﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230096i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230096i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pulmonary Embolism and Light Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis with Progression to Heart Transplant</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Drummond</surname>
						<given-names>Thales Quintella</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Obtaining financing</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3185-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Trevizan</surname>
						<given-names>Lígia Lopes Balsalobre</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thales Quintella Drummond</bold> • Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein - Faculdade de Medicina - Avenida Padre Lebret – Morumbi. Postal Code <postal-code>05653-120</postal-code>, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>thalesqdrummond@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>4</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230096</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Restrictive Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiac amyloidosis results from the deposition of amyloid fibrils in the heart's extracellular space.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This chronic and progressive disease significantly reduces quality of life and carries a high mortality rate if not diagnosed and treated early.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Myocardial damage occurs due to direct injury by blood peptides, as well as architectural distortion caused by the extracellular infiltrate, leading primarily to diastolic ventricular dysfunction but also systolic dysfunction, as the disease progresses and cardiac arrhythmias emerge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The most common subtypes include abnormal transthyretin peptides (ATTR) and immunoglobulin light chain (AL), with AL having a worse prognosis and heart transplantation being a potential treatment option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In the United States, the estimated incidence of light chain amyloidosis cardiomyopathy is 1 in 100,000 individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The primary risk factor for the development of light chain amyloidosis is a personal history of monoclonal gammopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cardiac manifestations often involve orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmias, ventricular hypertrophy inconsistent with electrically inactive regions on the electrocardiogram, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction predominantly, though reduced ejection fraction may occur in advanced cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The aim of this article is to outline a case initially diagnosed as pulmonary embolism but later identified as multiple myeloma progressing to light chain cardiac amyloidosis, with a rapid clinical deterioration necessitating heart and bone marrow transplantation. Furthermore, it aims to highlight key aspects of diagnostic suspicion and the criteria for heart transplantation.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Case Presentation</title>
				<p>A 47-year-old male patient, an amateur street runner without known comorbidities, sought emergency care due to dyspnea and progressive fatigue while running at a slow pace (7 km/h) on a treadmill and climbing stairs at home over the past month. He also mentioned experiencing new epigastric discomfort and noticing increased abdominal volume.</p>
				<p>Clinical examination relevant findings included jugular distension, hepatojugular reflux, palpable hepatomegaly 2 inches below the right costal margin, and clear, rhythmic heart sounds with frequent premature beats, as well as palpable ascites. The electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>) indicated sinus rhythm, rightward axis deviation of the QRS complex, atrial chamber overload, and an inactive area in the anterior wall. Laboratory tests revealed a D-dimer level of 1376 ng/mL, stage 1 kidney dysfunction, and myocardial injury with a highly sensitive troponin level of 59 ng/ml.</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A - Electrocardiogram: Sinus rhythm, biatrial overload, S1Q3T3 pattern. Slow progression of R-waves in the precordial leads. B and C - Chest Angiotomography: Acute Pulmonary Embolism in the arterial branches of the basal posterior segment of the lower right lobe. D - Thoracic Echocardiogram: Biatrial enlargement, left ventricular hypertrophy. E - Longitudinal Strain: Apical sparing. F - Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: T1 Mapping: Alterations in the myocardial blood inversion time sequence, late gadolinium enhancement in the myocardium</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20230096-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>A chest computer angiotomography confirmed a subsegmental pulmonary embolism (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1C</xref>), requiring hospitalization for anticoagulation. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed biatrial dilation, moderate right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation, and left ventricular hypertrophy, along with moderate diastolic dysfunction and preserved ejection fraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>). The longitudinal strain was reduced (-7.6%), with a myocardial contractility pattern that preserved the apex at the expense of the mid and basal segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>). There was a significant discrepancy between the electrocardiogram and the echocardiogram, and the apical pattern of longitudinal strain suggested myocardial deposition disease, particularly amyloidosis.</p>
