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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240001i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240001i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Heart Failure in Children and Adolescents with Covid-19: A Systematic Review of the Literature</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2427-0576</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Quaresma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8318-2236</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>de Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0292-7470</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel Garcia da Gama</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-1129-7239</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>de Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Kaylane Fernanda Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0348-332X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>de Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Paula Cordeiro Aguiar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5640-8468</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cascaes</surname>
						<given-names>Ádria Rayane Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8102-3464</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monteiro</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Maria Zacarias Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Pará</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Belém</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Belém</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucas Quaresma Martins</bold> • Universidade do Estado do Pará - Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde – Travessa Perebebuí, 2623. Postal Code <postal-code>66087-662</postal-code>, Belém, PA – Brazil E-mail: <email>lucasquaresmamartins@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>22</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>4</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>20240001</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Cardiovascular structural/functional changes caused by COVID-19 may be related to the presence of heart failure (HF), especially in children and adolescents, as the SARS-CoV-2 virus invades cardiomyocytes, leading to cardiac dysfunction.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p>To assess the mechanism by which COVID-19 becomes a risk factor for the development of HF in children and adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>This was a systematic literature review of articles indexed in PubMed, BVS and SciELO, following the PRISMA recommendations. DeCS/MeSH descriptors were used in the search.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>A total of 685 studies were identified: 418 in Pubmed, 264 in BVS and three in SciELO. After exclusion of 160 duplicate articles, and analysis of titles and abstracts, 14 articles were read in full, and 10 selected for the final sample. All articles were published between 2020 and 2022; there were 10 cohort studies (eight retrospective and two prospective). Six articles addressed the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), and four articles addressed the reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction in COVID-19 patients.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>Most patients recovered without cardiovascular sequelae, although MIS-C may cause severe systemic failure, which led to death in some studies. More research and more comprehensive studies on this theme are warranted.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Child</kwd>
				<kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
				<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
				<kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>According to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome, in which the heart cannot contract or relax efficiently enough to meet all tissue metabolic demands, or when it does, it does exclusively with above physiological filling pressures. Therefore, HF is triggered by structural or functional changes associated with reduced cardiac output and/or increased filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>These pathological changes may be associated with diseases that affect the cardiovascular system, as exampled by COVID-19, a contagious infectious disease considered a pandemic in 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> COVID-19 correlates with HF, since its etiologic agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, invades cardiomyocytes, causing myocardial dysfunction and other cardiovascular complications, with a mortality rate of 52%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>With respect to COVID-19 manifestations and outcomes by age range, the clinical course is less aggressive in children than adults or older patients, due to physiological specificities that affect disease progression. In pediatric patients, the most common symptoms are low fever, cough, rhinorrhea, and sore throat.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, with advances in scientific knowledge about COVID-19, new outcomes related to cardiovascular system and HF have been reported, including Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), which affects the respiratory tract of these children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Consequently, the possible negative systemic effects in children and adolescents with COVID-19 and its relationship with HF are notable. Nevertheless, studies investigating the effects of diseases, and their associations with age are scarce, which is a limiting factor for the development of effective therapeutic approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, the present study aims to assess how COVID-19 becomes a risk factor for the development of HF in children and adolescents. This study will contribute to scientific community and society in providing important knowledge about the subject.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This study was a systematic review, which aims to conduct an organized bibliographic search for the most relevant studies on a health-related topic. In our study, the topic was developed using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison/Control, and Outcome) and the search question: &quot;How does COVID-19 become a risk factor for HF in children and adolescents?&quot; The study followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations to minimize biases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Since the study was a literature review, it did not require ethical approval and used secondary data only.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-20240001-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec>
				<title>Data collection and filtering</title>
				<p>Data collection was performed through a search on online databases including the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), <italic>Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde</italic> (BVS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) on 12 May 2023. The following DeCS/MeSH (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde/Medical Subject Headings) descriptors were used in the search: heart failure, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus, Child, Pediatrics and Adolescent, in addition to their versions in other languages. For the search for combination of the terms, the Boolean operators AND and OR were used; hence the following search strategy was implemented: &quot;Heart Failure&quot; AND (Covid-19 OR SARS-COV-2 OR Coronavirus) AND (Child OR Pediatrics OR Adolescent).</p>
				<p>Three steps were followed for the article selection: (1) search in the database for the descriptors cited, with application of filters and exclusion of duplicates in different databases; (2) selection of titles and abstracts, following the inclusion and the exclusion criteria; and (3) reading of full texts based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. During this process, three authors performed these steps and two acted as reviewers. The Zotero reference management software was used for data filtering and organization of selected data, specifying the reason and the step data were excluded. During the study period, there was no lack of consensus among investigators on the selection of studies to compose the final sample.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
				<p>The following inclusion criteria were used: observational, case-control, cohort studies, published in full, available in Portugues and English, that answered the research question.</p>
				<p>The exclusion criteria were articles that did not answer the research question for not correlating HF and COVID-19 in children and adolescents, studies in which the main focus was patients with cardiovascular diseases prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and studies with incomplete or unavailable methods.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data analysis</title>
