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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240005</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Image</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tacrolimus-Associated Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome after Heart Transplantation</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5272-8592</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Gomes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barreto</surname>
						<given-names>José Erirtônio Façanha</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1609-2651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Rivania Beatriz Novais Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Carneiro</surname>
						<given-names>Thiago Antônio Pessoa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Jefferson Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário Christus</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário Christus (Unichristus), Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional do Cariri</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Juazeiro do Norte</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>4</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>5</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Ceará</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jefferson Luís Vieira</bold> • Hospital de Messejana – Unidade de Transplante e Insuficiência Cardíaca – Av. Frei Cirilo, 3480. Postal Code <postal-code>60864-190</postal-code>, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil E-mail: Jefferson Luís Vieira</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Lídia Zytynski Moura</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240005</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Tacrolimus</kwd>
				<kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
				<kwd>Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon neurotoxicity known to occur following solid organ transplantation, potentially associated with cyclosporine and tacrolimus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It was originally described by Hinchey et al. in 1996 as a reversible syndrome characterized by headache, altered mental function, seizures, and visual disturbances,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and represents a clinical and neuroradiological entity with typical neurological deficits, distinctive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, and a benign clinical course. Herein, we present the case of a 39-year-old man with a medical history of idiopathic cardiomyopathy who developed severe headache, visual disturbances, and altered mentation 20 days after orthotopic heart transplantation while awaiting predischarge routine surveillance endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in the hospital. His immunosuppressive therapy included 7 mg of tacrolimus, 720 mg of sodium mycophenolate, 20 mg of prednisone, and valganciclovir. Upon neurological examination, he exhibited no focal deficits, with a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg and a pulse of 100 beats/min. Laboratory findings were unremarkable, with tacrolimus levels of 9.2 ng/mL, consistent with his stable previous levels. Initially managed with diazepam and intravenous phenytoin, a brain MRI revealed findings suggestive of PRES, including vasogenic edema evident in the occipital and temporo-occipital junction. Tacrolimus was discontinued, and cyclosporine was initiated, leading to resolution of symptoms without recurrence of symptoms. The patient was discharged from the hospital in stable condition. Subsequent EMB results, two weeks later, showed no signs of rejection. Available data indicate that the incidence of PRES following heart transplantation was estimated to range between 0.49% and 1.6%. By the end of 2023, our group had performed 500 heart transplants,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> with a cumulative incidence of 0.4 cases per 100 transplants since the program's inception in 1997. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) tacrolimus and cyclosporine have revolutionized the care of heart transplant patients by reducing episodes of acute and chronic rejection. PRES can be associated with CNIs due to their vasoconstrictive effects and direct injury to the vascular endothelium, resulting in vasogenic edema. Although data on drug-induced PRES are limited, the risk of tacrolimus-induced PRES appears to be higher than that of cyclosporine-induced PRES, leaving the definitive cause of PRES still unexplained. The literature suggests that MRI is superior to computed tomography for PRES diagnosis and that early diagnosis is crucial for preventing sequelae, including cerebral ischemia, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral herniation, and status epilepticus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Switching from tacrolimus to cyclosporine, or vice versa, is a treatment option. The resolution of our patient's neurological symptoms occurred upon discontinuation of the offending CNI.</p>
		<fig id="f1">
			<label>Figure 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), including vasogenic edema evident in the occipital and temporo-occipital junction.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20240005-gf01.tif"/>
