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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230066</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230066</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Post-COVID Tachycardia Syndrome: Could It Be Myocarditis? A Case Report of a Patient Treated with Ivabradine</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9399-5996</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Davyson Gerhardt de</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Tinoco</surname><given-names>Vanessa do Amaral</given-names></name>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2586-2443</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Faial</surname><given-names>Ligia Cordeiro Matos</given-names></name>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Humberto</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Metropolitana São Carlos</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Itaperuna</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Metropolitana São Carlos (FAMESC), Itaperuna, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Nova Iguaçu</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Itaperuna</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Nova Iguaçu, Campos V, Itaperuna, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta •</bold> Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Niterói, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230066</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>13</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This report illustrates a case of acute myocarditis in a patient who was recently hospitalized for COVID-19. Myocarditis was suspected based on the presence of tachycardia, the only abnormality present on physical examination, as well as high levels of B-type natriuretic peptide. The diagnosis was confirmed with cardiac magnetic resonance image, which showed the presence of late enhancement, predominantly subepicardial, in the inferolateral and inferior walls of the left ventricle. The patient did not meet any of the criteria for endomyocardial biopsy (progressive heart failure, severe cardiac dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmias, atrioventricular blocks). Therefore, the treatment was focused on heart rate control. Beta-blocker is the first option for rate control, but the patient had a contraindication. Thus, ivabradine, a selective heart rate reducer was used. This drug has been poorly studied in the context of post-COVID-19 syndromes, and the present case suggests a benefit for heart rate control in patients with post-COVID-19 tachycardia syndrome.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Injuries</kwd>
<kwd>Tachycardia</kwd>
<kwd>Ivabradine</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="11"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was identified at the end of 2019 in China and spread across the world as a pandemic that lasted 2 years. In the most severe forms, it presents as severe respiratory distress syndrome and atypical pneumonia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The disease may have systemic repercussion<underline>s</underline> and can affect the cardiovascular system. The damage caused by COVID-19 to the cardiovascular system is likely multifactorial. It can result from an imbalance between high metabolic demand and low myocardial reserve, aggression caused by exacerbated inflammation as a result of the production of inflammatory cytokines, and thrombogenesis. It can also occur due to direct cardiac injury by the virus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>The cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 are multiple and can present as myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure (HF) with systolic or diastolic dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, and even sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Some patients experience symptoms that persist after an acute case of COVID-19, which can last for months, a condition known as long COVID. Post-COVID-19 cardiovascular symptoms include chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, and tachycardia. Post-COVID-19 tachycardia can have numerous causes, one of which is myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In this scenario, heart rate control is usually achieved with beta-blockers, but, in cases of failure or contraindication, medications such as ivabradine could be an alternative. However, the use of ivabradine in this condition is poorly studied.</p>
<p>In this report, we present the case of a patient who had COVID-19 and developed fatigue and tachycardia 3 months after hospital discharge, in whom heart rate control was achieved with the use of ivabradine.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Report</title>
<p>A 30-year-old woman presented to the cardiologist office with the complaint of palpitations and heart acceleration despite being at rest. Three months before the current presentation, she had been hospitalized for 7 days for moderately severe COVID-19. During this hospitalization she was treated with supplemental oxygen therapy due to low oxygen saturation. She had a past history of hypertension and bronchial asthma. At the time of consultation, the patient was using losartan 50 mg twice daily and a combination of budesonide and formoterol (12/400 mg, inhalation route) once a day. On physical examination, the cardiovascular system was normal, except for a resting heart rate of 110 bpm.</p>
