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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230057</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230057</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evolution of Hematological Parameters in Patients with Vasoplegia Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-5008-2958</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1040-7987</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faé</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1259-6708</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hebeda</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina B.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0409-2163</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rocha</surname>
						<given-names>Franciani R. da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4298-8649</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacca</surname>
						<given-names>Caroline O. F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0170-7211</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gambetta</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo V.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Médicas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio do Sul</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Médicas (NPCMed), Rio do Sul, SC – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Nicolas Ramos</bold> • Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí - NPCMed - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Médicas - R. Guilherme Gemballa, 13. Postal Code <postal-code>89160-932</postal-code>, Jardim América, Rio do Sul, SC - Brazil E-mail: <email>nicolas.ramos@unidavi.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230057</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>The utilization of extracorporeal circulation during a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery induces the secretion of inflammatory mediators associated with the onset of vasoplegic syndrome (VS). Blood cells contribute to the amplification of enzymatic mechanisms related to the development of VS, which is responsible for high mortality rates.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>To investigate possible changes in hematological ratios to evaluate the evolution of VS in patients undergoing CABG.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>Analytical observational study of the retrospective cohort type, utilizing data collected from medical records in a reference cardiology hospital.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>VS was associated with decreased monocyte rates (p = 0.02) 24 hours before the CABG, as well as elevated lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) (p = 0.01) and neutrophil/monocyte ratio (NMR) (p = 0.01) on the same period. Twenty-four hours after the procedure, increased neutrophil counts (p = 0.05) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p = 0.03), as well as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p = 0.04), were associated with VS. Between 24 and 48 hours after CABG, neutrophil ratios (p = 0.01), PLR (p = 0.02), MLR (p = 0.04), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) (p = 0.02) were lower in patients who developed vasoplegia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>A decreased monocyte count 24 hours before CABG was associated with the development of VS, as well as an elevated neutrophil count 24 hours after the procedure. Higher LMR and NMR 24 hours before the surgery, as well as PLR and MLR after the cardiac surgery were also associated with VS. Our data show different hematological changes at different times after CABG and highlight that new studies are essential to allow the use of hematological ratios in the monitoring of patients undergoing CABG.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Vasoplegia</kwd>
				<kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
				<kwd>Neutrophils</kwd>
				<kwd>Monocytes</kwd>
				<kwd>Leukocytes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Worldwide, 17.9 million people die due to Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In severe cases, coronary artery disease (CAD), the most prevalent form of CVD, can be managed with coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG), with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). While the combination of CABG/CPB generally leads to a positive prognosis, studies have also shown an association with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>SIRS is characterized by an inflammatory reaction stemming from infectious, metabolic, or traumatic origins. Blood contact with the CPB circuit triggers immuno-inflammatory pathways, with high levels of nitric oxide (NO) produced via induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributing to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> One of the consequences of SIRS is vasoplegic syndrome (VS), which manifests as refractory hypotension with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 65 mmHg that does not respond to fluid therapy, being associated with a cardiac index ≥ 2.2 L/kg/m<sup>2</sup>. VS is characterized by normal or increased cardiac output and low systemic vascular resistance, leading to hypoperfusion. It can occur during or up to 24 hours after CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> VS is associated with high morbidity and mortality, affecting 5 to 50% of all patients undergoing CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Risk factors for developing vasoplegia include undergoing combined cardiac surgeries, prior use of antihypertensive or antiarrhythmic medications, left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 35%, prolonged CPB and/or aortic clamping times, receiving blood products, and experiencing increased core temperatures during bypass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The scientific community has been actively exploring methods to assess patients’ inflammatory status to predict major adverse cardiac events and death in those undergoing CABG/CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As such, calculating various hematological ratios—such as the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-monocyte ratio (NMR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI = platelet x monocyte x neutrophil/lymphocyte), and systemic immune inflammation index (SII = platelet x neutrophil/lymphocyte)—is being explored, given their potentially favorable cost/benefit ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, this study conducted retrospective analyses to assess the predictive potential of leukocyte counts and hematological ratios for VS and its post-CABG/CPB complications.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Method</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design</title>
				<p>The study was conducted in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary reference hospital specializing in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the microregion of Alto Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in the period between April 2018 and October 2022.</p>
				<p>Patients aged 18 years or older who underwent CABG/CPB were included. Patients with previous use of corticosteroids or immunomodulators, previous revascularization, and/or combined cardiac surgical procedures were excluded. The study was approved by the UNIDAVI Human Research Ethics Committee (opinion 5.727.585).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data collection</title>
				<p>Data collection was made from electronic medical records (Tasy®; Philips®, Amsterdam, Netherlands), accessed from the report of patients undergoing CABG. Subsequently, these patients were identified by the service number, maintaining confidentiality and anonymity.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Research instrument</title>
				<p>The research instrument developed by the authors is described in <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Material 1.1</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Surgical procedure</title>
				<p>Although the authors did not directly monitor the cardiac surgeries, the standard methodology used is described in <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Material 1.2</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Vasoplegic syndrome</title>
				<p>At the institution, the standard treatment for VS is administered with methylene blue, defined as the diagnostic criterion for VS in this study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS®, version 26.0; IBM®, Armonk, NY, USA). The normality of quantitative variables was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then, if the data distribution was normal, the comparison between two groups was performed using the Student's t test for independent samples or the corresponding non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. For qualitative variables, the Pearson Chi-Square test (if test n &gt; 5) or Fisher's Exact test (if test n &lt; 5) were used. Furthermore, adjusted residuals were analyzed (ra &gt; 1.96). Finally, variables with statistical significance were candidates for the linear logistic regression model. Values of p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Six-hundred and eight (608) digital records were analyzed and, according to Strobe Guideline 5,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 507 records were considered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Of these, 98.0% (n = 501) did not develop VS, while 2.0% (n = 6) developed VS during the period analyzed.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Sample eligibility flowchart.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230057-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The majority of participants were men (74%) and white (95.3%). The average age was 62.0 ± 9.3 years. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the Guidelines for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No differences were observed between the age and BMI of patients with or without VS. With the exception of dyslipidemia (p = 0.02), all other comorbidities described were equivalent between the groups studied (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities of patients</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="24%">
