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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230087</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230087</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Availability of Natriuretic Peptide Testing in Primary Public Health Care in Brazil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3848-6216</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Andressa Araujo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2174-6800</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Marisa da Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Obtaining financing</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6890-0705</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tura</surname>
						<given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9487-6139</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno Monteiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7657-7231</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morais</surname>
						<given-names>Quenia Cristina Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4920-4843</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Ione Gualandi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia – Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Núcleo de Bioinformática e Bioestatística</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia – Núcleo de Bioinformática e Bioestatística, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Jamil Haddad</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Jamil Haddad - Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>4</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Novartis Biociências SA – Acess &amp; HEOR</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Novartis Biociências SA – Acess &amp; HEOR, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andressa Araujo Braga</bold> • Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia – Núcleo de Avaliação de tecnologias em saúde – Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5º andar. Postal Code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Laranjeiras, RJ – Brazil E-mail: andressa.braga.<email>cardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>Andressa Araujo Braga - received honoraria from Novartis Biociência SA</p>
					<p>Ione Gualandi Oliveira - Novartis employee</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230087</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Early detection of heart failure makes it possible to intervene in risk factors, and treatment is capable of modifying the natural history of the disease. For diagnostic confirmation, natriuretic peptide (NP) testing or transthoracic echocardiography can be performed; the former is preferable when considering cost and accessibility. Although this test was incorporated into the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in 2018, requests for this test were registered in only 4.63% of municipalities in the SUS Outpatient Information System (SIA/SUS) in 2022. This leads to difficulties in both heart failure diagnosis and access to specific treatments, given that the use of sacubitril valsartan sodium depends on the performance of this test.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p>To evaluate the availability of NP testing in the SUS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>Cross-sectional study carried out by means of telephone contact with a probabilistic sample of 255 Brazilian municipal health departments.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>NP testing was reported as available in 20.78% (53/255) of contacts, either within the municipality (16.86% [43/255]) or in the reference municipality (3.92% [10/255]), while 78.04% (199/255) of interviewees reported that the test was not available through the SUS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>Although NP testing has been incorporated into the SUS since 2018, we observed that the test was available in 12.23% of municipalities, in addition to those that actually registered a request in the SIA/SUS during the year studied (2022). This suggests that, in addition to the fact that the test is not offered in a uniform manner throughout the country, there are still municipalities where the test is available, but its use has not been registered.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Brain Natriuretic Peptide</kwd>
				<kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
				<kwd>Health Equity</kwd>
				<kwd>Effective Access to Health Services</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is considered the fourth most common cause of cardiovascular death,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> with an estimated incidence of 5.7 to 7.9 per 1000 person-years in those over 45 years of age, reaching 21.1 per 1000 person-years in those over 65 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is estimated that 49 million people were living with HF worldwide in 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> with nearly 1.7 million in Brazil alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The identification of patients with HF in primary care is the key to early detection and initiation of appropriate treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> HF diagnosis remains a challenge; it is based on clinical assessment and can be made incorrectly in up to 70% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> To assist diagnosis of patients with clinical suspicion of HF and low or moderate likelihood according to the Boston criteria, the public system provides transthoracic echocardiogram or measurement of serum levels of brain natriuretic peptides (NP), which can be either natriuretic peptide type B (BNP) or N-terminal pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> For patients with a high likelihood of HF, no additional tests are necessary to diagnose the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the context of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), NP testing is preferable for diagnosing HF, as the test is considered easy to implement and interpret,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> with lower potential cost. This can reduce inequity in HF diagnosis, as it is possible to rule out HF diagnosis in patients with BNP values below 35 pg/dl and NTproBNP values below 125 pg/dl, and only those with BNP or NTproBNP values equal to or greater than these reference values would be referred for echocardiography, making it possible to focus echocardiography on more complex diagnoses and patient follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> When implementing HF diagnosis with tests performed in series, it is estimated that, for every 2.93 NP tests, an echocardiogram is spared.