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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240017i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240017i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Relevant Aspects of Natriuretic Peptides in the Etiology of Dyspnea in the Emergency Room: Evidence, Indications, Confounding Factors, and Cost-Effectiveness</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Humberto</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta</bold> • Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Niterói, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>Speaker fees and study support from Roche Diagnostics</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>11</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240017</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Natriuretic peptides are hormones released by the heart after acute or chronic aggression. They are produced exclusively by the heart and are, therefore, specific cardiac biomarkers. Recent pivotal studies have confirmed that they are useful in the diagnostic assessment of patients with dyspnea in the emergency room, with a high predictive value in ruling out acute heart failure, and they are indicated when there are doubts in clinical examination. They are also useful as prognostic markers and in monitoring response to treatment. Multiple studies have demonstrated that they are cost-effective in the emergency room. However, it is important to underscore that they should always be used in conjunction with clinical examination, and they have the limitation of reduced accuracy in some subgroups, due to the influence of some clinical variables, such as age, renal function, atrial fibrillation, and obesity. The use of cutoff values stratified by age group and machine learning techniques minimize the influence of confounding factors.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
<kwd>Dyspnea</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="32"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a severe disease, with elevated morbidity and mortality, as well as a high rate of hospitalizations, and it can have unfavorable progression if it is not treated properly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> One of the main symptoms of the disease is dyspnea, which can appear as intolerance to exertion in the initial stages, progressing to resting dyspnea, a phase during which the patient usually seeks emergency care for diagnostic clarification and treatment. In other situations, the patient presents with acute dyspnea, immediately seeking emergency care. It is important to highlight that dyspnea is a non-specific symptom common to several disorders, which can make diagnosis difficult, lead to errors, and harm patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>HF syndrome is diagnosed based on the universal definition that defines HF as the presence of signs and symptoms suggestive of HF, in addition to elevated natriuretic peptides or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Often, when typical findings of HF are present (orthopnea, edema, third heart sound, hepatomegaly, jugular vein distention), the diagnosis of HF can be made based only on history and physical examination. In other situations, in patients without specific signs on physical examination, measurement of natriuretic peptides, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), is used in conjunction with clinical examination for HF diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Natriuretic peptides are hormones that are released when the heart suffers stress or aggression, which, as they are produced exclusively by the cardiac ventricles, are useful in the diagnosis of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> When facing aggression, regardless of the etiology, the neurohormonal systems responsible for progression and perpetuation of HF are activated, mainly the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> To defend itself, the heart produces natriuretic peptides, such as BNP and atrial natriuretic peptide, which have biological properties,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>. Therefore, these peptides are elevated in HF and are useful in its diagnosis. Even when HF is diagnosed clinically, plasma levels of these biomarkers are useful for prognosis and monitoring treatment. The higher they are, the worse the prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>The natriuretic peptide system. After aggression to the heart, regardless of the etiology, the heart releases peptides, such as BNP and atrial natriuretic peptide, which are molecules that protect the heart, promoting vasodilation, diuresis, natriuresis, and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system. BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SNS: sympathetic nervous system.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-01-e20240017-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In this article, we highlight the studies that have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides in patients with acute dyspnea in the emergency room, the current indications for using these biomarkers, the limitations, and the cost-effectiveness of their use.</p>
<sec>
<title>Evidence of the use of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of acute heart failure</title>