				<p>Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed diffuse myocardial thickening, predominantly affecting the left ventricle, along with biventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction and increased biatrial dilation, while also observed alterations in the blood inversion time of both ventricles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1F</xref>). Pyrophosphate marker scintigraphy showed grade 1 cardiac concentration, i.e., lower than bone uptake.</p>
				<p>Serum and urine protein electrophoresis did not detect a monoclonal peak, but serum and urine immunofixation demonstrated a monoclonal peak of free lambda light chain IgG. Bence Jones proteins were identified in the urine. Serum levels were 9.74 for free kappa light chain and 407.74 for free lambda light chain, with a kappa/lambda ratio of 0.02. Bone marrow examination indicated the presence of 11.6% of abnormal plasma cells. According to the bone marrow biopsy, there was 10-15% plasma cell infiltration with light lambda chain immunoglobulin restriction.</p>
				<p>Adipose tissue biopsy did not indicate evidence of amyloidosis, but endomyocardial biopsy exhibited birefringence under polarized light (positive Congo Red stain). The patient progressed to INTERMACS 3 and was prioritized on the heart transplant waiting list while receiving dobutamine. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy with daratumumab, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (dara-CyBorD regimen) were initiated. With the treatment directed towards multiple myeloma, normalization of the free lambda light chain and kappa lambda gradient levels was observed.</p>
				<p>The patient remained stable on dobutamine for four months while awaiting heart transplantation. Following transplantation, he experienced no postoperative graft rejection and was able to be discharged from his hospitalization. Autologous bone marrow transplantation was performed eight months after heart transplantation, with outpatient follow-up by cardiology and hematology.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>It is possible that the disease had been silently and progressively developing over the years, leading to a decline in the ability to run long distances. However, given the patient's physical conditioning and decreased running activity during the pandemic lockdown in Brazil, he was able to tolerate well the decline in functional capacity until it reached the point of affecting minimal daily efforts.</p>
			<p>From a diagnostic perspective, the patient presented with clinical features of new onset heart failure. Common differential diagnoses include acute coronary syndrome, hypertensive emergency, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrhythmia, viral myocarditis, and valvular disease. Typically, a personal history of monoclonal gammopathies, other hematologic diseases, a family history of amyloidosis, and cardiovascular, hepatic, or renal disease suggest an increased risk of amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this case, initially, multiple myeloma had not been diagnosed, and there was no family history of the disease.</p>
			<p>The electrocardiogram provided valuable information. Signs of rightward deviation of the cardiac axis, associated with an elevated D-dimer, suggested pulmonary embolism as the cause of heart failure. However, a pulmonary embolism with hemodynamic impact is manifested by the presence of the thrombus in the pulmonary artery trunk or the bifurcation of the right and left pulmonary arteries, leading to right ventricular chamber dilation and deviation of the interventricular septum towards the left ventricle, which did not occur in this case.</p>
			<p>The discordance between the inactive area and slow progression of the anterolateral wall on the electrocardiogram and the hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction of the ventricles, biatrial dilation, and characteristic strain indicating dysfunction of the mid and basal segments with preservation of the cardiac apex, forming a &quot;bull's eye,&quot; is typical of cardiac amyloidosis. Other electrocardiographic findings that occur in amyloidosis include atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular blocks, left bundle branch block, and low QRS complex voltage. Differential etiological diagnoses for amyloidosis include arterial hypertension with heart hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis, and Fabry's disease, which were ruled out based on the patient's personal and family history.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Therefore, even though a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was initially reached, not all clinical and radiological findings were solely explained by this disease, and there may be situations where multiple diseases contribute to the overall clinical presentation. In this case, not only was there pulmonary embolism but also cardiac amyloidosis, explaining all the findings of right heart failure and imaging studies. More prevalent differential diagnoses, such as acute coronary syndrome, were ruled out based on history and magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