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>NP testing is considered an important element for diagnosis, and it is useful in ruling out diagnosis of HF in the screening of patients with low or moderate likelihood of HF due to its high negative predictive value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Furthermore, this test is necessary to guarantee access to some specific pharmacological treatments for HF with reduced ejection fraction in the SUS, such as sacubitril valsartan sodium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>On the other hand, although NP testing was incorporated into the SUS in November 2018,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> between May 2020 (the month the code was included in SIGTAP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and May 2021, only 3,761 tests were carried out in just 2.8% of Brazilian municipalities, reaching 4.63% of municipalities by August 2022, according to registrations in the SUS Outpatient Information System (SIA/SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Therefore, considering the importance of NP testing in the context of HF in the SUS, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effective availability of the test in primary care in municipalities in different regions of Brazil.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>A cross-sectional study was developed, in which interviews were carried out via telephone with Brazilian municipal health departments, with the aim of evaluating the availability of NP testing through the SUS.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>In order to define the sampling plan, we first considered the municipalities that could request the test, namely, those with a primary health care unit with full municipal or state level of medium complexity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> There were 2,849 municipalities with these characteristics available in Brazil in 2022. Accordingly, to estimate the percentage of test requests that are statistically representative of these locations, a point estimate of 2% was considered (according to the number of tests carried out between May 2020 and May 2021, according to data from SIA/SUS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> with a margin of error of 5% and a 95% confidence interval. Therefore, it would be necessary to contact at least 255 municipalities to establish the data.</p>
				<p>Thus, the sample was defined based on a random drawing stratified by Brazilian regions, weighted by their respective populations. The municipalities were randomly drawn using a script developed in R software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The following characteristics were extracted from the selected municipalities: average life expectancy (2010), average population of the municipality (2021), average per capita gross domestic product (GDP) (2019), average Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (2010),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and the average distance from the municipality's centroid to the state capital, with geodesic correction, based on the coordinates available through the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Variables were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Those considered normal were described using mean and standard deviation; otherwise, median and interquartile range (IQR) were used. To compare the characteristics of the municipalities that reported that the test was available and those that reported that the test was unavailable, the Mann-Whitney test was used.</p>
				<p>Multivariate analyses were planned for the presence of significant differences in 2 or more characteristics of the municipalities that reported that the test was available or unavailable, which was not observed.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Materials, procedures, and techniques</title>
				<p>Telephone interviews were carried out with employees of the municipal health department of the selected municipalities, during the month of July 2022, respecting the order of the random drawing.</p>
				<p>Contact data were obtained by searching a browser for the website of the health department or city hall. After 3 unsuccessful attempts, the next municipality drawn in the same region was contacted, until reaching the minimum number of municipalities planned for contact.</p>
				<p>The interview was carried out following a pre-established script and the informed consent form was read in full. After verbal agreement with the informed consent form, the interview began with the collection and recording of the following data in a form developed in Microsoft Excel®:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Agreement with the informed consent form;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Name of the municipality, state, and region;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Data of the professional who agreed to the informed consent form and responded to the interview;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Availability of NP testing (BNP/NTproBNP) within the municipality or in the reference municipality through the SUS, which was always confirmed by the SIGTAP code: 02.02.01.079-1;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>The data collected during the interview were analyzed using the following software: R (version 4.0)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and jamovi (version 1.6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The following variables were considered: availability of the test in the municipality or reference municipality through the SUS, average life expectancy (2010), average population of the municipality (2021), average per capita GDP (2019), average MHDI (2010),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and the average distance from the municipality's centroid to the state capital, with geodesic correction, based on the coordinates available through the IBGE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Brazilian National Institute of Cardiology (CAAE 58125722.6.0000.5272).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>In order to meet the minimum quantitative criteria for sampling, 647 municipalities were contacted (68 in the North Region, 353 in the Northeast, 130 in the Southeast, 84 in the South, and 12 in the Central-West), and 255 municipalities were successfully interviewed (16 in the North Region, 81 in the Northeast, 81 in the Southeast, 68 in the South, and 9 in the Central-West).</p>