<p>At the beginning of the 2000s, two studies with a small number of patients showed that the use of BNP measurement using a point-of-care system could be useful in diagnosing HF in the emergency room.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Dao et al. demonstrated that BNP was accurate in diagnosing HF, with a C statistic of 0.97, and would have corrected 29 of the 30 incorrect diagnoses made by the emergency physician.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Similar results were obtained by Villacorta et al., with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99, correcting all 16 cases of diagnostic error.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>These initial findings were definitively confirmed by the publication of the first multicenter study, Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> led by Professor Alan S. Maisel, after which these biomarkers began to be included in HF guidelines. In this pivotal publication, which studied 1586 patients with acute dyspnea, Maisel et al. demonstrated that BNP alone was more accurate than any data from medical history, physical examination, or laboratory tests in diagnosing HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A cutoff of 100 pg/mL showed accuracy of 83.4%, and the negative predictive value for BNP values &lt; 50 pg/mL was 96%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In an additional publication from the same study, McCullough et al. demonstrated that, even when the clinical probability estimated by the emergency physician was &gt; 80%, BNP added information, increasing accuracy from 74% to 81.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In patients with intermediate clinical probability (between 21% and 79%), the cutoff of 100 pg/mL for BNP correctly classified 74% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is important to highlight that the best AUC observed was for clinical judgment combined with BNP, with AUC of 0.86, 0.90, and 0.93 for clinical judgment alone, BNP alone, and clinical judgment combined with BNP, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<caption><title>Flowchart for the use of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea in the emergency room. BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; HF: heart failure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-01-e20240017-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The use of NT-proBNP was validated shortly afterwards by the PRIDE study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> led by Professor James L. Januzzi, which found results similar to those observed with BNP. The study included 600 patients with dyspnea in the emergency department. A cutoff point of 300 pg/mL for NT-proBNP had excellent performance in ruling out the diagnosis of HF, with a negative predictive value of 99%. The authors of the study tested a strategy to minimize the effects of age on natriuretic peptides. To rule in the diagnosis of HF, stratified cutoff points by age group were validated. Cutoffs of 450 pg/mL and 900 pg/mLhad good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of HF for the age groups of &lt; 50 and ≥ 50 years, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> NT-proBNP was the main predictor of HF diagnosis and was superior to clinical judgment (AUC 0.90 versus 0.94). However, the combination of clinical judgment with NT-proBNP obtained the highest AUC (0.96).</p>
<p>One year later, in a multicenter study with 1,256 patients, Januzzi et al. derived and validated NT-proBNP cutoffs stratified by 3 age groups, using bootstrapping and multi-variable logistic regression techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Cutoffs of 450, 900, and 1800 pg/mL, for age groups &lt; 50, 50 to 75, and &gt; 75 years of age, showed a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 84%. It is worth mentioning that patients with admission values &gt; 5180 pg/mL had an elevated risk of death within 76 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>More recently, these age-stratified cutoffs were revalidated in the ICON-RELOADED study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> in 1461 patients with acute dyspnea. The cutoffs showed good sensitivity and specificity. The cutoff of 300 pg/mL had a negative predictive value of 98% for ruling out HF. Additionally, several meta-analyses and systematic reviews have confirmed the findings of these pivotal studies, showing good diagnostic accuracy of BNP and NT-proBNP in patients with acute dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Indications and practical use</title>
<p>The main HF guidelines recommend the use of natriuretic peptides to assist in diagnosis of acute HF, in patients with acute dyspnea, and in conjunction with clinical examination when there are doubts regarding diagnosis based solely on clinical examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Even in cases where HF has been diagnosed on clinical grounds, measurement of these biomarkers is indicated for prognostic purposes and to monitor the response to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>The Central Illustration displays the suggested cutoffs for natriuretic peptides as diagnostic aids for HF in the emergency room. The cutoffs to rule out the diagnosis of HF are BNP &lt; 100 pg/mL or NT-proBNP &lt; 300 pg/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> To confirm diagnosis, the cutoff for BNP is 400 pg/mL. For NT-proBNP, Januzzi et al. created stratified cutoff points by age group, corrected for age and renal function. For patients in the age groups &lt; 50 years, 50 to 75 years, and &gt; 75 years, the suggested cutoffs are 450, 900, and 1800 pg/mL, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The range between both cutoff points, ruling out and ruling in, is known as the gray zone. When values are in this range, the biomarker is of little use, given that it cannot exclude or confirm the diagnosis. The gray zone may include patients with HF or other diagnoses, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, bronchoaspiration, pulmonary thromboembolism, and others. In this situation, clinical reasoning should be used, and other diagnostic tests should be requested as necessary.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Confounding factors and limitations to the use of natriuretic peptides</title>
