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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230081</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230081</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cardiovascular Diseases in Oncological Patients Treated at a Tertiary Hospital in the Northern Macroregion of Rio Grande do Sul</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1336-8763</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lorencini</surname><given-names>Gabriel Amaral</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8966-4326</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rabello</surname><given-names>Renata dos Santos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Passo Fundo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul - Campus Passo Fundo - Curso de Graduação em Medicina, Passo Fundo, RS – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriel Amaral Lorencini •</bold> Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul - Campus Passo Fundo - Curso de Graduação em Medicina - Rua Capitão Araújo, 20. Postal Code <postal-code>99010-200</postal-code>, Centro, Passo Fundo, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>gbrlorencini@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230081</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>15</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>16</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Cancers (CAs) are related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), mainly due to the cardiotoxicity of oncological therapies (OTs).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>Analyze and describe the CVDs that affect oncological patients (OPs) before and after the diagnosis of CA.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>This is a retrospective cohort study carried out with OPs from a Tertiary Hospital in the Northern Macroregion of Rio Grande do Sul, in which data was obtained from medical records dated between 2011 and 2020, which were analyzed using statistical techniques, mainly with the objective of determining the prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with CVDs.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The sample included 250 OPs distributed over 10 years. Regarding CVDs, prevalence and incidence were, respectively, 47.6% and 13.6%. It was noted the predominance, in the previous conditions, of systemic arterial hypertension (67.7%) and, in the incident disorders, of deep vein thrombosis (30.6%). The total incidence was associated with male sex (p=0.003), smoking (p=0.023) and metabolic (p=0.025) and pulmonary (p=0.047) comorbidities. The incidence after the start of OT was linked to radiotherapy (p=0.015) and chemotherapy (p=0.011), in particular, fluorouracil (p=0.025) and oxaliplatin (p=0.033).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusions:</title>
<p>The relationship between CAs and CVDs has become clear, highlighting the importance of promoting the progress of cardio-oncology, especially with the aim of providing better therapeutic perspectives for OPs.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
<kwd>Radiation injuries</kwd>
<kwd>Chemically-induced disorders</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="37"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>In several countries, population aging has become clear, mainly due to the decrease in the fertility rate and the increase in life expectancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This panorama had a significant impact on the health of the population, considering that the elderly often have a higher global burden of diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this way, a rise in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancers (CAs) could be noted, standing out in the context of chronic non-communicable diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>At the same time, there was an evolution in medical sciences, which resulted in a decline in mortality rates from the conditions mentioned above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In view of this, for example, an increase in the survival of oncological patients (OPs) was observed, who began to be more frequently affected by CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Faced with this situation, such disorders highlighted the existence of unexplored pathophysiological relationships, which supported the development of new scientific works.</p>
<p>Therefore, it was possible to recognize that the elucidated diseases interact mainly due to shared risk factors, the impact of malignancy on the cardiovascular system, and the cardiotoxicity of oncological therapies (OTs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this reality, cardio-oncology was designed, that is, a multidisciplinary field focused on understanding cardiotoxic mechanisms, preventing, detecting, and managing cardiovascular repercussions, and enhancing therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, it is important to highlight that there is still a significant gap in scientific production in the cardio-oncological sphere compared to other medical specialties. This is largely due to the delay in the development of studies focused on the topic, which can be exemplified by the circumstance that the first report of CVD associated with OT was only published in 1967.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Given the information presented, the research in explanation was established, with the purpose of expanding and disseminating knowledge linked to the cardio-oncological domain, specifically through the investigation of CVDs that affected the OPs of a Tertiary Hospital in the Northern Macroregion of Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<p>This is a retrospective cohort study carried out at the Hospital de Clínicas de Passo Fundo, in Rio Grande do Sul, between August 2022 and July 2023, with the objective of analyzing and describing CVDs developed before and after the diagnosis of CA by OPs treated between January 2011 and December 2020.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230081-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In the interval in question, a total of 5392 OPs were identified. Given this, it became imperative to determine the appropriate sample size for the research. Therefore, the OpenEpi v3.01 software (free distribution) was used, considering a CVD rate in the population of 20%, a sampling error of 5%, and a confidence interval of 95%, which resulted in a set of 246 OPs, which was adjusted to 250 OPs due to the possibility of loss of information.</p>
<p>In parallel, a simple probabilistic sampling was defined, and, using the LibreOffice Calc v7.6.0 software (free distribution), a random selection algorithm was applied to the sample contingent, which culminated in an ordered list of 500 OPs. Then, a collection was established through the analysis of medical records, aiming to reach a sample of 250 OPs randomly distributed over 10 years.</p>
<p>It is important to emphasize that individuals of both sexes and all age groups who were diagnosed with at least one type of CA were included in accordance with Classes C00-C96 of Chapter II of the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. In this context, it is worth highlighting that the exclusion was directed at those who had incomplete histories and/or incorrect diagnoses.</p>
<p>From the medical records, priority was given to extracting the variables: sex (female or male); age (&lt; 60 years or ≥ 60 years); skin color (white or non-white); macroregion (north or non-north); smoking (smoking or non-smoking); co­morbidities (cardiovascular, metabolic and pulmonary); CAs (nomenclature, staging, follow-up, and outcome); exposure to OTs (modality, protocol and start and end dates); and incidence of CVDs (description and date of diagnosis).</p>
<p>Sequentially, the information obtained was double entered and processed in the EpiData v3.1 software (free distribution), and after that, statistical analysis was conducted in the PSPP v2.0.0 software (free distribution). At this stage, the purpose was to characterize the OPs based on the absolute and relative frequencies of qualitative variables and measures of dispersion and central tendency of quantitative variables; detail CVDs through prevalence and incidence rates; and identify the factors associated with CVDs, using Pearson’s Chi-Square Test and Fischer’s Exact Test, approaching a significance level of 5%.</p>