				<p>For analysis of the articles selected, the investigators made a synthesis of the studies, examining the most important aspects, based on inclusion criteria and adequacy of the theme. The results were described in a summary table, including the following items: study number, authors, year of publication, type of study, country, population, mean age of patients, time of follow-up, and main findings.</p>
				<p>To assess the risk of bias, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa score, which evaluates the studies based on criteria related to cohort selection and comparison, and the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical Appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of evidence by evaluation of studies’ design, development, and analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Data were first organized in a spreadsheet in the Microsoft Office Excel 2016, and the studies that met the inclusion criteria of the review were selected. Then, information collected from the studies included in the final sample were categorized based on the research question. Analysis of data was made qualitatively, taking the following four steps: 1) full and detailed reading of the article; 2) data description and construction of summary chart; 3) detailed reading of the papers; and 4) analysis of the article content.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>A total of 685 papers were identified in the databases – 418 in PubMed, 264 in BVS and three in SciELO). However, 160 duplicate articles were excluded, resulting in 525 articles. Titles and abstracts of the articles available in the databases were read, as well as some private articles, yielding eight articles indexed in PuMed, five indexed n BVS and one in SciELO, with a total of 14 articles, that were considered eligible after full reading. After the exclusion criteria were applied, two articles were excluded due to the lack of &quot;Methods&quot; section, and two for not answering the research question of the present study. Ten articles were then analyzed using the Newcastle-Ottawa and the JBI scales. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> represents the PRISMA flowchart of the article selection steps.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>PRISMA flowchart detailing the steps for study selection; source: the authors.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-20240001-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>No article was excluded during the analysis of biases and quality of evidence using the instruments previously mentioned. Thus, 10 articles, considered relevant and scientifically reliable were included in the present systematic review. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the score of each manuscript according to the Newcastle-Ottawa and JBI scales.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Analysis of biases and quality of evidence of the studies selected using the Newcastle-Ottawa and the Joanna Briggs Institute scales</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="5%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
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						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
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						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">#</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Newcastle-Ottawa</th>
							<th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Q.A.</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="11" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Joanna Briggs Institute</th>
							<th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">R.B.</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Article</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Sel.</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Com.</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Des.</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q1</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q2</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q3</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q4</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q5</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q6</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q7</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q8</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q9</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q10</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Q11</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">**</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Fair</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Low</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Low</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">****</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Low</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Low</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E6</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Low</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">****</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Low</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E8</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Moderate</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E10</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Good</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Low</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<attrib>Source: the authors. Sel.: Selection; Com.: Comparability; Out.: Outcome; Q.A.: Quality of the article; R.B.: Risk of bias. Asterisks represent the stars in the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Good; 3 or 4 stars in selection domain, 1 or 2 stars in comparability domain and 2 or 3 stars in outcome; fair: 2 stars in selection domain, 1 or 2 stars in comparability domain and 2 or 3 stars in outcome domain. Q.1-Q.11 indicate questions 1 – 11 of the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist; Y: yes; N: no; U: unclear; NA: not applicable; high risk of bias: &lt;49% of questions answered with &quot;yes&quot;; moderate risk: 50 - 69% of questions answered with &quot;yes&quot; and &quot;low&quot; &gt; 70% of questions with &quot;yes&quot;.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>After full reading and analysis of the studies included, the main information of the articles selected (study number, authors, year of publication, type of study, country of origin, sample population, mean age of patients, time of follow-up and main results) were organized in a summary table (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Articles selected for review</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="11%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">#</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Authors</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Year</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Type</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Country</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Sample</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Mean age</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Follow-up</th>
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Main results</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E1</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Belhadjer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2020</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">France and Switzerland</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">35</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">10 years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">One month</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">10 patients had FE below 30% and 25 between 30 and 50%. Recovery of left ventricular function was observed in 71% of patients, mean time of delay of two days after admission. No patient had a thrombotic or an embolic event.