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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240010i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240010i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Contribution of Lung Ultrasound and VExUS in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-2414-9453</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Telo</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Heiden</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6409-2109</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saadi</surname>
						<given-names>Marina Petersen</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7264-8277</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silvano</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo Paes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silveira</surname>
						<given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Biolo</surname>
						<given-names>Andreia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Guilherme Heiden Telo</bold> • Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>ghtelo@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>22</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>4</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240010</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Despite advancements in the treatment of heart failure (HF), accurately assessing and monitoring fluid status and congestion remains a challenge. Traditional methods, including clinical evaluation, biomarker analysis, and imaging techniques, exhibit limitations in their capacity for real-time evaluation and monitoring of venous and pulmonary congestion. Lung ultrasound (LUS) detects B-lines and provides a rapid, sensitive assessment of pulmonary congestion, crucial for both acute and chronic HF management. Venous Excess Ultrasound Score (VExUS) provides a comprehensive assessment of systemic venous congestion by evaluating venous flows in hepatic, portal, and renal veins, alongside the inferior vena cava measurement. This review explores the integration of LUS and VExUS as innovative non-invasive, bedside technologies poised to enhance diagnostic accuracy, predict outcomes, and guide therapeutic decisions, potentially improving patient care. By shedding light on the underlying pathophysiological processes of HF, and offering insights into fluid dynamics, the synergistic application of LUS and VExUS, in conjunction with clinical examination, promises to significantly transform and personalize treatment strategies in both acute and chronic HF scenarios.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Pulmonary Edema</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="45"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<caption>
							<title>VExUS and LUS application in Heart Failure. VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound; LUS: lung ultrasound; CRS: cardiorenal syndrome; HF: heart failure.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-01-e20240010-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) continues to pose a substantial challenge in cardiology, marked by its widespread prevalence, significant morbidity, and considerable burden on healthcare systems worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite advancements in cardiac care, diagnosis and monitoring of patients with HF, as well as accurate assessment of congestion, continue to present considerable obstacles. While traditional methodologies such as physical exams, X-rays, and biomarkers provide effective means of assessment, they exhibit inherent limitations, particularly in real-time assessment and monitoring of fluid status.</p>
			<p>The onset of congestion is a strong predictor of poor patient outcomes in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, its identification and assessment can be complex. Clinical symptoms and signs of congestion, such as orthopnea, jugular venous distension, peripheral edema, and the presence of third heart sound are essential for recognizing decompensated HF. Yet, they are capable of detecting only moderate to high levels of congestion, presenting low sensitivity and poor predictive value when used in isolation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> While the combination of signs and symptoms in clinical scores has improved diagnostic accuracy, these scores have primarily been employed as prognostic tools, rather than assisting in the acute management of decompensated HF at the bedside.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The integration of signs and symptoms with biomarkers, such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and imaging tests is recommended to enhance differentiation among potential differential diagnoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, traditional chest X-rays exhibit reasonable specificity but limited sensitivity in assessing congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, despite the diagnostic and prognostic value of BNP, the GUIDE-IT multicenter randomized clinical trial revealed that using BNP levels to guide therapy for decompensated HF was not proven effective.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In certain challenging clinical scenarios, pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) is used to assess both right and left ventricular filling pressures and hemodynamic congestion. The ESCAPE trial evaluated the impact of using PAC to achieve decongestion in patients hospitalized with severe, symptomatic, and recurrent HF. Patients were randomized to receive therapy guided by both clinical assessment and PAC or by clinical assessment alone. In both groups, the instituted therapeutic interventions led to a significant reduction in symptoms, jugular venous pressure, and the presence of edema. However, there was no difference in the primary endpoint of days alive out-of-hospital during the first 6 months (133 days vs. 135 days; HR=1.00; 95% CI 0.82-1.21; p=0.99), and in-hospital adverse events were more common among patients in the PAC group (21.9% vs. 11.5%; p=0.04).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In this complex clinical landscape, the demand for accurate, non-invasive, and real-time diagnostic and monitoring tools is paramount. Lung Ultrasound (LUS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and Venous Excess Ultrasound Score (VExUS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> have emerged as promising technologies in this regard. LUS offers a non-invasive, bedside approach for detecting pulmonary congestion, a common and significant complication in HF. VExUS asses venous congestion and provides crucial insights into patients’ hemodynamic status, an aspect often overlooked by conventional diagnostic methods.</p>
			<p>The incorporation of these modalities into routine HF management has the potential to significantly enhance the current approach by offering more precise diagnoses, improving monitoring of disease progression, and potentially reducing hospital readmissions. This review aims to explore the roles of LUS and VExUS in the contemporary management of HF, highlighting their impact on improving patient outcomes and alleviating healthcare burdens (Central Illustration).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>LUS in HF</title>
				<p>LUS has revolutionized the management of HF, providing sophisticated diagnostic, monitoring, and prognostic capabilities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As an echographic technique, LUS is instrumental in detecting B-lines, which are sonographic reverberation artifacts indicative of interstitial pulmonary edema, thus playing a crucial role in assessing pulmonary congestion. The acquisition of LUS images involves placing a transducer perpendicular to the chest wall in intercostal spaces to avoid rib shadowing, ensuring optimal visualization of the pleural line and lung parenchyma beneath. Depth settings are adjusted to adequately display the pleura and the underlying lung tissue. B-lines typically extend from the pleural line to the bottom of the screen, obliterating A-lines and moving with the patient's breath.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Various protocols exist for conducting LUS, each differing in the number of lung fields examined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, the eight-zone LUS protocol is most commonly utilized in clinical practice, particularly following its endorsement in the latest consensus by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This protocol involves scanning bilateral anterior and lateral chest areas, dividing each hemithorax into four zones. The detection of three or more B-lines in two or more zones is indicative of pulmonary congestion. A higher number of B-lines correlates with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, as validated by invasive hemodynamic measurements,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> providing a non-invasive yet reliable method to assess the severity of ventricular filling pressure.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Acute HF</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Diagnosis in Emergency Department</title>