						<col width="1%"/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Variables</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(-) VS</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(+) VS</th>
							<th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mean ± SD or n (%)</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mean ± SD or n (%)</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">62.0 ± 9.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">65.3 ± 6.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.38</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">Sex</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">130 (25.9)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (33.3)</td>
							<td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.65</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">371 (74.1)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66.7)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">Race</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Black</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
							<td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">1.00</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">White</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">477 (95.2)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (100.0)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Mixed</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">19 (3.8)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Asian</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (0.6)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">27.6 ± 4.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">24.5 ± 2.9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.08</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">178 (35.5)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.10</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">450 (89.8)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66.7)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.12</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">445 (88.8)<sup>ra = 2.9</sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (50.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Cardiac insufficiency</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">112 (22.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.35</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">80 (16.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.59</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>The table above outlines the data of patients who presented the respective comorbidities. Data shows the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or the number of patients (n). (-) VS: absence of vasoplegic syndrome; (+) VS: presence of vasoplegic syndrome. BMI: body mass index.</p>
					</fn>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<label>*</label>
						<p>p ≤ 0.05 vs (-) VS.</p>
					</fn>
					<fn id="TFN2a">
						<p>ra: standardized adjusted residuals.</p>
					</fn>
					<attrib>Source: authors.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>The main indication for CABG among patients without VS was unstable angina (34.3%). In patients with VS, it was acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; 66.7%; p = 0.05). Although patients in the VS group underwent cardiac surgery earlier, there was no statistical difference between the groups according to the average time between coronary syndrome diagnosis and the procedure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>CABG referral</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">CABG referral</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(-) VS</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(+) VS</th>
							<th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mean ± SD or n (%)</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mean ± SD or n (%)</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Stable Angina</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">159 (31.7)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (16.7)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.67</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Unstable Angina</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">172 (34.3)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (16.7)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.67</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">STEMI</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (7.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NSTEMI</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">132 (26.3)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Δt AMI-CABG (days)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">65.3 ± 128.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">42.7 ± 45.4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.88</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN3">
						<p>Data shows the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number of patients (n). (-) VS: absence of vasoplegic syndrome; (+) VS: presence of vasoplegic syndrome. STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; Δt AMI-CABG: time variation between acute myocardial infarction diagnosis and coronary artery bypass graft surgery.</p>
					</fn>
					<fn id="TFN4">
						<label>*</label>
						<p>p ≤ 0.05 vs (-) VS.</p>
					</fn>
					<attrib>Source: authors.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Hematological ratios were calculated to evaluate the probability of developing VS in patients undergoing MVR surgery. Twenty-four hours before CABG/CPB, the monocyte count was reduced (p = 0.02) and the LMR and NMR ratios were increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively) in the VS group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). To validate the findings 24 hours before surgery, linear regression analyses were performed, confirming the reduced number of monocytes and increased LMR and NMR (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Material – Supplementary Table 2</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t3">
				<label>Table 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Hematological ratios before and after cardiac surgery</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="14%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Hematological parameters</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">24 hours before CABG</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">24 hours after CABG</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Up to 48 hours after CABG</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" valign="middle">(-) VS</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">(+) VS</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">(-) VS</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">(+) VS</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">(-) VS</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">(+) VS</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean ± SD</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean ± SD</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean ± SD</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean ± SD</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean ± SD</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean ± SD</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophils (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">57.4 ± 10.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">59.3 ± 6.9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">76.7 ± 8.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">83.0 ± 5.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">81.8 ± 6.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">68.7 ± 34.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Lymphocytes (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">29.8 ± 8.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">28.5 ± 7.9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">16.1 ± 7.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">11.0 ± 4.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">9.6 ± 4.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">9.0 ± 5.5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Monocytes (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">8.3 ± 2.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6.2 ± 4.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5.7 ± 2.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5.0 ± 2.