor intensidade, com duração de aproximadamente uma hora, retroesternal sem irradiações, sem sintomas associados e de resolução espontânea. Refere início do quadro quando estava nervosa em uma discussão familiar.</p>
<p>Realizou eletrocardiograma que evidenciou zona elétrica inativa da parede antero-septal e dosagem de troponina ultrassensível de 1616 ng/L. Ao ecocardiograma transtorácico, foi constatada FEVE de 35%, com alteração de mobilidade segmentar do VE: hipocinesia da parede anterior média e acinesia do septo anterior médio, do septo inferior médio e de todo o ápice. Foi enviada à hemodinâmica, onde realizou cateterismo evidenciando coronárias sem evidências de lesões obstrutivas significativas e VE com alteração de mobilidade sugestiva de miocardiopatia adrenérgica (takotsubo). Após 15 dias, realizou ressonância magnética apresentando desempenho sistólico preservado, hipocinesia dos segmentos médio e apical do VE, discretas áreas de realce tardio de padrão não isquêmico e distribuição difusa, sugestivo de necrose miocárdica e espessamento septal. Achados compatíveis com STT. Sem recorrência de dor torácica, foi tratada com betabloqueador, anti-hipertensivos e estatina e recebeu alta com coagulação plena por três meses. Retornou em três meses e o novo ecocardiograma transtorácico evidenciou a resolução completa do quadro: átrio esquerdo (AE): 34, septo 43, FEVE 72%, dilatação de grau leve em AE, diâmetro sistólico final de VE preservado e mobilidade segmentar de VE normal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Foi suspenso o anticoagulante, porém continua o uso de betabloqueador.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Fração de ejeção e mobilidade do ventrículo esquerdo ao eletrocardiograma</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2015 (antes da STT)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2022 (durante a STT)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2022 (após a STT)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2023(seguimento)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">62%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">Mobilidade de VE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausência de alterações segmentares</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hipocinesia anterior média; acinesia do septo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausência de alterações segmentares</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausência de alterações segmentares</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; STT: síndrome de takotsubo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Paciente seguia em atendimento ambulatorial de cardiologia neste serviço por teste de Chagas positivo, sem evidências de cardiomiopatia chagásica. Apresenta dislipidemia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica não controlada e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (GOLD 1). Ex-tabagista e ex-etilista. História prévia de glaucoma e AVC há 6 anos, sem sequelas. Paciente com transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) de longa data, fez uso de clonazepam, fluoxetina e cloridrato de nortriptilina por 3 anos, quando foram interrompidas essas medicações e prescrita bupropiona. Após um ano, a bupropiona foi suspensa e prescrito cloridrato de amitriptilina do qual fez uso por 7 anos de forma irregular. Descontinuou o uso por conta própria, estando sem medicação há 2 anos antes da ocorrência da STT.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Ainda que uma condição benigna, a etiopatogenia da STT ainda é motivo de investigação. Trabalhos recentes vêm investigando a suscetibilidade de pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos em desenvolver a STT. Ansiedade e depressão estão frequentemente associadas, especialmente em distúrbios cardiocirculatórios. Sancassiani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> em um estudo de caso-controle de 2018, encontraram associação significativa entre STT com transtornos depressivos e uso de antidepressivos, porém, não confirmaram associação com transtornos de ansiedade.</p>
<p>Um estudo caso-controle de marcadores de risco e mortalidade evidenciou que apesar dos fatores físicos desempenharem um papel preponderante como desencadeadores, a maioria das pessoas afetadas pela STT apresentava condições psiquiátricas ou neurológicas associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>No estudo realizado por Pozzi et al. em 2022,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> os autores compararam pacientes que apresentaram STT e SCA, com semelhantes fatores de risco cardiovasculares, submetidos a uma avaliação psiquiátrica abrangente ao longo da vida. O grupo STT apresentou maior prevalência de transtornos de humor como TDM, transtorno bipolar, distimia e transtornos de ansiedade como transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, transtorno de pânico e agorafobia em comparação com o grupo SCA. Houve também uma tendência significativa em pacientes com STT ao uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos, abuso de substâncias e consulta com psicólogo ou psiquiatra.</p>