<p>In addition to the gray zone, other limitations should be taken into account when interpreting natriuretic peptide results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Some variables influence their levels. Age, reduced renal function (glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min), and atrial fibrillation increase the concentrations of these biomarkers. On the other hand, obesity reduces BNP and NT-proBNP levels, for the same severity, compared to non-obese patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In some situations, natriuretic peptides may be unexpectedly low during the first few hours, such as rapid onset cardiogenic shock, acute mitral insufficiency, and flash pulmonary edema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Finally, it is worth noting that the medication sacubitril/valsartan targets the inhibition of neprilysin, an enzyme that degrades BNP. Therefore, in patients using this medication, BNP values may be elevated, although there are variations depending on the test brand used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In these cases, measurement of NT-proBNP, which is not the target of the medication, would be indicated.</p>
<p>Therefore, although natriuretic peptides generally have good accuracy in diagnosing acute HF, this accuracy is reduced in some subgroups, mainly elderly patients, patients with glomerular filtration rates below 60 mL/min, and patients with obesity. For example, in the collaborative study by Januzzi et al., the AUC was 99%, 93%, and 86% for age groups &lt; 50 years, 50 to 75 years, and &gt; 75 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>One way to minimize the effects on ruling-in diagnosis is to use cutoffs stratified by age group, given that atrial fibrillation and renal dysfunction are more common in elderly patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the case of obesity, the problem lies in ruling out the diagnosis of HF, because obese patients may present HF with values below the traditional cutoffs. Some authors suggest reducing the cutoff for ruling out diagnosis in patients with obesity. In a study with NT-proBNP, compared to the traditional cutoff of 300 pg/mL, cutoffs stratified by body mass index (33% reduction in the cutoff for body mass index between 30 and 34.9 and 50% for index of body mass ≥ 35) improved the accuracy of the test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Another strategy to minimize the effects of confounding factors on the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides is the use of models created by machine learning techniques. Lee et al., in an international collaborative project led by Professor Nicholas L. Mills, created a machine learning model called CODE-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The model consists of 10 clinical variables combined with NT-proBNP as a continuous variable. This tool ruled out and ruled in the diagnosis of acute HF more accurately than any other approach using NT-proBNP cutoffs alone. It is important to highlight that the traditional cutoffs had limited accuracy in some subgroups, such as elderly patients, patients with obesity, and patients with renal dysfunction, while CODE-HF worked consistently in all subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>Finally, the accuracy of natriuretic peptides in diagnosing HF can be improved with the joint use of other tools, such as lung ultrasound and echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cost-effectiveness of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of acute heart failure</title>
<p>Multiple studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of using natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of acute HF in patients with dyspnea in the emergency room.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The first study to assess this question was led by Professor Christian Mueller, at the University of Basel, Switzerland.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In this randomized study including 452 patients with acute dyspnea, the use of BNP reduced the average cost from USD 7,264 to USD 5,410 per patient, saving USD 1,854 per patient. The cost reduction was basically caused by less need for hospitalization and use of intensive therapy and by the reduced length of hospital stay, a median of 3 days less, in the BNP group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Similar results were observed for NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Siebert et al. demonstrated that the use of NT-proBNP would be associated with a 9.4% reduction in costs, with savings of USD 474 per patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Data from the IMPROVE-CHF study showed savings of USD 949 per patient with the use of NT-proBNP, due to reduced length of emergency room stay, reduced direct medical costs in the emergency room, reduced hospitalizations, and reduced costs of