			<p>Magnetic resonance confirmed the findings observed in the echocardiogram and also showed global late gadolinium enhancement and alteration of the inversion time sequence in myocardial blood. Myocardial scintigraphy with technetium demonstrated lower uptake compared to bone. This result is suggestive of light chain amyloidosis, especially when there are associated hematological changes, as transthyretin involvement typically results in higher myocardial uptake. Although scintigraphy was performed for this patient, its most relevant indication is to confirm the diagnosis of ATTR cardiac amyloidosis when serum proteins are in the normal range without the need for the gold standard biopsy exam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Typically, the detection of immunoglobulins in serum and urine protein electrophoresis and immunofixation indicates the need for further investigation with a bone marrow biopsy for a definitive diagnosis of light chain amyloidosis and the associated blood dyscrasia causing heart disease. A bone marrow biopsy should be accompanied by a tissue biopsy to identify amyloid fibers. Initially, since the disease has a systemic involvement, a biopsy can be performed at a more accessible location, such as subcutaneous tissue. However, in this case, as the biopsy was inconclusive, an endomyocardial biopsy was performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thus, multiple myeloma initiated the entire disease process, with a manifestation of pulmonary embolism, as well as the excessive production of light chain antibodies from the plasma cells infiltrating the heart, resulting in heart failure.</p>
			<p>In light chain amyloidosis, treatment should specifically target resolving the underlying hematologic condition, which is achieved through immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and autologous bone marrow transplantation. However, for bone marrow transplantation to occur, the patient must be in favorable clinical conditions to withstand the severity of onco-hematological treatment. In this case, the patient was in INTERMACS 3 – an advanced stage of the disease – stage 4 according to the Mayo Clinic staging for light chain amyloidosis, and therefore, he could not undergo intervention immediately. Furthermore, assessing the extent of disease involvement in multiple organs is crucial, as multiple organ failure stages make multiple organ transplants unfeasible. This patient only presented with cardiac manifestations of amyloidosis. Therefore, the therapeutic approach proposed was to administer chemotherapy to control the hematological disease and evaluate the response while awaiting heart transplantation. Once the heart transplant has been successfully performed, the next step would be the definitive treatment of autologous bone marrow transplantation to prevent multiple myeloma from deteriorating the transplanted graft.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In general, the indication of heart transplantation for light-chain amyloidosis is a treatment reserved for very carefully selected cases. Few documented case series have been successful with heart transplants in these circumstances, given the demand for highly skilled medical and multi-professional teams in specialized hospital centers and their complexity. Involvement of multiple organs by the disease usually precludes heart transplantation most of the time. The mortality rate on the transplant waiting list is considerable and higher than for other etiologies. The recurrence rate of monoclonal gammopathy, which contribute to recurrent heart disease, remain elevated. In the long term, outcomes still fall below average compared to patients transplanted for other etiologies, despite considerable improvement over the years with the refinement of chemotherapy and the recommendation for autologous bone marrow transplantation to reduce disease recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Ethical guidelines</bold></p>
				<p>The patient has signed an authorization form to access his health information. The project has been submitted to <italic>Plataforma Brasil</italic> and approved by the institution's research ethics committee (<italic>Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Albert Einstein</italic>). Approval number (CAAE – <italic>Certificado de Apresentação de Apreciação Ética</italic>): 71148523.9.0000.0071.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
				<p>This article is part of the gratuation thesis submitted by Thales Quintella Drummond, from Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein under the protocol number CAAE: 71148523.9.0000.0071. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>I am grateful to the institution and my professors for their direct assistance in the developing this paper. I also wish to acknowledge that you have been a significant professional influence on me during these years, and I aspire to follow in your footsteps throughout my career. The funding for the study came solely from my personal budget.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sipe</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cohen</surname>
							<given-names>AS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Review: History of the Amyloid Fibril</article-title>
					<source>J Struct Biol</source>
					<year>2000</year>
					<volume>130</volume>
					<issue>2-3</issue>
					<fpage>88</fpage>
					<lpage>98</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1006/jsbi.2000.4221</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>1 Sipe JD, Cohen AS. Review: History of the Amyloid Fibril. J Struct Biol. 2000;130(2-3):88-98. doi: 10.1006/jsbi.2000.4221.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kumar</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dispenzieri</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lacy</surname>
							<given-names>MQ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hayman</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Buadi</surname>
							<given-names>FK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Colby</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Revised Prognostic Staging System for Light Chain Amyloidosis Incorporating Cardiac Biomarkers and Serum Free Light Chain Measurements</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Oncol</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>989</fpage>
