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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
        
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship of MAPH Score with Left Ventricular Apical Thrombus and Adverse Events in Patients with Acute Anterior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4669-7387</contrib-id><name><surname>Küçük</surname><given-names>Uğur</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>Acquisition of data</role><role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>Statistical analysis</role><role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3494-5999</contrib-id><name><surname>Altınsoy</surname><given-names>Meltem</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>Acquisition of data</role><role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>Statistical analysis</role><role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution content-type="orgname">Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University</institution><institution content-type="city">Canakkale</institution><country country="TR">Turkey</country><institution content-type="original">Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University – Cardiology, Canakkale – Turkey</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution content-type="orgname">Ankara Etlik City Hospital</institution><institution content-type="city">Ankara</institution><country country="TR">Turkey</country><institution content-type="original">Ankara Etlik City Hospital – Cardiology, Ankara – Turkey</institution></aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Uğur Küçük • Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University – Cardiology - Barbaros Mahallesi Prof. Dr. Sevim BULUÇ Sokak No:2 Çanakkale, 17100 – Turkey E-mail: <email>drugurkucuk@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
	<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
	<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230060</elocation-id>
      <history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history>
      <permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title><sec><title>Background</title><p> Left ventricular apical thrombus (LVAT) is a clinically crucial complication of anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The MAPH score is a newly developed thrombosis-related score. MAPH scores are simple scores that estimate blood viscosity and thrombus sensitivity.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p> This study aimed to explore the relationship of MAPH score with LVAT and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with acute anterior STEMI.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p> The study included 185 patients with acute anterior STEMI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). LVAT was detected and divided into two groups in clinical follow-up after PCI. MAPH score obtained before PCI was compared between the groups, and its relationship with MACCE was examined. The MACCE included a combination of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, heart failure, and stroke.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p> MAPH score was higher in patients with LVAT than those without LVAT (p &lt; 0.001). High MAPH score was determined to be a predictor of LVAT [odds ratio (OR): 1.265; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.124-1.423; p &lt; 0.001] and MACCE [hazard ratio (HR): 1.345; 95% CI: 0.984-1.790; p = 0.004] in patients with acute anterior STEMI. A high MAPH score was associated with a higher overall incidence of MACCE in Kaplan-Meier analyses. The cut-off values of the MAPH score for LVAT and MACCE were determined to be 2, based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p> A high MAPH score may be used for LVAT and MACCE risk assessment in patients diagnosed with acute anterior STEMI.</p></sec></abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Major Cardiovascular and Cerebral Events</kwd><kwd>Left Ventricular Apical Thrombus</kwd><kwd>Anterior Myocardial Infarction</kwd><kwd>MAPH Score</kwd></kwd-group>
      <counts><fig-count count="8"/><table-count count="8"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="29"/><page-count count="NaN"/></counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
<sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title>
	<p>Myocardial infarction (MI) is still the leading cause of death and morbidity internationally, despite advances in medical treatment and percutaneous coronary interventions.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Early revascularization is the preferred reperfusion strategy for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A poor prognosis is associated with comorbid conditions, infarct-related arteries (IRA), and a late revascularization time.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