					<p>In the context of acute HF, LUS has become an indispensable diagnostic tool within emergency settings, providing rapid, non-invasive assessment with enhanced sensitivity over traditional imaging methods. LUS significantly outperforms auscultation in diagnosing pulmonary congestion in critically ill patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Furthermore, in patients with acute decompensated HF, a LUS-integrated approach was more accurate than the use of chest x-ray and NT-proBNP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> leading to a 33.5% reduction in time to disposition decision and a 33.7% decrease in length of hospital stay, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>LUS application in HF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Category</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Application</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Description</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Impact</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Acute HF</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Diagnosis in emergency department</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Rapid, non-invasive assessment with enhanced sensitivity over traditional methods. Outperforms auscultation and is more accurate than chest x-ray and NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduces time to disposition decision and hospital stay length.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Guiding treatment</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Monitors real-time changes in pulmonary congestion, guiding decongestive therapy. Decrease in B-lines indicates positive response to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Leads to larger decongestion, shorter hospitalization, and reduced HF re-hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Prognosis</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Quantifies residual pulmonary congestion at discharge.</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Assists in identifying high-risk patients for readmission or mortality, underscoring the importance of optimizing decongestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Chronic HF</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Guiding treatment</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Early detection of subclinical congestion in outpatients.</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduces urgent visits for worsening HF, improves physical capacity and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>HF: heart failure.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Guiding treatment</title>
					<p>The dynamic nature of LUS, capable of monitoring real-time changes in pulmonary congestion, is significantly beneficial for monitoring the effectiveness of decongestive therapy and titrating it accordingly. Notably, a decrease in B-lines is a direct indicator of a positive response to diuretic therapy and fluid management,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> highlighting LUS’ potential role in managing acute HF. For example, the combination of focused echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac filling pressures and inferior vena cava (IVC) index with LUS through CaTUS protocol resulted in significantly greater decongestion when compared with standard care, as defined by a reduction in symptoms, cardiac filling pressures, natriuretic peptides, cumulative fluid loss, and resolution of pulmonary congestion on LUS (p &lt; 0.05 for all).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Also, CaTUS-guided therapy led to shorter mean length of hospitalization (3.74±2.02 days vs. 6.85±4.22 days; p=0.002) and better survival regarding the combined endpoint of all-cause mortality and readmission due to acute HF at 6 months, primarily driven by a reduction in rehospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prognosis</title>
					<p>LUS adeptly quantifies residual pulmonary congestion at discharge, addressing a critical gap often overlooked by physical examination alone. In a single-center cohort study, residual pulmonary congestion, as assessed by LUS at discharge, emerged as an independent predictor of both mortality (HR=11.3; 95% CI 2.4–53.2; p=0.002) and hospitalization for worsening HF (HR=8.1; 95% CI 2.1–32.1; p=0.003) within 90 days, using a simplified 4-zone LUS method (positive if the sum of B-lines across 4 zones was ≥7 B-lines).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Residual congestion is also linked to more adverse outcomes over 6 months, as defined by a composite endpoint of HF readmission or all-cause death (HR=2.01; 95% CI: 1.11-3.64; p=0.021), assessed by a B-line count ≥30 obtained with the 28 scanning regions method. Similar results were observed utilizing the eight-zone method, with the best cut-off being ≥1 zone with ≥3 B-lines on each hemithorax. Interestingly, levels of NT-proBNP, a conventional biomarker in HF, did not substantially predict these long-term outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Thereafter, employing LUS before discharge in acute HF patients can effectively detect persistent pulmonary congestion, assisting in the identification of those with an elevated risk of HF-related readmission or mortality. This underscores the importance of optimizing decongestion, as highlighted in the 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the management of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Chronic HF</title>
				<p>Decompensation in HF typically manifests with minimal clinical symptoms for the majority of patients, often becoming noticeable only in advanced stages when urgent intervention is required due to congestion. Consequently, the incorporation of LUS into routine clinical assessments of outpatients could provide a means for early detection of subclinical congestion. In chronic HF management of ambulatory patients, LUS-guided diuretic strategies have demonstrated substantial benefits, in particular to titrate diuretic therapy and reduce HF-related adverse outcomes.</p>
				<p>The LUS-HF trial highlighted that personalized LUS-directed management of pulmonary congestion in the post-discharge follow-up of patients recently hospitalized for HF reduced the number of urgent visits for worsening HF (21% vs. 5%; p=0.008) and improved functional capacity in 6-min walking test compared with baseline [37 m (IQR: 5–70 m) vs. 60 m (IQR: 29–125 m); p=0.023], during a 6-month follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Following this, the CLUSTER-HF trial demonstrated that treatment guided by LUS performed in every patient visit resulted in a noteworthy 45% risk reduction in the primary endpoint, a composite of urgent HF visits, rehospitalization for worsening HF and death from any cause at 6 months, mainly driven by a reduction in urgent HF visits (HR=0.28; 95% CI 0.13-0.62; p=0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, in a randomized multicenter unblinded study, individuals with chronic HF undergoing optimized medical therapy and randomized to LUS-guided management experienced a notable decrease of 56% in acute HF-related hospitalizations at 90 days (RR=0.44; 95% CI 0.23-0.84; p=0.01). Additionally, there was a concurrent reduction in NT-proBNP levels (p=0.01) and an improvement in overall quality of life (p=0.02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In conclusion, LUS has emerged as a non-invasive, clinically efficacious, and simple modality, pivotal in the management of pulmonary congestion across the HF spectrum. Its diagnostic accuracy, real-time therapeutic feedback, and prognostic value in both acute and chronic HF settings underscore its essential role in contemporary HF management protocols.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>VExUS in HF</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Diagnosis</title>
					<p>Accurate assessment of central venous pressure (CVP) is essential for optimizing volume management in patients with HF. In this context, measurement of the IVC is the most commonly utilized non-invasive method. CVP can be estimated by evaluating IVC diameter and its inspiratory variability, which has been shown to predict elevations in right atrial pressure (RAP) with greater frequency and accuracy than physical examination of the jugular venous pulse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The size and inspiratory variability of the IVC, despite being part of the initial assessment of systemic congestion, should not be used in isolation, as its correlation with RAP measured from right heart catheterization is only moderate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Furthermore, there are several limitations in its analysis, such as mechanical ventilation, pulmonary hypertension, variable breathing patterns during spontaneous ventilation, and lung hyperinflation with auto-PEEP in patients with obstructive lung disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Venous congestion leads not only to dilation of the IVC but also to pressure transmission to peripheral organs, altering the pattern of venous blood flow predictably. In this regard, VExUS has emerged as a significant advancement in the assessment of systemic venous congestion. By evaluating venous flows in hepatic, portal, and renal veins, along with IVC measurement, VExUS provides a comprehensive overview of venous status. Initially developed in the post-cardiac surgery setting, where it demonstrated high accuracy in identifying patients at risk for developing cardiorenal syndrome (CRS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> VExUS has proven its value across other clinical scenarios.</p>