			<p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, the availability of the test through the SUS, during the study period, was reported in 20.78% (53/255) of interviews; in 16.86% (43/255) it was possible to perform the test within the municipality, and in 3.92% (10/255) it was only possible in the reference municipality. The test was not available through the SUS in 78.03% (199/255) of municipalities. Of the total, only 1.18% (3/255) of those contacted were unable to inform whether the test was available.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Availability of serum natriuretic peptide testing in Brazil. Unable to inform: The interviewee was unable to inform whether natriuretic peptide testing was available through the SUS. Test available through the SUS: Natriuretic peptide testing was available through the SUS within the municipality or in the reference municipality. Test not available through the SUS: Natriuretic peptide testing was not available through the SUS. Source: the authors.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230087-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The regions where the test was most frequently available were the Southeast with 28.40% (23/81), followed by the North with 25% (4/16), and the South with 22.06% (15/68). The test was reported as unavailable in 100% (9/9) in the Central-West and in 85.19% (69/81) in the Northeast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Availability of natriuretic peptide testing in different regions of Brazil. NI (not informed): The interviewee was unable to inform whether natriuretic peptide testing was available; Yes: Natriuretic peptide testing was available through the SUS within the municipality or in the reference municipality. No: Natriuretic peptide testing was not available through the SUS. Source: the authors.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230087-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The municipalities that reported that the test was available through the SUS were more frequently closer to the capital than the municipalities where the test was unavailable (188 km [IQR: 91.4 to 336] versus 240 km [IQR: 143 to 366]). MHDI (0.704 [IQR: 0.634 to 0.740] versus 0.665 [IQR: 0.612 to 0.721]) and life expectancy (74.9 [IQR: 72.3 to 76.1] versus 73.4 [IQR: 71.5 to 75.0] years) were higher where it was reported that the test was offered through the SUS, when compared to those that reported that it was unavailable, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Test availability and characteristics of municipalities (median and interquartile range)</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="16%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Availability of NP</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Population</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Distance (km)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">GDP per capita (R$)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Life expectancy (years)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">MHDI</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Yes</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">20,228 (7,588-65,788)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">188 (91.4-336)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">21,991 (12,600-29,151)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">74.9 (72.3-76.1)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.704 (0.634-0.740)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">No</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">14,497 (7,073-34,408)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">240 (143-366)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">18,352 (11,277-30,178)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">73,4 (71.5-75.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.665 (0.612-0.721)</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>Availability of NP: Availability of natriuretic peptide (NP) testing; No: Natriuretic peptide testing was not available in the municipality or reference municipality through the SUS; Yes: NP testing was available through the SUS. GDP (gross domestic product) per capita in Brazilian reals (R$), 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Life expectancy in years, 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> MHDI (Municipal Human Development Index), - 2010.17 Distance (km) is the distance in kilometers from the municipality's centroid to the state capital, with geodesic correction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Reference year: population, 2021. Source: the authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Furthermore, per capita GDP was higher in municipalities where the test was available, when compared to those where the test was unavailable (R$ 21,991.00 [12,600.00 to 29,151.00] versus R$ 18,352.00 [11,277.00 to 30,178.00]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Availability of the test and GDP per capita of the municipalities. Yes: Natriuretic peptide testing was available through the SUS within the municipality or in the reference municipality. No: Natriuretic peptide testing was not available through the SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Per capita GDP (gross domestic product) of the municipality interviewed for the year 2019. Source: the authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230087-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Among the variables studied, life expectancy in the municipalities was the only variable with a statistically significant difference regarding whether or not the test was available through the SUS, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Mann-Whitney test for characteristics of municipalities</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Statistic</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Distance (km)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4589</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.147</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">MHDI</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4366</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.054</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Population</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4528</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.114</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">GDP per capita</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4804</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.320</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Life expectancy</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4030</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p>Result of the non-parametric test comparing the characteristics of the municipalities that reported that serum natriuretic peptide testing was available with municipalities that reported that it was unavailable. GDP: gross domestic product; MHDI: Municipal Human Development Index. Source: the authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This study identified that the test was available through the SUS in 20.78% of the municipalities during the study period. It was more accessible in the North and Southeast and less accessible in the Central-West and Northeast Regions.</p>
			<p>Contact with municipalities in the North and Northeast was more complex, because, in some of these municipalities, the telephone number provided on the website of the health department or city hall was unavailable or incorrect, or the call was not answered. It was necessary to contact 68 municipalities in the North Region to carry out 16 successful interviews and 353 municipalities in the Northeast Region for 81 successful interviews. In the Central-West and South Regions, it was necessary to contact 12 and 84 municipalities to obtain 9 and 68 successful interviews, respectively.</p>