	<p>Left ventricular apical thrombus (LVAT) is an important issue after acute anterior STEMI and is a risk factor for thromboembolic clinical outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Anticoagulant drugs are used to treat LVAT, and early identification of high-risk individuals is important in reducing thromboembolic events.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Previous studies indicate that mean platelet volume (MPV) and age are useful in demonstrating thrombosis.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> The MAPH score, which is composed of MPV (M), age (A), total protein (P), hematocrit (H) components, is an updated score that has been found to be associated with thrombosis such as intracoronary thrombus burden in patients with acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> As far as we know, no study has examined the relationship of MAPH score with LVAT and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) after acute anterior STEMI.</p>
	<p>We aimed to explore whether there is a relationship between MAPH score and LVAT and MACCE development in patients with acute anterior STEMI.</p>
</sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title>
	<p>Patients diagnosed with the first episode of acute anterior STEMI who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) between January 2015 and January 2023 were enrolled in this study. Due to the potential impact of previous apical aneurysms on the incidence of apical thrombus in the case of acute anterior MI, we only recruited patients with a first episode of acute anterior MI. During the study, 381 patients were screened. One hundred ninety-six patients were excluded due to one or more exclusion criteria. The study included 185 patients with acute anterior STEMI who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p>
	<p>Electrocardiography (ECG) samples were taken within 10 minutes of admission to the emergency department (ED) from patients who presented at the ED with chest pain. Before CAG, all patients underwent ECG (12-lead, 25 mm.sec-1 paper speed, and 10 mm.mV-1 calibration). The diagnosis of STEMI was made in patients consulting with chest pain in at least two adjacent derivations and patients with ST-segment elevation measured from the J point in 12-lead ECG (≥ 2.5mm in males under 40 years of age in V2-V3 derivations, ≥ 2 mm in males over 40 years of age, ≥ 1.5 mm in females over 40 years of age and/or ≥1 mm in other derivations [A left bundle branch block (LBBB) or left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is not present]).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
	<p>The exclusion criteria were a history of coronary artery disease (CAD), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), known heart failure with reduced ejection fraction [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)≤ 40%], stroke, chronic kidney disease (eGFR &lt; 30 [mL/min/1.73m2]), active infection, known coagulopathy, thrombocytosis, malignancy, moderate heart valve disease, mitral valve repair or a prosthetic valve, uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction, chronic inflammatory disease, hematological diseases, autoimmune diseases, recent blood transfusion, patients with known atrial fibrillation, pathological Q waves, Vaccination or infection history with COVID-19 in the last two months, using oral anticoagulants, patients without follow-up echocardiographic data and under 18 years of age were not included in the study.</p>
	<p>The study was approved by the local ethics committee (approval no: 2023/03-05). The Declaration of Helsinki was complied with in all study procedures. Due to the retrospective study design, written informed consent was not obtained from the participants before the study.</p>
<sec><title>Echocardiography evaluation</title>
	<p>Blood pressure levels were measured just before starting echocardiographic imaging. Echocardiographic examinations were performed following the patients' blood pressure measurements. All patients underwent echocardiographic examinations within 24-36 hours after hospital admission. The left lateral position was used for echocardiographic measurements. We used modified Simpson's formula to calculate LVEF.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> LVAT was defined as an echo-dense mass adjacent to an akinetic or dyskinetic myocardial segment seen throughout systole and diastole (usually apical and short axis)<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). Various transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) gain settings, depth of field, and multiple imaging positions were used to exclude mimicking the LVAT, such as pseudo-tendons trabecular structures.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> If a diagnosis of LVAT was suspected, patients underwent a second evaluation, such as computed tomography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The same echocardiographic methods were used in clinical follow-up (3<sup>rd</sup>, 6<sup>th,</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> months).</p><p><fig id="f02"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>– Transthoracic echocardiographic view of a thrombus (asterisk) in the apex of the left ventricle. A: 45-year-old male patient, B: 56-year-old female patient.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>
</sec><sec><title>Coronary angiography</title>