					<p>The assessment of the VExUS score begins with the identification of IVC, in the subcostal window, in a supine position. IVC diameter should be measured one to two centimeters from the right atrium. If dilated, (≥ 2 cm), further evaluation should be conducted by the analysis of hepatic, portal, and intra-renal vein flow using Pulse-wave Doppler, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. For flow assessment, a phased array transducer can be used through the subcostal window, or a convex transducer along the anterior axillary line. A non-dilated IVC (&lt;2 cm) indicates no significant venous congestion (VExUS 0). Mild congestion (VExUS 1) is defined by the presence of an IVC ≥2 cm with either a combination of normal patterns (systolic [S] wave higher than the diastolic [D] wave at hepatic vein Doppler, non-pulsatile portal vein Doppler with maximum and minimum velocity variability of &lt;30%, continuous pattern at intra-renal vein Doppler) or mild findings (S&lt;D wave at hepatic vein Doppler, pulsatility index between 30-50% at portal vein Doppler, pulsatile flow at intra-renal vein Doppler with distinct S and D components). Moderate congestion (VExUS 2) is considered when an IVC ≥2 cm presents with at least one severely abnormal pattern (S wave reversed at hepatic vein Doppler, pulsatility index ≥50% at portal vein Doppler, monophasic flow with a D-only pattern at intra-renal vein Doppler). Severe congestion (VExUS 3) is indicated by a dilated IVC with two or more severely abnormal patterns, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Grading Flow Pattern</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
									<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Flow Pattern</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Grade</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Hepatic Vein</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">S wave &gt; D wave</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 - Mild congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">D wave &gt; S wave</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2 - Moderate congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Reverse S wave</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 - Severe congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Portal Vein</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsatility &lt; 30%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 - Mild congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsatility 30% - 50%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2 - Moderate congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsatility &gt; 50%</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 - Severe congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Renal Vein</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Continuous</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1- Mild congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsatile with distinct S and D components</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2 - Moderate congestion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Monophasic with a D-only pattern</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 - Severe congestion</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Flow patterns are indicative of the level of venous congestion in the hepatic, portal, and renal veins and are graded based on Doppler ultrasound findings. The grade of congestion is assessed in relation to the S wave and D wave patterns in the hepatic vein, pulsatility in the portal vein, and the flow pattern in the renal vein.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Scoring VExUS</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">VExUS Score</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Criteria</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">0 (No Congestion)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 2 cm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">1 (Mild Congestion)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 2 cm and absence of severe flow pattern in all three veins</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">2 (Moderate Congestion)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 2 cm and presence of 1 severe pattern in any of the three veins</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">3 (Severe Congestion)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 2 cm and presence of ≥ 2 severe patterns in the three veins</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>The VExUS score is determined by evaluating the diameter of the IVC alongside Doppler ultrasound flow patterns in the hepatic, portal, and renal veins. Grades range from 0 (indicating no congestion) to 3 (indicating severe congestion), with increasing severity based on the presence and extent of specific abnormal flow patterns.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>When compared with invasive hemodynamic measurements by right heart catheterization, a high classification in the VExUS score was associated with an increase in RAP (p&lt;0.001, R²=0.68), presenting better performance than IVC in predicting values ≥ 12 mmHg (AUC=0.99; 95% CI 0.96-1,0 vs. AUC=0.79; 95% CI 0.65-0.92).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Guiding therapy</title>
					<p>VExUS plays a potential role in guiding therapy, particularly in the context of CRS. The technique's ability to dynamically track venous congestion could aid clinicians in adjusting diuretic therapy, aiming for an improvement in VExUS grade, which is associated with better outcomes in CRS, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>VExUS application in HF</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Category</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Application</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Description</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Impact</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Acute HF</bold></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Diagnosis of venous congestion</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Utilizes IVC measurement and venous flow in hepatic, portal, and renal veins, enhancing the detection of systemic venous congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Improves volume management by providing accurate and immediate assessment of congestion, aiding in the early detection and intervention in acute HF scenarios.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Guiding treatment</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Facilitates dynamic monitoring of venous congestion, allowing for tailored adjustments in diuretic therapy. VExUS score improvement correlates with cardiorenal syndrome recovery and fluid balance, guiding therapy adjustments in real time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Enhances treatment outcomes by ensuring optimal decongestion, especially in cardiorenal syndrome. Speeds up the process of achieving decongestion compared to standard evaluations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Prognosis</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Abnormal venous flow patterns, particularly in the portal and renal veins, have been linked to worse outcomes in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A high VExUS score at admission predicts mortality, HF-related death, and HF-related readmission, serving as a significant prognostic marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Highlights the importance of systemic congestion assessment in prognosticating outcomes, offering valuable insights into the future risk of adverse events. High VExUS scores alert clinicians to the need for aggressive management strategies to improve long-term outcomes.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>HF: heart failure.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>In a prospective cohort study of CRS patients including decompensated HF (57% of study subjects), resolution of acute kidney injury showed a significant correlation with improvement in VExUS score (p=0.003) and there was a significant association between changes in VExUS grade and fluid balance (p=0.006).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Additionally, this study was the first to validate the use of the VExUS protocol without the need for renal flow, simplifying image acquisition and enhancing the clinical applicability of the method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> VExUS is especially relevant in cases of renal function deterioration, where there's uncertainty about reducing diuretic therapy. Higher VExUS scores would suggest that renal impairment is linked to systemic venous congestion, supporting the continuation of diuretic treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The sole clinical trial assessing the impact of VExUS-guided decongestion therapy on kidney function recovery and decongestion metrics in patients with CRS type 1 (worsening kidney function due to acute HF) revealed that, compared to standard evaluation, VExUS-guided decongestion did not significantly enhance kidney function recovery (26% vs. 24%; p=0.09). However, VExUS demonstrated a more than twofold increase in the likelihood of achieving decongestion (OR=2.6; 95% CI 1.9-3.0; p=0.01) and reaching a &gt;30% reduction in BNP levels (OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.3-4.1; p=0.01). Additionally, the time required to achieve decongestion was shorter in the VExUS group by 2 days [5 days (IQR: 3-8 days) vs. 7 days (IQR: 4-11 days); p=0.004]. Notably, patients randomized to VExUS exhibited a greater rise in serum creatinine compared to the control group (p=0.005), suggesting that VExUS enables more precise identification of congestion, leading to more aggressive treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> This paradoxical increase in serum creatinine during decongestion in acute decompensated HF has been associated with improved cardiorenal survival,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> raising the possibility that the greater increases in serum creatinine in VExUS-guided decongestion were indicative of more effective treatment.</p>