<p>The electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm, with heart rate of 111 bpm, and repolarization abnormalities in the anterior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Laboratory tests showed an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 16 mm in the first hour (reference value: up to 20 mm), high sensitivity C-reactive protein of 37.19 mg/L (reference value: up to 10 mg/L), D-dimer of 93 ng/mL (reference value: &lt; 500 ng/mL), B-type natriuretic peptide of 171 pg/mL (reference: &lt; 35 pg/mL), and high-sensitivity troponin I was 2.5 ng/L (reference: &lt; 38.6 ng/L). The hemogram test was normal, including normal values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood count. The blood levels of electrolytes and glucose were normal, as were the results of kidney function tests. Urinalysis results were normal.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Baseline electrocardiogram, showing sinus tachycardia (heart rate of 111 bpm) and changes in ventricular repolarization in the anterior wall.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The chest X-ray showed normal cardiac size and normal lung transparency. The echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function, with LV ejection fraction of 69%, LV end-diastolic diameter of 48.8 mm, and LV end-systolic diameter of 29.7 mm. The left atrium diameter and the LV septum and free wall thickness were normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Two-dimensional echocardiogram with color Doppler within normal limits for age, sex, and biotype.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The patient underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring which demonstrated a mean heart rate of 98 bpm, minimum heart rate of 58 bpm, and maximum heart rate of 185 bpm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Low-incidence supraventricular ectopic activity was observed during the 24 hours (one isolated supraventricular extrasystole; one episode of paired supraventricular extrasystole; one episode of non-sustained atrial tachycardia, with 28 consecutive complexes and heart rate of 126 bpm). No ventricular ectopic activity was observed. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the presence of late enhancement, predominantly subepicardial, in the inferolateral and inferior walls of the LV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Cardiac cavities had normal sizes, and LV systolic function was preserved. Based on the MRI results, the diagnosis of acute myocarditis was made.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>4-hour Holter monitoring showing an average heart rate of 98 bpm, with an episode of 185 bpm at 2:40 p.m.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing the presence of late enhancement, predominantly subepicardial, in the inferolateral and inferior walls of the left ventricle.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Since the patient did not have overt HF or ventricular arrhythmias, and LV systolic function was preserved, endomyocardial biopsy was not performed, and no HF medication was necessary. Treatment was aimed at controlling the heart rate. The patient could not tolerate beta-blockers due to bronchial asthma. Ivabradine was started at a dose of 5 mg twice daily. One month later, resting heart rate was 85 bpm. Ivabradine dose was increased to 7.5 mg twice daily. One month later, resting heart rate dropped to 70 bpm, and the patient complaint of palpitation disappeared.</p>
<p>Three months after ivabradine initiation, C-reactive protein and B-type natriuretic peptide values were normal. During 2 years of follow-up, no complications were observed. The patient is currently asymptomatic, and cardiovascular examination is normal. The patient is still on ivabradine, and resting heart rate at last visit was 74 bpm.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Patients who have been affected by moderate or severe COVID-19 may present symptoms for up to 3 months after the acute episode, a period considered as convalescence of the disease. However, some patients persist with symptoms beyond this period, a condition known as long COVID or post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The pathophysiology of this condition is still unknown, but it is believed to be due to an autoimmune mechanism and also to chronic endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Prolonged damage to the cardiovascular system is probably multifactorial and may involve, in addition to autoimmune mechanisms, inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The symptoms presented in long COVID are diverse and may include fatigue, chest pain, effort intolerance, cognitive disorders, fever, headache, loss of smell and taste, and tachycardia. The latter is a frequent finding and can be found in 25% to 50% of cases within 3 months of the acute episode and in up to 9% at 6 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a recent publication, a group of researchers suggested the term “post COVID-19 tachycardia syndrome” (PCTS) for patients with persistent tachycardia after a COVID-19 episode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The possible etiologies behind PCTS include a range of different situations, such as anemia, myocarditis, HF, and dysautonomic states that occur with inappropriate sinus tachycardia or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In our case, the patient had a resting heart rate usually above 90 bpm, which at times reached 185 bpm in the context of myocarditis.</p>