					<lpage>995</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2011.38.5724</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>2 Kumar S, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Hayman SR, Buadi FK, Colby C, et al. Revised Prognostic Staging System for Light Chain Amyloidosis Incorporating Cardiac Biomarkers and Serum Free Light Chain Measurements. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(9):989-95. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.5724.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Simões</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scheinberg</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Correia</surname>
							<given-names>EB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LEP</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis - 2021</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>117</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>561</fpage>
					<lpage>598</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210718</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>3 Simões MV, Fernandes F, Marcondes-Braga FG, Scheinberg P, Correia EB, Rohde LEP, et al. Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(3):561-98. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210718.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kyle</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Linos</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beard</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Linke</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gertz</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>O’Fallon</surname>
							<given-names>WM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Incidence and Natural History of Primary Systemic Amyloidosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950 through 1989</article-title>
					<source>Blood</source>
					<year>1992</year>
					<volume>79</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1817</fpage>
					<lpage>1822</lpage>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>4 Kyle RA, Linos A, Beard CM, Linke RP, Gertz MA, O’Fallon WM, et al. Incidence and Natural History of Primary Systemic Amyloidosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950 through 1989. Blood. 1992;79(7):1817-22.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gilstrap</surname>
							<given-names>LG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dominici</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El-Sady</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Singh</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Di Carli</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Epidemiology of Cardiac Amyloidosis-Associated Heart Failure Hospitalizations Among Fee-for-Service Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States</article-title>
					<source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<elocation-id>e005407</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005407</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>5 Gilstrap LG, Dominici F, Wang Y, El-Sady MS, Singh A, Di Carli MF, et al. Epidemiology of Cardiac Amyloidosis-Associated Heart Failure Hospitalizations Among Fee-for-Service Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States. Circ Heart Fail. 2019;12(6):e005407. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005407.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Donnelly</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hanna</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment</article-title>
					<source>Cleve Clin J Med</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>84</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>12</fpage>
					<lpage>26</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.02</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>6 Donnelly JP, Hanna M. Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(12):12-26. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.02.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Trevizan</surname>
							<given-names>LLB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mangini</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Practical Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Infiltrative Phenotype Myocardiopathies</article-title>
					<source>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>132</fpage>
					<lpage>138</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210036</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>7 Trevizan LLB, Mangini S. A Practical Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Infiltrative Phenotype Myocardiopathies. ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop. 2021;1(2):132–8. doi: 10.36660/abchf.20210036.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Garcia-Pavia</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rapezzi</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adler</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arad</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Basso</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brucato</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Position Statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<issue>16</issue>
					<fpage>1554</fpage>
					<lpage>1568</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab072</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>8 Garcia-Pavia P, Rapezzi C, Adler Y, Arad M, Basso C, Brucato A, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Position Statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(16):1554-68. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab072.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sousa</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Monohan</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rajagopalan</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grigorian</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guglin</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heart Transplantation in Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>317</fpage>