<p>Ultimately, it is important to note that the scientific production highlighted constitutes an excerpt from the project entitled &quot;Prevalence of Neoplasms in the Rural Population and Associated Factors&quot;, which was submitted to the Ethics Committee in Research with Human Beings of the Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, being approved by Opinion No. 5,180,104, which complies with Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>It was necessary to analyze 397 medical records to include a sample of 250 OPs. In this overview, it is necessary to mention that 147 OPs were removed according to the exclusion criteria. Furthermore, it is worth noting that 103 OPs were discarded due to the interruption of collection after obtaining the sample size. For a better understanding, such information was integrated and sequenced in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Sample selection flowchart.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230081-gf02.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Own (2023).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Among the validated OPs, it was noted that 55.6% were male sex, 54.0% were aged ≥ 60 years, 96.8% had white skin color, and 98.8% were from the Northern Macroregion of Rio Grande do Sul. Regarding CAs, it was found that 57.6% were diagnosed between 2011 and 2015, while 42.4% were discovered between 2016 and 2020. In this circumstance, there was a predominance of CAs of the breast (14.0%), prostate (10.8%), rectum (7.6%), kidney (6.8%), and non-melanoma skin (6.4%).</p>
<p>During the exploratory analysis, it was found that 119 OPs had pre-existing CVDs, which determined a total prevalence of 47.6%. In this context, a total of 158 CVDs were observed, with emphasis on systemic arterial hypertension (SAH; 67.7%), heart arrhythmia (HA; 6.3%), ischemic heart disease (IHD; 5.7%), congestive heart failure (CHF; 4.4%), and peripheral arterial disease (PAD; 3.2%). It is worth pointing out that these CVDs had, respectively, specific prevalences of 42.8%, 4.0%, 3.6%, 2.8%, and 2.0%.</p>
<p>In general, research considers SAH as a cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) instead of CVD, mainly due to its chronic nature. Because of this, a particular analysis of CVDs was carried out, excluding SAH. As a result, 42 OPs were affected, which defined a prevalence of 16.8%. It is important to emphasize that the decision was made to present the prevalence with and without SAH, as this disorder would be addressed in diagnoses subsequent to CA.</p>
<p>In addition, it was possible to verify that 34 OPs developed CVD after CA, defining a total incidence of 13.6%. In this panorama, there were a total of 36 CVDs, of which deep vein thrombosis (DVT; 30.6%), pulmonary embolism (PE; 13.9%), SAH (11.1%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI; 8.3%) and CHF (8.3%) were the most frequent. It should be noted that these CVDs included, respectively, specific incidences of 4.4%, 2.0%, 1.6%, 1.2% and 1.2%.</p>
<p>Based on this information, the aim was to identify the sociodemographic, behavioral, and epidemiological characteristics data of the OPs that were related to the incidence of CVDs. Thus, it became clear that there were statistically significant differences regarding male sex, smoking, and metabolic and pulmonary comorbidities, as indicated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Sociodemographic, behavioral, and epidemiological characteristics related to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (n=250)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Patients with incident cardiovascular diseases (n=34)</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Patients without incident cardiovascular diseases (n=216)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Male sex</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">112</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Age ≥ 60 years</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">114</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">84.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.328<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Smoking</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cardiovascular comorbidities</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">101</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">84.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.502<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Metabolic comorbidities</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">77.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary comorbidities</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">63.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">†</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Previous exposure to oncological therapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">90.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.748<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">†</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Current exposure to oncological therapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">203</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">85.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.225<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">†</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><label>*</label> <p>Pearson’s Chi-Square Test.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>†</label> <p>Fisher’s Exact Test.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN3"><label>‡</label> <p>Variable with statistical significance (p&lt;0.05).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Additionally, a temporal perspective was established based on the difference between the OT start dates and CVD diagnosis dates for the 34 OPs with incident CVDs. Therefore, it was found that 1 OP demonstrated an interval of -2.7 months, which indicated a CVD prior to OT, which was investigated and revealed, as an exception, a pathogenesis linked to pericardial metastasis.</p>
<p>In this scenario, it was concluded that 33 OPs developed CVDs after the start of OT. Therefore, it was found that the time until the diagnosis of CVD was, on average, 26.8 months (±29.2; 0.6-95.3). From this, the aim was to elucidate the OTs related to the incidence of CVDs. Consequently, statistical significance was evidenced for submission to radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), which can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Oncological therapies related to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (n=250)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Patients with incident cardiovascular diseases after starting oncological therapy (n=33)</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Patients without incident cardiovascular diseases after starting oncological therapy (n=217)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Surgery</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">143</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">88.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.204<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Radiotherapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">79.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Chemotherapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">87</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Hormone therapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">89.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.526<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Target therapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">72.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.052<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">†</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4"><label>*</label> <p>Pearson’s Chi-Square Test.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN5"><label>†</label> <p>Fisher’s Exact Test.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN6"><label>‡</label> <p>Variable with statistical significance (p&lt;0.05).