					<p>This potential relationship between VExUS findings and renal outcomes underscores the importance of VExUS in managing fluid overload, ensuring patients receive optimal care tailored to their specific venous congestion status.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prognosis</title>
					<p>Prior research has elucidated the significance of systemic congestion in predicting outcomes accurately. In a population of patients hospitalized with acute HF, abnormal portal vein pulsatility at discharge was significantly associated with mortality (HR=1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.04; p&lt;0.001)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> and a high renal venous stasis index (cardiac cycle time-venous flow time/cardiac cycle time)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> have demonstrated worse prognosis in terms of cardiac death or worsening HF (HR=1.91; 95% CI 1.05–3.48; p=0.035). Also, a monophasic intrarenal venous flow was a predictor of cardiac death or unplanned rehospitalization due to decompensated HF (p&lt; 0.01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The only study evaluating VExUS score prognostic value in acute HF patients was conducted by Torres Arrese et al. It demonstrated that a VExUS score of 3 upon admission could predict in-hospital mortality (AUC=0.88; 95% CI 0,76-1,0), HF-related death (AUC=0.89; 95% CI 0,79-0,99), and HF-related readmission (AUC 0.62; 95% CI 0,45-0,80).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> These findings highlight the critical role of assessing systemic congestion in the HF care continuum.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Integrating LUS and VExUS</title>
					<p>While VExUS effectively identifies the venous congestion phenotype, it does not account for interstitial congestion, which is equally critical. This gap in assessment may lead to an incomplete picture of a patient's congestion profile, potentially misclassifying patients who, despite a VExUS grade of 0, still suffer from interstitial and residual lung congestion, thereby missing out on targeted treatment interventions. Similarly, in selected settings, the absence of lung congestion does not exclude elevated filling pressures, as in advanced HF patients referred for transplant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Therefore, it's crucial to acknowledge that no single parameter should be interpreted in isolation, always putting clinical settings into perspective as well. Combining LUS and VExUS could provide a more comprehensive congestion profile, severity, and distribution, illuminating the full spectrum of the patient's condition and enabling the formulation of more tailored therapeutic strategies.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Challenges and limitations</title>
					<p>Although very relevant for diagnosing HF when corroborated by clinical suspicion, the presence of B lines is not synonymous with cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The same B-line appearance can be seen in a variety of conditions, such as pulmonary fibrosis, contusion, alveolar hemorrhage, and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Furthermore, in scenarios like acute myocardial infarction, LUS had shown a weak correlation with left ventricle filling pressures, suggesting other underlying mechanisms such as inflammation, previous HF or chronic kidney disease could contribute to lung congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
					<p>For accurate interpretation of VExUS, electrocardiogram tracing is essential to correctly identify venous waves. Each VExUS component also has its limitations. Hepatic vein Doppler interpretation can be influenced by factors beyond RAP, such as atrial fibrillation, right ventricular systolic excursion, and tricuspid regurgitation. Diminished portal vein pulsatility can be present in parenchymal liver disease and might not truly indicate congestion in cirrhotic patients. Interestingly, pulsatile portal vein flow can also occur in young, healthy individuals with a low body mass index, without raised RAP. Among the three components of VExUS, intra-renal vein Doppler presents the highest technical challenge due to its difficulty in acquisition, often resulting in suboptimal recordings. Erroneous interpretation often arises when sampling a larger vessel like the main renal vein instead of the interlobar vein. Parenchymal renal disease may also have the potential to affect intra-renal Doppler venous waveforms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Considering these limitations, it is crucial to avoid interpreting any of these exams in isolation. Assessing the images within the relevant clinical context and advocating for multiorgan evaluation can mitigate the risk of misinterpretation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Future directions</title>
					<p>As Point-of-Care Ultrasonography (PoCUS) becomes increasingly common in modern medical practice, its importance in assessing the volume status of HF patients is expected to grow significantly. However, a gap remains in PoCUS training, which is an unmet need in the healthcare field. Consequently, the development and implementation of comprehensive training programs, along with supervision and quality assurance mechanisms, should be prioritized by healthcare organizations. Enhancing training and minimizing inter-rater variability are essential steps toward ensuring more accurate and reliable evaluations. Such improvements can help prevent misdiagnoses and provide valuable guidance in therapy management, thereby improving patient care in HF management.</p>
					<p>The employment of LUS and venous Doppler has the potential to significantly improve the clinical detection and quantification of congestion. Despite this advantage, robust evidence is currently insufficient to demonstrate that interventions aimed specifically at ameliorating these parameters lead to enhanced hard outcomes in patients with HF, both in emergency departments and critical care environments. This gap underscores the need for further research to validate the impact of targeted treatment strategies on improving patient outcomes in these acute care settings. Also, additional investigation is required to assess whether the adoption of an integrative approach, rather than individual sonographic parameters, would have a beneficial impact on outcomes.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Congestion represents a significant clinical challenge among patients with decompensated HF, often resulting in frequent hospitalizations and poorer clinical outcomes. Timely and accurate identification of congestion is paramount for appropriate management and mitigating adverse consequences. In this context, LUS and VExUS play a crucial role as indispensable and effective tools, providing objective insights into pulmonary and systemic congestion that surpass traditional methods. When combined, these modalities aid clinicians in differential diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and prognosis assessment for individuals with decompensated HF, thereby enhancing the overall quality of care.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Contribuição da Ultrassonografia Pulmonar e do VExUS no Diagnóstico e Acompanhamento de Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-2414-9453</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Telo</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Heiden</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6409-2109</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saadi</surname>
						<given-names>Marina Petersen</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7264-8277</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silvano</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo Paes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silveira</surname>
						<given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Biolo</surname>