					<lpage>327</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-017-9601-z</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>9 Sousa M, Monohan G, Rajagopalan N, Grigorian A, Guglin M. Heart Transplantation in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(3):317-27. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9601-z.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gertz</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm 2018</article-title>
					<source>Blood Cancer J</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>44</fpage>
					<lpage>44</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41408-018-0080-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>10 Gertz MA. Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm 2018. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8(5):44. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0080-9.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230096</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tromboembolismo Pulmonar e Amiloidose Cardíaca com Evolução para Transplante Cardíaco</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Drummond</surname>
						<given-names>Thales Quintella</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3185-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Trevizan</surname>
						<given-names>Lígia Lopes Balsalobre</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Thales Quintella Drummond •</bold> Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein - Faculdade de Medicina - Avenida Padre Lebret – Morumbi. CEP <postal-code>05653-120</postal-code>, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>thalesqdrummond@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Amiloidose de Cadeia Leve de Imunoglobulina</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante de Coração</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A amiloidose cardíaca ocorre devido à deposição de fibrilas amiloides no espaço extracelular do coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Trata-se de uma doença crônica e progressiva, que compromete significativamente a qualidade de vida e apresenta alta mortalidade quando não diagnosticada e tratada precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O dano miocárdico ocorre devido à lesão direta dos peptídeos sanguíneos, bem como à distorção arquitetônica causada pelo infiltrado extracelular, resultando principalmente em disfunção ventricular diastólica, mas também em disfunção sistólica, à medida em que a doença progride e as arritmias cardíacas surgem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os subtipos mais comuns incluem peptídeos anormais de transtirretina (ATTR) e cadeia leve de imunoglobulina (AL), sendo a AL aquela que apresenta pior prognóstico, com o transplante cardíaco sendo uma possível opção de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nos Estados Unidos, a incidência estimada de cardiomiopatia por amiloidose de cadeia leve é de 1 em 100.000 indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de amiloidose de cadeia leve é um histórico pessoal de gamopatia monoclonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As manifestações cardíacas costumam incluir hipotensão ortostática, arritmias, hipertrofia ventricular, inconsistente com regiões eletricamente inativas no eletrocardiograma, e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada na maioria das vezes, mas também com fração de ejeção reduzida em casos mais avançados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso inicialmente suspeito de embolia pulmonar, que posteriormente revelou-se ser um mieloma múltiplo que progrediu para amiloidose cardíaca de cadeia leve, com rápida deterioração clínica, que culminou em um transplante cardíaco e de medula óssea. Além disso, o trabalho visa destacar aspectos importantes da suspeita diagnóstica e do critério para transplante cardíaco.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Apresentação do caso</title>
					<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 47 anos, corredor de rua amador sem comorbidades preexistentes, procurou atendimento de emergência relatando dispneia e cansaço progressivo enquanto corria em ritmo lento (7 km/h) em esteira e subia escadas em casa no último mês. Ele também relatou novo desconforto epigástrico e aumento do volume abdominal.</p>
					<p>Os achados relevantes do exame clínico incluíram distensão jugular, refluxo hepatojugular, hepatomegalia palpável 2 polegadas abaixo da margem costal direita, e bulhas cardíacas rítmicas e claras com batimentos prematuros frequentes, além de ascite palpável. O eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>) mostrou ritmo sinusal, desvio à direita do eixo do complexo QRS, sobrecarga da câmara atrial e área inativa na parede anterior. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram nível de dímero D de 1.376 ng/mL, disfunção renal estágio 1 e lesão miocárdica com nível de troponina altamente sensível de 59 ng/ml.</p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A - Eletrocardiograma: Ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga biatrial, padrão S1Q3T3. Progressão lenta das ondas R nas derivações precordiais. B e C - Angiotomografia de tórax: Embolia Pulmonar Aguda nos ramos arteriais do segmento basal posterior do lobo inferior direito. D - Ecocardiograma Torácico: Aumento biatrial, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. E - Strain Longitudinal: Preservação apical. F - Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca: Mapeamento T1: Alterações na sequência temporal de inversão sanguínea miocárdica, realce tardio de gadolínio no miocárdio.