outpatient services within 60 days of inclusion in the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>A recent study carried out by Ontario Health concluded that the use of BNP or NT-proBNP would be cost-effective in Ontario, reducing the length of hospital stay by at least one day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In Brazil, Araújo and de Souza<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> demonstrated that use of BNP through the public network, Unified Health System (SUS), would reduce the need for echocardiogram exams by 58% and hospitalizations by 12%. The costs per patient in the BNP group and the group with clinical diagnosis alone were BRL 652.04 and BRL 659.53, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Analyses carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Health also concluded that natriuretic peptides are cost-effective in the SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the main cost-effectiveness studies on natriuretic peptides in HF diagnosis in the emergency room.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Main cost-effectiveness studies on the diagnostic role of natriuretic peptides in the emergency room</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Study type</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Main findings</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mueller C et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind, single-center (Basel, Switzerland)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">452</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Savings of USD 1854 per patient; less need for hospitalization and use of intensive care; reduced length of hospital stay</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Siebert et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective, blind, single-center; subanalysis of the PRIDE study (Boston, USA)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">599</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9.4% reduction in costs, with savings of $474 per patient</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Moe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter (Canada)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">500</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Savings of USD 949 per patient; reduced length of emergency room stay; reduced direct medical costs in the emergency room; reduced hospitalizations; reduced costs of outpatient services within 60 days of inclusion</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Araújo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Analytical decision model, designed for the Brazilian Unified Health System, using the algorithm from the PRIDE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> study (Brazil)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Not applicable</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">The costs per patient in the BNP group and the group with clinical diagnosis alone were BRL 652.04 and BRL 659.53, respectively; potential to reduce the need for echocardiogram exams by 58% and hospitalizations by 12%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ontario Health<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Systematic review, with economic analysis of 12 studies</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Not applicable</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduced length of hospital stay by at least 1 day; highly cost-effective</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Brazilian Ministry of Health<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Technical opinion</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Not applicable</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Natriuretic peptides are useful in ruling out acute HF in patients with dyspnea in the emergency room, and they are cost-effective in the Brazilian Unified Health System</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; HF: heart failure.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Natriuretic peptides are useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with dyspnea in the emergency room. They have a high predictive value in ruling out acute HF, and they are indicated when there are doubts in clinical examination. Even with confirmed clinical diagnosis, their measurement is indicated for prognostic purposes and for monitoring response to treatment. It is a cost-effective tool, and, since its introduction two decades ago, its use has been expanding. However, it is important to underscore that they should always be used in conjunction with clinical examination, and they have the limitation of reduced accuracy in some subgroups, due to the influence of some clinical variables, such as age, renal function, atrial fibrillation, and obesity. The use of cutoff values stratified by age group and machine learning techniques minimize the influence of confounding factors.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
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<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>LAZ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Issa</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240017</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aspectos Relevantes dos Peptídeos Natriuréticos na Etiologia da Dispneia na Sala de Emergência: Evidências, Indicações, Confundidores e Custo-Efetividade</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Humberto</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Humberto Villacorta</bold> • Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303. CEP <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Niterói, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>Honorários de palestrante e apoio de estudo da Roche Diagnostics.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Sumário</title>