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.9 ± 2.4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5.5 ± 3.1</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Platelets (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">209.4 ± 63.02</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">220.8 ± 63.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">163.3 ± 77.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">187.8 ± 38.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">170.4 ± 80.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">162.4 ± 82.6</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NLR</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.3 ± 2.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.3 ± 1.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6.2 ± 4.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">8.6 ± 3.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">11.4 ± 7.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.1 ± 4.5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LMR</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 ± 2.4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">9.4 ± 10.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 ± 3.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.0 ± 3.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.3 ± 0.9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.4 ± 0.8</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NMR</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.4 ± 3.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">17.6 ± 19.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">17.7 ± 13.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">20.4 ± 11.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">12.2 ± 8.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">11.3 ± 7.2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">PLR (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.68 ± 4.62</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.91 ± 1.9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">15.0 ± 52.34</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">20.12 ± 10.41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">22.74 ± 16.76</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">16.83 ± 11.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">MLR</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.3 ± 0.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.2 ± 0.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.4 ± 0.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.5 ± 0.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.9 ± 0.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.6 ± 0.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">SIRI</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">18.5 ± 15.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">16.8 ± 17.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">36.1 ± 31.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">42.6 ± 19.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">82.4 ± 49.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">43.6 ± 24.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">AISI (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">379.3 ± 298.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">318.6 ± 295.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">596.7 ± 640.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">842.4 ± 448.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1392.3 ± 983.4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">849.2 ± 479.7</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">SIII (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">46.8 ± 39.6</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">46.7 ± 12.6</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">101.8 ± 96.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">171.3 ± 98.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">192.4 ± 156.1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">141.6 ± 100.01</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Troponin (ng/mL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">46.2 ± 234.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">35.5 ± 0.00</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7073.3 ± 8022.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3917.4 ± 5536.4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN5">
						<p>Data shows the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number of patients (n). (-) VS: absence of vasoplegic syndrome; (+) VS: presence of vasoplegic syndrome. CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; LMR: lymphocyte/monocyte ratio; NMR: neutrophil/monocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte/lymphocyte ratio; SIRI: systemic inflammatory response index; AISI: aggregate index of systemic inflammation; SII: systemic immuno-inflammation index.</p>
					</fn>
					<fn id="TFN6">
						<label>*</label>
						<p>p ≤ 0.05 vs (-) VS.</p>
					</fn>
					<attrib>Source: authors.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Increased neutrophil counts (p = 0.05) and increased NLR (p = 0.04) and PLR (p = 0.03) were observed up to 24 hours after CABG/CPB in VS patients compared to the non-VS group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>Between 24 and 48 hours after CABG/CPB, decreased neutrophil counts (p = 0.01) and reduced ratios of PLR (p = 0.02), MLR (p = 0.04) and SIRI (p = 0.02) were observed in VS patients compared to non-VS patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Reduced neutrophil count and SIRI ratio were confirmed by simple linear regression analyses (β = −0.2 and p = 0.01; β = −0.1 and p = 0.05, respectively).</p>
			<p>During the surgical procedure, patients who developed VS had significantly longer times on CPB (p = 0.02) and aortic clamping (p = 0.02) compared to those who did not develop the condition (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Linear regression analyses supported these findings, showing values of β = 0.10 and p = 0.03 for CPB time and β = 0.10 and p = 0.02 for aortic clamping time. However, there was no difference between the groups in terms of the number of bypasses performed, use of blood products, VAD, and ECV during surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t4">
				<label>Table 4</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Surgery characteristics</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Surgery characteristics</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(-) VS</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(+) VS</th>
							<th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mean ± SD or n (%)</th>
							<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Mean ± SD or n (%)</th>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Time on extracorporeal circulation (minutes)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">63.0 ± 17.8</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">79.5 ± 14.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic clamping time (minutes)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">44.2 ± 13.4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">56.7 ± 13.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Number of bypasses revascularized</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.3 ± 0.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 ± 0.8</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Blood products</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">137 (27.3)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (33.3)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.67</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Vasoactive drug(s)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">145 (28.9)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (50.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.36</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Electrical Cardioversion</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (7.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN7">
						<p>Data shows the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number of patients (n). (-) VS: absence of vasoplegic syndrome; (+) VS: presence of vasoplegic syndrome.</p>
					</fn>
					<fn id="TFN8">
						<label>*</label>
						<p>p≤0.05 vs (-) VS.</p>
					</fn>
					<attrib>Source: authors.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>During the hospitalization period in the cardiac ICU, there were no differences between the VS and non-VS groups in terms of the use of VAD development of AF, thrombocytopenia, delirium, acute renal failure, and/or the need for mechanical ventilation (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Material - Supplementary Table 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>At the end of hospitalization, 95.8% (n = 480) of non-VS patients and 83.3% (n = 5) in the VS group (p = 0.2) were discharged from hospital. The variation in length of stay after CABG until hospital discharge was similar in the groups analyzed (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Material - Supplementary Table 4</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Vasoplegia is a significant complication of cardiac surgery, with a prevalence ranging from 5 to 50% and possibly fatal. Our study indicates that a decreased number of monocytes and increased hematological ratios of LMR and NMR are associated with the development of vasoplegic syndrome (VS) 24 hours before undergoing CABG/CPB. Additionally, within 24 hours of the surgical procedure, coinciding with the onset of VS, an increased number of neutrophils and elevated NLR and PLR ratios were observed. Moreover, during CABG, the durations of both CPB and aortic clamping were prolonged in the VS group.</p>