						<given-names>Andreia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Guilherme Heiden Telo •</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>ghtelo@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Apesar dos avanços no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC), avaliar e monitorar com precisão o estado volêmico e a congestão continua sendo um desafio. Os métodos tradicionais, incluindo avaliação clínica, análise de biomarcadores e técnicas de imagem, apresentam limitações em sua capacidade de avaliação e monitoramento em tempo real da congestão venosa e pulmonar. A ultrassonografia pulmonar (UP) detecta linhas B e fornece uma avaliação rápida e sensível da congestão pulmonar, crucial para o manejo da IC aguda e crônica. O <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound Score</italic> (VExUS) fornece uma avaliação abrangente da congestão venosa sistêmica, avaliando os fluxos venosos nas veias hepática, portal e renal, juntamente com a medição da veia cava inferior. Esta revisão explora a integração de UP e VExUS como tecnologias inovadoras não invasivas à beira do leito, preparadas para melhorar a precisão do diagnóstico, prever resultados e orientar decisões terapêuticas, melhorando potencialmente o atendimento ao paciente. Ao esclarecer os processos fisiopatológicos subjacentes da IC e oferecer insights sobre o estado volêmico, a aplicação sinérgica de UP e VExUS, em conjunto com o exame clínico, promete transformar e personalizar significativamente as estratégias de tratamento em cenários de IC aguda e crônica.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Edema Pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<caption>
							<title>Aplicação VExUS e UP na insuficiência cardíaca. VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound Score; UP: ultrassonografia pulmonar; SCR: síndrome cardiorrenal; IC: insuficiência cardíaca.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-01-e20240010-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) continua a representar um desafio substancial na cardiologia, marcada pela sua prevalência generalizada, morbidade significativa e carga considerável nos sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar dos avanços nos cuidados cardíacos, o diagnóstico e monitoramento de pacientes com IC, bem como a avaliação precisa da congestão, continuam a apresentar obstáculos consideráveis. Embora as metodologias tradicionais como exame físico, raio X e biomarcadores forneçam meios eficazes de avaliação, apresentam limitações inerentes, particularmente na análise e monitorização em tempo real do estado volêmico.</p>
				<p>O início da congestão é um forte preditor de maus resultados para os pacientes na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, a sua identificação e avaliação podem ser complexas. Sintomas clínicos e sinais de congestão, como ortopneia, distensão venosa jugular, edema periférico e presença de terceira bulha cardíaca são essenciais para o reconhecimento de IC descompensada. Ainda assim, são capazes de detectar apenas níveis moderados a elevados de congestão, apresentando baixa sensibilidade e baixo valor preditivo quando utilizados isoladamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora a combinação de sinais e sintomas nos escores clínicos tenha melhorado a precisão do diagnóstico, esses escores têm sido empregados principalmente como ferramentas prognósticas, em vez de auxiliar no manejo agudo da IC descompensada à beira do leito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A integração de sinais e sintomas com biomarcadores, como o peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP), e exames de imagem é recomendada para aumentar a diferenciação entre potenciais diagnósticos diferenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, a radiografia de tórax tradicional apresenta especificidade razoável, mas sensibilidade limitada na avaliação da congestão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, apesar do valor diagnóstico e prognóstico do BNP, o ensaio clínico randomizado multicêntrico GUIDE-IT revelou que o uso dos níveis de BNP para orientar a terapia para IC descompensada não foi comprovadamente eficaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em certos cenários clínicos desafiadores, o cateterismo da artéria pulmonar (CAP) é usado para avaliar as pressões de enchimento ventricular direito e esquerdo e a congestão hemodinâmica. O estudo ESCAPE avaliou o impacto do uso de CAP para melhora da congestão em pacientes hospitalizados com IC grave, sintomática e recorrente. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber terapia orientada pela avaliação clínica e CAP ou apenas pela avaliação clínica. Em ambos os grupos, as intervenções terapêuticas instituídas levaram a uma redução significativa dos sintomas, da pressão venosa jugular e da presença de edema. No entanto, não houve diferença no desfecho primário de dias de vida fora do hospital durante os primeiros 6 meses (133 dias vs. 135 dias; HR = 1,00; IC 95% 0,82-1,21; p = 0,99) e eventos adversos intra-hospitalares foram mais comuns entre pacientes do grupo CAP (21,9% vs. 11,5%; p=0,04).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Neste cenário clínico complexo, a demanda por ferramentas de diagnóstico e monitoramento precisas, não invasivas e em tempo real é fundamental. Ultrassonografia pulmonar (UP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound Score</italic> (VExUS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> surgiram como tecnologias promissoras nesse sentido. UP oferece uma abordagem não invasiva à beira do leito para detectar congestão pulmonar, uma complicação comum e significativa na IC. O VExUS avalia a congestão venosa e fornece informações cruciais sobre o estado hemodinâmico dos pacientes, um aspecto frequentemente ignorado pelos métodos diagnósticos convencionais.</p>
				<p>A incorporação destas modalidades na gestão de rotina da IC tem o potencial de melhorar significativamente a abordagem atual, oferecendo diagnósticos mais precisos, melhorando a monitorização da progressão da doença e reduzindo potencialmente as readmissões hospitalares. Esta revisão tem como objetivo explorar o papel da UP e do VExUS no tratamento contemporâneo da IC, destacando o seu impacto na melhoria dos resultados dos pacientes e no alívio dos encargos com os cuidados de saúde (Figura Central).</p>
				<sec>
					<title>UP em IC</title>
					<p>A UP revolucionou o tratamento da IC, fornecendo recursos sofisticados de diagnóstico, monitoramento e prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Como técnica ecográfica, a UP é fundamental na detecção de linhas B, que são artefatos de reverberação ultrassonográfica indicativos de edema pulmonar intersticial, desempenhando assim um papel crucial na avaliação da congestão pulmonar. A aquisição da UP envolve a colocação de um transdutor perpendicular à parede torácica nos espaços intercostais para evitar o sombreamento das costelas, garantindo a visualização ideal da linha pleural e do parênquima pulmonar abaixo. As configurações de profundidade são ajustadas para exibir adequadamente a pleura e o tecido pulmonar subjacente. As linhas B normalmente se estendem da linha pleural até a parte inferior da tela, obliterando as linhas A e movendo-se com a respiração do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Existem vários protocolos para a realização de UP, cada um diferindo no número de campos pulmonares examinados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Contudo o protocolo UP de oito zonas é mais comumente utilizado na prática clínica, particularmente após a sua aprovação no último consenso da Associação Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular (EACVI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Este protocolo envolve a varredura de áreas torácicas anteriores e laterais bilaterais, dividindo cada hemitórax em quatro zonas. A detecção de três ou mais linhas B em duas ou mais zonas é indicativa de congestão pulmonar. Um número maior de linhas B se correlaciona com pressão capilar pulmonar elevada, conforme validado por medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> fornecendo um método não invasivo, porém confiável, para avaliar a gravidade da pressão de enchimento ventricular.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>IC Aguda</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Diagnóstico no Departamento de Emergência</title>
						<p>No contexto da IC aguda, a UP tornou-se uma ferramenta diagnóstica indispensável em ambientes de emergência, proporcionando avaliação rápida e não invasiva com maior sensibilidade em relação aos métodos de imagem tradicionais. A UP supera significativamente a ausculta no diagnóstico de congestão pulmonar em pacientes gravemente enfermos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Além disso, em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, uma abordagem integrada à UP foi mais precisa do que o uso de radiografia de tórax e NT-proBNP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> levando a uma redução de 33,5% no tempo para decisão de tratamento e uma redução de 33,7% no tempo de internação hospitalar, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Aplicação da UP na IC</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="25%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