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Considering that CT exhibited a value of p&lt;0.05, the investigation of exclusively chemotherapy drugs (ECDs) was deepened, with the purpose of exploring the association with the incidence of CVDs. From this perspective, it was possible to identify significant results regarding fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. It is worth highlighting that these substances represented 31.3% of ECDs and 23.8% of all antineoplastic drugs (ADs) administered in this subsample of OPs.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Exclusively chemotherapy drugs related to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (n=250)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Patients with incident cardiovascular diseases after starting oncological therapy (n=33)</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Patients without incident cardiovascular diseases after starting oncological therapy (n=217)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Capecitabine</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.626</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Carboplatin</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">93.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.703</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cyclophosphamide</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">81.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.506</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Cisplatin</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.266</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Dacarbazine</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.347</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Docetaxel</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">85.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.734</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Doxorubicin</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">81.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.506</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Etoposide</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.247</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Fluorouracil</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">73.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">†</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Gemcitabine</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">87.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Irinotecan</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.131</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Oxaliplatin</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">†</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Paclitaxel</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">90.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.748</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Vinblastine</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.247</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Vincristine</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.051</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN7"><label>*</label> <p>Fisher’s Exact Test.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN8"><label>†</label> <p>Variable with statistical significance (p&lt;0.05).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Finally, it is important to know that, in order to elucidate the analysis in question, the most pertinent results were reorganized and presented in the Central Illustration.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The study described revealed a total prevalence of CVD of 47.6% in OPs, which was higher than scientific references. For example, Youn et al. and Battisti et al. reported, respectively, previous CVDs in 11.3% and 16.2% of OPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Therefore, it is worth pointing out that the discrepancy in relation to the result obtained arises from the inclusion of SAH in the current analysis, which was addressed as FRC in the studies elucidated. Given this, the calculation excluding SAH was emphasized, which resulted in a rate of 16.8%, which approached the upper limit of the range in question.</p>
<p>In the research in evidence, the predominance of SAH was noted, with a specific prevalence of 42.8%. This condition was followed by HA, IHD, CHF, and PAD, which manifested, respectively, rates of 4.0%, 3.6%, 2.8%, and 2.0%.</p>
<p>In reference to SAH, Paterson et al. described a prevalence of 31.7% in OPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Even though it showed a considerable percentage, the value displayed was lower than that obtained in the current assessment. This difference may be linked to the predominance of individuals aged ≥ 60 years in the current research since this parameter is associated with the elucidated disease, especially due to arterial stiffening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the scope of HA, previous descriptions are limited, and it is possible to find information associated, above all, with atrial fibrillation (AF). Therefore, it is possible to mention that Hu et al. showed AF as the underlying disease in 2.4% of OPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Although it is unfeasible to generalize the rate in question, a comparative view can be established, considering that AF constitutes the most common HA in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Thus, it is noted that the number achieved does not differ substantially from the literature.</p>
<p>With regard to IHD, CHF, and PAD, it is worth recapitulating the studies by Youn et al. and Battisti et al., who respectively addressed specific prevalences 7.4%, 1.9% and 1.5% and 10.2%, 3.4% and 3.3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this circumstance, it appears that only IHD was not included in the range defined by the studies mentioned above, distancing itself by 3.8% from the lower limit. This may be linked to both the characteristics of the population and the methodology of the work being explained.</p>
<p>Additionally, a total incidence of CVDs of 13.6% in OPs was noted, which proved to be compatible with the literature. As an example, Youn et al. reported that 15.7% of OPs acquired CVD after CA, while Keegan et al. showed this occurrence in only 2.8% of OPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, it is worth noting that such research differs in terms of age group (20-85 years vs. 15-39 years), which justifies this percentage variation. In this context, it should be noted that the present study included all age groups, which supports the approximation to the rate of the broader work.</p>
<p>In the evaluation being elucidated, the predominance of DVT was highlighted, which presented a specific incidence of 4.4%. This disorder was followed by PE, SAH, AMI, and CHF, which sequentially included rates of 2.0%, 1.6%, 1.2% and 1.2%.</p>
<p>Regarding DVT and PE, it is noteworthy that there is a joint description in the literature, referred to as venous thromboembolism (VTE). This condition is frequently reported in cardio-oncology, as CAs are an independent risk factor for VTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As evidence of this, the study conducted by Sallah et al. confirmed the presence of VTE in 7.8% of OPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> From this perspective, it is observed that the result obtained in the present analysis is consistent with the emphasized production.</p>
<p>In relation to SAH, Fraeman et al. reported an incidence of 32.2% in OPs, considering a recent onset disorder of any nature. This rate decreased as severity increased, being evident in severe hypertension and hypertensive crisis, in due order, 12.4% and 2.8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In view of this, it is noted that the value found in the current research is close to the most severe conditions, which implies the formulation of a hypothesis of underdiagnosis of mild and moderate conditions, which cannot be confirmed due to the limitations of secondary data analysis.</p>
<p>From the IAM perspective, it is worth highlighting the study conducted by Patlolla et al. which verified current and previous CAs, respectively, in 2.5% and 4.6% of patients hospitalized due to this CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Therefore, it is noted that the incidence of AMI is higher in individuals with previous CA, which may justify the lower rate obtained in the current analysis, since it was carried out in a short period, making the evaluation of long-term manifestations unfeasible.</p>