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E2</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Campanello et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Italy</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">25</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Five years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">18 months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Median LVEF was 55% (IQR 50, 60), but 40% of patients had left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 53%). Echocardiogram at discharge showed recovery of LVEF and regression of coronary dilatation and small aneurysms</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E3</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Stasiak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Poland</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">51</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Seven years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">17 months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Patients who developed heart failure had an ejection fraction of 66%. Although laboratory tests of all patients returned to normal after six weeks, only 13 children did not develop cardiac sequelae</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E4</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Wen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">China</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">1062</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">71 months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Only 14 patients had heart failure. Patients received nutritional myocardial therapy, positive inotropic drugs, diuresis, and vasodilation treatment. Average hospital stay of the severe cases was 15 days, all were cured or improved and discharged. There was no death.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E5</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Kari et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2021</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Saudi Arabia</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">88</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NA</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Two months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Four patients admitted to the pediatric ICU died, and one developed heart failure. Morethan 50% of children were discharged within seven days of hospitalization</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E6</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Çiftel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Turkey</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">38</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">8.8 years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Seven months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">20 patients had LVEF &lt; 55%, mostly in patients with MIS-C. All patients with MIS-C have recovered. Only half of patients with severe MIS-C have recovered, and the other half developed cardiopulmonary complications like congestive HF. One patient died due to multiple-organ failure</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E7</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Mól et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2021</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Poland</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">66</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">6.5 years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Four months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">One third of patients had cardiac dysfunction; 95% of children developed conjunctival hyperemia</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E8</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Blumfield et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2020</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">USA</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">16</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">9.2 years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">One month</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">10 patients had systolic myocardial dysfunction and cardiomegaly; nine patients had congestive HF or pulmonary ardiogenic edema</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E9</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Diniz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2020</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Brazil</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">48</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">7.5 years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Three months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">33 patients recovered and were discharged, eight were hospitalized in the ICU or in the ward. All deaths occurred in the MIS-C group. All patients had HF related to left ventricular dysfunction, one with severe disease</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">E10</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Grama et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort study</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Romania</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">34</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">6.8 years</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">13 months</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Five patients had LVEF &lt; 55% and two had LVEF &lt; 30%. Severe complications were observed in the MIS-C group, in addition to long-term like congestive HF in one patient. Half of patients with severe MIS-C did not have cardiac sequelae</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<attrib>Source: the authors; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ICU: intensive care unit; EF: ejection fraction; MIS-C: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Four studies (E4-E6 ad E10) highlighted the direct association of HF with severe cases or complications of mild COVID-19, which was corroborated by Costa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and the physiopathology of the cardiovascular involvement linked to several factors including direct myocardial injury (E5), cardiac remodeling due to increased arterial stiffness, direct cytotoxic effect of SARS-VCoV2, cytokine storm, endothelial damage and dysfunction, hyperinflammation, increased oxygen demand, electrolyte imbalance, side effects of pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 (E6), pleural effusion and atelectasis (E4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>MIS-C was the main subject in six manuscripts (E1, E2, E6-E8, E10), showing the close relationship between HF and this COVID-19 complication. MIS-C manifested within a mean of four to six weeks after infection (E3). The literature analyzed tend to attribute it to an unbalanced response of the immunological system (E1-E3), frequently leading to myocardial injury – one of its main targets – and consequently affecting the blood supply (E1-E3, E6, E10), similarly to that reported by Vieira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> More severe MIS-C was described in older children (E2, E3, E10), leading to death in patients of two studies (E5, E10).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Regarding the hospital course of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 who developed MIS-C, according to the E1, there was an average delay of six days from the first clinical signs to manifestation of HF symptoms. This is a considerable time, particularly as compared with the two day-interval from the first general signs to hospitalization of the patient affected, described by Prata-Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In addition, as also highlighted in the E1, direct and indirect intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates, analyzed in the review, were considerably higher than the 8% reported in the E5, among patients without diagnosis of MIS-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			<p>MIS-C may lead to multiple organ failure, affecting mainly the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems (E6, E10). Main manifestations of HF reported in the articles include cardiac injury, such as left ventricular dysfunction (E1, E2, E6, E9 and E10) and valvulitis (E3, E6 and E9) and diffuse damage, such as endothelial dysfunction (E3, E6, E8-E10). This leads to HF as pathological dilatation, commonly of coronary arteries (E10) through the myocardium and the whole body (E6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The early diagnosis of MIS-C may prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular damage – like HF – caused by the disease (E1) and is extremely useful, since its presence is an indicative of poor prognosis (E5) of COVID-19. The immediate treatment of MIS-C is important for the restoration of vital organ function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Although its etiology has not been completely defined, the cytokine storm phenomenon has been frequently reported, with predominance of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor (E3). Biochemical markers of myocardial damage and HF (E3, E10), as well as 12-lead electrocardiogram and echocardiogram (E3) are useful for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			<p>With respect to ventricular activity, in general, all patients had some degree of ejection fraction reduction or impairment, especially those with MIS-C. However, a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) lower than 30% (i.e., reduced LVEF, characterizing an important cardiac dysfunction associated with HF) in more severe cases was reported in only two articles (E1 and E 10). Consequently, in agreement with Barberato et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> most cases of