<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos são hormônios liberados pelo coração após uma agressão aguda ou crônica. São produzidos exclusivamente pelo coração, sendo, portanto, biomarcadores cardíacos específicos. Estudos pivotais e estudos recentes confirmam que eles são úteis na avaliação diagnóstica de pacientes com dispneia na sala de emergência, tendo alto valor preditivo na exclusão de insuficiência cardíaca aguda, sendo indicados quando há dúvidas no exame clínico. São úteis também como marcadores prognósticos e na monitoração da resposta ao tratamento. Vários estudos demonstram que são custo-eficazes na sala de emergência. No entanto, é importante salientar que deve ser utilizado sempre somado ao exame clínico e tem como limitação a redução da acurácia em alguns subgrupos, devido à influência de algumas variáveis clínicas, como idade, função renal, fibrilação atrial e obesidade. A utilização de cortes estratificados por faixa etária e técnicas de <italic>machine learning</italic> minimizam a influência dos confundidores.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Peptídeos Natriuréticos</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Serviços Médicos de Emergência</kwd>
<kwd>Dispneia</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma doença grave, com elevada morbidade e mortalidade e com alta taxa de hospitalizações, que pode ter evolução ruim, se não tratada adequadamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Um dos principais sintomas da doença é a dispneia, que pode surgir como intolerância ao esforço nas fases iniciais, podendo evoluir para dispneia em repouso, fase em que o paciente costuma procurar a unidade de emergência para elucidação diagnóstica e tratamento. Em outras situações, o paciente abre o quadro com dispneia aguda, procurando de imediato a unidade de emergência. É importante destacar que dispneia é um sintoma inespecífico, comum a várias desordens, o que pode dificultar o diagnóstico, podendo levar a erros e danos aos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>O diagnóstico da síndrome de IC é feito com base na definição universal, que define IC como a presença de sinais e sintomas sugestivos de IC, somados à elevação de peptídeos natriuréticos ou evidência objetiva de congestão pulmonar ou sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Muitas vezes, quando os achados típicos de IC estão presentes (ortopneia, edema, terceira bulha, hepatomegalia, turgência jugular patológica), o diagnóstico da IC pode ser feito apenas pela história e exame físico. Em outras situações, em pacientes sem sinais específicos no exame físico, a dosagem de peptídeos natriuréticos – peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (BNP) e fração N-terminal do pro-peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (NT-proBNP) – é utilizada em conjunto com o exame clínico, no diagnóstico da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos são hormônios liberados quando o coração sofre estresse ou agressão, que, por serem produzidos exclusivamente pelos ventrículos cardíacos, são úteis no diagnóstico da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Frente a uma agressão, independentemente da etiologia, os sistemas neuro-hormonais responsáveis pela progressão e perpetuação da IC são ativados, principalmente o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e o sistema nervoso simpático.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Para se defender, o coração produz peptídeos natriuréticos, como o BNP e o peptídeo natriurético atrial, que têm propriedades biológicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>. Portanto, esses peptídeos estão elevados na IC, sendo útil ao seu diagnóstico. Mesmo quando o diagnóstico da IC é feito clinicamente, a dosagem plasmática desses biomarcadores é útil para prognosticar e monitorar o tratamento. Quanto mais elevados, pior o prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>O sistema peptídico natriurético. Após uma agressão ao coração, independentemente da etiologia, o coração libera peptídeos, como BNP e peptídeo natriurético atrial, que são moléculas protetoras ao coração, promovendo vasodilatação, diurese, natriurese e inibição dos sistemas renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e do sistema nervoso simpático. BNP: peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; SRAA: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona; SNS: sistema nervoso simpático.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-01-e20240017-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Nesse artigo destacamos os estudos que avaliaram a acurácia diagnóstica dos peptídeos natriuréticos em pacientes com dispneia aguda na sala de emergência, as indicações atuais de utilização desses biomarcadores, as limitações, assim como a custo-efetividade do seu uso.</p>
<sec>
<title>Evidências do uso de peptídeos natriuréticos no diagnóstico da insuficiência cardíaca aguda</title>