<p>In the context of CHF, Youn et al. scored an incidence of 4.2% in OPs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this way, the current research demonstrated a considerably lower result, which may be related to the criteria used to identify this disorder in medical records, considering that complications may have more of the main diagnosis, in particular, in patients who followed death.</p>
<p>Given the understanding of incident CVDs, we sought to investigate the factors associated with the incidence of CVDs in OPs, which allowed the identification of significant differences in relation to male sex (p=0.003), smoking (p=0.023) and metabolic (p =0.025) and pulmonary (p=0.047) comorbidities.</p>
<p>In relation to the male sex, Keegan et al. also reported a propensity for CVDs in OPs; however, as reported in a previous section, this analysis was limited to adolescents and young adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, the current research expanded the perspective of comparison by including all age groups. In these circumstances, it should be noted that the elucidated result may be linked to the tendency for men to exhibit a greater number of FRCs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Furthermore, there is the possibility of this phenomenon occurring due to specific CAs, such as prostate CA, in which androgen deprivation therapy is used, which, in turn, predisposes the appearance of CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>In reference to smoking, there is a strong association with CVD in the literature. This is related both to the substances in tobacco, such as nicotine, which activates the sympathetic nervous system, and to the by-products of cigarette combustion, such as oxidizing particles that result in inflammation, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> From this perspective, the factor in question provides a favorable scenario for CVDs, which is accentuated by the implications of CA. This reality was confirmed by Kenfield et al., who analyzed patients with prostate CA and described that smokers had a higher risk of mortality from CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>Regarding metabolic and pulmonary comorbidities, it is highlighted that scientific studies indicate a panorama of shared repercussions, such as low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, which contribute incisively to the development of CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> From this perspective, it is relevant to highlight, for example, the research conducted by Oh et al., in which it was observed that survivors of CA with diabetes showed a higher risk of incident CVD, which reinforces the findings of the analysis being elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>When evaluating current exposure to OT, no significant association was observed in relation to the incidence of CVDs (p=0.225). Therefore, a new analysis was carried out segmenting the therapeutic modalities, which made it possible to confer statistical significance concerning RT (p=0.015) and CT (p=0.011). These results are corroborated by cardio-oncological productions, such as the research conducted by Mulrooney et al., which revealed that exposure to cardiac radiation and anthracyclines substantially increased the relative risk of CVD in CA survivors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the scenario in question, it appears that OTs favor CVDs, mainly due to cardiotoxicity, that is, the ability to promote harmful effects on the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Therefore, it is possible to notice disorders in the blood vessels and heart that eventually progress to ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In this logic, ADs are addressed more frequently, due to the variety of clinical repercussions, not limited to anthracyclines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
<p>Given the understanding of cardiotoxicity, an attempt was made to evaluate the ADs administered to OPs with incident CVDs. For this purpose the investigation of ECDs was emphasized, as the results were significant for CT. Therefore, statistical relevance was observed for fluorouracil (p=0.025) and oxaliplatin (p=0.033).</p>
<p>Fluorouracil is an antimetabolite that exerts cytotoxic action on CAs, mainly through the inhibition of thymidylate synthase, which acts in the formation of thymidine, which, in turn, is vital in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> However, there is a direct relationship with CVDs, which was highlighted, as an example, in the study conducted by Peng et al., which revealed the presence of cardiotoxic manifestations, such as IHD and HA, in 25.0% of OPs that used the substance in explanation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
<p>On the other hand, oxaliplatin is an alkylating agent whose activity is mainly associated with the formation of cross-links in polynucleotide chains, which results in the interruption of DNA replication and, therefore, the destruction of CAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In the context of platinum-based drugs, oxaliplatin is predominantly linked to neurotoxicity and less frequently associated with cardiovascular toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> However, it is noteworthy that this substance is commonly combined with fluorouracil and folinic acid, particularly in patients with colorectal CA, which may have led to an equivocal result in the analysis in evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
<p>It should also be noted that anthracyclines, represented essentially by doxorubicin, did not show substantial differences in the current research (p=0.506). This may be related to the fact that the investigation of the cardiotoxicity of these ADs supported the development of cardio-oncology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this way, such cardiotoxic mechanisms were understood early, which allowed the formulation and dissemination of preventive strategies, which provided a lower cardiovascular impact, as evidenced in the results mentioned above.</p>
<p>Based on the information recorded, the complexity of preventing, detecting, and managing CVDs in OPs becomes apparent, since there is a multifactorial etiology that encompasses individual characteristics and therapeutic particularities. In this context, the implementation of cardiovascular monitoring is vital, especially after submission to OTs, since the identification of CVDs in reversible phases can favor the prognosis of OPs.</p>
<p>Finally, it is important to highlight that the research in evidence was conducted based on medical records and, therefore, is exposed to the limitations inherent to the secondary data approach. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing the possibility of selection and information biases, as such documents may contain incomplete records and, in addition, incorporate the subjective interpretation of the employees responsible for filling them out. Despite this, the data were evaluated in detail, aiming to follow all the criteria stipulated in the methodological design strictly.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>In general, the study revealed a significant relationship between CAs and CVDs, highlighting a higher incidence associated, after a CA diagnosis, with male sex, smoking, and metabolic and pulmonary comorbidities and, after submission to OT, linked to RT, and CT, in particular, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin. In this way, the relevance of intensifying synergy between cardiologists and oncologists from the perspective of combating CA became clear, especially taking into account the possibility of mitigating the harmful effects on the cardiovascular system.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul under the protocol number 5.180.104. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Doenças Cardiovasculares em Pacientes Oncológicos Atendidos em um Hospital Terciário da Macrorregião Norte do Rio Grande do Sul</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1336-8763</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lorencini</surname><given-names>Gabriel Amaral</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8966-4326</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rabello</surname><given-names>Renata dos Santos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Passo Fundo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul - Campus Passo Fundo - Curso de Graduação em Medicina, Passo Fundo, RS – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Gabriel Amaral Lorencini •</bold> Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul - Campus Passo Fundo - Curso de Graduação em Medicina - Rua Capitão Araújo, 20. CEP <postal-code>99010-200</postal-code>, Centro, Passo Fundo, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>gbrlorencini@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMO</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>Os cânceres (CAs) estão relacionados às doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs), sobretudo em razão da cardiotoxicidade das terapias oncológicas (TOs).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Analisar e descrever as DCVs que acometem os pacientes oncológicos (POs) antes e após o diagnóstico do CA.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado com POs de um Hospital Terciário da Macrorregião Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, no qual se obtiveram dados de prontuários datados entre 2011 e 2020, os quais foram analisados por técnicas estatísticas, principalmente, com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência, a incidência e os fatores associados às DCVs.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>A amostra contemplou 250 POs distribuídos no intervalo de 10 anos. No tocante às DCVs, a prevalência e a incidência incorporaram, respectivamente, 47,6% e 13,6%. Notou-se o predomínio, nas condições prévias, da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (67,7%) e, nos distúrbios incidentes, da trombose venosa profunda (30,6%). A incidência total se associou ao sexo masculino (p=0,003), ao tabagismo (p=0,023) e às comorbidades metabólicas (p=0,025) e pulmonares (p=0,047). A incidência após o início da TO se vinculou à radioterapia (p=0,015) e à quimioterapia (p=0,011), em parti­cular, ao fluorouracil (p=0,025) e à oxaliplatina (p=0,033).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusões:</title>
<p>Tornou-se nítida a relação entre os CAs e as DCVs, ressaltando-se a importância de fomentar o progresso da cardio-oncologia, especialmente, com o intuito de fornecer melhores perspectivas terapêuticas aos POs.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
<kwd>Lesões por Ra­di­a­ção</kwd>
<kwd>Distúrbios Induzidos Quimicamente</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f3">
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230081-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Em vários países, se tornou nítido o envelhecimento populacional, sobretudo, devido à diminuição da taxa de fecundidade e ao aumento da expectativa de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tal panorama repercutiu de forma significativa na saúde da população, tendo em vista que os idosos frequentemente retratam uma maior carga global de doenças.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dessa forma, se pôde notar uma ascensão das doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) e dos cânceres (CAs), destacando-se no contexto das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Simultaneamente, se verificou uma evolução nas ciências médicas, o que implicou em um declínio nas taxas de mortalidade das condições supracitadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Diante disso, foi observado, por exemplo, um aumento na sobrevida dos pacientes oncológicos (POs), os quais passaram a ser acometidos com maior frequência por DCVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nesse cenário, tais distúrbios realçaram a existência de relações fisiopatológicas inexploradas, as quais fundamentaram a elaboração de novos trabalhos científicos.</p>
<p>Logo, foi possível reconhecer que as doenças elucidadas interagem, principalmente, em razão de fatores de risco compartilhados, do impacto da malignidade no sistema cardiovascular e da cardiotoxicidade das terapias oncológicas (TOs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nessa realidade, se projetou a cardio-oncologia, isto é, um campo multidisciplinar focado em compreender os mecanismos cardiotóxicos; prevenir, detectar e manejar as repercussões cardiovasculares; e potencializar as intervenções terapêuticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>No entanto, se faz importante ressaltar que ainda há uma lacuna significativa de produções científicas na esfera cardio-oncológica em comparação às demais especialidades médicas. Isso decorre, em grande parte, do atraso no desenvolvimento de estudos voltados à temática, o que pode ser exemplificado pela circunstância de que o primeiro relato de DCV associada à TO foi publicado apenas em 1967.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diante das informações apresentadas, foi estabelecida a pesquisa em explanação, com a finalidade de ampliar e difundir os conhecimentos vinculados ao domínio cardio-oncológico, especificamente, por meio da investigação das DCVs que acometeram os POs de um Hospital Terciário da Macrorregião Norte do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado no Hospital de Clínicas de Passo Fundo, no Rio Grande do Sul, entre agosto de 2022 e julho de 2023, com o objetivo de analisar e descrever as DCVs desenvolvidas antes e após o diagnóstico do CA pelos POs atendidos entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2020.</p>
<p>No intervalo em questão, se identificou uma totalidade de 5392 POs. Diante disso, se tornou imperativo determinar o tamanho amostral adequado para a pesquisa. Desse modo, foi empregado o <italic>software</italic> OpenEpi v3.01 (distribuição livre), considerando uma taxa de DCVs na população de 20%, um erro amostral de 5% e um intervalo de confiança de 95%, o que resultou em um conjunto de 246 POs, o qual foi ajustado para 250 POs em função da possibilidade de perda de informações.</p>
<p>Paralelamente, se definiu uma amostragem probabilística simples e, por meio do <italic>software</italic> LibreOffice Calc v7.6.0 (distribuição livre), foi aplicado um algoritmo de seleção aleatória no contingente amostral, o que culminou em uma lista ordenada de 500 POs. Logo, se instaurou uma coleta por meio da análise dos prontuários, visando atingir a amostra de 250 POs distribuídos aleatoriamente no intervalo de 10 anos.</p>
<p>Faz-se relevante enfatizar que foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos e de todas as faixas etárias que receberam o diagnóstico de, pelo menos, um tipo de CA, em conformidade com as Classes C00-C96 do Capítulo II da 10ª Revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças. Nesse contexto, se realça que a exclusão foi direcionada àqueles que exibiam históricos incompletos e/ou diagnósticos incorretos.</p>
<p>Diante dos prontuários, se priorizou a extração das variáveis: sexo (feminino ou masculino); idade (&lt; 60 anos ou ≥ 60 anos); cor de pele (branca ou não bran­ca); macrorregião (norte ou não norte); tabagismo (tabagista ou não tabagista); co­morbidades (cardiovasculares, metabólicas e pulmona­res); CAs (nomenclatura, estadiamento, seguimento e desfecho); exposição às TOs (modalidade, protocolo e datas de início e término); e incidência de DCVs (descrição e data de diagnóstico).</p>
<p>Sequencialmente, as informações obtidas foram duplamente digitadas e pro­ces­sa­das no <italic>software</italic> EpiData v3.1 (distribuição livre) e, após isso, foi conduzida a análise estatística no <italic>software</italic> PSPP v2.0.0 (distribuição livre). Logo, se buscou caracterizar os POs, a partir das frequências absolutas e relativas das variáveis qualitativas e das medidas de dispersão e de tendência central das variáveis quantitativas; detalhar as DCVs, por meio das taxas de prevalência e de incidência; e identificar os fatores associados às DCVs, através do Teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e do Tes­te Exato de Fischer, abordando um nível de significância de 5%.</p>