	<p>CAG was performed by expert operators using the standard Judkins technique. All patients were treated following the current guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> The patients were administered clopidogrel (600 mg), ticagrelor (180 mg), or prasugrel (60 mg) in addition to 300 mg aspirin for preprocedural antiplatelet therapy. Various image planes were considered while identifying the lesions responsible for infarction. After administering heparin (70 U/kg bolus) into the IRA, coronary revascularizations were performed with stents, while balloon predilatation was performed before coronary stenting for some lesions. In all patients without contraindications, isosorbide dinitrate was administered by an interventional cardiologist before the first angiographic images to exclude the coronary slow flow phenomenon. The intervention was terminated after obtaining images following the administration of isosorbide dinitrate in all patients without contraindications. All patients received guideline-recommended long-term drug therapy, including statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers, as necessary.</p>
</sec><sec><title>MAPH score</title>
	<p>Antecubital vein blood samples were obtained at admission to analyze biochemical and haemogram parameters. Laboratory tests were performed and analyzed using appropriate kits for measuring serum values of HCT, total protein, MPV, and other tests. Using the Youden index, we determined predictive cut-offs for MPV, age, total protein, and HCT for LVAT. Levels above the cut-off point were assigned 1 point, and levels below the cut-off point were given 0 points. The total MAPH score was obtained by summing the scores of these 4 variables (MPV, age, total protein, and HCT).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec><sec><title>Clinical follow-up and end points of the study</title>
	<p>A regular record of clinical visits of patients was used to determine clinical outcomes. An occurrence of any of the following components during 12 months of follow-up was defined as MACCE: all-cause death, heart failure (HF), non-fatal myocardial reinfarction, revascularization, and stroke. In-hospital all-cause mortality refers to cardiovascular (including cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock) and non-cardiovascular death. HF was defined as new-onset HF in patients with no history of HF (LVEF ≤40%). Non-fatal myocardial reinfarction was defined as any subsequent hospitalization with a discharge diagnosis of myocardial reinfarction. Revascularization was defined as the need to restore lumen patency after lumen loss in the lesion responsible for the index infarct (re-intervention to address an acute re-occlusion within the previous stent). Neurological dysfunction caused by a focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal infarction was defined as a stroke.</p>
</sec><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title>
	<p>Data was analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The conformity of continuous variables to normal distribution was analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Data were expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) values. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers (n) and percentages (%). Parameters showing normal distribution were compared using the Student's t-test, and those not showing normal distribution with the Mann-Whitney U-test. The Chi-squared test or Fisher's Exact test was used to compare the probability ratios of categorical variables.</p>
	<p>The sensitivity and specificity of MPV, age, total protein, and HCT levels were demonstrated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the Youden index. To test the discriminative power of variables for LVAT, pairwise comparisons of ROC curves were used. To estimate LVAT and MACCE, possible confounding independent variables [e.g., age, current smoking, sex, LVEF, apical aneurysm, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiac troponin (Tn), MPV, total protein, HCT, MAPH score] were included in the univariate analysis. Variables with a non-adjusted<italic> P</italic>-value less than 0.1 in the univariate analysis were determined as potential risk factors of LVAT and included in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Variables found to be statistically significant in univariate analysis were used in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression to determine the independent predictors of MACCE. The hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% CI were calculated. MACCE was analyzed separately using Kaplan-Meier curves. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title>
	<p>We screened 381 patients within the study period. One hundred ninety-six patients were excluded because of the presence of one or more of the exclusion criteria. Patients with CAD (n=58), CKD (n=8), stroke (n=5), CABG (n=35), LVEF≤ 40% (n=8), permanent pacemaker (n=5), any cardiomyopathy (n=4), pathological Q waves (n=4), known AF (n=14), pathological Q waves (n=3) moderate heart valve disease, mitral valve repair or a prosthetic valve (n= 8), uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction (n=3), known coagulopathy and thrombocytosis (n=3), chronic inflammatory disease (n=2), hematological diseases (n=1), autoimmune diseases (n=2), active infection and/or malignant disease (n=9), recent blood transfusion (n=4), COVID-19 infection or vaccination history in the last 2 months (n=3), patients