			<p>The patient population in our study aligns with literature, indicating that individuals with CVDs requiring CABG/CPB are predominantly male, elderly, white, overweight, and hypertensive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, the well-established relationship between diabetes mellitus and smoking as risk factors for cardiac comorbidities<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> did not correlate with the emergence of VS in our study. Interestingly, a prior diagnosis of dyslipidemia was considered a protective factor against developing this complication. Research has shown a preference for statins in treating lipid imbalances, with additional benefits including improved endothelial function and reduced inflammatory markers. Therefore, prior statin use may be associated with a lower incidence of VS in patients with dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Despite smoking, hypertension, and diabetes not being associated with VS in our findings, patients with VS were typically older and exhibited similar gender distribution, consistent with existing literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In our study, the main indication for surgical revascularization of VS patients was STEMI. No data were found that could elucidate this condition. In cases of transmural involvement (STEMI), which entails greater tissue damage and subsequent inflammation, there is an increased recruitment of leukocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Therefore, our study suggests that STEMI patients who undergo surgery earlier may experience a more intense inflammatory response, potentially increasing the risk of developing VS. Additionally, we observed a trend towards a reduction in the time interval between the diagnosis of AMI and CABG/CPB in patients with VS, suggesting that any delay in surgical management following diagnosis did not impact the patient's outcome. However, no studies have explored this relationship thus far.</p>
			<p>While leukocyte ratios have been extensively studied for the diagnosis and prognosis of various tumors and, to a lesser extent, limb amputation cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> their use in CVDs is less documented. NLR, for example, has been associated with a poor prognosis in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury, low output syndrome, and prolonged mechanical ventilation following cardiac surgeries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> High PLR and red cell distribution width (RDW) values have also been identified as useful and independent risk factors for predicting postoperative ischemic stroke in CPB patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In our study, LMR and NMR were able to predict the occurrence of VS 24 hours before CABG/CPB. The reduction in LMR and NMR values was dependent on decreased circulating monocytes and related to the development of VS.</p>
			<p>The literature highlights the significant role of monocytes in CVD development, particularly in patients with comorbidities like hypertension and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Chronic systemic inflammation alters endothelial physiology, leading to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6, which activate circulating monocytes. Additionally, activated monocytes express inducible iNOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In inflammatory states, high levels of NO produced by iNOS contribute to protein nitration and nitrosylation, potentially contributing to cardiovascular disease development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Also, neutrophils were found to be predictors of vasoplegic complications as early as the next day following surgery. Our study revealed increased neutrophil levels in the VS group compared to the non-VS group, along with decreased lymphocyte counts in both evaluation periods. The immediate immune response to cardiac surgery involves neutrophil mobilization. In SIRS, there is suppression of neutrophil apoptosis with a consequent increase in neutrophils.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In this context, our study found that NLR was able to predict the main outcome after 24 hours of CABG/CPB, but not beyond such period. These findings align with studies by Cooper et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and Gurm et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> who demonstrated a significant association between increased neutrophil levels, reduced lymphocyte counts, and adverse outcomes including death and cardiac complications. No data regarding the development of VS and hematological ratios were found in the literature.</p>
			<p>Recently, Magoon et al. demonstrated an association between PLR and the development of VS, 24 hours before surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, our study revealed that this was associated with the development of vasoplegia only one day after CABG/CPB. Platelet count decreased on the first day after surgery and alternately increased on the second day for the VS group. This alternation can be reasoned by the use of intraoperative anticoagulant, as well as heparinization of the CPB circuit. However, during surgery, even in smaller numbers, platelets are activated by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, releasing the contents of α-granules. Thus, activated platelets stimulate the formation of thrombi, commonly associated with post-surgical complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Finally, we evaluated leukocyte parameters within 48 hours after CABG. Although the concept of VS is restricted to occurrence within 24 hours of cardiac surgery, we seek to understand the patient's inflammatory status for yet another 24 hours. In this context, neutrophils, PLR, MLR, and SIRI reflected an exacerbated inflammatory condition after CPB surgery. Patients with CVDs show chronic systemic inflammation, characterized by ongoing endothelial damage and leukocyte activation due to the impact of pre-existing comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In accordance with recent studies, we found that prolonged CPB and aortic clamping times are associated with VS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Vasoplegia may result from prolonged exposure of plasma proteases to the unlined CPB tubing, leading to activation of the inflammatory cascade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Patients with comorbidities have heightened secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased iNOS expression, predisposing them to a state of vasoplegia proportional to CPB and aortic clamping times.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
			<p>While conditions like acute kidney injury, arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation), thrombocytopenia, invasive mechanical ventilation use, and delirium are common after cardiac surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> none were observed in our study's VS patients.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Our study underscores the prognostic role of monocytes and the role of neutrophils in the evolution of VS in CABG/CPB patients for the first time in the literature. Increased hematological LMR and NMR were associated with vasoplegia 24 hours pre-surgery. Additionally, increased NLR and PLR 24 hours post-surgery were also related to VS.</p>
			<p>Considering the low cost, the use of hematological ratios in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries appears essential. Moreover, our study provides new insights into the discussion of this topic. It is important to note that while our study is unprecedented, it remains preliminary, and further studies should be conducted to strengthen our findings.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Study limitations</title>
				<p>The small sample size of patients who developed VS in our study may have been a limiting factor, as well as the incomplete recording of medical records. Furthermore, the lack of adequate materials for hemodynamic diagnosis of VS and the absence of practical management protocols for the condition are also factors that could compromise our results.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
				<p>This article is part of the course conclusion work submitted by Nicolas Ramos, from Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí under the protocol number 5.727.585. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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		<app-group>
			<app id="app1">
				<title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
				<p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcheartfailure.org/supplementary-material/2023/3/2023-0057_material_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
			</app>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evolução de Parâmetros Hematológicos em Pacientes com Vasoplegia após Cirurgia de Revascularização do Miocárdio</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-5008-2958</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1040-7987</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faé</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1259-6708</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hebeda</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina B.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0409-2163</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rocha</surname>