		</fig>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart under the protocol number 73509423.2.0000.5039. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Imagem</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Síndrome de Encefalopatia Reversível Posterior Associada ao Tacrolimus após Transplante Cardíaco</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5272-8592</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Gomes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barreto</surname>
						<given-names>José Erirtônio Façanha</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1609-2651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Rivania Beatriz Novais Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Carneiro</surname>
						<given-names>Thiago Antônio Pessoa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Jefferson Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário Christus (Unichristus), Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff7">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff8">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Juazeiro do Norte</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff9">
					<label>4</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff10">
					<label>5</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Jefferson Luís Vieira</bold> • Hospital de Messejana – Unidade de Transplante e Insuficiência Cardíaca – Av. Frei Cirilo, 3480. CEP <postal-code>60864-190</postal-code>, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil E-mail: Jefferson Luís Vieira</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Lídia Zytynski Moura</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Tacrolimo</kwd>
				<kwd>Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome da Leucoencefalopatia Posterior</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A síndrome da encefalopatia posterior reversível (PRES) é uma neurotoxicidade incomum que ocorre após transplante de órgãos sólidos, potencialmente associada à ciclosporina e ao tacrolimus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Foi originalmente descrita por Hinchey et al. em 1996 como uma síndrome reversível caracterizada por cefaleia, função mental alterada, convulsões e distúrbios visuais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e representa uma entidade clínica e neurorradiológica com déficits neurológicos típicos, características distintas de ressonância magnética (RM) e curso clínico benigno. Apresentamos aqui o caso de um homem de 39 anos com histórico médico de cardiomiopatia idiopática que desenvolveu cefaleia intensa, distúrbios visuais e alteração mental 20 dias após o transplante cardíaco ortotópico enquanto aguardava biópsia endomiocárdica de rotina de vigilância pré-alta (BEM) no hospital. Sua terapia imunossupressora incluiu 7 mg de tacrolimus, 720 mg de micofenolato de sódio, 20 mg de prednisona e valganciclovir. Ao exame neurológico, não apresentava déficits focais, com pressão arterial de 120/80 mmHg e pulso de 100 batimentos/min. Os achados laboratoriais não foram dignos de nota, com níveis de tacrolimus de 9,2 ng/mL, consistentes com seus níveis anteriores estáveis. Inicialmente tratado com diazepam e fenitoína intravenosa, uma ressonância magnética cerebral revelou achados sugestivos de PRES, incluindo edema vasogênico evidente na junção occipital e temporo-occipital. O tacrolimus foi descontinuado e a ciclosporina foi iniciada, levando à resolução dos sintomas sem recorrência dos sintomas. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar em estado estável. Os resultados subsequentes do BEM, duas semanas depois, não mostraram sinais de rejeição. Os dados disponíveis indicam que a incidência de PRES após transplante cardíaco foi estimada entre 0,49% e 1,6%. Até o final de 2023, nosso grupo havia realizado 500 transplantes cardíacos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> com uma incidência cumulativa de 0,4 casos por 100 transplantes desde o início do programa em 1997. Os inibidores da calcineurina (CNIs), tacrolimus e ciclosporina, revolucionaram o cuidado de pacientes transplantados cardíacos, reduzindo episódios de rejeição aguda e crônica. A PRES pode estar associada aos CNIs devido aos seus efeitos vasoconstritores e lesão direta ao endotélio vascular, resultando em edema vasogênico. Embora os dados sobre PRES induzida por medicamentos sejam limitados, o risco de PRES induzida por tacrolimus parece ser maior do que o de PRES induzida por ciclosporina, deixando a causa definitiva da PRES ainda inexplicada. A literatura sugere que a ressonância magnética é superior à tomografia computadorizada para o diagnóstico de PRES e que o diagnóstico precoce é crucial para prevenir sequelas, incluindo isquemia cerebral, hemorragia cerebral, hérnia cerebral e estado de mal epiléptico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Mudar de tacrolimus para ciclosporina, ou vice-versa, é uma opção de tratamento. A resolução dos sintomas neurológicos do nosso paciente ocorreu após a descontinuação do CNI agressor.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Achados de ressonância magnética cerebral da síndrome de encefalopatia reversível posterior (PRES), incluindo edema vasogênico evidente na junção occipital e temporo-occipital.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20240005-gf01-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart sob o número de protocolo 73509423.2.0000.5039. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>