without follow-up echocardiographic data (n=7) and using oral anticoagulants (n=10) were excluded from the study. The final study population was comprised of 185 patients. The study included 185 patients with LVAT (n = 35) and without LVAT (n = 150). A comparison of the demographic characteristics of the patients found no differences in terms of DM, HT, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dyslipidemia, or smoking. Laboratory values such as hemoglobin (p = 0.030), HCT (p &lt; 0.001), MPV (p = 0.0002), and total protein (p = 0.039) were numerically and statistically higher in the LVAT group. A higher incidence of apical aneurysms was observed in the group with LVAT (p &lt; 0.001), in addition to a lower value of LVEF (p &lt; 0.001). MAPH scores were higher in LVAD patients than in those without (2.34±0.59 and 1.47±0.60, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). Patients with MAPH≥2 had more apical aneurysms than patients with MAPH scores &lt;2 (p = 0.001) (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p><p><table-wrap id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>– Baseline clinical, laboratory, and angiographic data of the study patients</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
			<th colspan="3">Left Ventricular Apical Thrombus</th>
			<th colspan="3">MAPH score</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="6" rowspan="1"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th>With (n = 35)</th>
			<th>Without (n = 150)</th>
			<th>p value</th>
			<th>≥2(n = 98)</th>
			<th>&lt;2 (n = 87)</th>
			<th>p value</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Age (years)</td>
			<td align="center">64.0±11.3</td>
			<td align="center">60.4±13.3</td>
			<td align="center">0.111</td>
			<td align="center">62.5±12.7</td>
			<td align="center">59.4±13.1</td>
			<td align="center">0.109</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gender (M/F)</td>
			<td align="center">22/13</td>
			<td align="center">113/37</td>
			<td align="center">0.144</td>
			<td align="center">71/27</td>
			<td align="center">64/23</td>
			<td align="center">0.865</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (20)</td>
			<td align="center">41 (27.3)</td>
			<td align="center">0.521</td>
			<td align="center">25 (25.5)</td>
			<td align="center">23 (26.4)</td>
			<td align="center">0.886</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">6 (17.1)</td>
			<td align="center">21 (14)</td>
			<td align="center">0.603</td>
			<td align="center">16 (16.3)</td>
			<td align="center">11 (12.6)</td>
			<td align="center">0.479</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (20)</td>
			<td align="center">15 (8.1)</td>
			<td align="center">0.142</td>
			<td align="center">15 (15.3)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
			<td align="center">0.172</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">10 (28.6)</td>
			<td align="center">23 (15.3)</td>
			<td align="center">0.085</td>
			<td align="center">18 (18.4)</td>
			<td align="center">15 (17.2)</td>
			<td align="center">0.994</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COPD, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">4 (11.4)</td>
			<td align="center">9 (6)</td>
			<td align="center">0.273</td>
			<td align="center">8 (8.2)</td>
			<td align="center">5 (5.7)</td>
			<td align="center">0.576</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"><bold>Laboratory data</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">111.20±26.75</td>
			<td align="center">105.11±25.97</td>
			<td align="center">0.228</td>
			<td align="center">105.26±25.10</td>
			<td align="center">107.39±27.39</td>
			<td align="center">0.584</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">0.91±0.18</td>
			<td align="center">0.89±0.18</td>
			<td align="center">0.569</td>
			<td align="center">0.91±0.20</td>
			<td align="center">0.87±0.16</td>
			<td align="center">0.121</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
			<td align="center">13.86±1.27</td>
			<td align="center">13.04±2.09</td>
			<td align="center">0.030</td>
			<td align="center">13.40±1.92</td>
			<td align="center">12.97±2.05</td>
			<td align="center">0.143</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocrit, %</td>
			<td align="center">42.24±4.43</td>
			<td align="center">36.58±6.02</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">38.76±6.69</td>
			<td align="center">36.40±5.26</td>
			<td align="center">0.009</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WBC count 109/ L</td>
			<td align="center">8.64±2.88</td>
			<td align="center">8.77±3.20</td>
			<td align="center">0.818</td>
			<td align="center">8.41±2.79</td>
			<td align="center">91.3±3.45</td>
			<td align="center">0.122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platelet count, 109/ L</td>
			<td align="center">227.43±54.90</td>
			<td align="center">226.95±55.04</td>
			<td align="center">0.963</td>
			<td align="center">220.90±54.20</td>
			<td align="center">233.95±55.09</td>
			<td align="center">0.107</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">141 (93-146)</td>
			<td align="center">111 (93-134)</td>
			<td align="center">0.108</td>
			<td align="center">121 (92-143)</td>