						<given-names>Franciani R. da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4298-8649</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacca</surname>
						<given-names>Caroline O. F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0170-7211</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gambetta</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo V.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio do Sul</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Médicas (NPCMed), Rio do Sul, SC – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Nicolas Ramos</bold> • Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí - NPCMed - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Médicas - R. Guilherme Gemballa, 13. CEP <postal-code>89160-932</postal-code>, Jardim América, Rio do Sul, SC - Brasil E-mail: <email>nicolas.ramos@unidavi.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>A utilização da circulação extracorpórea durante a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM/CEC) promove secreção de mediadores inflamatórios associados ao surgimento da síndrome vasoplégica (SV). Células sanguíneas atuam na amplificação de mecanismos enzimáticos relacionados ao desenvolvimento da SV, responsável por elevados índices de mortalidade.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p>Investigar possíveis alterações das razões hematológicas para avaliar a evolução da SV em pacientes submetidos à CRM/CEC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Estudo observacional analítico, do tipo coorte retrospectivo, com dados coletados a partir de prontuários médicos em um hospital referência no atendimento cardiológico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>SV esteve relacionada a valores diminuídos de monócitos (p = 0,02) 24 horas antes da CRM/CEC e a valores aumentados das razões linfócito/monócito (LMR) (p = 0,01) e neutrófilo/monócito (NMR) (p = 0,01) neste mesmo tempo. No período de 24 horas após a cirurgia cardíaca, valores aumentados de neutrófilos (p = 0,05) e das razões plaqueta/linfócito (PLR) (p = 0,03) e neutrófilo/linfócito (NLR) (p = 0,04) foram associados à SV. Entre 24 e 48 horas após a cirurgia, contagens de neutrófilos (p = 0,01), PLR (p = 0,02), MLR (p = 0,04) e índice de resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRI) (p = 0,02) encontraram-se diminuídas nos pacientes que evoluíram para vasoplegia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>A SV foi associada a (i) redução da contagem de monócitos e ao (ii) aumento das razões LMR e NMR 24 horas antes da CRM/CEC, (iii) ao aumento da contagem de neutrófilos e das razões (iv) PLR e MLR 24 horas depois da CRM/CEC. Nossos dados mostram diferentes alterações hematológicas em diferentes momentos após realização de CRM/CEC e destacam que novos estudos são fundamentais para permitir o emprego das razões hematológicas no acompanhamento dos pacientes submetidos à CRM/CEC.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Vasoplegia</kwd>
				<kwd>Inflamação</kwd>
				<kwd>Neutrófilos</kwd>
				<kwd>Monócitos</kwd>
				<kwd>Leucócitos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>No mundo, 17.9 milhões de pessoas morrem em decorrência de doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em casos graves, a doença arterial coronariana (DAC), a mais prevalente das DCVs, pode ser tratada com cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) associada ou não a circulação extracorpórea (CEC). Embora a combinação de CRM/CEC apresente bom prognóstico, estudos também demonstram associação com a síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A SIRS é caracterizada por resposta inflamatória de origem infecciosa, metabólica ou traumática. O contato do sangue com o circuito da CEC contribui para a ativação de vias imuno-inflamatórias. Altas concentrações de óxido nítrico (NO) produzidas via óxido nítrico-sintase induzida (iNOS) contribuem para a vasodilatação e para o aumento da permeabilidade vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Uma das consequências da SIRS é a síndrome vasoplégica (SV), caracterizada por hipotensão refratária, com pressão arterial média (PAM) inferior a 65 mmHg, resistente à fluidoterapia, associada a índice cardíaco ≥ 2,2 L/kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A SV é marcada por débito cardíaco normal ou aumentado e baixa resistência vascular sistêmica, resultando em hipoperfusão, que ocorre durante ou até 24 horas após a CEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A SV é responsável por alta morbimortalidade e afeta de 5 a 50% de todos os pacientes submetidos à CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A realização de cirurgias cardíacas combinadas, uso prévio de anti-hipertensivos ou antiarrítmicos, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo &lt; 35%, tempo aumentado de CEC e/ou clampeio da aorta, administração de hemoderivados e temperaturas centrais aumentadas durante <italic>bypass</italic> são fatores de risco para vasoplegia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A comunidade científica demonstra interesse em descobrir formas de avaliar o estado inflamatório do paciente para predizer eventos cardíacos adversos maiores e óbito em pacientes submetidos à CRM/CEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Assim, o cálculo de diferentes razões hematológicas, tais como razão neutrófilo-linfócito (NLR), razão plaqueta-linfócito (PLR), razão linfócito-monócito (LMR), razão neutrófilo-monócito (NMR), razão monócito-linfócito (MLR), índice agregado de inflamação sistêmica (AISI = plaqueta x monócito x neutrófilo/linfócito) e índice de inflamação imune sistêmica (SII = plaqueta x neutrófilo/linfócito), podem ser uma opção, especialmente pelo interessante custo/benefício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Portanto, no presente estudo foram realizadas análises retrospectivas para avaliar o potencial das contagens leucocitárias e razões hematológicas em predizer a SV e suas complicações pós-CRM/CEC.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Caracterização do estudo</title>
					<p>Estudo realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cardíaca de um hospital terciário de referência para o tratamento de DCVs na microrregião do Alto Vale do Itajaí - Santa Catarina– Brasil; entre os meses de abril/2018 e outubro/2022.</p>
					<p>A população foi constituída por pacientes que realizaram CRM/CEC, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos. Foram excluídos pacientes com uso prévio de corticosteroides ou imunomoduladores, com revascularização prévia e/ou realização de procedimentos cardíacos cirúrgicos combinados. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da UNIDAVI (parecer 5.727.585).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Coleta de dados</title>
					<p>Os dados foram coletados de prontuários médicos eletrônicos (Tasy<sup>®</sup>; Philips<sup>®</sup>, Amsterdam, Países Baixos), acessados a partir do relatório de pacientes submetidos à CRM. Posteriormente, foram identificados pelo número de atendimento, mantendo sigilo e anonimato.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Instrumento de pesquisa</title>
					<p>O instrumento de pesquisa elaborado pelos autores está descrito no <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Material Suplementar 1.1</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedimento cirúrgico</title>
					<p>Embora as cirurgias cardíacas não tenham sido acompanhadas diretamente pelos autores, a metodologia padrão empregada está descrita no <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Material Suplementar 1.2</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Síndrome vasoplégica</title>
					<p>Na instituição, o tratamento padrão para SV é realizado com azul de metileno, definido como critério diagnóstico de SV neste estudo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>A análise estatística foi realizada em software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®, versão 26.0; IBM®, Armonk, NY, EUA). A normalidade das variáveis quantitativas foi analisada pelo emprego do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Em seguida, se a distribuição dos dados foi normal, a comparação entre dois grupos foi realizada pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou pelo correspondente não paramétrico, o Teste U de Mann-Whitney. Para variáveis qualitativas foram empregados o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson (se casela n &gt; 5) ou o teste Exato de Fisher (se casela n &lt; 5). Ainda, foi realizada a análise de resíduos ajustados (ra &gt; 1,96). Por fim, as variáveis com significância estatística foram candidatas ao modelo de regressão logística linear. Valores de p ≤ 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Foram avaliados 608 prontuários digitais e, conforme a Diretriz Strobe 5,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foram considerados 507 prontuários (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Destes, 98,0% (n = 501) não evoluíram com SV, enquanto 2,0% (n = 6) desenvolveram SV no período analisado.</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fluxograma de elegibilidade da amostra.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-04-e20230057-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>A maioria dos participantes eram homens (74%) e brancos (95,3%). A idade média foi de 62,0 ± 9,3 anos. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado de acordo com as Diretrizes para o Tratamento do Sobrepeso e Obesidade em Adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Não foram observadas diferenças entre a idade e o IMC de pacientes com ou sem SV. Excetuando-se a dislipidemia (p = 0,02), todas as demais comorbidades descritas foram equivalentes entre os grupos estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características sociodemográficas e comorbidades dos pacientes</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="24%">