<p>Em última instância, vale ressaltar que a produção científica enfatizada constitui um recorte do projeto intitulado de &quot;Prevalência de Neoplasias na População Rural e Fatores Associados&quot;, o qual foi submetido ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, sendo aprovado pelo Parecer N° 5.180.104, que atende à Resolução 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Fez-se necessária a análise de 397 prontuários para contemplar a amostra de 250 POs. Nesse panorama, realça-se que 147 POs foram removidos de acordo com os critérios de exclusão. Além disso, cabe frisar que 103 POs foram descartados em função da interrupção da coleta após a obtenção do tamanho amostral. Para uma melhor compreensão, tais informações foram integradas e sequenciadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Fluxograma de seleção amostral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230081-gf02-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Própria (2023).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Dentre os POs validados, se notou que 55,6% pertenciam ao sexo masculino, 54,0% tinham idades ≥ 60 anos, 96,8% cor de pele branca e 98,8% procediam da macrorregião norte sul-rio-grandense. No tocante aos CAs, se conferiu que 57,6% foram diagnosticados entre 2011 e 2015, enquanto 42,4% foram descobertos entre 2016 e 2020. Nessa circunstância, se verificou o predomínio dos CAs de mama (14,0%), próstata (10,8%), reto (7,6%), rim (6,8%) e pele não melanoma (6,4%).</p>
<p>Na análise exploratória, foi constatado que 119 POs tinham DCVs preexistentes, o que determinou uma prevalência total de 47,6%. Nesse contexto, se observou uma totalidade de 158 DCVs, com destaque para hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS; 67,7%), arritmia cardíaca (AC; 6,3%), do­en­ça isquêmica do coração (DIC; 5,7%), insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC; 4,4%) e doença arterial periférica (DAP; 3,2%). É válido apontar que essas DCVs incorporaram, respectivamen­te, prevalências específicas de 42,8%, 4,0%, 3,6%, 2,8% e 2,0%.</p>
<p>De modo geral, as pesquisas consideram a HAS como fator de risco cardiovascular (FRC) em vez de DCV, principalmente, devido à sua natureza crônica. Por conta disso, foi realizada uma análise particular das DCVs excluindo a HAS. Dessa forma, se verificou o acometimento de 42 POs, o que definiu uma prevalência de 16,8%. Convém frisar que se optou pela apresentação das prevalências com e sem HAS, visto que tal distúrbio seria abordado nos diagnósticos posteriores ao CA.</p>
<p>Complementarmente, se pôde verificar que 34 POs desenvolveram DCVs após o CA, definindo uma incidência total de 13,6%. Nesse panorama, se configurou um total de 36 DCVs, das quais se destacaram trombose venosa profunda (TVP; 30,6%), embolia pulmonar (EP; 13,9%), HAS (11,1%), infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM; 8,3%) e ICC (8,3%). Realça-se que essas DCVs englobaram, de forma respectiva, incidências específicas de 4,4%, 2,0%, 1,6%, 1,2% e 1,2%.</p>
<p>Frente as informações elucidadas, se buscou identificar as características so­cio­demo­gráficas, comportamentais e epidemiológicas dos POs que se relacionaram à incidência de DCVs. Dessa forma, ficou nítida a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto ao sexo masculino, ao tabagismo e às comorbidades metabólicas e pulmonares, conforme indicado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Características sociodemográficas, comportamentais e epidemiológicas relacionadas à incidência de doenças cardiovasculares (n=250)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variáveis</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares incidentes (n=34)</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pacientes sem doenças cardiovasculares incidentes (n=216)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">112</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Idade ≥ 60 anos</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">114</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">84,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,328<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Tabagismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Comorbidades cardiovasculares</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">101</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">84,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,502<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Comorbidades metabólicas</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">77,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Comorbidades pulmonares</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">63,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">†</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Exposição prévia à terapia oncológi­ca</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">90,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,748<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">†</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Exposição atual à te­rapia oncológi­ca</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">203</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">85,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,225<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">†</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN9"><label>*</label> <p>Teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN10"><label>†</label> <p>Teste Exato de Fisher.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN11"><label>‡</label> <p>Variável com significância estatística (p&lt;0,05).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>De maneira adicional, foi estabelecida uma perspectiva temporal, a partir da diferença entre as datas de início da TO e de diagnóstico da DCV, para os 34 POs com DCVs incidentes. Diante disso, se checou que 1 PO demonstrou um intervalo de -2,7 meses, o que indicou uma DCV anterior à TO, a qual foi investigada e revelou, em caráter de exceção, uma patogênese vinculada à metástase pericárdica.</p>
<p>Nesse cenário, concluiu-se que 33 POs desenvolveram DCVs após o início da TO. Logo, se constatou que o tempo até o diagnóstico da DCV foi, em média, de 26,8 meses (±29,2; 0,6-95,3). A partir disso, se visou elucidar as TOs relacionadas à inci­dên­cia de DCVs. Com efeito, se evidenciou significância estatística para a sub­mis­são à radioterapia (RT) e à quimioterapia (QT), o que pode ser verificado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Terapias oncológicas relacionadas à incidência de doenças cardiovasculares (n=250)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variáveis</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares incidentes após o início da terapia oncológica (n=33)</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pacientes sem doenças cardiovasculares incidentes após o início da terapia oncológica (n=217)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Cirurgia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">143</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">88,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,204<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Radioterapia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">79,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Quimioterapia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">87</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Hormonioterapia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">89,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,526<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Terapia-alvo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">72,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,052<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">†</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN12"><label>*</label> <p>Teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN13"><label>†</label> <p>Teste Exato de Fisher.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN14"><label>‡</label> <p>Variável com significância estatística (p&lt;0,05).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Tendo em vista que a QT exibiu um valor de p&lt;0,05, se aprofundou a investigação das drogas exclusivamente quimioterápicas (DEQs), com a finalidade de explorar a associação à incidência de DCVs. Nessa óp­tica, foi possível identificar resul­tados expressivos quanto ao fluorouracil e à oxaliplatina, assim como é demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Cabe realçar que tais substâncias representaram 31,3% das DEQs e 23,8% de todas as drogas antineoplásicas (DAs) administradas nessa subamostra de POs.