			<p>The test was available in 12.23% of municipalities, in addition to those that registered the test by August 2022, according to data from SIA/SUS (16.86% (43/255) versus 4.63% [132/2849]),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> indicating that, even 4 years after the technology was incorporated into the SUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> the test is not offered in a uniform manner in all Brazilian municipalities, and there are still municipalities where, even though it is offered, the test is not requested, which may suggest the attending physicians’ lack of knowledge about its availability in the health care network or about the diagnostic flow of patients with HF in primary care. This fact is not limited to diagnostic technologies; it has also been observed for several medications incorporated into the SUS, in which it was possible to show that the time between the final recommendation for incorporation by the National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies (CONITEC) and the effective dispensing may vary greatly, such as 115 days for sofosbuvir in the treatment of hepatitis C,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> or up to 23 months for memantine, which was incorporated in November 2017, with the first registration of dispensation through the SUS in October 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>According to Brazilian Recommendation Report Number 386 of the Technical-Scientific Opinion on Type B Natriuretic Peptides (BNP and NTproBNP) for the Diagnosis of Heart Failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> NP testing is easy to implement, and it has fewer logistical restrictions than referring a patient to a specialist or echocardiogram, as both have a waiting list. In the city of Rio de Janeiro alone, for example, around 3,528 patients were waiting for an appointment with a cardiologist, and 10,257 users were waiting to undergo an echocardiogram, according to data from the Regulation System (SisREG) in 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The wait for echocardiography is related to more complex logistics for the SUS, when compared to carrying out NP testing, as the former requires equipment and an echocardiography specialist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Between 110,000 and 150,000 outpatient echocardiography exams were performed per month in the SUS (data from 2021 and 2022), and echocardiography devices are concentrated in the Southeast Region, which is responsible for performing almost 50% of the country's echocardiography exams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> These data may suggest a potential undersupply of exams for HF diagnosis in the North and Northeast Regions, in addition to highlighting unequal distribution, which underscores the importance of universally offering NP testing, as this test can be carried out in small municipalities that lack the infrastructure to carry out more complex exams, thus helping to reduce health inequities and facilitate access to specialized treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The differences between the municipalities that offer NP testing in Brazil mirror health inequities, which occur when some subgroups present avoidable differences in health due to lack of access.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Socially disadvantaged groups are exposed to higher risk living and working conditions, and they may present accelerated aging and a higher prevalence of chronic diseases with an impact on health outcomes, including quality of life and well-being.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Data on the availability of NP testing represent difficulty not only in access to the test, but also to specialized treatments for individuals assisted in poorer municipalities, with lower life expectancy and lower per capita income.</p>
			<p>By including NP testing in the HF diagnostic algorithm, the demand for echocardiography would theoretically be reduced, because only patients who would benefit most from the imaging exam would be referred to undergo it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, given that, in some municipalities, echocardiography is only requested by a specialist, making NP testing available can minimize the costs related to the use of this resource and reduce the time for HF diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The main limitations of this study include the following:</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>The availability of the test was informed by only one interviewee from each of the selected municipalities, and it is not possible to guarantee whether or not NP testing is actually offered by the municipality. To minimize the receipt of incorrect information, we requested that the interview be carried out with the professional with the greatest expertise in the unit contacted and that the interviewee confirm the information with the procedure code in their system.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Contact was only made with the selected municipality via the telephone number indicated on the website of the health department or city hall; another professional with greater expertise within the municipality could be contacted using another telephone number, when solicited.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Not all service providers affiliated with the SUS nor the reference municipality were contacted to confirm that the test was available.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>The physicians responsible for diagnosing and following these patients in the municipality's basic unit were not contacted to evaluate whether they were aware that the test was available.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>In this study, it is possible that there is a bias that is common to the sampling of cross-sectional studies. Failure to contact the municipalities selected by random drawing, which was more common in the North and Northeast Regions, may have led to greater uncertainty in relation to the point estimate. However, this bias was mitigated by the random replacement of uncontacted municipalities in the same region, with the purpose of reaching the planned sample size. Furthermore, although unlikely, a possible deviation in the point estimate, if it existed, would tend to select municipalities with a greater likelihood of making the test available.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The reduced availability of NP testing and, consequently, the difficulty in accessing specialized treatment for HF was associated with municipalities with lower MHDI and GDP. The region with the greatest test availability is the Southeast, which is also the region that performs the most echocardiograms through the SUS in Brazil. This aspect demonstrates that areas where the availability of echocardiography is reduced also have less availability to carry out NP testing, making it necessary to refer these patients to larger centers for complementary tests or evaluation by a specialist, which can lead to delays in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.</p>
			<p>Finally, the viability of NP testing has the potential to represent an important alternative to expand the diagnosis of patients within the scope of primary care and, consequently, reduce inequity in HF diagnosis and allow access to adequate and timely treatment for these patients.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