										<th align="left" valign="middle">Categoria</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Aplicação</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Descrição</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Impacto</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle">IC aguda</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Diagnóstico no pronto-socorro</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Avaliação rápida e não invasiva com maior sensibilidade em relação aos métodos tradicionais. Supera a ausculta e é mais precisa que a radiografia de tórax e o NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduz o tempo para decisão de tratamento e o tempo de internação hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Orientação do tratamento</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Monitora alterações em tempo real na congestão pulmonar, orientando a terapia. A diminuição das linhas B indica resposta positiva ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Leva a maior resolução da congestão, hospitalização mais curta e redução de reinternações por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Prognóstico</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Quantifica a congestão pulmonar residual na alta.</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Auxilia na identificação de pacientes de alto risco de readmissão ou mortalidade, ressaltando a importância de otimizar o tratamento da congestão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle">IC crônica</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Orientação do tratamento</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Detecção precoce de congestão subclínica em pacientes ambulatoriais.</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduz consultas urgentes por agravamento da IC, melhora a capacidade física e a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>IC: insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Orientação do tratamento</title>
						<p>A natureza dinâmica da UP, capaz de monitorar alterações em tempo real na congestão pulmonar, é significativamente benéfica para monitorar a eficácia da terapia e titulá-la adequadamente. Notavelmente, uma diminuição nas linhas B é um indicador direto de uma resposta positiva à terapia diurética e ao manejo de fluidos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> destacando o papel potencial da UP no tratamento da IC aguda. Por exemplo, a combinação da avaliação ecocardiográfica focada das pressões de enchimento cardíaco e do índice da veia cava inferior (VCI) com UP através do protocolo CaTUS resultou em melhora da congestão significativamente maior quando comparado com o tratamento padrão, conforme definido por uma redução nos sintomas, nas pressões de enchimento cardíaco, BNP, perda cumulativa de líquidos e resolução da congestão pulmonar na UP (p&lt;0,05 para todos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Além disso, a terapia guiada pelo CaTUS levou a menor tempo médio de internação (3,74±2,02 dias vs. 6,85±4,22 dias; p=0,002) e melhor sobrevida em relação ao desfecho combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas e readmissão por IC aguda em 6 meses, impulsionado principalmente pela redução nas reinternações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Prognóstico</title>
						<p>A UP quantifica habilmente a congestão pulmonar residual na alta, abordando uma lacuna crítica muitas vezes ignorada apenas pelo exame físico. Num estudo de coorte unicêntrico, a congestão pulmonar residual, avaliada por UP na alta, emergiu como um preditor independente de mortalidade (HR=11,3; IC 95% 2,4–53,2; p=0,002) e de hospitalização por agravamento da IC (HR=8,1; IC 95% 2,1–32,1; p=0,003) dentro de 90 dias, usando um método UP simplificado de 4 zonas (positivo se a soma das linhas B em 4 zonas for ≥7 linhas B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A congestão residual também está associado a resultados adversos ao longo de 6 meses, conforme definido por um desfecho composto de readmissão por IC ou morte por todas as causas (HR=2,01; IC 95%: 1,11-3,64; p=0,021), avaliado por uma contagem de linha B ≥ 30 obtidos com o método de 28 regiões de varredura. Resultados semelhantes foram observados utilizando o método de oito zonas, sendo o melhor ponto de corte ≥1 zona com ≥3 linhas B em cada hemitórax. Curiosamente, os níveis de NT-proBNP, um biomarcador convencional na IC, não previram substancialmente estes resultados a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Posteriormente, o emprego da UP antes da alta em pacientes com IC aguda pode detectar efetivamente congestão pulmonar persistente, auxiliando na identificação daqueles com risco elevado de readmissão ou mortalidade relacionada à IC. Isto sublinha a importância de otimizar o manejo da congestão, conforme destacado nas Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) de 2021 para o tratamento da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>IC Crônica</title>
					<p>A descompensação na IC normalmente se manifesta com sintomas clínicos mínimos para a maioria dos pacientes, muitas vezes tornando-se perceptível apenas em estágios avançados, quando é necessária intervenção urgente devido à congestão. Consequentemente, a incorporação do UP nas avaliações clínicas de rotina de pacientes ambulatoriais poderia fornecer um meio para detecção precoce de congestão subclínica. No tratamento da IC crônica, as estratégias diuréticas guiadas por UP demonstraram benefícios substanciais, em particular para titular a terapia diurética e reduzir os resultados adversos relacionados à IC.</p>
					<p>O estudo LUS-HF destacou que o manejo personalizado da congestão pulmonar direcionado pela UP no acompanhamento pós-alta de pacientes recentemente hospitalizados por IC reduziu o número de consultas urgentes por agravamento da IC (21% vs. 5%; p=0,008) e melhora da capacidade funcional no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em comparação com o valor basal [37 m (IIQ: 5–70 m) vs. 60 m (IIQ: 29–125 m); p=0,023], durante um período de acompanhamento de 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Depois disso, o estudo CLUSTER-HF demonstrou que o tratamento guiado por UP realizado em todas as consultas de pacientes resultou em uma notável redução de risco de 45% no desfecho primário, um composto de consultas urgentes de IC, reinternação por agravamento da IC e morte por qualquer causa em 6 meses, impulsionado principalmente por uma redução nas consultas urgentes de IC (HR=0,28; IC 95% 0,13-0,62; p=0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Além disso, em um estudo multicêntrico randomizado e não cego, indivíduos com IC crônica submetidos a terapia médica otimizada e randomizados para manejo guiado por UP apresentaram uma redução notável de 56% nas hospitalizações relacionadas à IC aguda em 90 dias (RR=0,44; IC 95% 0,23- 0,84; p=0,01). Adicionalmente, houve uma redução concomitante nos níveis de NT-proBNP (p=0,01) e uma melhoria na qualidade de vida global (p=0,02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em conclusão, a UP emergiu como uma modalidade não invasiva, clinicamente eficaz e simples, fundamental no tratamento da congestão pulmonar em todo o espectro da IC. Sua precisão diagnóstica, monitoramento em tempo real e valor prognóstico em ambientes de IC aguda e crônica ressaltam seu papel essencial nos protocolos contemporâneos de manejo da IC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>VExUS em IC</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Diagnóstico</title>
						<p>A avaliação precisa da pressão venosa central (PVC) é essencial para otimizar o manejo do volume em pacientes com IC. Neste contexto, a medição da VCI é o método não invasivo mais comumente utilizado. A PVC pode ser estimada avaliando-se o diâmetro da VCI e sua variabilidade inspiratória, que demonstrou prever elevações na pressão atrial direita (PAD) com maior frequência e precisão do que o exame físico do pulso venoso jugular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O tamanho e a variabilidade inspiratória da VCI, apesar de fazerem parte da avaliação inicial da congestão sistêmica, não devem ser utilizados isoladamente, pois sua correlação com a PAD medida a partir do cateterismo cardíaco direito é apenas moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Além disso, existem diversas limitações em sua análise, como ventilação mecânica, hipertensão pulmonar, padrões respiratórios variáveis durante a ventilação espontânea e hiperinsuflação pulmonar com auto-PEEP em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
						<p>A congestão venosa leva não apenas à dilatação da VCI, mas também à transmissão de pressão para órgãos periféricos, alterando previsivelmente o padrão do fluxo sanguíneo venoso. Nesse sentido, o VExUS emergiu como um avanço significativo na avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica. Ao avaliar os fluxos venosos nas veias hepática, portal e renal, juntamente com a medição da VCI, o VExUS fornece uma visão abrangente do estado venoso. Inicialmente desenvolvido no ambiente pós-cirurgia cardíaca, onde demonstrou alta precisão na identificação de pacientes com risco de desenvolver síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> o VExUS provou seu valor em outros cenários clínicos.</p>