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption><title>Drogas exclusivamente quimioterápicas relacionadas à incidência de doenças cardiovasculares (n=250)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variáveis</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares incidentes após o início da terapia oncológica (n=33)</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pacientes sem doenças cardiovasculares incidentes após o início da terapia oncológica (n=217)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Capecitabina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,626</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Carboplatina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">93,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,703</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Ciclofosfamida</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">81,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,506</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Cisplatina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,266</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Dacarbazina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,347</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Docetaxel</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">85,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,734</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Doxorrubicina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">81,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,506</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Etoposido</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,247</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Fluorouracil</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">73,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">†</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Gemcitabina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">87,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Irinotecano</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,131</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Oxaliplatina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">†</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Paclitaxel</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">90,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,748</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Vimblastina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,247</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Vincristina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,051</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN15"><label>*</label> <p>Teste Exato de Fisher.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN16"><label>†</label> <p>Variável com significância estatística (p&lt;0,05).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Por fim, é apropriado ressaltar que, a fim de elucidar a análise em questão, os resultados mais pertinentes foram reorganizados e apresentados na Figura Central.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>O estudo em descrição revelou uma prevalência total de DCVs de 47,6% nos POs, o que se mostrou superior às referências científicas. A exemplo disso, Youn et al. e Battisti et al. descreveram, respectivamente, DCVs prévias em 11,3% e 16,2% dos POs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Logo, vale pontuar que a discrepância em relação ao resultado obtido advém da inclusão da HAS na análise atual, a qual foi abordada como FRC nos trabalhos elucidados. Diante disso, se enfatizou o cálculo excluindo a HAS, o qual resultou em uma taxa de 16,8%, a qual se aproximou do limite superior do intervalo em questão.</p>
<p>Na investigação em evidência, se notou o predomínio da HAS, com uma prevalência específica de 42,8%. Tal condição foi seguida por AC, DIC, ICC e DAP, as quais manifestaram, respectivamente, taxas de 4,0%, 3,6%, 2,8% e 2,0%.</p>
<p>Em referência à HAS, Paterson et al. descreveram uma prevalência de 31,7% nos POs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Mesmo mostrando um percentual considerável, o valor exibido foi inferior ao obtido na avaliação vigente. Essa diferença pode estar vinculada à predominância de indivíduos com idade ≥ 60 anos na pesquisa atual, visto que tal parâmetro está associado à doença elucidada, especialmente, em função do enrijecimento arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>No âmbito da AC, as descrições prévias são limitadas, sendo possível encontrar informações associadas, sobretudo, à fibrilação atrial (FA). Desse modo, realça-se que Hu et al. evidenciaram a FA como doença basal em 2,4% dos POs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Embora seja inviável generalizar a taxa em foco, se pode estabelecer uma visão comparativa, considerando que a FA constitui a AC mais frequente na população em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Logo, se nota que o número alcançado não se distancia de forma substancial da literatura.</p>
<p>No que diz respeito à DIC, à ICC e à DAP, convém recapitular os estudos de Youn et al. e Battisti et al., os quais abordaram respectivamente prevalências especí­ficas de 7,4%, 1,9% e 1,5%; e 10,2%, 3,4% e 3,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nessa circunstância, se verifica que apenas a DIC não foi contemplada no intervalo definido pelas pesquisas mencionadas, distanciando-se por 3,8% do limite inferior. Isso pode estar vinculado tanto às características da população quanto à metodologia do trabalho em explanação.</p>
<p>De modo adicional, se notou uma incidência total de DCVs de 13,6% nos POs, o que demonstrou ser compatível com a literatura. A título de exemplo, Youn et al. relataram que 15,7% dos POs adquiriram DCVs após o CA, enquanto Keegan et al. evidenciaram tal ocorrência em apenas 2,8% dos POs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Contudo, vale frisar que tais pesquisas divergem quanto à faixa etária (20-85 anos vs. 15-39 anos), o que justifica essa variação percentual. Nesse contexto, se realça que o presente estudo incluiu todas as faixas etárias, o que respalda a aproximação à taxa do trabalho de maior abrangência.</p>
<p>Na avaliação em elucidação, se ressaltou o predomínio da TVP, a qual apre­sen­tou uma incidência específica de 4,4%. Tal distúrbio foi seguido por EP, HAS, IAM e ICC que incorporaram, sequencialmente, taxas de 2,0%, 1,6%, 1,2% e 1,2%.</p>
<p>Em relação à TVP e à EP, se destaca que há uma descrição conjunta na literatura, referida como tromboembolismo venoso (TEV). Tal condição é relatada com frequência na cardio-oncologia, pois os CAs compõem um fator de risco independente para TEV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Como evidência disso, se realça o estudo conduzido por Sallah et al. que conferiu a presença de TEV em 7,8% dos POs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nessa perspectiva, se observa que o resultado adquirido na presente análise se mostra coerente com a produção enfatizada.</p>
<p>No que tange à HAS, Fraeman et al. relataram uma incidência de 32,2% nos POs, considerando um distúrbio de início recente de qualquer natureza. Essa taxa diminuiu à medida que a gravidade aumentou, sendo evidenciado na hipertensão grave e na crise hipertensiva, na devida ordem, 12,4% e 2,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Diante disso, se nota que o valor encontrado na pesquisa atual está próximo das condições mais severas, o que implica na formulação de uma hipótese de subdiagnóstico dos quadros leves e moderados, a qual não pode ser confirmada devido às limitações da análise de dados secundários.</p>
<p>Na perspectiva do IAM, torna-se válido salientar o estudo conduzido por Patlolla et al. que verificou CAs atuais e pregressos, de forma respectiva, em 2,5% e 4,6% dos pacientes internados em função dessa DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Logo, se nota que a incidência de IAM se mostra superior nos indivíduos com CA pregresso, o que pode justificar a inferioridade da taxa obtida na análise vigente, visto que foi realizada em um curto intervalo de tempo, inviabilizando a avaliação das manifestações a longo prazo.</p>