				<p>This study was funded by Novartis Biociência SA.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number CAAE: 58125722.6.00005272. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2174-6800</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Marisa da Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6890-0705</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tura</surname>
						<given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9487-6139</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno Monteiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7657-7231</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morais</surname>
						<given-names>Quenia Cristina Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4920-4843</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Ione Gualandi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Núcleo de Bioinformática e Bioestatística, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff7">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Jamil Haddad - Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff8">
					<label>4</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Novartis Biociências SA - Acess &amp; HEOR, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Andressa Araujo Braga</bold> • Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Núcleo de Avaliação de tecnologias em saúde - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5º andar. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Laranjeiras, RJ - Brasil E-mail: andressa.braga.<email>cardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Andressa Araujo Braga - recebeu honorários da Novartis Biociência SA</p>
					<p>Ione Gualandi Oliveira - funcionária da Novartis</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>A detecção precoce da insuficiência cardíaca permite intervir nos fatores de risco e o tratamento é capaz de modificar a história natural da doença. Para a confirmação diagnóstica, pode ser realizada a dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos (PN) ou o ecocardiograma transtorácico, sendo preferível o primeiro, quando considerado custo e acessibilidade. Apesar da incorporação deste exame ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em 2018, a sua solicitação só foi registrada em 4,63% dos municípios no Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA/SUS) em 2022, o que dificulta tanto o diagnóstico da insuficiência cardíaca, quanto o acesso a tratamentos específicos, uma vez que o uso de sacubitril valsartana sódica está condicionado à realização deste exame.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p>Avaliar a disponibilidade da dosagem dos PN no SUS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Estudo transversal realizado por meio do contato telefônico com amostra probabilística de 255 secretarias municipais de saúde brasileiras.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>A dosagem dos PN foi relatada como disponível em 20,78% (53/255) dos contatos, seja dentro do município (16,86% [43/255]) ou no município de referência (3,92% [10/255]). Já 78,04% (199/255) dos entrevistados relataram que o exame não estava disponível no SUS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>Embora a dosagem dos PN esteja incorporada ao SUS desde 2018, observa-se que o exame está disponível em 12,23% dos municípios, além daqueles que de fato registraram a solicitação no SIA/SUS durante o ano da pesquisa (2022), sugerindo que, além do exame não ser oferecido de forma universal no país, ainda existem municípios em que o exame está disponível, mas seu uso não foi registrado.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico</kwd>
				<kwd>Sistema Único de Saúde</kwd>
				<kwd>Equidade em Saúde</kwd>
				<kwd>Acesso Efetivo aos Serviços de Saúde</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é considerada a quarta causa mais comum de óbito cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> com incidência estimada de 5,7 a 7,9/1000 pessoas-ano em maiores de 45 anos, chegando a 21,1/1000 pessoas-ano nos maiores de 65 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estima-se que 49 milhões de pessoas viviam com IC no mundo em 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sendo quase 1,7 milhão apenas no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A identificação dos pacientes com IC na atenção primária é a chave para a detecção precoce e início do tratamento adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O diagnóstico da IC permanece um desafio e é baseado na avaliação clínica, podendo ser feito erroneamente em até 70% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Para auxiliar o diagnóstico, o sistema público disponibiliza aos pacientes com suspeita clínica de IC e com baixa ou moderada probabilidade pelos critérios de Boston, o ecocardiograma transtorácico ou a dosagem dos níveis séricos de peptídeos natriuréticos (PN) cerebrais, que pode ser tanto o peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP), quanto o da fração N-terminal do pró-hormônio do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (NTproBNP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Já para os pacientes com alta probabilidade de IC, nenhum exame complementar é necessário para o diagnóstico da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a dosagem dos PN é preferível para o diagnóstico da IC, por ser considerado um exame de fácil implementação e interpretação,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> com menor custo potencial. Isso pode reduzir a iniquidade no diagnóstico da IC, já que os pacientes com valores inferiores a 35 pg/dl para o BNP e a 125 pg/dl para o NTproBNP podem ter o diagnóstico de IC excluído, e apenas aqueles com valores do BNP ou do NTproBNP iguais ou superiores a esses valores de referência seriam encaminhados para a ecocardiografia, possibilitando que esta seja direcionada para diagnósticos mais complexos e acompanhamento dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ao implementar o diagnóstico da IC com os exames realizados em série, estima-se que a cada 2,93 dosagens dos PN, seja poupado um ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A dosagem dos PN é considerada um elemento importante para o diagnóstico, sendo útil para excluir o diagnóstico de IC na triagem destes pacientes com baixa ou moderada probabilidade de IC pelo seu alto valor preditivo negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Além disso, este exame é necessário para garantir acesso a alguns dos tratamentos farmacológicos específicos para a IC com fração de ejeção reduzida no SUS como o sacubitril valsartana sódica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por outro lado, apesar da incorporação da dosagem dos PN ao SUS em novembro de 2018,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> entre maio de 2020 (mês da inclusão do código no SIGTAP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e maio de 2021, apenas 3.761 dosagens foram efetuadas e em apenas 2,8% dos municípios brasileiros, chegando a 4,63% dos municípios em agosto de 2022, conforme registro no Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA/SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Logo, considerando a importância da dosagem dos PN no âmbito da IC no SUS, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a disponibilidade efetiva do exame na atenção primária dos municípios de diferentes regiões do Brasil.