							<col width="1%"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Variáveis</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(-) SV</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(+) SV</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Média ± DP ou n (%)</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Média ± DP ou n (%)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">62,0 ± 9,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65,3 ± 6,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">Sexo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">130 (25,9)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (33,3)</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">371 (74,1)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">Raça</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Preto</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">1,00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Branco</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">477 (95,2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (100,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Pardo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">19 (3,8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Amarelo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (0,6)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m²)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27,6 ± 4,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">24,5 ± 2,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">178 (35,5)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hipertensão arterial sistêmica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">450 (89,8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66,7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">445 (88,8)<sup>ra = 2,9</sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (50,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Insuficiência cardíaca</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">112 (22,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,35</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">80 (16,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,59</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>Na tabela são apresentados os dados dos pacientes que apresentaram as respectivas comorbidades. Dados mostram a média ± desvio padrão (DP) ou o número de pacientes (n). (-) SV: ausência de síndrome vasoplégica; (+) SV: presença de síndrome vasoplégica. IMC: índice de massa corporal.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN10">
							<label>*</label>
							<p>p ≤ 0,05 vs (-) VS.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN10a">
							<p>ra: resíduos ajustados padronizados.</p>
						</fn>
						<attrib>Fonte: autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>A principal indicação de CRM entre os pacientes sem SV foi a angina instável (34,3%). Nos pacientes com SV, por outro lado, foi o infarto agudo sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST; 66,7%; p = 0,05). Apesar de os pacientes do grupo SV terem sido submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca mais precocemente, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos de acordo com o tempo médio entre o diagnóstico da síndrome coronariana e a realização do procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Indicação de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Indicação de CRM</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(-) SV</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(+) SV</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Média ± DP ou n (%)</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Média ± DP ou n (%)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Angina estável</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">159 (31,7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (16,7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,67</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Angina instável</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">172 (34,3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (16,7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,67</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IAMCSST</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (7,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IAMSSST</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">132 (26,3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Δt IAM-CRM (dias)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65,3 ± 128,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">42,7 ± 45,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,88</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN11">
							<p>Os dados mostram a média ± desvio padrão (DP) ou número de pacientes (n). (-) SV: ausência de síndrome vasoplégica; (+) SV: presença de síndrome vasoplégica. IAMCSST: infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; Δt IAM-CRM: variação de tempo entre o diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio e a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN12">
							<label>*</label>
							<p>p ≤ 0.05 vs (-) SV.</p>
						</fn>
						<attrib>Fonte: autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>As razões hematológicas foram calculadas para avaliar a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de SV nos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RVM. Vinte e quatro horas antes da CRM/CEC, a contagem de monócitos estava reduzida (p = 0,02) e as razões LMR e NMR estavam aumentadas (p = 0,01 e p = 0,01, respectivamente) no grupo SV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Para validar os achados 24 horas antes da cirurgia, foram realizadas análises de regressão linear, as quais confirmaram a redução no número de monócitos e aumento nas razões LMR e NMR (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Material Suplementar – Tabela Suplementar 2</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Razões hematológicas antes e depois da cirurgia cardíaca</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="14%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Parâmetros hematológicos</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">24 h antes da CRM</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">24 h depois da CRM</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Até 48 h depois da CRM</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" valign="middle">(-) SV</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">(+) SV</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">(-) SV</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">(+) SV</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">(-) SV</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">(+) SV</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Média ± DP</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Média ± DP</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Média ± DP</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Média ± DP</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Média ± DP</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Média ± DP</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrófilos (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">57,4 ± 10,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">59,3 ± 6,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">76,7 ± 8,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">83,0 ± 5,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">81,8 ± 6,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">68,7 ± 34,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Linfócitos (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">29,8 ± 8,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">28,5 ± 7,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">16,1 ± 7,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">11,0 ± 4,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9,6 ± 4,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9,0 ± 5,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Monócitos (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8,3 ± 2,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6,2 ± 4,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5,7 ± 2,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5,0 ± 2,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7,9 ± 2,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 ± 3,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">209,4 ± 63,02</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">220,8 ± 63,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">163,3 ± 