<p>Cases of post-COVID-19 acute myocarditis have been described in the literature, with variable presentations, ranging from cases with only tachycardia and preserved LV systolic function to cases with LV systolic dysfunction and severe HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Biomarkers may be altered, especially natriuretic peptides, and they can be used as screening tests for a post-COVID-19 cardiological complication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Troponin may be elevated in acute cases, but may be normal in cases with longer evolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the present case, C-reactive protein and B-type natriuretic peptide remained elevated, but troponin was normal, probably because it was taken more than 3 months after the acute phase of COVID-19. When myocarditis is suspected, cardiac MRI is the first-line imaging test, with a typical finding of late enhancement in the inferolateral region of the LV, without compromising the subendocardium, as in our case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Endomyocardial biopsy should be reserved for cases of LV dysfunction and HF that do not respond to treatment or in the presence of ventricular arrythmias or atrioventricular blocks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In our case, LV systolic function was preserved, and biopsy was not indicated.</p>
<p>The management of tachycardia in myocarditis is usually achieved with beta-blockers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In our case, the patient could not tolerate beta-blockers, and heart rate control was achieved with ivabradine, a selective heart rate reducer, which acts by inhibiting the <italic>If</italic> channels of the sinus node. Ivabradine has been shown to reduce outcomes in patients with elevated heart rate in the setting of HF with reduced ejection fraction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> but its use in long COVID is poorly studied. There are reports on post-COVID POTS;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> however, few cases of patients with post-COVID myocarditis have been found in the literature. Our report demonstrates that ivabradine is a good option for controlling heart rate in this situation.</p>
<p>In conclusion, we have presented the case of a patient with post-COVID myocarditis, which presented as resting tachycardia 3 months after a hospitalization for COVID-19. The patient's symptoms and tachycardia were successfully treated with the use of ivabradine.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro under the protocol number CAAE 33852720.1.0000.5239. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Síndrome de Taquicardia Pós-COVID: Pode Ser Miocardite? Relato de um Caso Tratado com Ivabradina</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9399-5996</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Davyson Gerhardt de</given-names></name>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Tinoco</surname><given-names>Vanessa do Amaral</given-names></name>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2586-2443</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Faial</surname><given-names>Ligia Cordeiro Matos</given-names></name>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Humberto</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Itaperuna</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Metropolitana São Carlos (FAMESC), Itaperuna, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Itaperuna</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Nova Iguaçu, Campos V, Itaperuna, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Humberto Villacorta •</bold> Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303. CEP <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Niterói, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>O presente relato ilustra um caso de miocardite aguda em uma paciente que havia sido recentemente hospitalizada por COVID-19. A suspeita de miocardite foi feita pela presença de taquicardia, a única alteração presente no exame físico, além de níveis elevados de peptídeo natriurético tipo B. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por ressonância magnética cardíaca, que mostrou a presença de realce tardio, predominantemente subepicárdico, nas paredes inferolateral e inferior do ventrículo esquerdo. A paciente não preenchia nenhum dos critérios para biópsia endomiocárdica (insuficiência cardíaca progressiva, disfunção cardíaca grave, arritmias ventriculares, bloqueios atrioventriculares). Portanto, o tratamento foi focado no controle da frequência cardíaca. O betabloqueador é a primeira opção para controle da frequência, mas a paciente tinha contraindicação. Assim, foi utilizada a ivabradina, um redutor seletivo da frequência cardíaca. Este medicamento tem sido pouco estudado no contexto das síndromes pós-COVID-19, e o presente caso sugere benefício no controle da frequência cardíaca em pacientes com síndrome de taquicardia pós-COVID-19.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Síndrome Pós-COVID-19 Aguda</kwd>
<kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
<kwd>Traumatismos Cardíacos</kwd>
<kwd>Taquicardia</kwd>