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Foi desenvolvido um estudo transversal, no qual foram realizadas entrevistas por meio de contato telefônico com as secretarias de saúde de municípios do Brasil, com o intuito de avaliar a disponibilidade da dosagem dos PN pelo SUS.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>Para definição do plano amostral, foram considerados primeiramente os municípios que poderiam solicitar o exame, que são aqueles com unidade de atenção básica de saúde com nível pleno municipal ou estadual de média complexidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> estando disponível no Brasil 2.849 municípios com essas características em 2022. Desta forma, para estimar a porcentagem da solicitação de exames estatisticamente representativa destas localidades, considerou-se a estimativa pontual de 2% (conforme o número de exames realizados entre maio de 2020 e maio de 2021, de acordo com os dados do SIA/SUS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> a margem de erro de 5% e o intervalo de confiança de 95%. Logo, seriam necessários, no mínimo, 255 municípios a serem contactados para estabelecer o dado.</p>
					<p>Assim sendo, a amostra foi definida a partir de um sorteio estratificado pelas regiões brasileiras, ponderado por suas respectivas populações. O sorteio dos municípios foi realizado a partir de um <italic>script</italic> desenvolvido no software R.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Foram extraídas as seguintes características dos municípios selecionados: expectativa de vida média (2010), média da população do município (2021), produto interno bruto (PIB) médio per capita (2019), Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) médio (2010)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e a distância média do centroide do município até sua capital, com a correção geodésica, a partir das coordenadas disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As variáveis foram testadas para normalidade segundo o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As consideradas normais foram descritas utilizando média e desvio-padrão; caso contrário, foi utilizada a mediana e intervalo interquartílico (IIQ). Para comparar as características dos municípios que informaram que o exame estava disponível e aqueles que o exame estava indisponível, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
					<p>Análises multivariadas foram previstas na presença de diferenças significativas em duas ou mais características dos municípios que informaram que o exame estava disponível ou indisponível, o que não foi observado.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiais, procedimentos e técnicas</title>
					<p>Foram realizadas entrevistas por telefone com funcionários da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde dos municípios sorteados, durante o mês de julho de 2022, respeitando a ordem do sorteio.</p>
					<p>Os dados para contato foram obtidos através de pesquisa em um navegador de buscas no endereço eletrônico da secretaria de saúde ou da prefeitura do município. Após três tentativas sem êxito, foi contactado o município seguinte sorteado na mesma região, até atingir o número mínimo de municípios previstos para contato.</p>
					<p>A entrevista foi realizada seguindo um roteiro pré-estabelecido e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) foi lido integralmente. Após a concordância verbal do TCLE, era iniciada a entrevista com a coleta e registro dos seguintes dados em formulário desenvolvido no Microsoft Excel®:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Concordância com o TCLE;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Nome do município, estado e região;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Dados do profissional que aceitou o TCLE e respondeu a entrevista;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Disponibilidade da dosagem dos PN (BNP/NTproBNP) dentro do município ou no município de referência pelo SUS, sendo sempre confirmado pelo código do SIGTAP: 02.02.01.079-1;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Os dados coletados durante a entrevista foram analisados utilizando os seguintes <italic>softwares</italic>: R (versão 4.0)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e jamovi (versão 1.6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Foram consideradas as seguintes variáveis: disponibilidade de realizar o exame no município ou no município de referência pelo SUS, expectativa de vida média (2010), média da população do município (2021), PIB médio per capita (2019), IDHM médio (2010)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e a distância média do centroide do município até sua capital, com a correção geodésica, a partir das coordenadas disponíveis no IBGE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (CAAE 58125722.6.0000.5272).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Para preencher o critério quantitativo mínimo para amostragem, foram contactados 647 municípios (68 do Norte, 353 do Nordeste, 130 do Sudeste, 84 do Sul e 12 do Centro-Oeste), sendo entrevistados com sucesso 255 municípios (16 na região Norte, 81 no Nordeste, 81 no Sudeste, 68 no Sul e 9 no Centro-Oeste).</p>
				<p>Como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>, a disponibilidade de realizar o exame pelo SUS, no período estudado, foi relatada em 20,78% (53/255) das entrevistas, sendo que em 16,86% (43/255) era possível realizar o exame dentro do município e em 3,92% (10/255), apenas no município de referência. O exame não estava disponível pelo SUS em 78,03% (199/255) dos municípios. Do total, apenas 1,18% (3/255) dos contactados não souberam informar sobre a disponibilidade do exame.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Disponibilidade da dosagem sérica dos peptídeos natriuréticos no Brasil. Não soube informar: Entrevistado não soube informar sobre a disponibilidade da dosagem do peptídeo natriurético no SUS. Exame disponível no SUS: Dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos disponível pelo SUS dentro do município ou no município de referência. Exame não disponível no SUS: Dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos indisponível pelo SUS. Fonte: Elaboração própria.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230087-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>As regiões em que o exame estava disponível com maior frequência foram o Sudeste, com 28,40% (23/81), seguida pela região Norte, com 25% (4/16) e Sul, com 22,06% (15/68). O exame foi relatado como indisponível em 100% (9/9) no Centro-Oeste e em 85,19% (69/81) no Nordeste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Disponibilidade da dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos em diferentes regiões do Brasil. NI - Não soube informar: Entrevistado não soube informar sobre a disponibilidade da dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos; Sim: Dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos disponível pelo SUS dentro do município ou no município de referência. Não: Dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos indisponível pelo SUS. Fonte: Elaboração própria.