ventricular dysfunction in pediatric patients was associated with previous cardiac comorbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In E2, there was a prevalence of 66.7% of mild and moderate left ventricular dysfunction in patients aged older than six years, which is considerably higher than the prevalence in the whole sample (40%). This may be explained by the immaturity of the immune system of patients in younger age ranges and inborn errors of immunity triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in older children, leading to MIS-C-related hyperinflammation, as concluded by Sancho-Shimizu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Besides, according to E6, the ejection fraction reduction is directly correlated with a reduction in flow-mediated dilation in cardiac tests, possibly due to endothelial damage caused by hyperinflammation in MIS-C. In this regard, endothelial damage induced by SARS-CoV-2 is related to a greater number of cases of ischemia/reperfusion, which may result in chronic myocardial damage, including systolic ventricular reduction and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Three studies (E1, E2 and E3) reported a similar mean recovery time (seven days) of ventricular function after cardiovascular impairment due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, followed by treatment, with significant improvement of LVEF and HF. This was accompanied by normalization of myocardial enzymes in most patients (E2). This result differs from that reported by Goldraich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> who found enzymatic and structural changes in adults even 56 days after acute systemic inflammation. Besides, according to E3, in COVID-19 patients with cardiac contractility abnormalities and preserved ejection fraction, manifestations of the disease remained subclinical (E3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Regarding laboratory and image findings, six articles (E1, E2, E3, E7, E8 and E9) correlate the increase in troponin I levels with cardiovascular diseases, including the direct association with myocardial injury (E2), development of HF (E1, E3, E7 and E8) and right and left ventricular dysfunction (E9). A strong relationship of increased N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) with effects on the ejection fraction has been established in four studies (E2, E3, E7 and E8) and with inflammatory markers in two (E3 and E7). These findings are in line with the study Tapias Filho et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> who demonstrated higher rates of cardiovascular diseases like MIS-C in patients with increased troponin I levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Three studies (E3, E8 and E9) have found electrocardiographic abnormalities in a considerable number of patients, especially patients with myocardial systolic dysfunction, detected in 63% of MIS-C patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This was also demonstrated in the study by Gaspar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> in which 83.3% of patients developed cardiac dysfunction with identifiable electrocardiographic changes. Chest imaging findings revealed a high frequency of cardiomegaly, congestive HF (E8) and left and right ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			<p>With respect to therapeutic approaches, three studies (E2, E3 and E9) highlighted the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). This strategy was also shown to be effective in the study by Lozano-Espinosa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> in which IVIg was administered to 98% of patients with MIS-C, who had a favorable course. In this context, according to E2, the combined use of IVIg and intravenous steroids contribute to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular dysfunction – possibly associated with HF – as compared with the use of IVIg alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
			<p>On the other hand, in E3, some patients did not show a good response to the combined treatment, presenting high fever, high inflammatory markers, and persistent respiratory and circulatory failure. Therefore, an alternative therapy was used with cyclosporine and biological agents, which, according to Oliveira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> act as immunosuppressants, and their combination should be made with caution due to possible adverse effects. Besides, as reported in E9, there was not a significant difference in mortality between patients treated with IVIg, corticosteroids and low molecular weight heparin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Three articles (E1, E4 and E7) reported the use of inotropic agents in patients with cardiac dysfunction, HF and cardiogenic shock. In E1, this therapeutic approach was applied to 80% of patients admitted to ICUs, which is in accordance with the study by Bistola et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> who pointed out that, despite their relatively high potential for adverse events, inotropes are indispensable in the management of acute HF in children. In E4, for patients with myocardial damage, a nutritional myocardial therapy was adopted, in addition to cardio-strength training, diuresis, vasodilation treatment combined with traditional Chinese medicine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In E9, 83.30% of patients with left ventricular dysfunction treated with IVIg and corticosteroids showed improvement of left ventricular systolic function after administration of these medications. E4 underscores that the early diagnosis of severe cases of cardiovascular dysfunction is crucial for a timely and effective intervention, aiming at treatment progression and patient recovery. Rossi Neto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> also highlighted the importance of a rapid diagnosis as the basis of acute HF treatment, correlating the diagnostic delay with worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The findings of the present systematic review should be interpreted with caution, due to limitations of the study, including: (1) publication bias, inherent to the study design, which directly depends on the criteria adopted in the databases selected; (2) lack of scientific evidence from studies addressing the subject proposed; most of the results presents were either secondary or indirect; and (3) the considerable heterogeneity of the studies selected, particularly regarding sample population.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>In the present systematic review, we analyzed the relationship between COVID-19 and HF in children and adolescents in 10 published articles. The main finding was the predominance of studies describing MIS-C, a condition triggered by an exacerbated immune response of younger patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection, from which all patients recovered without cardiovascular sequelae, although some studies have reported cases of death, as shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
			<p>Therefore, the present study contributes to the diffusion of scientific knowledge about the cardiovascular damage of COVID-19 in children and adolescents, not only among the scientific community but also in the context of public health. In addition, the present review concludes that the scientific production on COVID-19 as a causative factor of HF in children and adolescents is so far insufficient in light of the scale and relevance of the problem. In this sense, more research and more comprehensive studies on this theme are warranted.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240001</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Insuficiência Cardíaca em Crianças e Adolescentes Acometidos por Covid-19: Uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2427-0576</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Quaresma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8318-2236</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>de Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0292-7470</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel Garcia da Gama</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-1129-7239</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>de Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Kaylane Fernanda Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0348-332X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>de Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Paula Cordeiro Aguiar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5640-8468</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cascaes</surname>