<p>No início da década de 2000, dois estudos com pequeno número de pacientes já mostravam que a utilização da dosagem do BNP por um sistema <italic>point of care</italic> (resultados rápidos) poderia ser útil no diagnóstico da IC na sala de emergência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Dao et al. demostraram que o BNP foi acurado no diagnóstico da IC, com estatística C de 0,97, e teria corrigido 29 dos 30 diagnósticos errados feitos pelo emergencista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Villacorta et al., com área sob a curva (AUC) de 0,99, corrigindo todos os 16 casos de erro diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<caption><title>Fluxograma para utilização dos peptídeos natriuréticos no diagnóstico da IC em pacientes com dispneia aguda na sala de emergência. BNP: peptídeo natriurético tipo B; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; NT-proBNP: peptídeo natriurético pró-tipo B N-terminal.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-01-e20240017-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A confirmação em definitivo desses achados iniciais veio com a publicação do primeiro estudo multicêntrico –Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> liderado pelo Prof. Alan S. Maisel –, a partir do qual, esses biomarcadores passaram a ser incluídos nas diretrizes de IC. Nessa publicação pivotal, que estudou 1.586 pacientes com dispneia aguda, Maisel et al. demonstraram que o BNP isoladamente apresentou acurácia superior a qualquer dado da história, exame físico ou exames laboratoriais no diagnóstico de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Um corte de 100 pg/mL apresentou acurácia de 83,4% e o valor preditivo negativo para valores de BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL foi de 96%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em uma publicação adicional do mesmo estudo, McCullough et al. demonstraram que mesmo quando a probabilidade clínica estimada pelo emergencista era &gt; 80%, o BNP acrescentou informação, aumentando a acurácia de 74% para 81,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em pacientes com probabilidade clínica intermediária (entre 21% e 79%), o corte de 100 pg/mLde BNP classificou corretamente 74% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> É importante destacar que a melhor AUC observada ocorreu quando se combinou o julgamento clínico com o BNP – AUC de 0,86, 0,90 e 0,93 para julgamento clínico isolado, BNP isolado e julgamento clínico combinado a BNP, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A validação do uso de NT-proBNP ocorreu pouco depois, com o estudo PRIDE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> liderado pelo Prof. James L. Januzzi, em que resultados semelhantes aos observados com BNP foram encontrados. Nesse estudo, foram incluídos 600 pacientes com dispneia na unidade de emergência. Um corte de 300 pg/mL de NT-proBNP teve excelente desempenho para excluir o diagnóstico de IC <italic>(rule out)</italic>, com valor preditivo negativo de 99%. Os autores testaram nesse estudo uma estratégia para minimizar os efeitos da idade sobre os peptídeos natriuréticos. Para confirmar o diagnóstico de IC <italic>(rule in)</italic>, validaram cortes estratificados por faixa etária. Cortes de 450 pg/mL e 900 pg/mL tiveram boa sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de IC para as faixas etárias de &lt; 50 e ≥ 50 anos, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O NT-proBNP foi o principal preditor do diagnóstico de IC, sendo superior ao julgamento clínico (AUC 0,90 versus 0,94). No entanto, ao se combinar julgamento clínico com NT-proBNP, obteve-se a maior AUC (0,96).</p>
<p>Um ano depois, em um estudo multicêntrico, com 1.256 pacientes, Januzzi et al. derivou e validou cortes de NT-proBNP estratificados por 3 faixas etárias, através do uso de técnicas de <italic>bootstrapping</italic> e regressão logística multivariada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Cortes de 450, 900 e 1.800 pg/mL, para as faixas etárias &lt; 50, 50 a 75 e &gt; 75 anos de idade, tiveram sensibilidade de 90% e especificidade de 84%. Vale mencionar que pacientes com valores admissionais &gt; 5.180 pg/mL apresentaram risco elevado de morte em até 76 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Mais recentemente, esses cortes estratificados por idade foram revalidados no estudo ICON-RELOADED,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> em 1.461 pacientes com dispneia aguda. Os cortes mostraram boa sensibilidade e especificidade. O corte de 300 pg/mL teve valor preditivo negativo de 98% para excluir IC. Adicionalmente, várias metanálises e revisões sistemáticas confirmam os achados dos estudos pivotais, mostrando boa acurácia diagnóstica do BNP e NT-proBNP em pacientes com dispneia aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Indicações e uso prático</title>
<p>As principais diretrizes de IC recomendam o uso dos peptídeos natriuréticos no auxílio diagnóstico da IC aguda, em pacientes com dispneia aguda, em conjunto com o exame clínico, quando há dúvidas no diagnóstico com a utilização apenas do exame clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Mesmo nos casos em que o diagnóstico da IC foi feito com bases clínicas, há indicação da dosagem desses biomarcadores, para fins de prognóstico e para monitorar a resposta ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>A Figura Central mostra os cortes sugeridos dos peptídeos natriuréticos no auxílio diagnóstico da IC na sala de emergência. Os cortes para afastar o diagnóstico de IC são BNP &lt; 100 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP &lt; 300 pg/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Para confirmar o diagnóstico, o corte de BNP é de 400 pg/mL. Para o NT-proBNP, Januzzi et al. criaram cortes estratificados por faixa etária, que corrigem para a idade e função renal. Para indivíduos nas faixas etárias &lt; 50 anos, 50 a 75 anos e &gt; 75 anos de idade, os cortes sugeridos são 450, 900 e 1800 pg/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A faixa entre os dois cortes, de exclusão e de confirmação, é chamada de faixa cinzenta. Quando os valores estão nessa faixa o biomarcador é pouco útil, pois não consegue afastar nem confirmar o diagnóstico. Na faixa cinzenta podemos ter pacientes com IC ou com outros diagnósticos, como doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, pneumonia, broncoaspiração, tromboembolismo pulmonar e outros. Nessa situação, o tirocínio clínico deve ser usado e, se necessário, outros exames diagnósticos devem ser solicitados.