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230087-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Os municípios que relataram que o exame estava mais frequentemente disponível pelo SUS eram mais próximos da capital do que os municípios em que o exame estava indisponível (188 km [IIQ: 91,4 a 336] x 240 km [IIQ: 143 a 366]). Já o IDHM (0,704 [IIQ: 0,634 a 0,740] x 0,665 [IIQ: 0,612 a 0,721]) e a expectativa de vida (74,9 [IIQ: 72,3 a 76,1] x 73,4 [IIQ: 71,5 a 75,0] anos) eram maiores onde foi relatado que o exame era oferecido pelo SUS, quando comparado com aqueles que relataram que estava indisponível, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Disponibilidade do exame e característica dos municípios (mediana e intervalo interquartil)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="16%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Disponibilidade de PN</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">População</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Distância (km)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">PIB per capita (R$)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Expectativa de vida (anos)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">IDHM</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20.228 (7.588-65.788)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">188 (91,4-336)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">21.991 (12.600-29.151)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">74,9 (72,3-76,1)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,704 (0,634-0,740)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Não</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">14.497 (7.073-34.408)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">240 (143-366)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18.352 (11.277-30.178)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">73,4 (71,5-75,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,665 (0,612-0,721)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Disponibilidade de PN: Disponibilidade da dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos (PN); Não: Dosagem dos PN indisponível no município ou no município de referência pelo SUS; Sim: Dosagem de PN disponível no município ou no município de referência pelo SUS. PIB (produto interno bruto) per capita em reais (R$) - 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Expectativa de vida em anos - 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> IDHM (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal) - 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Distância (km) é a distância em quilômetros do centroide do município até a sua capital com correção geodésica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ano de referência: População - 2021. Fonte: Elaboração própria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Além disso, o PIB per capita era maior nos municípios em que o exame era ofertado, quando comparado àqueles onde o exame estava indisponível (R$ 21.991,00 [12.600,00 a 29.151,00] x R$ 18.352,00 [11.277,00 a 30.178,00]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Disponibilidade do exame e PIB per capita dos municípios. Sim: Dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos disponível pelo SUS dentro do município ou no município de referência. Não: Dosagem dos peptídeos natriuréticos indisponível pelo SUS.18 PIB (produto interno bruto) per capita do município entrevistado referente ao ano de 2019. Fonte: Elaboração própria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230087-gf03-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Dentre as variáveis estudadas, a expectativa de vida nos municípios foi a única variável com diferença estatisticamente significativa no que tange à disponibilidade ou não do exame no SUS, conforme sinalizado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Teste de Mann-Whitney das características dos municípios</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Estatística</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Distância (km)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4589</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,147</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IDHM</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4366</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,054</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">População</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4528</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,114</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PIB per capita</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4804</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,320</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Expectativa de vida</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Mann-Whitney U</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4030</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Resultado do teste não paramétrico comparando as características dos municípios que informaram que a dosagem sérica dos peptídeos natriuréticos estava disponível com aqueles que informaram que a dosagem sérica dos peptídeos natriuréticos estava indisponível. IDHM: Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal; PIB: produto interno bruto. Fonte: Elaboração própria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A pesquisa permitiu identificar que o exame estava disponível no SUS em 20,78% dos municípios no período estudado, estando mais acessível no Norte e Sudeste e menos no Centro-Oeste e no Nordeste.</p>
				<p>O contato com os municípios do Norte e do Nordeste foram mais complexos, pois em alguns destes municípios o número telefônico informado no endereço eletrônico da secretaria de saúde ou da prefeitura estava indisponível, incorreto ou a ligação não era atendida. Foi necessário entrar em contato com 68 municípios da região Norte para realizar 16 entrevistas de sucessos e com 353 municípios da região Nordeste para 81 sucessos. Já nas regiões do Centro-Oeste e Sul foi necessário entrar em contato com 12 e 84 municípios respectivamente, para obter 9 e 68 sucessos.</p>