						<given-names>Ádria Rayane Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8102-3464</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monteiro</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Maria Zacarias Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Belém</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Belém</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Lucas Quaresma Martins</bold> • Universidade do Estado do Pará - Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde – Travessa Perebebuí, 2623. CEP <postal-code>66087-662</postal-code>, Belém, PA – Brasil E-mail: <email>lucasquaresmamartins@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>As alterações estruturais/funcionais do sistema cardiovascular causadas pela COVID-19 podem estar relacionadas a quadros de Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) – especialmente em crianças e adolescentes –, à medida que o vírus SARS-CoV-2 invade os cardiomiócitos, causando disfunção cardíaca.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p>Verificar como a COVID-19 se configura como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de IC em crianças e adolescentes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Trata-se de uma Revisão Sistemática da literatura, cujos dados foram coletados por meio das bases de dados PubMed, BVS e SciELO, com o seguimento das recomendações do protocolo PRISMA. Os descritores das buscas foram definidos com base no DeCS/MeSH.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>Foram identificados 685 estudos: 418 no banco de dados Pubmed, 264 no BVS e três no SciELO. Após a exclusão de 160 artigos duplicados e da aplicação do filtro por título e resumo, foram selecionados 14 estudos para a leitura na íntegra, dentre os quais 10 foram incluídos no texto final. Todos os artigos foram publicados entre 2020 e 2022, sendo 10 estudos de coorte (oito retrospectivos e dois prospectivos). Seis artigos abordaram a Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica Pediátrica (SIM-P), e quatro abordaram a redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo dos pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões:</title>
					<p>Majoritariamente, os pacientes recuperaram-se sem sequelas cardiovasculares detectadas, apesar de a SIM-P possuir uma forma grave de acometimento sistêmico que levou a óbitos em alguns estudos. Nesse sentido, a realização de um número maior de pesquisas e de estudos mais abrangentes acerca da temática é recomendada.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Criança</kwd>
				<kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
				<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
				<kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<fig id="f3">
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-20240001-gf01-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, a insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica complexa, em que o coração não contrai ou relaxa de maneira suficientemente eficiente para atender as demandas metabólicas teciduais, ou o faz exclusivamente com pressões de enchimento acima do considerado fisiológico. Assim, a IC pode ser desencadeada por alterações estruturais ou funcionais associadas à diminuição do débito cardíaco e/ou às elevadas pressões de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Tais alterações patológicas podem se associar a enfermidades que afetam o sistema cardiovascular do indivíduo, a exemplo da COVID-19, doença infectocontagiosa considerada como pandêmica no ano de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa doença se relaciona à IC na medida em que o seu agente etiológico, o vírus SARS-CoV-2, invade os miócitos cardíacos, causando disfunção miocárdica e outras complicações cardiovasculares, com uma taxa de mortalidade de 52%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Quanto às manifestações e aos desfechos da COVID-19 em diferentes faixas etárias, o quadro clínico é menos agressivo em crianças que em adultos e idosos, por especificidades fisiológicas que interferem na progressão da doença. Os pacientes pediátricos apresentam mais comumente febre baixa, tosse, rinorreia e dor de garganta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, com o avanço no conhecimento científico acerca da COVID-19, novos desfechos associados ao sistema cardiovascular e à IC foram registrados, a exemplo da Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica Pediátrica (SIM-P), a qual acomete o aparato circulatório do paciente infante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por conseguinte, os possíveis prejuízos sistêmicos às crianças e aos adolescentes infectados pela COVID-19 e a sua relação com quadros de IC são notáveis. Contudo, a escassez de estudos que abordam concomitantemente essas enfermidades, associando-as à faixa etária, é um fator limitante para a elaboração de abordagens terapêuticas assertivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Com isso, a presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de verificar como a COVID-19 configura-se como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento IC em crianças e adolescentes. Desse modo, esse estudo contribuirá à comunidade científica e à sociedade ao agregar conhecimentos relevantes acerca do tema.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Tipo de estudo</title>
					<p>O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, cujo propósito é realizar um levantamento bibliográfico ordenado e organizado de estudos representativos acerca de um fenômeno relacionado à área da saúde. Nesse sentido, o tema foi elaborado utilizando a estratégia PICO (P: população/pacientes; I: interesse/intervenção; C: comparação/controle; O: <italic>outcome</italic>/desfecho) com a questão norteadora: &quot;Como a COVID-19 configura-se como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de IC em crianças e adolescentes?&quot;. O estudo seguiu as recomendações do protocolo PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) no intuito de reduzir vieses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A pesquisa não precisou ser aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa por ser uma Revisão de Literatura, logo, utilizou somente dados secundários.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Coleta de dados e filtragem</title>
					<p>Os dados foram colhidos por meio de busca nas bases de dados on-line <italic>US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health</italic> (PubMed) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), <italic>Scientific Electronic Library Online</italic> (SciELO), no dia 12 de maio de 2023. Foram utilizados descritores obtidos da plataforma DeCS/MeSH (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde/Medical Subject Headings), sendo eles: Insuficiência Cardíaca, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavírus, Criança, Pediatria e Adolescente, considerando também suas variações em outros idiomas. Para garantir a combinação entre os termos, utilizou-se os operadores booleanos AND e OR. Nesse sentido, foi utilizada a seguinte estratégia de busca: &quot;Insuficiência Cardíaca&quot; AND (Covid-19 OR SARS-COV-2 OR Coronavírus) AND (Criança OR Pediatria OR Adolescente).</p>
					<p>Para a filtragem de artigos foram utilizadas três etapas de seleção: (1) busca em base de dados com seleção de filtros e descritores citados e exclusão de duplicatas em bases de dados diferentes; (2) seleção baseada no título e no resumo dos artigos, seguindo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão; e (3) seleção baseada na leitura completa de artigos restantes segundo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Durante esse processo, três autores realizaram essas etapas e dois realizaram a função de revisores. O software gerenciador de referências &quot;Zotero&quot; para realizar a filtragem de dados e organizá-los em caso de serem selecionados ou não, incluindo o motivo e em que etapa foram excluídos.</p>
					<p>Vale destacar que, no decorrer da realização da pesquisa não houve discrepância entre os pesquisadores participantes, sendo desnecessária a elaboração de critérios de desempate na seleção das publicações para a composição da amostra final do material.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de inclusão e exclusão</title>
					<p>Foram utilizados como critérios de inclusão na seleção dos artigos: estudos observacionais do tipo caso-controle e coorte, texto completo, disponíveis em português e inglês e que respondam à pergunta norteadora.</p>
					<p>Os critérios de exclusão utilizados foram: artigos que não respondiam à questão norteadora ao não relacionar a IC à ocorrência da COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes, estudos que tinham como foco principal pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares anteriores à infecção por SARS-CoV-2, além de estudos que apresentavam a sessão de metodologia ausente ou incompleta.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise de dados</title>
					<p>Para a análise dos artigos selecionados, foi realizada uma síntese pelos pesquisadores, avaliando os aspectos considerados pertinentes, baseados nos critérios de inclusão e adequação ao tema. A apresentação dos resultados foi organizada em uma tabela síntese, contemplando os seguintes itens: numeração do estudo, autores, ano de publicação, tipo de estudo, país de origem, população da amostra, idade média dos pacientes, tempo de seguimento e principais achados.</p>