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20230096-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Uma angiotomografia computadorizada de tórax possibilitou o diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar subsegmentar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1C</xref>), exigindo internação para tratamento anticoagulação. O ecocardiograma transtorácico revelou dilatação biatrial, hipertrofia e dilatação ventricular direita moderada, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, juntamente com disfunção diastólica moderada e fração de ejeção preservada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>). O strain longitudinal foi reduzido (-7,6%), com padrão de contratilidade miocárdica que preservou o ápice em detrimento dos segmentos médio e basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1E</xref>). Uma discrepância significativa foi observada entre o eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma, e o padrão apical de strain longitudinal é sugestivo de doença de deposição miocárdica, principalmente amiloidose.</p>
					<p>A ressonância magnética confirmou espessamento miocárdico difuso, mais evidente no ventrículo esquerdo, juntamente com disfunção sistólica e diastólica biventricular, além de aumento da dilatação biatrial, sendo observado também alterações no tempo de inversão sanguínea de ambos os ventrículos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1F</xref>). A cintilografia com marcador pirofosfato mostrou concentração cardíaca grau 1, ou seja, menor que a captação óssea.</p>
					<p>A eletroforese de proteínas séricas e urinárias não detectou um pico monoclonal, mas a imunofixação sérica e urinária demonstrou um pico monoclonal de IgG de cadeia leve lambda livre. Proteínas de Bence Jones foram identificadas na urina. Os níveis séricos foram de 9,74 para cadeia leve kappa livre e de 407,74 para cadeia leve lambda livre, com uma razão kappa/lambda de 0,02. O exame da medula óssea indicou a presença de 11,6% de plasmócitos anormais. A biópsia da medula óssea revelou infiltração de plasmócitos de 10-15% com restrição de imunoglobulina de cadeia lambda leve.</p>
					<p>A biópsia de tecido adiposo não evidenciou sinais de amiloidose, mas a biópsia endomiocárdica mostrou birrefringência sob luz polarizada (coloração positiva para Vermelho Congo). O paciente evoluiu para INTERMACS 3 e foi priorizado na lista de espera para transplante cardíaco enquanto recebia dobutamina. Quimioterapia e imunoterapia foram iniciadas com daratumumabe, ciclofosfamida, bortezomibe e dexametasona (regime dara-CyBorD). Com o tratamento direcionado ao mieloma múltiplo, uma normalização dos níveis da cadeia leve lambda livre e do gradiente kappa lambda foi observada.</p>
					<p>O paciente permaneceu estável em uso de dobutamina por quatro meses enquanto aguardava o transplante cardíaco. Após o transplante, o paciente não apresentou rejeição do enxerto no pós-operatório e estava apto a receber alta da internação. O transplante autólogo de medula óssea foi realizado oito meses após o transplante cardíaco, com acompanhamento ambulatorial de cardiologia e hematologia.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Possivelmente, a doença se desenvolveu de maneira silenciosa e gradual ao longo dos anos, resultando em um declínio na capacidade do paciente de correr longas distâncias. No entanto, devido ao condicionamento físico do paciente e à redução da atividade de corrida durante o <italic>lockdown</italic> da pandemia no Brasil, o paciente conseguiu tolerar bem o declínio na capacidade funcional até que atingiu o ponto de afetar as atividades diárias mínimas.</p>
				<p>Do ponto de vista diagnóstico, o paciente exibia características clínicas de insuficiência cardíaca de início recente. Entre os diagnósticos diferenciais comuns estão a síndrome coronariana aguda, a emergência hipertensiva, a embolia pulmonar, a arritmia cardíaca, a miocardite viral e a doença valvar. Geralmente, um histórico pessoal de gamopatias monoclonais, outras doenças hematológicas, ou histórico familiar de amiloidose, doença cardiovascular, hepática ou renal sugerem um risco aumentado de amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Neste caso, inicialmente, o mieloma múltiplo não havia sido diagnosticado e não havia histórico familiar da doença.</p>
				<p>O eletrocardiograma revelou informações valiosas. Sinais de desvio do eixo cardíaco à direita, associados a um dímero D elevado, sugeriram embolia pulmonar como a causa da insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, a embolia pulmonar com impacto hemodinâmico se manifesta pela presença de um trombo no tronco da artéria pulmonar ou na bifurcação das artérias pulmonares direita e esquerda, resultando na dilatação da câmara ventricular direita e no desvio do septo interventricular em direção ao ventrículo esquerdo, o que não foi observado neste caso.</p>
				<p>A discordância entre a área inativa e progressão lenta da parede anterolateral no eletrocardiograma e a hipertrofia, disfunção diastólica dos ventrículos, dilatação biatrial e strain característico indicando disfunção dos segmentos médio e basal com preservação do ápice cardíaco, formando um &quot;olho de boi&quot;, é típica da amiloidose cardíaca. Fibrilação atrial, bloqueios atrioventriculares, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e baixa tensão do complexo QRS são outros resultados eletrocardiográficos que ocorrem na amiloidose. Os diagnósticos etiológicos diferenciais da amiloidose incluem hipertensão arterial com hipertrofia cardíaca, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, amiloidose e doença de Fabry, e foram descartados com base no histórico pessoal e familiar do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Assim, embora o diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar tenha sido inicialmente alcançado, nem todos os resultados clínicos e radiológicos foram explicados exclusivamente por esta doença, podendo haver situações em que múltiplas doenças estejam contribuindo para o quadro clínico geral. Neste caso, não só havia embolia pulmonar, mas também amiloidose cardíaca, o que explicaria todos os achados de insuficiência cardíaca direita e exames de imagem. Diagnósticos diferenciais mais prevalentes, como síndrome coronariana aguda, foram descartados com base no histórico do paciente e na ressonância magnética.</p>