				<p>O exame estava disponível em 12,23% dos municípios além daqueles que registraram o exame até agosto de 2022, de acordo com os dados do SIA/SUS (16,86% (43/255) x 4,63% [132/2849]),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> indicando que, mesmo após quatro anos da incorporação da tecnologia no SUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o exame não é oferecido de forma universal em todos os municípios brasileiros e ainda existem municípios onde apesar de ser ofertado, o exame não é solicitado, podendo sugerir desconhecimento do médico assistente sobre sua disponibilidade na rede assistencial de saúde ou sobre o fluxo diagnóstico do paciente com IC na atenção básica. Tal fato não é exclusivo de tecnologias diagnósticas, sendo também observado para vários medicamentos incorporados ao SUS, em que é possível sinalizar que, o tempo entre a recomendação final de incorporação pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias (CONITEC) e a dispensação efetiva podem variar bastante, como 115 dias para o sofosbuvir no tratamento da hepatite C,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ou até 23 meses para a memantina, incorporada em novembro de 2017 e com primeiro registro de dispensação no SUS em outubro de 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>De acordo com o Relatório de Recomendação n° 386 do Parecer Técnico-Científico dos Peptídeos Natriuréticos tipo B (BNP e NTproBNP) para o Diagnóstico de Insuficiência Cardíaca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a dosagem dos PN é de fácil implementação e apresenta menos restrições logísticas do que o referenciamento do paciente ao especialista ou a realização do ecocardiograma, já que ambos possuem fila de espera. Apenas no município do Rio de Janeiro, por exemplo, cerca de 3.528 pacientes aguardavam por uma consulta com o cardiologista e 10.257 usuários aguardavam para realizar o ecocardiograma, segundo dados do Sistema de Regulação (SisREG) no ano de 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A espera pelo exame de ecocardiografia está relacionada a uma logística mais complexa para o SUS, quando comparada à realização da dosagem dos PN, pois no primeiro é necessário equipamento e especialista em ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Foram realizados por mês no SUS entre 110.000 e 150.000 exames ambulatoriais de ecocardiograma (dados de 2021 e 2022) e os aparelhos de ecocardiografia estão concentrados na região Sudeste, responsável por realizar quase 50% dos exames de ecocardiografia do país.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esses dados podem sugerir uma potencial suboferta de exame para diagnóstico de IC nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, além de evidenciar sua distribuição desigual, o que evidência a importância da oferta universal da dosagem dos PN, já que este exame pode ser realizado em pequenos municípios, onde não se dispõe da infraestrutura para a realização de exames mais complexos, ajudando a reduzir as inequidades em saúde e facilitar o acesso a tratamentos especializados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As diferenças entre os municípios que ofertam a dosagem dos PN no Brasil espelham as iniquidades na saúde, que ocorrem quando alguns subgrupos apresentam diferenças evitáveis na saúde por falta de acesso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Grupos socialmente desfavorecidos estão expostos a condições de vida e trabalho com maior risco, podendo apresentar envelhecimento acelerado e maior prevalência de doenças crônicas com impacto nos resultados de saúde, incluindo qualidade de vida e bem-estar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Os dados sobre a disponibilidade da dosagem dos PN representam a dificuldade de acesso não apenas ao exame, mas também a tratamentos especializados pelos indivíduos assistidos em municípios mais pobres, com menor expectativa de vida e menor renda per capita.</p>
				<p>Ao inserir a dosagem dos PN no algoritmo diagnóstico da IC, teoricamente reduz-se a demanda pela ecocardiografia, pois, apenas pacientes que mais se beneficiariam do exame de imagem serão encaminhados para sua realização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, como em alguns municípios a solicitação do exame de ecocardiografia é feita apenas pelo especialista, a disponibilização da dosagem dos PN pode minimizar os custos relacionados à utilização deste recurso e reduzir o tempo para diagnóstico da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As principais limitações do estudo incluem:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>A disponibilidade do exame foi informada por apenas um entrevistado de cada um dos municípios sorteados, não sendo possível garantir se a dosagem dos PN é ou não ofertada pelo município de fato. Para minimizar o recebimento de informações incorretas, foi solicitado que a entrevista fosse realizada com o profissional com maior expertise na unidade contactada e ainda que o entrevistado confirmasse a informação com o código do procedimento em seu sistema.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Foi feito contato apenas com o município sorteado e pelo telefone indicado no endereço eletrônico da prefeitura municipal ou da secretaria de saúde, podendo ser contactado outro profissional com maior expertise dentro do próprio município em outro número telefônico, quando solicitado.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Não foi contactado todos os prestadores de serviço conveniados ao SUS e nem o município de referência para confirmar a disponibilidade do exame.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Os médicos responsáveis pelo diagnóstico e acompanhamento destes pacientes na unidade básica do município não foram contactados para avaliar se estes tinham conhecimento sobre a disponibilidade do exame.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Neste estudo, há a possibilidade de um viés comum à amostragem de estudos transversais. O insucesso no contato com os municípios sorteados, mais frequente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, pode acarretar uma maior incerteza em relação à estimativa pontual. No entanto, tal viés foi mitigado pela reposição aleatória dos municípios não contactados na mesma região, com o propósito de alcançar o tamanho amostral planejado. Ademais, embora improvável, um possível desvio na estimativa pontual, se existente, tenderia a selecionar municípios com maior probabilidade de disponibilizar o exame.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A disponibilidade reduzida da dosagem dos PN e consequentemente a dificuldade para acesso ao tratamento especializado para a IC foi associada a municípios com IDHM e PIB menores. A região com maior disponibilidade do exame é a Sudeste, região que também realiza mais ecocardiogramas pelo SUS no país. Esse aspecto demonstra que as áreas onde a oferta da ecocardiografia é reduzida, também possuem menor disponibilidade de realizar a dosagem dos PN, sendo necessário o encaminhamento desses pacientes a centros maiores para a realização de exames complementares ou avaliação pelo especialista, o que pode gerar atraso no diagnóstico e no tratamento destes pacientes.</p>
				<p>Por fim, a viabilidade da dosagem dos PN pode representar uma alternativa importante para ampliar o diagnóstico dos pacientes no âmbito da atenção básica e, por consequência, reduzir a iniquidade no diagnóstico da IC e permitir o acesso ao tratamento adequado e oportuno para esses pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Novartis Biociência SA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o número de protocolo CAAE: 58125722.6.00005272. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>