					<p>Em relação à avaliação do risco de viés, foi utilizada a escala de Newcastle-Ottawa, a qual avalia os estudos com base em critérios relativos à seleção e à comparabilidade entre coortes e em critérios relacionados aos desfechos de estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No que diz respeito à análise da qualidade de evidência foi aplicada a escala crítica Joanna Briggs <italic>Institute</italic> (JBI) para a avaliação do desenho, condução e análise dos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os dados foram previamente organizados em um banco de dados no software Microsoft Office Excel 2016, a partir do qual foram selecionados os estudos mais pertinentes com a questão norteadora da presente revisão. Posteriormente, as informações encontradas nas publicações incluídas na amostra bibliográfica final foram categorizadas com base na questão norteadora. A análise dos dados foi qualitativa, e realizada em quatro etapas: 1) leitura completa e minuciosa do artigo; 2) descrição dos dados e construção do quadro sinóptico; 3) leitura detalhada das publicações; e 4) análise do conteúdo dos artigos.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados e Discussão</title>
				<p>Um total de 685 artigos foram identificados nas bases de dados selecionadas (418 no banco de dados PubMed, 264 no BVS e três no SciELO). Entretanto, 160 estudos estavam duplicados e foram excluídos da seleção, resultando em 525 artigos. Realizou-se a leitura de todos os títulos e resumos dos estudos disponíveis nas bases de dados e de alguns artigos privados, obtendo como resultado, oito publicações indexadas na PubMed, cinco indexadas na BVS e apenas uma indexada na SciELO, totalizando 14 artigos, os quais foram considerados aptos a serem lidos na íntegra. Após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, dois artigos foram descartados devido à ausência da sessão de metodologia e dois foram excluídos por não responderem à questão norteadora da presente revisão sistemática, resultando em 10 estudos a serem analisados pelas escalas de Newcastle-Ottawa e JBI. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref> representa o fluxograma PRISMA das etapas de seleção dos artigos.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fluxograma PRISMA referente às etapas de seleção dos estudos; Fonte: elaborado pelos autores.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-20240001-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Devido à ausência de exclusões de artigos na etapa referente à busca do risco de vieses e à análise da qualidade de evidência por meio das ferramentas de avaliação metodológica previamente citadas, 10 publicações consideradas relevantes e de confiabilidade científica foram incluídas na presente Revisão Sistemática. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> descreve a pontuação de cada artigo de acordo com a aplicação das escalas de Newcastle-Ottawa e JBI.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise de viés dos artigos selecionados segundo a escala de Newcastle-Ottawa e da qualidade de evidência de acordo com a escala Joanna Briggs Institute</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="5%">
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						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">#</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Newcastle-Ottawa</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Q.A.</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="11" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Joanna Briggs Institute</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">R.V.</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Artigo</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Sel.</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Com.</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Des.</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q1</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q2</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q3</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q4</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q5</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q6</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q7</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q8</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q9</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q10</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Q11</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">**</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Médio</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Moderado</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">****</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">****</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Moderado</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Moderado</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E10</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">*</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">***</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Bom</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>FONTE: elaborado pelos autores. Sel.: Seleção; Com.: Comparabilidade; Des.: Desfecho; Q.A.: Qualidade do Artigo; R.V.: Risco de Viés. Nota 1: asteriscos indicam a classificação com estrelas da escala Newcastle-Ottawa. Bom: 3 ou 4 estrelas em seleção, 1 ou 2 estrelas em comparabilidade e 2 ou 3 em desfecho. Médio: 2 estrelas em seleção, 1 ou 2 estrelas em comparabilidade e 2 ou 3 em desfecho. Ruim: 0 ou 1 estrela em seleção, 0 em comparabilidade e 0 ou 1 estrela em desfecho. Nota 2: Q.1-Q.11 indicam questões de 1 a 11 do formulário de risco de viés Joanna Briggs Institute). &quot;S&quot; indica sim, &quot;N&quot; indica não, &quot;I&quot; indica incerto e &quot;NA&quot; indica não se aplica. O risco de viés foi classificado como &quot;alto&quot; quando o estudo atingiu até 49% de pontuações &quot;sim&quot;, &quot;moderado&quot; quando o estudo atingiu de 50 a 69% de pontuações &quot;sim&quot; e &quot;baixo&quot; quando o estudo atingiu mais de 70% de pontuações &quot;sim&quot;.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Após leitura e análise detalhadas dos estudos incluídos, as principais informações referentes aos artigos selecionados (numeração do estudo, autores, ano de publicação, tipo de estudo, país de origem, população da amostra, idade média dos pacientes, tempo de seguimento e principais achados) foram organizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> (síntese).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Artigos selecionados para a revisão</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="11%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">#</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Autores</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Ano</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Tipo</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">País</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Amostra</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Idade média</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Tempo</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Principais achados</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E1</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Belhadjer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2020</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">França e Suíça</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">35</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">10 anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Um mês</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">10 pacientes possuíam FE abaixo de 30% e 25 entre 30 e 50%. A recuperação completa da função do VE foi observada em 71% dos pacientes em um atraso médio de dois dias após a admissão. Nenhum teve um evento trombótico ou embólico.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E2</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Campanello et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Itália</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">25</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Cinco anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">18 meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">A mediana da FEVE foi de 55% (IIQ 50, 60), mas em 40% dos casos foi documentada disfunção do VE (FEVE &lt; 53%). O ecocardiograma na alta mostrou recuperação completa da FEVE e regressão das dilatações coronarianas e pequenos aneurismas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E3</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Stasiak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Polônia</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">51</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sete anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">17 meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">O grupo que desenvolveu insuficiência cardíaca apresentou fração de ejeção de 66%. Todos os pacientes tiveram retorno de normalidade de resultados laboratoriais após seis semanas, porém apenas 13 crianças não tiveram sequelas cardíacas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E4</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Wen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">China</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">1062</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">71 meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas 14 pacientes apresentaram IC. Optou-se por terapia miocárdica nutricional e drogas inotrópicas positivas, diurese e um tratamento de vasodilatação. A média de internação dos casos graves foi de 15 dias. Após tratamento abrangente, todos foram curados ou recuperados e tiveram alta hospitalar. Não houve mortes.