				<p>A ressonância magnética confirmou os resultados observados no ecocardiograma e mostrou realce tardio global pelo gadolínio e alteração da sequência do tempo de inversão no sangue miocárdico. A cintilografia miocárdica com tecnécio demonstrou menor captação em relação ao osso. Esse resultado é sugestivo de amiloidose de cadeias leves, principalmente quando há alterações hematológicas associadas, pois o envolvimento da transtirretina geralmente resulta em maior captação miocárdica. Embora a cintilografia tenha sido realizada para esse paciente, sua indicação mais relevante é para a confirmação do diagnóstico de amiloidose cardíaca ATTR quando as proteínas séricas estão dentro da normalidade sem a necessidade do exame de biópsia padrão ouro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Normalmente, a detecção de imunoglobulinas na eletroforese de proteínas séricas e urinárias e na imunofixação indica a necessidade de continuar a investigação com uma biópsia da medula óssea para um diagnóstico definitivo de amiloidose de cadeia leve e discrasia sanguínea que causa doença cardíaca. Uma biópsia da medula óssea deve ser realizada, assim como uma biópsia de tecido para identificar fibras amiloides. Inicialmente, como a doença tem envolvimento sistêmico, uma biópsia pode ser feita em local mais acessível, como o tecido subcutâneo. Porém, neste caso, como a biópsia foi inconclusiva, optou-se pela realização de biópsia endomiocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Desta forma, o mieloma múltiplo iniciou todo o processo da doença, com manifestação de embolia pulmonar, bem como a produção excessiva de anticorpos de cadeia leve a partir dos plasmócitos infiltrados no coração, resultando em insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
				<p>Na amiloidose de cadeia leve, o tratamento deve buscar a resolução da condição hematológica subjacente, objetivo atingido por meio de imunoterapia, quimioterapia e transplante autólogo de medula óssea. Porém, para que ocorra o transplante de medula óssea, o paciente deve apresentar condições clínicas favoráveis para suportar a gravidade do tratamento onco-hematológico. Neste caso, o paciente estava em INTERMACS 3 – estágio avançado da doença – estágio 4 de acordo com o estadiamento da Clínica Mayo para amiloidose de cadeia leve e, por esses motivos, não pôde ser submetido à intervenção imediata. Além disso, a avaliação da extensão do envolvimento da doença em múltiplos órgãos é crucial, uma vez que estágios de falência múltipla de órgãos inviabilizam o transplante. Este paciente apresentou apenas manifestações cardíacas de amiloidose. Portanto, a proposta terapêutica foi administrar quimioterapia para controlar a doença hematológica e avaliar a resposta enquanto se aguarda o transplante cardíaco. Uma vez realizado o transplante cardíaco com sucesso, a etapa seguinte seria o tratamento definitivo do transplante autólogo de medula óssea, a fim de evitar que o mieloma múltiplo deteriorasse o enxerto transplantado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em geral, a indicação de transplante cardíaco para amiloidose de cadeias leves é um tratamento reservado a casos cuidadosamente selecionados. Poucas séries de casos documentados obtiveram sucesso com o transplante cardíaco nessas circunstâncias, dada a demanda por equipes médicas e multiprofissionais altamente qualificadas em centros hospitalares especializados e da complexidade do quadro. O envolvimento de múltiplos órgãos pela doença geralmente impede o transplante cardíaco. A taxa de mortalidade na lista de espera para transplante é considerável e superior à de outras etiologias. As taxas de recorrência da gamopatia monoclonal, que promove a recorrência de doenças cardíacas, permanecem elevadas. A longo prazo, os resultados continuam abaixo da média em comparação com pacientes transplantados por outras causas, apesar da melhora gradual ao longo dos anos devido ao aprimoramento da quimioterapia e à recomendação de transplante autólogo de medula óssea para reduzir a recorrência da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Diretrizes éticas</bold></p>
					<p>O paciente assinou um contrato de autorização de acesso às suas informações de saúde. O projeto foi enviado à Plataforma Brasil e aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da instituição (Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Albert Einstein). Número de aprovação (CAAE – Certificado de Apresentação de Apreciação Ética): 71148523.9.0000.0071.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo é parte de tese de gradução de Thales Quintella Drummond pela Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein sob o número de protocolo CAAE: 71148523.9.0000.0071. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Agradeço à instituição e aos meus professores que foram essenciais no desenvolvimento deste artigo. Gostaria de expressar também que, durante esse período, vocês foram uma grande influência profissional para mim, e espero seguir seus passos durante a minha carreira. Todo o financiamento do estudo veio de recursos pessoais.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>