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Confundidores e limitações do uso dos peptídeos natriuréticos</title>
<p>Além da limitação da faixa cinzenta, outras limitações devem ser levadas em conta ao interpretar os resultados dos peptídeos natriuréticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Algumas variáveis influenciam seus níveis. Idade, função renal reduzida (taxa de filtração glomerular &lt; 60 mL/min) e fibrilação atrial elevam as concentrações desses biomarcadores. Por outro lado, obesidade reduz os níveis de BNP e NT-proBNP, para a mesma gravidade, em comparação a não obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em algumas situações os peptídeos natriuréticos podem estar inesperadamente baixos nas primeiras horas, como choque cardiogênico de instalação rápida, insuficiência mitral aguda e edema pulmonar <italic>flash</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Por fim, vale salientar que a medicação sacubitril/valsartana tem como alvo a inibição da neprilisina, uma enzima que degrada BNP. Dessa forma, em pacientes em uso dessa medicação, os valores de BNP podem estar elevados, embora haja variações de acordo com a marca do teste usado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Nesses casos, a dosagem do NT-proBNP, que não é alvo da medicação, estaria indicada.</p>
<p>Portanto, apesar de os peptídeos natriuréticos terem, de um modo geral, boa acurácia no diagnóstico da IC aguda, essa acurácia é reduzida em alguns subgrupos, principalmente idosos, paciente com taxas de filtração glomerular abaixo de 60 mL/min e obesos. Por exemplo, no estudo colaborativo de Januzzi et al., a AUC foi de 99%, 93% e 86% para faixas etárias &lt; 50, 50 a 75 e &gt; 75 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma maneira de minimizar os efeitos na confirmação diagnóstica <italic>(rule in)</italic>, é usar os cortes estratificados por faixa etária, pois fibrilação atrial e disfunção renal são mais comuns em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No caso da obesidade, o problema seria na exclusão do diagnóstico de IC <italic>(rule out)</italic>, pois obesos podem apresentar IC com valores abaixo dos cortes tradicionais. Alguns autores sugerem reduzir o corte de exclusão nos obesos. Em um estudo com NT-proBNP, em comparação ao corte tradicional de 300 pg/mL, cortes estratificados pelo índice de massa corporal (redução de 33% no corte para índice de massa corporal entre 30 e 34,9 e de 50% para índice de massa corporal ≥ 35) melhoraram a acurácia do teste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma outra estratégia que tem sido usada para minimizar os efeitos dos confundidores na acurácia diagnóstica dos peptídeos natriuréticos é a utilização de modelos criados por técnicas de <italic>machine learning</italic>. Lee et al., em projeto internacional colaborativo liderado pelo Prof. Nicholas L. Mills, criaram um modelo de <italic>machine learning</italic> chamado CODE-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O modelo consiste de 10 variáveis clínicas combinadas ao NT-proBNP como uma variável contínua. Esta ferramenta excluiu <italic>(rule out)</italic> e confirmou <italic>(rule in)</italic> o diagnóstico de IC aguda com mais precisão do que qualquer outra abordagem usando apenas cortes de NT-proBNP isoladamente. Importante ressaltar que os cortes tradicionais tiveram acurácia limitada em alguns subgrupos, como idosos, obesos e portadores de disfunção renal, enquanto que o CODE-HF funcionou de forma consistente em todos os subgrupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por fim, a acurácia dos peptídeos natriuréticos no diagnóstico da IC pode ser melhorada com o uso conjunto de outras ferramentas, como o ultrassom pulmonar e a ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Custo-eficácia dos peptídeos natriuréticos no diagnóstico da insuficiência cardíaca aguda</title>
<p>Múltiplos estudos avaliaram a custo-eficácia da utilização dos peptídeos natriuréticos no diagnóstico da IC aguda em pacientes com dispneia na sala de emergência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O primeiro a avaliar essa questão foi liderado pelo Prof. Christian Mueller, na Universidade de Basel, Suíça.