77,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">187,8 ± 38,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">170,4 ± 80,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">162,4 ± 82,6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NLR</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2,3 ± 2,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2,3 ± 1,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6,2 ± 4,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8,6 ± 3,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">11,4 ± 7,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7,1 ± 4,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LMR</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 ± 2,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9,4 ± 10,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 ± 3,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,0 ± 3,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,3 ± 0,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,4 ± 0,8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NMR</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7,4 ± 3,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">17,6 ± 19,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">17,7 ± 13,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20,4 ± 11,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">12,2 ± 8,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">11,3 ± 7,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PLR (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7,68 ± 4,62</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7,91 ± 1,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">15,0 ± 52,34</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20,12 ± 10,41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">22,74 ± 16,76</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">16,83 ± 11,15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">MLR</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,3 ± 0,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,2 ± 0,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,4 ± 0,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,5 ± 0,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,9 ± 0,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,6 ± 0,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">SIRI</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18,5 ± 15,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">16,8 ± 17,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">36,1 ± 31,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">42,6 ± 19,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">82,4 ± 49,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">43,6 ± 24,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">AISI (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">379,3 ± 298,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">318,6 ± 295,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">596,7 ± 640,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">842,4 ± 448,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1392,3 ± 983,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">849,2 ± 479,7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">SIII (×10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">46,8 ± 39,6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">46,7 ± 12,6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">101,8 ± 96,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">171,3 ± 98,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">192,4 ± 156,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">141,6 ± 100,01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Troponina (ng/mL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">46,2 ± 234,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">35,5 ± 0,00</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7073,3 ± 8022,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3917,4 ± 5536,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN13">
							<p>Os dados mostram a média ± desvio padrão (DP) ou número de pacientes (n). (-) SV: ausência de síndrome vasoplégica; (+) SV: presença de síndrome vasoplégica. CRM: cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio; NLR: razão neutrófilo/linfócito; LMR: razão linfócitos/monócito; NMR: razão neutrófilo/monócito; PLR: razão plaqueta/linfócito; MLR: razão monócito/linfócito; SIRI: índice de resposta inflamatória sistêmica; AISI: índice agregado de inflamação sistêmica; SII: índice de imuno-inflamação sistêmica.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN14">
							<label>*</label>
							<p>p ≤ 0.05 vs (-) SV.</p>
						</fn>
						<attrib>Fonte: autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Aumento nas contagens de neutrófilos (p = 0,05) e das razões NLR (p = 0,04) e PLR (p = 0,03) foram observadas até 24 horas após CRM/CEC nos pacientes SV em relação ao grupo não SV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>Entre 24 e 48 horas pós CRM/CEC, foi observada contagem diminuída de neutrófilos (p = 0,01) e razões reduzidas de PLR (p = 0,02), MLR (p = 0,04) e SIRI (p = 0,02) em pacientes SV em comparação aos pacientes não SV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). As reduções na contagem de neutrófilos e na razão SIRI foram confirmados por análises de regressão linear simples (β = −0,2 e p = 0,01; β = −0,1 e p = 0,05, respectivamente).</p>
				<p>Durante o procedimento cirúrgico, o tempo em CEC (p = 0,02) e o tempo de clampeio da aorta (p = 0,02) foram aumentados nos pacientes com SV, comparados aos pacientes que não desenvolveram a condição (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Análises de regressão linear confirmaram os achados com valores de β = 0,10 e p = 0,03 para tempo de CEC e com β = 0,10 e p = 0,02 para tempo de clampeio da aorta. Em relação ao número de pontes realizadas e/ou uso de hemoderivados, DVA e CVE durante a cirurgia, não houve diferença entre os grupos de pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t8">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características da cirurgia</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Características da cirurgia</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(-) SV</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">(+) SV</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Média ± DP ou n (%)</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Média ± DP ou n (%)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 501</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n = 6</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo em circulação extracorpórea (minutos)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">63,0 ± 17,8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">79,5 ± 14,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de clampeio da aorta (minutos)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">44,2 ± 13,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">56,7 ± 13,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Número de pontes revascularizadas</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,3 ± 0,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 ± 0,8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoderivados</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">137 (27,3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (33,3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,67</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Droga(s) vasoativa(s)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">145 (28,9)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (50,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardioversão elétrica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (7,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN15">
							<p>Os dados mostram a média ± desvio padrão (DP) ou número de pacientes (n). (-) SV: ausência de síndrome vasoplégica; (+) SV: presença de síndrome vasoplégica.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN16">
							<label>*</label>
							<p>p≤0.05 vs (-) SV.</p>
						</fn>
						<attrib>Fonte: autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>No período de internação na UTI cardíaca, não houve diferença entre os grupos SV e não SV para o uso de DVA, desenvolvimento de FA, plaquetopenia, <italic>delirium,</italic> insuficiência renal aguda e/ou necessidade de ventilação mecânica (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Material Suplementar - Tabela Suplementar 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>Ao final da internação, 95,8% (n = 480) dos pacientes não SV e 83,3% (n = 5) no grupo SV (p = 0,2) receberam alta hospitalar. A variação de tempo de internação após a CRM até a alta hospitalar foi semelhante nos grupos analisados (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Material Suplementar - Tabela Suplementar 4</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A vasoplegia é uma complicação importante da cirurgia cardíaca, com prevalência variável de 5 a 50% e que pode ser fatal. Nosso estudo mostra que números diminuídos de monócitos e aumento nas razões hematológicas LMR e NMR estão relacionadas com o desenvolvimento da SV, 24 horas antes da realização da CRM/CEC. Em até 24 horas do procedimento cirúrgico, ainda fazendo referência ao tempo de instalação da SV, foi observado valor aumentado de neutrófilos e das razões NLR e PLR. Ademais, durante a CRM, o tempo em CEC e o tempo de clampeio da aorta foram aumentados no grupo SV.</p>