						<p>A avaliação do escore VExUS inicia-se com a identificação da VCI, na janela subcostal, em posição supina. O diâmetro da VCI deve ser medido a um a dois centímetros do átrio direito. Se dilatado (≥ 2 cm), uma avaliação adicional deve ser realizada pela análise do fluxo das veias hepática, portal e intrarrenal usando Doppler pulsátil, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. Para avaliação do fluxo, um transdutor setorial pode ser usado através da janela subcostal ou um transdutor convexo ao longo da linha axilar anterior. Uma VCI não dilatada (&lt;2 cm) indica ausência de congestão venosa significativa (VExUS 0). Congestão leve (VExUS 1) é definida pela presença de VCI ≥2 cm com uma combinação de padrões normais (onda sistólica [S] maior que a onda diastólica [D] no Doppler da veia hepática, Doppler da veia porta não pulsátil com variabilidade de velocidade máxima e mínima &lt;30%, padrão contínuo no Doppler da veia intrarrenal) ou achados leves (onda S&lt;D no Doppler da veia hepática, índice de pulsatilidade entre 30-50% no Doppler da veia porta, fluxo pulsátil no Doppler da veia intra-renal com componentes S e D distintos). Congestão moderada (VExUS 2) é considerada quando uma VCI ≥2 cm apresenta pelo menos um padrão gravemente anormal (onda S invertida no Doppler da veia hepática, índice de pulsatilidade ≥50% no Doppler da veia porta, fluxo monofásico com padrão somente D no Doppler da veia intra-renal). A congestão grave (VExUS 3) é indicada por uma VCI dilatada com dois ou mais padrões gravemente anormais, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Classificação dos Padrões de Fluxo</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="33%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
										<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Padrão de Fluxo</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Nota</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Onda S&gt; onda D</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">1 – Congestão leve</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle">Veia Hepática</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Onda D &gt; Onda S</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">2 – Congestão moderada</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Onda S reversa</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">3 – Congestão severa</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsatilidade &lt;30%</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">1 – Congestão leve</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle">Veia Portal</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsatilidade 30% - 50%</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">2 – Congestão moderada</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsatilidade &gt; 50%</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">3 – Congestão severa</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Contínuo</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">1- Congestão leve</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle">Veia renal</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulsátil com componentes S e D distintos</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">2 – Congestão moderada</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Monofásico com padrão somente D</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">3 – Congestão severa</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>Os padrões de fluxo são indicativos do nível de congestão venosa nas veias hepática, portal e renal e são classificados com base nos achados da ultrassonografia Doppler. O grau de congestão é avaliado em relação aos padrões das ondas S e D na veia hepática, pulsatilidade na veia porta e padrão de fluxo na veia renal.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Escore VExUS</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="50%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
										<th align="left" valign="middle">Escore VExUS</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Critério</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle">0 (sem congestão)</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 2 cm</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle">1 (congestão leve)</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 2 cm e ausência de padrão de fluxo severo em todas as três veias</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle">2 (congestão moderada)</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 2 cm e presença de 1 padrão severo em qualquer uma das três veias</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle">3 (congestão severa)</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 2 cm e presença de ≥2 padrões severo nas três veias</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p>O escore VExUS é determinado avaliando o diâmetro da VCI junto com os padrões de fluxo do ultrassom Doppler nas veias hepática, portal e renal. As notas variam de 0 (indicando ausência de congestão) a 3 (indicando congestão severa), com gravidade crescente com base na presença e extensão de padrões de fluxo anormais específicos.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
						<p>Quando comparada com medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas por cateterismo cardíaco direito, uma classificação elevada no escore VExUS foi associada ao aumento da PAD (p&lt;0,001, R²=0,68), apresentando melhor desempenho que a VCI na predição de valores ≥ 12 mmHg (AUC =0,99; IC 95% 0,96-1,0 vs. AUC=0,79; IC 95% 0,65-0,92).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Orientação do tratamento</title>
						<p>O VExUS desempenha um papel potencial na orientação da terapia, particularmente no contexto na SCR. A capacidade da técnica de rastrear dinamicamente a congestão venosa poderia auxiliar os médicos no ajuste da terapia diurética, visando uma melhora no VExUS, que está associado a melhores resultados na SCR, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Aplicação do VExUS em IC.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="25%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
										<th align="left" valign="middle">Categoria</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Aplicação</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Descrição</th>
										<th align="center" valign="middle">Impacto</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle">IC aguda</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Diagnóstico de congestão venosa</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Utiliza medição da VCI e fluxo venoso nas veias hepática, portal e renal, melhorando a detecção de congestão venosa sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Melhora o gerenciamento da volemia, fornecendo avaliação precisa e em tempo real de congestão, auxiliando na detecção e intervenção precoce em cenários de IC aguda.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Orientação de tratamento</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Facilita o monitoramento dinâmico da congestão venosa, permitindo ajustes personalizados na terapia diurética. A melhora do escore VExUS se correlaciona com a recuperação da síndrome cardiorrenal e o equilíbrio hídrico, orientando os ajustes da terapia em tempo real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Melhora os resultados do tratamento, garantindo tratamento da congestão ideal, especialmente na síndrome cardiorrenal. Acelera o processo de melhora da congestão em comparação com avaliações padrão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Prognóstico</td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Padrões anormais de fluxo venoso, particularmente nas veias porta e renal, têm sido associados a piores resultados na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Um escore VExUS altao na admissão prediz mortalidade, morte relacionada à IC e readmissão relacionada à IC, servindo como um marcador prognóstico significativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></td>
										<td align="center" valign="middle">Destaca a importância da avaliação da congestão sistêmica no prognóstico, oferecendo informações valiosas sobre o risco futuro de eventos adversos. Escores altos no VExUS alertam os médicos para a necessidade de estratégias de manejo agressivas para melhorar os resultados em longo prazo.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p>IC: insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