<p>No que se refere à ICC, Youn et al. pontuaram uma incidência de 4,2% nos POs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Com efeito, a pesquisa atual demonstra um resultado consideravelmente inferior, o que pode estar relacionado aos critérios empregados na identificação desse distúrbio nos registros médicos, tendo em vista que as complicações podem ter mas­carado o diagnóstico principal, em particular, nos pacientes que seguiram ao óbito.</p>
<p>Perante a compreensão das DCVs incidentes, se buscou investigar os fatores associados à incidência de DCVs nos POs, o que permitiu identificar diferenças significativas em relação ao sexo masculino (p=0,003), ao tabagismo (p=0,023) e às comorbidades metabólicas (p=0,025) e pulmonares (p=0,047).</p>
<p>Quanto ao sexo masculino, Keegan et al. também relataram uma propensão às DCVs nos POs, porém, assim como relatado em um trecho anterior, tal análise se limitou aos adolescentes e aos adultos jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a pesquisa atual ampliou a perspectiva de comparação ao incluir todas as faixas etárias. Nessa circuns­tância, frisa-se que o resultado elucidado pode estar ligado à tendência de os homens exibirem um maior número de FRCs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Além disso, há a possibilidade desse fenômeno ocorrer em razão de CAs específicos, como o CA de próstata, no qual se emprega a terapia de privação androgênica que, por sua vez, predispõe o surgimento de DCVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Com relação ao tabagismo, se verifica na literatura uma forte associação às DCVs. Isso está relacionado tanto às substân­cias do tabaco, como a nicotina que implica a ativação do sistema nervoso simpático, quanto aos subprodutos da combustão dos cigarros, como as partículas oxidantes que resultam em inflamação, ativação plaquetária e disfunção endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nessa perspectiva, o fator em questão dispõe um cenário propício para as DCVs, o qual é acentuado pelas implicações do CA. Tal realidade foi comprovada por Kenfield et al., que analisaram pacientes com CA de próstata e descreveram que os tabagistas exibiam um maior risco de mortalidade por DCVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>No tocante às comorbidades metabólicas e pulmonares, se realça que os trabalhos científicos sinalizam um panorama de repercussões compartilhadas, como inflamação de baixo grau, estresse oxidativo e disfunção endotelial, as quais contribuem incisivamente para o desenvolvimento de DCVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nessa perspectiva, se torna relevante destacar, por exemplo, a pesquisa conduzida por Oh et al., na qual se observou que os sobreviventes ao CA com diabetes evidenciavam um maior risco de DCVs incidentes, o que reforça os achados da análise em elucidação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na avaliação da exposição atual à TO, não foi observada uma associação expressiva em relação à incidência de DCVs (p=0,225). Logo, foi realizada uma nova análise segmentando as modalidades terapêuticas, o que possibilitou conferir signifi­cância esta­tís­tica quanto à RT (p=0,015) e à QT (p=0,011). Tais resultados são corroborados pelas produções cardio-oncológicas, como a pesquisa dirigida por Mulrooney et al., a qual revelou que a exposição à radiação cardíaca e às antraciclinas aumentou, de forma substancial, o risco relativo de DCVs nos sobreviventes ao CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>No cenário em questão, se verifica que as TOs favorecem às DCVs, sobretudo em razão da cardiotoxicidade, ou seja, da capacidade de promover efeitos deletérios no sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Dessa forma, é possível notar distúrbios nos vasos sanguíneos e no coração que, eventualmente, progridem à disfunção ventricular e à insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Nessa lógica, as DAs são abordadas com maior frequência, devido à variedade de repercussões clínicas, não se limitando apenas às antraciclinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
<p>Frente a compreensão da cardiotoxicidade, se buscou avaliar as DAs administradas nos POs com DCVs incidentes. Nessa lógica, se enfatizou a investigação das DEQs, visto que os resultados foram significativos para QT. Desse modo, se observou relevância estatística quanto ao fluorouracil (p=0,025) e à oxaliplatina (p=0,033).</p>
<p>O fluorouracil é um antimetabólito que exerce ação citotóxica nos CAs, sobretudo por meio da inibição da timidilato sintase, a qual atua na formação da timidina que, por sua vez, é vital na síntese de ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Todavia, há uma relação direta com as DCVs, a qual foi pontuada, a título de exemplo, no estudo conduzido por Peng et al., que revelou a presença de manifestações cardiotóxicas, como DIC e AC, em 25,0% dos POs que utilizaram a substância em explanação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por outro lado, a oxaliplatina é um agente alquilante cuja atividade está associada, principalmente, à formação de ligações cruzadas nas cadeias de polinucleotídeos, o que resulta na interrupção da replicação de DNA e, por conseguinte, na destruição dos CAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> No contexto das drogas à base de platina, a oxaliplatina é ligada de forma predominante à neurotoxici­da­de, associando-se com menor frequência à toxicidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Entretanto, se destaca que tal substância é comumente combinada ao fluorouracil e ao ácido folínico, em particular, nos pacientes com CA colorretal, o que pode ter induzido um resultado equívoco na análise em evidência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cumpre salientar ainda que as antraciclinas, representadas essencialmente pela doxorrubicina, não exibiram diferenças substanciais na pesquisa atual (p=0,506). Isso pode estar relacionado ao fato de que a investigação da cardiotoxicidade dessas DAs fundamentou o desenvolvimento da cardio-oncologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Dessa for­ma, tais mecanismos cardiotóxicos foram compreendidos precocemente, o que permitiu a formulação e a disseminação de estratégias preventivas, as quais propiciaram um menor impacto cardiovascular, conforme evidenciado nos resultados supracitados.</p>
<p>Com base nas informações registradas, se torna perceptível a complexidade de prevenir, detectar e manejar as DCVs nos POs, uma vez que há uma etiologia de natureza multifatorial que abrange tanto as características individuais quanto as particularidades terapêuticas. Nesse contexto, se faz vital a implementação do monitoramento cardiovascular, principalmente, após a submissão às TOs, visto que a identificação das DCVs em fases reversíveis pode favorecer o prognóstico dos POs.</p>
<p>Por fim, é importante ressaltar que a pesquisa em evidência foi conduzida a partir de prontuários e, portanto, está exposta às limitações inerentes à abordagem de dados secundários. Logo, vale enfatizar a possibilidade de ocorrência de vieses de seleção e de informação, pois tais documentos podem conter registros incompletos e, além disso, incorporar a interpretação subjetiva dos colaboradores encarregados de preenchê-los. Apesar disso, os dados foram avaliados de forma minuciosa, visando seguir rigorosamente todos os critérios estipulados no delineamento metodológico.</p>
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<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>De modo geral, o estudo revelou uma relação significativa entre os CAs e as DCVs, ressaltando uma maior incidência associada, após o diagnóstico do CA, ao sexo masculino, ao tabagismo e às comorbidades metabólicas e pulmonares; e, após a submissão à TO, à RT e à QT, em particular, ao fluorouracil e à oxaliplatina. Dessa forma, se fez nítida a relevância de intensificar a sinergia entre cardiologistas e on­co­logistas na perspectiva do combate ao CA, especialmente, levando em consideração a possibilidade de mitigar os efeitos deletérios no sistema cardiovascular.</p>
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<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul sob o número de protocolo 5.180.104. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p></fn>
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