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E5</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Kari et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2021</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Arábia Saudita</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">88</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NA</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dois meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Quatro pacientes da UTI pediátrica faleceram e apenas um desenvolveu IC. Mais de 50% das crianças obtiveram alta dentro de sete dias de hospitalização.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E6</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Çiftel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte prospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Turquia</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">38</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">8,8 anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sete meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">20 pacientes apresentaram FE &lt; 55%, principalmente no grupo com SIM-P. Todos os pacientes com SIM-P moderada tiveram recuperação completa. Na forma mais séria da doença, apenas metade se recuperou e a outra desenvolveu complicações cardiopulmonares, como IC congestiva. Apenas um paciente faleceu no tempo de estudo por comprometimento de vários órgãos.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E7</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Mól et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2021</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte prospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Polônia</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">66</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">6,5 anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Quatro meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Um terço dos pacientes apresentou disfunção cardíaca. 95% das crianças que desenvolveram IC apresentaram hiperemia conjuntival.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E8</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Blumfield et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2020</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">EUA</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">16</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">9,2 anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Um mês</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">10 pacientes apresentaram disfunção miocárdica sistólica e cardiomegalia. Nove pacientes desenvolveram IC congestiva ou edema cardiogênico pulmonar.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E9</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diniz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2020</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Brasil</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">48</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">7,5 anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Três meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">33 pacientes tiveram alta com recuperação total, oito permaneceram em UTI pediátrica ou enfermaria. Todos os óbitos (oito) ocorreram no grupo SIM-P. Oito pacientes apresentaram IC relacionada a disfunção do VE, sendo um grave.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E10</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Grama et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2022</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coorteretrospectivo</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Romênia</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">34</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">6,8 anos</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">13 meses</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Cinco pacientes tiveram FEVE &lt; 55% e 2 casos &lt; 30%. As complicações severas foram vistas no grupo com SIM-P, além da observação de danos a longo prazo como IC congestiva em um paciente. Metade dos pacientes com SIM-P severa não apresentaram sequelas cardíacas.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>FONTE: elaborado pelos autores. FE: fração de ejeção; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; SIM-P: síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica pediátrica; UTI: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Quatro estudos (E4-E6 e E10) destacam a associação direta do desenvolvimento de IC com a ocorrência de casos graves ou complicações de casos leves da COVID-19 – achado corroborado por Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> –, com a fisiopatogenia do envolvimento cardiovascular em questão atrelada a diversos fatores, tais como: lesão miocárdica direta (E5), remodelamento cardíaco devido aumento da rigidez arterial, efeito citotóxico direto do SARS-CoV-2, tempestade de citocinas, dano e disfunção endotelial, hiperinflamação, aumento da demanda de oxigênio, desequilíbrio eletrolítico, efeitos colaterais dos tratamentos medicamentosos da COVID-19 (E6), derrame pleural e atelectasia (E4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em seis artigos (E1, E2, E6-E8, E10) a SIM-P configura-se como tema principal, mostrando profunda ligação entre o desenvolvimento de IC e essa complicação da COVID-19. A doença se manifestou, em média, quatro a seis semanas após a ocorrência da infecção (E3). A literatura analisada tende a atribuí-la a uma resposta desproporcional do sistema imunológico (E1-E3), frequentemente levando à lesão do miocárdio – um de seus principais alvos – e consequentemente prejudicando o suprimento sanguíneo (E1-E3, E6, E10), como também foi constatado no estudo de Vieira et al. A SIM-P foi descrita como mais grave em crianças mais velhas (E2, E3, E10), levando a óbitos em duas pesquisas analisadas (E5, E10).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No que diz respeito às diferentes evoluções hospitalares dos pacientes infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 que desenvolveram a SIM-P, de acordo com E1, houve um atraso médio de seis dias entre os primeiros sinais clínicos e o aparecimento dos sintomas de IC. Tal período é considerável se comparado ao intervalo de apenas dois dias entre os primeiros sinais gerais e a hospitalização do indivíduo acometido, descrito por Prata-Barbosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Além disso, conforme destacado também em E1, as taxas de admissão direta e indireta nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs), analisadas na pesquisa, foi consideravelmente maior que a taxa de 8% observada entre pacientes sem diagnóstico de SIM-P registrada por E5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A SIM-P pode levar à falência de múltiplos órgãos, atingindo sobretudo os sistemas cardiovascular, gastrointestinal e nervoso (E6, E10). Entre as manifestações relacionadas a quadros de IC encontradas nos artigos estão: lesões diretas no coração, como disfunção do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (E1, E2, E6, E9 e E10) e valvulites (E3, E6 e E9) e danos de natureza difusa, como disfunção endotelial (E3, E6, E8-E10). Essa resulta em casos de IC à medida que a dilatação patológica, comumente das artérias coronárias (E10) prejudica o suprimento sanguíneo pelo miocárdio e por todo o organismo (E6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O diagnóstico precoce de SIM-P pode prevenir a ocorrência de danos cardiovasculares – como a IC – causados pela doença (E1), e é extremamente útil, uma vez que sua presença é um indicativo de mau prognóstico (E5) da COVID-19, sendo importante o tratamento imediato para o reestabelecimento do funcionamento dos órgãos vitais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Embora a sua etiologia ainda não seja perfeitamente definida, observou-se, com frequência, o fenômeno da tempestade de citocinas, com predominância de interleucina-1, interleucina-6 e fator de necrose tumoral (E3). Os marcadores bioquímicos de dano miocárdico e IC (E3, E10), bem como eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações e a ecocardiografia (E3) são úteis para o rápido reconhecimento diagnóstico e tratamento da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em relação à atividade ventricular dos indivíduos analisados nos estudos, de modo geral, todos os pacientes apresentaram algum grau de comprometimento ou redução da fração de ejeção (FE), especialmente quando acometidos pela SIM-P. No entanto, a presença de Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (FEVE) menor que 30% (classificada como FEVE reduzida e configurando uma disfunção cardíaca importante associada à IC) nos casos mais graves foi relatada em apenas dois artigos (E1 e E10). Por conseguinte, em concordância com Barberato et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> a maioria das disfunções ventriculares encontradas nos pacientes pediátricos foi associada à comorbidades cardíacas prévias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em E2 foi constatada uma prevalência de 66,7% de disfunção leve ou moderada de VE em pacientes com idade superior a seis anos, taxa consideravelmente maior que a apresentada pela amostra completa (40%). Tal aspecto pode ser explicado pela imaturidade do sistema imunológico de pacientes em faixas etárias mais baixas e por erros inatos silenciosos da imunidade desencadeados por SARS-CoV-2 em crianças mais velhas, causando a reação hiperinflamatória associada à ocorrência da SIM-P, como concluem Sancho-Shimizu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além disso, de acordo com E6, a diminuição da FE apresenta uma correlação direta com a redução da dilatação mediada por fluxo nos exames cardiológicos realizados, possivelmente devido aos danos endoteliais causados pela hiperinflamação da SIM-P. Os danos endoteliais causados pelo SARS-COV-2 estão relacionados a um maior número de casos de isquemia/reperfusão, algo que pode induzir a danos miocárdicos crônicos, como a redução ventricular sistólica e, consequentemente, IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Três estudos (E1, E2 e E3) registraram uma média de tempo semelhante (sete dias) para a recuperação da função ventricular após comprometimento cardiovascular decorrente de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 seguido de tratamento, com melhora significativa da FEVE e do quadro de IC, que acompanhada de normalização das enzimas miocárdicas na maioria dos pacientes afetados (E2). Tal resultado difere-se aos achados de Goldraich et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> que encontraram alterações enzimáticas e estruturais em adultos mesmo após 56 dias do quadro agudo da inflamação sistêmica. Além disso, segundo E3, em indivíduos infectados pela COVID-19 e acometidos por anormalidades da contratilidade cardíaca com FE preservada, as manifestações do quadro permaneceram subclínicas (E3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Acerca dos achados em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, seis artigos (E1, E2, E3, E7, E8 e E9) relacionam o aumento das taxas de troponina I a quadros cardiovasculares, dentre eles, uma associação direta com lesão miocárdica (E2), desenvolvimento de IC (E1, E3, E7 e E8) e disfunção ventricular direita e esquerda (E9). Quatro estudos (E2, E3, E7 e E8) estabeleceram uma forte relação entre níveis elevados de peptídeo natriurético cerebral (NT-pro-BNP) e prejuízos diretos na FE, também relacionados a marcadores inflamatórios por dois artigos analisados (E3 e E7). Tais resultados estão de acordo com os de Tapias Filho et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> que também demonstram maiores taxas de quadros cardiovasculares como a SIM-P em pacientes com troponina I elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Três estudos (E3, E8 e E9) encontraram anormalidades eletrocardiográficas em parcela considerável dos pacientes estudados, com destaque para a disfunção sistólica do miocárdio, registrada 63% da amostra de indivíduos afetados por SIM-P.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Isso também foi demonstrado no estudo de Gaspar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> em que 83,3% dos pacientes apresentaram disfunção cardíaca com alteração eletrocardiográfica identificável. Em relação aos achados em exames de imagem do tórax, ressalta-se o diagnóstico frequente de cardiomegalia, IC congestiva (E8) e disfunção dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A respeito das medidas terapêuticas, três estudos (E2, E3 e E9) destacaram a utilização de Imunoglobulina Intravenosa (IgIV). Essa medida também se mostrou eficiente no estudo de Lozano-Espinosa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> em que a IgIV foi administrada a 98% dos pacientes com SIM-P, os quais evoluíram positivamente. Sobre isso, E2 afirma que o uso de IgIV combinado a esteroides intravenosos coopera para a diminuição do risco de disfunção cardiovascular – possivelmente associada à ocorrência de IC – quando comparado ao uso isolado de IgIV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por outro lado, em E3, alguns pacientes não apresentaram respostas adequadas ao tratamento combinado e apresentaram febre intensa, marcadores inflamatórios altos e insuficiências respiratória e circulatória persistente. Assim, foi adotada uma linha terapêutica alternativa, com a administração de ciclosporina e de agentes biológicos, os quais, segundo Oliveira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> agem como imunossupressores, e suas combinações devem ser cautelosas devido a possíveis efeitos adversos. Paralelamente a isso, de acordo com E9, não houve diferença significativa na mortalidade entre os indivíduos tratados com IgIV, corticosteroides e heparinas de baixo peso molecular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Três artigos (E1, E4 e E7) registraram a administração de inotrópicos em pacientes com disfunções cardíacas, IC e choques cardiogênicos. No E1, essa conduta foi aplicada em 80% dos indivíduos admitidos nas UTIs, em consonância com Bistola et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> cujo estudo destaca que, embora tenham potencial relativamente alto para eventos adversos, inotrópicos são uma ferramenta indispensável no manejo de IC aguda em crianças. Em E4, para pacientes com dano miocárdico, a terapia nutricional foi adotada, bem como o fortalecimento cardíaco, a diurese e a vasodilatação, associados à medicina tradicional chinesa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em E9, 83,30% dos pacientes com disfunção de VE tratados com IgIV e corticosteroides, apresentaram melhora da função sistólica do VE após a administração das medicações. Desse modo, E4 destaca que o diagnóstico precoce dos casos graves de comprometimento cardiovascular é indispensável para aplicação diligente e eficiente da intervenção adequada, visando a progressão do tratamento e a recuperação do paciente. Rossi Neto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> também destacaram a celeridade do diagnóstico como uma das bases no tratamento de IC aguda, atribuindo ao seu atraso piores prognósticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os achados apresentados neste artigo devem ser considerados com cautela, visto que o estudo possui algumas limitações, dentre elas: (1) o viés de publicação, condicionado pelo desenho do estudo proposto, o qual depende diretamente dos critérios adotados pelas bases de dados selecionadas; (2) a insuficiência de evidências científicas de estudos que abordem diretamente a temática proposta, sendo a maioria dos achados apresentados de caráter secundário ou indireto; e (3) a considerável heterogeneidade entre os estudos selecionados, especialmente no que diz respeito à população amostral.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Na presente revisão sistemática, foi analisada a relação entre o acometimento pela COVID-19 e o desenvolvimento de IC em crianças e adolescentes em um total de 10 artigos. Como principal achado, houve predominância de estudos que versavam sobre a SIM-P, quadro desencadeado por uma resposta imune exacerbada de pacientes mais jovens ao SARS-CoV-2 e do qual a maioria dos pacientes recuperou-se sem sequelas cardiovasculares detectadas, apesar de alguns estudos relatarem óbitos, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
				<p>Assim, o presente estudo contribui para a difusão do conhecimento científico relacionado aos prejuízos cardiovasculares da COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes, tanto no âmbito da comunidade científica quanto no contexto da saúde pública em geral. Além disso, a presente revisão conclui que a produção científica concernente à COVID-19 como um fator causador de IC em crianças e adolescentes é insuficiente até o momento e não condiz com a escala e a relevância da problemática. Nesse sentido, a realização de um número maior de pesquisas e de estudos mais abrangentes acerca da temática é recomendada.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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