<kwd>Ivabradina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A doença de coronavírus (COVID-19) foi identificada no final de 2019 na China e se espalhou pelo mundo como uma pandemia que durou 2 anos. Nas formas mais graves, apresenta-se como síndrome do desconforto respiratório grave e pneumonia atípica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A doença pode ter repercussões sistêmicas e afetar o sistema cardiovascular. Os danos causados pela COVID-19 ao sistema cardiovascular são provavelmente multifatoriais; podem resultar de um desequilíbrio entre alta demanda metabólica e baixa reserva miocárdica, da agressão causada por inflamação exacerbada como resultado da produção de citocinas inflamatórias e da trombogênese. Também podem ocorrer devido à lesão cardíaca direta pelo vírus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>As manifestações cardiovasculares da COVID-19 são múltiplas e podem apresentar-se como miocardite, síndrome coronariana aguda, arritmias cardíacas, insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com disfunção sistólica ou diastólica, choque cardiogênico e até morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Alguns pacientes apresentam sintomas que persistem após um caso agudo de COVID-19, que podem durar meses, condição conhecida como COVID longa. Os sintomas cardiovasculares pós-COVID-19 incluem dor torácica, dispneia, fadiga e taquicardia. A taquicardia pós-COVID-19 pode ter inúmeras causas, uma das quais é a miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nesse cenário, o controle da frequência cardíaca geralmente é feito com betabloqueadores, mas, em casos de falha ou contraindicação, medicamentos como a ivabradina podem ser uma alternativa. Entretanto, o uso da ivabradina nessa condição é pouco estudado.</p>
<p>No presente relato, apresentamos o caso de uma paciente que teve COVID-19 e desenvolveu fadiga e taquicardia 3 meses após a alta hospitalar, sendo obtido o controle da frequência cardíaca com o uso de ivabradina.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de Caso</title>
<p>Uma mulher de 30 anos de idade compareceu ao consultório de cardiologia com queixa de palpitações e aceleração cardíaca, apesar de estar em repouso. Três meses antes da apresentação atual, ela havia sido hospitalizada durante 7 dias por COVID-19 moderadamente grave. Durante essa internação, foi tratada com oxigenoterapia suplementar devido à baixa saturação de oxigênio. Ela tinha história prévia de hipertensão e asma brônquica. No momento da consulta, a paciente estava em uso de losartana 50 mg 2 vezes ao dia e combinação de budesonida e formoterol (12/400 mg, via inalatória) 1 vez ao dia. Durante o exame físico, o sistema cardiovascular estava normal, exceto pela frequência cardíaca em repouso de 110 bpm.</p>
<p>O eletrocardiograma apresentava ritmo sinusal, com frequência cardíaca de 111 bpm e anormalidades de repolarização na parede anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Os exames laboratoriais mostraram velocidade de hemossedimentação de 16 mm na primeira hora (valor de referência: até 20 mm), proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade de 37,19 mg/L (valor de referência: até 10 mg/L), dímero D de 93 ng/mL (valor de referência: &lt; 500 ng/mL), peptídeo natriurético tipo B de 171 pg/mL (referência: &lt; 35 pg/mL) e troponina I de alta sensibilidade de 2,5 ng/L (referência: &lt; 38,6 ng/L). O hemograma foi normal, incluindo valores normais de hemoglobina, hematócrito e contagem de leucócitos. Os níveis sanguíneos de eletrólitos e glicose estavam normais, assim como os resultados dos testes de função renal. Os resultados do exame de urina foram normais.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Eletrocardiograma basal mostrando taquicardia sinusal (frequência cardíaca de 111 bpm) e alterações na repolarização ventricular na parede anterior.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A radiografia de tórax mostrou tamanho cardíaco normal e transparência pulmonar normal. O ecocardiograma mostrou função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) normal, com fração de ejeção do VE de 69%, diâmetro diastólico final do VE de 48,8 mm e diâmetro sistólico final do VE de 29,7 mm. O diâmetro do átrio esquerdo e a espessura do septo e da parede livre do VE eram normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler colorido dentro dos limites da normalidade para idade, sexo e biótipo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A paciente foi submetida à monitorização Holter de 24 horas que demonstrou frequência cardíaca média de 98 bpm, frequência mínima de 58 bpm e frequência máxima de 185 bpm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Foi observada atividade ectópica supraventricular de baixa incidência durante as 24 horas (uma extra-sístole supraventricular isolada; um episódio de extrassístole supraventricular pareada; um episódio de taquicardia atrial não sustentada, com 28 complexos consecutivos e frequência cardíaca de 126 bpm). Nenhuma atividade ectópica ventricular foi observada. A ressonância magnética cardíaca mostrou presença de realce tardio, predominantemente subepicárdico, nas paredes inferolateral e inferior do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). As cavidades cardíacas apresentavam tamanhos normais e a função sistólica do VE estava preservada. Com base nos resultados da ressonância magnética, foi feito o diagnóstico de miocardite aguda.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Monitorização Holter de 24 horas mostrando frequência cardíaca média de 98 bpm, com episódio de 185 bpm às 14h40.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca mostrando presença de realce tardio, predominantemente subepicárdico, nas paredes inferolateral e inferior do ventrículo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230066-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Como a paciente não apresentava IC evidente ou arritmias ventriculares e a função sistólica do VE estava preservada, não foi realizada a biópsia endomiocárdica, e nenhuma medicação para IC foi necessária. O tratamento visou controlar a frequência cardíaca. A paciente não tolerava betabloqueadores devido à asma brônquica. A ivabradina foi iniciada na dose de 5 mg 2 vezes ao dia. Um mês depois, a frequência cardíaca em repouso era de 85 bpm. A dose de ivabradina foi aumentada para 7,5 mg 2 vezes ao dia. Um mês depois, a frequência cardíaca em repouso caiu para 70 bpm, e a queixa de palpitação da paciente desapareceu.</p>