						<p>Em um estudo de coorte prospectivo de pacientes com SCR incluindo IC descompensada (57% dos indivíduos do estudo), a resolução da lesão renal aguda mostrou uma correlação significativa com a melhora no escore VExUS (p=0,003) e houve uma associação significativa entre alterações no VExUS e equilíbrio hídrico (p=0,006).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Além disso, este estudo foi o primeiro a validar o uso do protocolo VExUS sem a necessidade de fluxo renal, simplificando a aquisição de imagens e aumentando a aplicabilidade clínica do método.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O VExUS é especialmente relevante em casos de deterioração da função renal, onde há incerteza sobre a redução da terapia diurética. Escores mais elevados do VExUS sugeririam que o comprometimento renal está ligado à congestão venosa sistêmica, apoiando a continuação do tratamento diurético.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O único ensaio clínico que avaliou o impacto de guiar a terapia diurética pelo VExUS na recuperação da função renal e nas métricas de congestão em pacientes com SCR tipo 1 (piora da função renal devido à IC aguda) revelou que, em comparação com a avaliação padrão, o tratamento da congestão guiado por VExUS não melhora significativamente a recuperação da função renal (26% vs. 24%; p = 0,09). No entanto, o VExUS demonstrou um aumento de mais de duas vezes na probabilidade de melhora na congestão (OR = 2,6; IC 95% 1,9-3,0; p = 0,01) e atingir uma redução&gt; 30% nos níveis de BNP (OR = 2,4; IC 95% 1,3 −4,1; p=0,01). Além disso, o tempo necessário para resolução da congestão foi menor no grupo VExUS em 2 dias [5 dias (IIQ: 3-8 dias) vs. 7 dias (IIQ: 4-11 dias); p=0,004]. Notavelmente, os pacientes randomizados para VExUS exibiram um aumento maior na creatinina sérica em comparação ao grupo controle (p=0,005), sugerindo que o VExUS permite uma identificação mais precisa da congestão, levando a um tratamento mais agressivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Este aumento paradoxal da creatinina sérica durante a terapia diurética na IC aguda descompensada tem sido associado à melhora da sobrevida cardiorrenal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> levantando a possibilidade de que os maiores aumentos na creatinina sérica durante o tratamento guiado por VExUS fossem indicativos de um tratamento mais eficaz.</p>
						<p>Esta relação potencial entre os resultados do VExUS e os resultados renais ressalta a importância do VExUS no gerenciamento da sobrecarga de fluidos, garantindo que os pacientes recebam cuidados ideais, adaptados ao seu estado específico de congestão venosa.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Prognóstico</title>
						<p>Pesquisas anteriores elucidaram a importância da congestão sistêmica em prever resultados com precisão. Numa população de pacientes hospitalizados com IC aguda, a pulsatilidade anormal da veia porta na alta foi significativamente associada à mortalidade (HR=1,03; IC 95% 1,01-1,04; p&lt;0,001)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> e um alto índice de estase venosa renal (tempo do ciclo cardíaco-tempo de fluxo venoso/tempo do ciclo cardíaco)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> demonstraram pior prognóstico em termos de morte cardíaca ou agravamento da IC (HR=1,91; IC 95% 1,05–3,48; p=0,035). Além disso, o fluxo venoso intrarrenal monofásico foi preditor de morte cardíaca ou reinternação não planejada por IC descompensada (p&lt; 0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O único estudo avaliando o valor prognóstico do escore VExUS em pacientes com IC aguda foi conduzido por Torres Arrese et al. Este demonstrou que um escore VExUS de 3 na admissão poderia prever a mortalidade hospitalar (AUC=0,88; IC 95% 0,76-1,0), morte relacionada à IC (AUC=0,89; IC 95% 0,79-0,99) e readmissão relacionada à IC (AUC 0,62; IC 95% 0,45-0,80).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Estas descobertas destacam o papel crítico da avaliação da congestão sistêmica na continuidade do tratamento da IC.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Integrando UP e VExUS</title>
						<p>Embora o VExUS identifique efetivamente o fenótipo de congestão venosa, não leva em conta a congestão intersticial, que é igualmente crítica. Essa lacuna na avaliação pode levar a um quadro incompleto do perfil de congestão de um paciente, potencialmente classificando erroneamente os pacientes que, apesar de um escore 0 do VExUS, ainda sofrem de congestão pulmonar intersticial e residual, perdendo assim intervenções de tratamento direcionadas. Da mesma forma, em ambientes selecionados, a ausência de congestão pulmonar não exclui pressões de enchimento elevadas, como em pacientes com IC avançada encaminhados para transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Portanto, é crucial reconhecer que nenhum parâmetro deve ser interpretado isoladamente, sempre colocando também os contextos clínicos em perspectiva. A combinação de UP e VExUS poderia fornecer um perfil, mais abrangente da gravidade e distribuição da congestão, iluminando todo o espectro da condição do paciente e permitindo a formulação de estratégias terapêuticas mais personalizadas.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Desafios e limitações</title>
						<p>Embora muito relevante para o diagnóstico de IC quando corroborada pela suspeita clínica, a presença de linhas B não é sinônimo de edema pulmonar cardiogênico. A mesma aparência da linha B pode ser observada em diversas condições, como fibrose pulmonar, contusão, hemorragia alveolar e lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Além disso, em cenários como o infarto agudo do miocárdio, a UP mostrou uma fraca correlação com as pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo, sugerindo que outros mecanismos subjacentes, como inflamação, IC prévia ou doença renal crónica, poderiam contribuir para a congestão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Para uma interpretação precisa do VExUS, o traçado do eletrocardiograma é essencial para identificar corretamente as ondas venosas. Cada componente VExUS também tem suas limitações. A interpretação do Doppler da veia hepática pode ser influenciada por fatores além da PAD, como fibrilação atrial, excursão sistólica do ventrículo direito e regurgitação tricúspide. A pulsatilidade diminuída da veia porta pode estar presente na doença hepática parenquimatosa e pode não indicar verdadeiramente congestão em pacientes cirróticos. Curiosamente, o fluxo pulsátil da veia porta também pode ocorrer em indivíduos jovens e saudáveis, com baixo índice de massa corporal, sem PAD elevada. Entre os três componentes do VExUS, o Doppler da veia intrarrenal apresenta o maior desafio técnico devido à sua dificuldade de aquisição, muitas vezes resultando em registros abaixo do ideal. Muitas vezes surgem interpretações errôneas quando se amostra um vaso maior, como a veia renal principal, em vez da veia interlobar. A doença renal parenquimatosa também pode ter o potencial de afetar as formas de onda venosa do Doppler intra-renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Considerando essas limitações, é fundamental evitar a interpretação isolada de qualquer um desses exames. Avaliar as imagens dentro do contexto clínico relevante e defender a avaliação multiorgânica pode mitigar o risco de má interpretação.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Direções futuras</title>
						<p>À medida que a ultrassonografia no <italic>point-of-care</italic> (PoCUS) se torna cada vez mais comum na prática médica moderna, espera-se que sua importância na avaliação do status volêmico de pacientes com IC cresça significativamente. No entanto, existe uma lacuna no treinamento PoCUS, a qual é uma necessidade não satisfeita no campo da saúde. Consequentemente, o desenvolvimento e implementação de programas de treinamento abrangentes, juntamente com mecanismos de supervisão e garantia de qualidade, devem ser priorizados pelas organizações de saúde. Melhorar o treinamento e minimizar a variabilidade entre avaliadores são passos essenciais para garantir avaliações mais precisas e confiáveis. Essas melhorias podem ajudar a prevenir diagnósticos errados e fornecer orientações valiosas no manejo da terapia, melhorando assim o atendimento ao paciente no manejo da IC.</p>
						<p>O emprego da UP e do Doppler venoso tem potencial para melhorar significativamente a detecção clínica e a quantificação da congestão. Apesar desta vantagem, atualmente, evidências robustas são insuficientes para demonstrar que as intervenções destinadas especificamente a melhorar estes parâmetros levam a melhores resultados em pacientes com IC, tanto em serviços de emergência como em ambientes de cuidados intensivos. Esta lacuna sublinha a necessidade de mais investigação para validar o impacto das estratégias de tratamento direcionadas na melhoria dos resultados dos pacientes nestes ambientes de cuidados intensivos. Além disso, são necessárias investigações adicionais para avaliar se a adoção de uma abordagem integrativa, em vez de parâmetros ultrassonográficos individuais, teria um impacto benéfico nos resultados.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>A congestão representa um desafio clínico significativo entre pacientes com IC descompensada, muitas vezes resultando em hospitalizações frequentes e piores resultados clínicos. A identificação oportuna e precisa da congestão é fundamental para uma gestão adequada e mitigação de consequências adversas. Neste contexto, a UP e o VExUS desempenham um papel crucial como ferramentas indispensáveis e eficazes, fornecendo informações objetivas sobre a congestão pulmonar e sistêmica que superam os métodos tradicionais. Quando combinadas, essas modalidades auxiliam os médicos no diagnóstico diferencial, nas estratégias terapêuticas e na avaliação do prognóstico para indivíduos com IC descompensada, melhorando assim a qualidade geral do atendimento.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>