				<p>A população avaliada em nosso estudo está de acordo com a literatura, que mostra que pacientes com DCVs e necessidade de CRM/CEC são majoritariamente homens, idosos, brancos, com sobrepeso e hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Já está bem consolidada a relação entre o diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> e o tabagismo como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de comorbidades cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, em nosso estudo, estas informações não foram relacionadas ao surgimento de SV. O diagnóstico prévio de dislipidemia foi considerado um fator de proteção para o desenvolvimento de tal complicação. Estudos têm demonstrado a preferência por estatinas para o tratamento do desequilíbrio lipídico corporal e, adicionalmente, ocorre melhora da função endotelial e diminuição de marcadores inflamatórios. Neste sentido, o uso prévio de estatinas pode estar relacionado à diminuição da ocorrência de SV nos pacientes com dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Apesar de o tabagismo, a HAS e o DM não apresentarem associação com a SV em nossos achados, os pacientes com esta condição apresentaram idade avançada e similaridade entre os sexos, concordante com dados encontrados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em nosso estudo, a principal indicação de revascularização cirúrgica dos pacientes SV foi o IAMSSST. Não foram encontrados dados que pudessem elucidar esta condição. No acometimento transmural (IAMCSST), a maior lesão tecidual e a consequente inflamação aumentam o recrutamento leucocitário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Assim, em nosso estudo, é possível sugerir que o IAMSSST foi operado mais precocemente, momento em que a resposta inflamatória poderia estar mais intensa, aumentando, consequentemente, o risco de SV. Ademais, mostramos tendência de redução na variação de tempo entre o diagnóstico do IAM e a realização da CRM/CEC nos pacientes com SV, indicando que o atraso entre o diagnóstico e a conduta cirúrgica não afetou a evolução do paciente. Não foram encontrados estudos sobre esta relação.</p>
				<p>O uso e a importância das relações leucocitárias têm sido amplamente investigados para diagnóstico e prognóstico de uma grande diversidade de tumores e, em menores proporções, para casos de amputação de membros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora poucos estudos demonstram o uso destas relações nas DCVs, a relação NLR foi associada ao pior prognóstico para fibrilação atrial, injúria renal aguda, síndrome de baixo débito e ventilação mecânica prolongada nas cirurgias cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Altos valores de PLR e do RDW (<italic>red cell distribution width</italic>) foram considerados fatores de risco úteis e independentes para a previsão de AVC isquêmico pós-operatório em pacientes que utilizaram CEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a LMR e a NMR foram capazes de predizer a ocorrência de SV 24 horas antes da CRM/CEC. A redução nos valores de LMR e de NMR foram dependentes da diminuição de monócitos circulantes e foi relacionada ao desenvolvimento de SV.</p>
				<p>A literatura tem mostrado o papel chave dos monócitos no desenvolvimento das DCVs, especialmente em pacientes com comorbidades como HAS e processos ateroscleróticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Um estado de inflamação sistêmica crônica é responsável por alterar a fisiologia endotelial, aumentando a secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como TNF-alfa, IL-1 e IL-6, com consequente ativação de monócitos circulantes. Além disso, os monócitos expressam iNOS mediante ativação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em condições inflamatórias, altas concentrações de NO, geradas via iNOS, contribuem para nitração e nitrosilação de proteínas e na gênese de DCVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Já no primeiro dia após a cirurgia, os neutrófilos foram preditores de complicação vasoplégica. Em nosso estudo foram encontrados neutrófilos aumentados no grupo SV em relação ao grupo não SV, e linfócitos diminuídos em ambos os períodos de avaliação. A resposta imunológica imediata na cirurgia cardíaca é caracterizada pela mobilização dos neutrófilos. Na SIRS, ocorre supressão da apoptose neutrofílica com consequente aumento de neutrófilos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Neste contexto, em nosso estudo, a NLR foi capaz de predizer o desfecho principal avaliado após 24 horas da CRM/CEC, mas não após esse período. Nossos achados corroboram os estudos de Cooper et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e Gurm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> que demonstraram uma associação significativa entre o aumento de neutrófilos e a redução de linfócitos com morte e complicações cardíacas. Não foram encontrados dados na literatura com relação ao desenvolvimento de SV e relações hematológicas.</p>
				<p>Recentemente, Magoon et al. demonstraram associação entre PLR e o desenvolvimento de SV, 24 horas antes da cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Entretanto, nosso estudo revelou que esta razão esteve associada ao desenvolvimento de vasoplegia somente um dia após a CRM/CEC. A contagem de plaquetas apresentou queda no primeiro dia após a cirurgia e, alternadamente, elevou-se no segundo dia no grupo SV. Esta alternância pode ser explicada pela utilização de anticoagulante intraoperatório, bem como da heparinização do circuito da CEC. No entanto, durante a cirurgia, mesmo em menor número, as plaquetas são ativadas pela secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, liberando o conteúdo dos grânulos-α. Deste modo, plaquetas ativadas estimulam a formação de trombos, comumente associados a complicações pós-cirúrgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por fim, avaliamos os parâmetros leucocitários em até 48 horas após a CRM. Apesar do conceito de SV restringir-se a ocorrência em até 24 horas da cirurgia cardíaca, buscamos compreender o estado inflamatório do paciente por mais 24 horas. Neste contexto, neutrófilos, PLR, MLR e SIRI refletiram uma condição inflamatória exacerbada após a cirurgia com CEC. Pacientes com DCVs apresentam um quadro de inflamação sistêmica crônica, caracterizada pela constante lesão endotelial e ativação leucocitária decorrente do impacto das comorbidades pré-cirúrgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Consonante com estudos recentes, identificamos que o tempo prolongado de CEC e de clampeio da aorta são fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da SV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A vasoplegia pode ser consequência do maior tempo de exposição das proteases plasmáticas à ausência de revestimento endotelial do tubo, promovendo ativação da cascata inflamatória.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Pacientes com comorbidades apresentam secreção exacerbada de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e expressão aumentada de iNOS, predispondo ao estado de vasoplegia proporcional ao tempo em CEC e de clampeio da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Embora condições inflamatórias como injúria renal aguda, arritmias, especialmente fibrilação atrial, plaquetopenia, uso da ventilação mecânica invasiva e <italic>delirium</italic> são frequentemente observadas após cirurgias cardíacas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> em nosso estudo essas condições não foram encontradas nos pacientes SV.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>De maneira inédita, o presente estudo destaca o papel dos monócitos no prognóstico e dos neutrófilos na evolução da SV em pacientes submetidos à CRM/CEC. As relações hematológicas LMR e NMR aumentadas foram associadas à vasoplegia 24 horas antes da cirurgia. Adicionalmente, NLR e PLR aumentados 24 horas depois da cirurgia também estiveram relacionadas à condição.</p>
				<p>Dentro deste contexto, a utilização de razões hematológicas no pós-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas parece indispensável, essencialmente pelo baixo custo à instituição. Ademais, o estudo acrescenta novas perspectivas à discussão do tema. Destacamos que nosso estudo, apesar de inédito, é ainda preliminar e novos estudos serão conduzidos para reforçar nossos achados.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>A pequena amostra que desenvolveu SV em nosso estudo pode ter sido uma condição limitante, assim como o registro inconcluso dos prontuários. Adicionalmente, a indisposição de materiais suficientes para o diagnóstico hemodinâmico da SV e a carência de prática do manejo da condição também são fatores capazes de comprometer nossos resultados.</p>
				</sec>
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		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo é parte de trabalho de conclusão de curso de Nicolas Ramos pelo Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí sob o número de protocolo 5.727.585. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<app-group>
				<app id="app2">
					<title>*Material suplementar</title>
					<p>Para informação adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcheartfailure.org/supplementary-material/2023/3/2023-0057_material_suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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			</app-group>
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	</sub-article>
</article>