<p>Três meses após o início da ivabradina, os valores da proteína C reativa e do peptídeo natriurético tipo B estavam normais. Durante 2 anos de seguimento, não foram observadas complicações. A paciente está atualmente assintomática, com exame cardiovascular normal. A paciente está ainda em uso de ivabradina, e sua frequência cardíaca em repouso na última consulta era de 74 bpm.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Pacientes acometidos por COVID-19 moderada ou grave podem apresentar sintomas durante até 3 meses após o episódio agudo, período considerado como convalescença da doença. No entanto, alguns pacientes persistem com sintomas além desse período, condição conhecida como COVID-19 longa ou síndrome pós-aguda de COVID-19 (PACS, sigla em inglês).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia dessa condição ainda é desconhecida, mas acredita-se que seja devido a um mecanismo autoimune e também à disfunção endotelial crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O dano prolongado ao sistema cardiovascular é provavelmente multifatorial e pode envolver, além de mecanismos autoimunes, inflamação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os sintomas apresentados na COVID longa são diversos e podem incluir fadiga, dor torácica, intolerância ao esforço, distúrbios cognitivos, febre, cefaleia, anosmia, ageusia e taquicardia. Este último é um achado frequente e pode ser encontrado em 25% a 50% dos casos nos 3 meses após o episódio agudo e em até 9% aos 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em publicação recente, um grupo de pesquisadores sugeriu o termo “síndrome de taquicardia pós-COVID” (PCTS, sigla em inglês) para pacientes com taquicardia persistente após um episódio de COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As possíveis etiologias por trás da PCTS incluem uma série de situações diferentes, como anemia, miocardite, IC e estados disautonômicos que cursam com taquicardia sinusal inapropriada ou síndrome de taquicardia postural ortostática (POTS, sigla em inglês).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No nosso caso, a paciente apresentava frequência cardíaca de repouso geralmente acima de 90 bpm, que às vezes chegava a 185 bpm no contexto de miocardite.</p>
<p>Casos de miocardite aguda pós-COVID-19 têm sido descritos na literatura, com apresentações variáveis, desde casos com apenas taquicardia e função sistólica do VE preservada até casos com disfunção sistólica do VE e IC grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os biomarcadores podem estar alterados, especialmente peptídeos natriuréticos, podendo ser usados como testes de triagem para uma complicação cardiológica pós-COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A troponina pode estar elevada em casos agudos, mas pode estar normal em casos com evolução mais longa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No presente caso, a proteína C reativa e o peptídeo natriurético tipo B permaneceram elevados, mas a troponina estava normal, provavelmente porque foi medida mais de 3 meses após a fase aguda da COVID-19. Em caso de suspeita de miocardite, a ressonância magnética cardíaca é o exame de imagem de primeira linha, com achado típico de realce tardio na região inferolateral do VE, sem comprometimento do subendocárdio, como no nosso caso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A biópsia endomiocárdica deve ser reservada para os casos de disfunção do VE e IC que não respondem ao tratamento ou na presença de arritmias ventriculares ou bloqueios atrioventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No caso relatado, a função sistólica do VE estava preservada e a biópsia não foi indicada.</p>
<p>O manejo da taquicardia na miocardite é geralmente feito com betabloqueadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No nosso caso, a paciente não podia tolerar betabloqueadores, e o controle da frequência cardíaca foi obtido com ivabradina, um redutor seletivo da frequência cardíaca, que atua inibindo os canais <italic>If</italic> do nó sinusal. Foi demonstrado que a ivabradina reduz os desfechos em pacientes com frequência cardíaca elevada no contexto de IC com fração de ejeção reduzida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mas seu uso na COVID longa é pouco estudado. Existem relatos de POTS pós-COVID;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> no entanto, poucos casos de pacientes com miocardite pós-COVID têm sido encontrados na literatura. Nosso relato demonstra que a ivabradina é uma boa opção para controlar a frequência cardíaca nessa situação.</p>
<p>Em conclusão, apresentamos o caso de uma paciente com miocardite pós-COVID, que se apresentou como taquicardia de repouso 3 meses após internação por COVID-19. Os sintomas e a taquicardia da paciente foram tratados com sucesso utilizando a ivabradina.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro sob o número de protocolo CAAE 33852720.1.0000.5239. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
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