<p>Baseado nessas evidências foi proposta uma hipótese de interação coração-cérebro com um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da STT. Diferenças cerebrais anatômicas estruturais entre pacientes com STT e controles saudáveis foram analisadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Entre as principais diferenças encontradas destacam-se hipoconectividade de regiões centrais do cérebro associadas a funções autonômicas e regulação do sistema límbico, como a amigdala, em pacientes com STT, sugerindo uma integração autonômico-límbica na sua fisiopatologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>A amígdala é um componente do sistema límbico que desempenha um papel fundamental na resposta a estressores agudos, e sua atividade prediz independentemente eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Corroborando com estes achados, imagens 18F-FDG-PET/CT demonstraram que a atividade basal da amígdala é maior em indivíduos que subsequentemente desenvolvem STT, apoiando a existência de um substrato neurobiológico predisponente em sua gênese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O estresse psicológico pode atuar na resposta cardiovascular, através das vias neuroendócrinas, como da medula das adrenais (produzindo catecolaminas pelo estímulo simpático), do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal e do tônus vagal reduzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pacientes com STT têm significativamente mais alterações psicológicas em comparação com aqueles relatados com SCA, mostrando a importância de considerar as dimensões psicológicas no contexto da patologia. A prevalência da depressão em pacientes com STT pode oscilar entre 20,5% a 48%; isso significa que talvez a metade dos pacientes possam experimentar sintomas depressivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Estes sintomas depressivos são muitas vezes exacerbados pela hiperatividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal e, consequentemente, pelo aumento dos níveis de cortisol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diversas abordagens psicoterapêuticas e psicofarmacológicas estão disponíveis para auxiliar pacientes no manejo do estresse e da depressão, incluindo recursos como livros de autoajuda, serviços de aconselhamento, terapia cognitivo comportamental e em grupo, técnicas de relaxamento e o uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos. A eficácia dos medicamentos psicotrópicos na prevenção e no tratamento dos sintomas da STT é objeto de debate, com opiniões divergentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Enquanto alguns autores questionam sua utilidade, outros acreditam ser uma ferramenta essencial.</p>
<p>De acordo com diversos estudos, os betabloqueadores são empregados no controle da ansiedade, especialmente em mulheres na fase pós-menopausa. Em alguns casos, eles podem ser prescritos por períodos prolongados de controle da produção de hormônios relacionados ao estresse. Por outro lado, o tratamento com antidepressivos tem como objetivo principal o alívio dos sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, com a finalidade de prevenir o desenvolvimento da STT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>O TDM está associado a um aumento na densidade de receptores beta-adrenérgicos pós-sinápticos. O tratamento antidepressivo a longo prazo regula níveis de receptores beta-1 adrenérgicos, diminuindo sua densidade por meio de várias estratégias. Mesmo com essa redução, observa-se um aumento paradoxal nos níveis de AMPc intracelular, demonstrando que a ativação do sistema AMPc é crucial para a ação terapêutica dos antidepressivos. O fator de transcrição CREB é um alvo importante desses tratamentos, e o gene <italic>BDNF</italic> é regulado pelo CREB. O estresse grave está associado à diminuição da expressão do <italic>BDNF</italic> no hipocampo. A teoria atual sugere que o tratamento antidepressivo a longo prazo aumenta a expressão do <italic>BDNF</italic> e do seu receptor trkB, graças à atividade intensificada dos sistemas serotonérgicos e noradrenérgicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>O atordoamento miocárdico da STT representa uma cardiomiopatia de origem catecolamínica, a partir das altas concentrações da adrenalina plasmática. Algumas classes de antidepressivos podem atuar na regulação dos níveis de catecolaminas, sendo assim, é cabível inferir que há uma possível relação entre a interrupção do tratamento da paciente em análise e o desencadeamento da STT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>De modo geral, este estudo conclui que os resultados revelam a importância de uma atenção integral que inclui manejo das condições cardíacas e da saúde mental em pacientes com STT; então abordar a depressão e outros problemas de saúde mental pode ser fundamental para melhorar a qualidade de vida e o prognóstico desses pacientes. Em essência, o tratamento da doença mental subjacente pode ajudar a reduzir o risco de complicações cardíacas relacionadas a altos níveis de catecolaminas, entretanto, ainda não há evidências científicas definitivas de que o uso de antidepressivos comuns tenha impacto na gênese e progressão da STT.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade de Ribeirão Preto sob o número de protocolo CAAE 09815219300005498. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