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nesse estudo randomizado, com 452 pacientes com dispneia aguda, a utilização de BNP reduziu o custo médio de $7.264 para $5.410 dólares por paciente, uma economia de $1.854 dólares por paciente. A redução de custo foi basicamente causada por menor necessidade de hospitalização e de utilização de terapia intensiva no grupo que usou BNP e pela redução do tempo de internação – mediana de 3 dias a menos – no grupo BNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Resultados semelhantes foram observados com NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Siebert et al. demonstraram que a utilização de NT-proBNP estaria associada à redução de 9,4% dos custos, com economia de $474 dólares por paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Dados do estudo IMPROVE-CHF mostraram economia de $949 dólares por paciente com o uso de NT-proBNP, às custas de redução do tempo de permanência na sala de emergência, redução de custos médicos diretos na sala de emergência, redução de internações e redução dos custos com serviços ambulatoriais em até 60 dias após a inclusão no estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um estudo recente feito pela Ontario Health concluiu que a utilização de BNP ou NT-proBNP seria custo-efetiva em Ontario, reduzindo o tempo de internação hospitalar em pelo menos um dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> No Brasil, Araújo e Souza<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> demonstraram que o BNP utilizado na rede pública – Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) – reduziria a necessidade de exames de ecocardiograma em 58% e hospitalizações em 12%. Os custos por paciente para o grupo BNP e o grupo com diagnóstico clínico isolado foram de R$ 652,04 e R$ 659,53, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Análises feitas pelo Ministério da Saúde também concluíram que os peptídeos natriuréticos são custo-eficazes no SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> resume os principais estudos de custo-eficácia dos peptídeos natriuréticos no diagnóstico da IC na sala de emergência.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Principais estudos de custo-eficácia do papel diagnóstico dos peptídeos natriuréticos na sala de emergência</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Tipo de estudo</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Principais achados</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mueller et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospectivo, randomizado, controlado, unicego, unicêntrico (Basel, Suíça)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">452</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Economia de $1.854 dólares por paciente; menor necessidade de hospitalização e de utilização de terapia intensiva; redução do tempo de internação</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Siebert et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospectivo, cego, unicêntrico; subanálise do estudo PRIDE (Boston, EUA)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">599</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Redução de 9,4% nos custos, com economia de $474 dólares por paciente</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Moe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Prospectivo, randomizado, controlado, duplo-cego, multicêntrico (Canadá)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">500</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Economia de $949 dólares por paciente; redução do tempo de permanência na sala de emergência; redução de custos médicos diretos na sala de emergência; redução de internações e redução dos custos ambulatoriais em até 60 dias após a inclusão</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Araújo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Modelo analítico de decisão, projetado para o SUS, usando algoritmo do estudo PRIDE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (Brasil)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não se aplica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Os custos por paciente para o grupo BNP e o grupo diagnóstico clínico isolado foram de R$ 652,04 e R$ 659,53, respectivamente; reduziria a necessidade de exames de ecocardiograma em 58% e hospitalizações em 12%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ontario Health<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Revisão sistemática, com análise econômica de 12 estudos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não se aplica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Redução do tempo de internação em pelo menos 1 dia, sendo altamente custo-eficaz</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ministério da Saúde, Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Parecer Técnico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não se aplica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Peptídeos natriuréticos são úteis para afastar IC aguda em pacientes com dispneia na sala de emergência, sendo custo-eficazes no SUS</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>BNP: peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; IC: insuficiência cardíaca.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos são úteis na avaliação diagnóstica de pacientes com dispneia na sala de emergência, tendo alto valor preditivo na exclusão de IC aguda, sendo indicados quando há dúvidas no exame clínico. Mesmo com o diagnóstico clínico confirmado, há indicação de sua dosagem, para fins de prognóstico e monitoração da resposta ao tratamento. É uma ferramenta custo-eficaz e, desde seu lançamento, há duas décadas, seu uso vem sendo ampliado. No entanto, é importante salientar que deve ser utilizado sempre somado ao exame clínico e tem como limitação a redução da acurácia em alguns subgrupos, devido à influência de algumas variáveis clínicas, como idade, função renal, fibrilação atrial e obesidade. A utilização de cortes estratificados por faixa etária e técnicas de <italic>machine learning</italic> minimizam a influência dos confundidores.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