			<td align="center">106 (93-134)</td>
			<td align="center">0.211</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">39.70±8.98</td>
			<td align="center">40.77±8.05</td>
			<td align="center">0.523</td>
			<td align="center">40.21±8.27</td>
			<td align="center">40.97±8.20</td>
			<td align="center">0.535</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triglyceride, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">158 (109-238)</td>
			<td align="center">155 (126-212)</td>
			<td align="center">0.631</td>
			<td align="center">154 (108-212)</td>
			<td align="center">155 (131-203)</td>
			<td align="center">0.723</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiac Tn, ng/L</td>
			<td align="center">300 (159-467)</td>
			<td align="center">197 (81-624)</td>
			<td align="center">0.716</td>
			<td align="center">321 (93-467)</td>
			<td align="center">187 (100-684)</td>
			<td align="center">0.707</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LVEF, %</td>
			<td align="center">36.37±6.86</td>
			<td align="center">45.44±5.92</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">42.17±7.53</td>
			<td align="center">45.47±6.05</td>
			<td align="center">0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apical aneurysm, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">22 (62.9)</td>
			<td align="center">12 (8)</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">27 (27.6)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
			<td align="center">0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPV, fL</td>
			<td align="center">8.37±0.64</td>
			<td align="center">7.97±0.76</td>
			<td align="center">0.002</td>
			<td align="center">8.14±0.68</td>
			<td align="center">7.94±0.82</td>
			<td align="center">0.077</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total protein, g/dL</td>
			<td align="center">6.71±0.82</td>
			<td align="center">6.39±0.70</td>
			<td align="center">0.039</td>
			<td align="center">6.39±0.77</td>
			<td align="center">6.52±0.68</td>
			<td align="center">0.244</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin, g/dL</td>
			<td align="center">3.86±0.42</td>
			<td align="center">3.85±0.43</td>
			<td align="center">0.943</td>
			<td align="center">3.87±0.42</td>
			<td align="center">3.83±0.43</td>
			<td align="center">0.697</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAPH score</td>
			<td align="center">2.34±0.59</td>
			<td align="center">1.47±0.60</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"><bold>Angiographic data</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Only IRA, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">25 (71.4)</td>
			<td align="center">110 (73.3)</td>
			<td align="center">0.974</td>
			<td align="center">70 (71.4)</td>
			<td align="center">65 (74.7)</td>
			<td align="center">0.956</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IRA + critical lesion Non-IRA, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">8 (22.9)</td>
			<td align="center">32 (21.3)</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td align="center">24 (24.5)</td>
			<td align="center">16 (18.4)</td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IRA + noncritical lesion Non-IRA, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">2 (5.7)</td>
			<td align="center">8 (5.3)</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td align="center">4 (4.1)</td>
			<td align="center">6 (6.9)</td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1">
	<p>COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LWBC: White blood cell count; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; Tn: Troponin; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; MPV: Mean platelet volume; MAPH: MPV + age + total protein + haematocrit.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>
	<p>The cut-off values determined were as follows: for MPV &gt;8.5 fL, sensitivity 45%, and specificity 57%; for age &gt;52 years, sensitivity 67%, and specificity 63%; for HCT &gt;40%, sensitivity 62%, and specificity 60%; for serum total protein levels &gt;60.9 g/L, sensitivity 59%, and specificity 65%; for MAPH score ≥ 2, sensitivity 74.1%, specificity 87.3% were determined as cut-off values (<xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). Left ventricular apical thrombus can be predicted better using the MAPH score than self-contained parameters (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f03"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>– ROC curve analysis of variables.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p><p><table-wrap id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>– Pairwise comparison of ROC curve analysis</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
			<th>Difference between AUC</th>
			<th>CI 95%</th>
			<th>Z statistics-p value</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Age-hematocrit</td>
			<td align="center">0.179</td>
			<td align="center">0.041-0.317</td>
			<td align="center">2.549 - 0.011</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Age-MPV</td>
			<td align="center">0.066</td>
			<td align="center">0.075-0.208</td>
			<td align="center">0.921 - 0.357</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Age-total protein</td>
			<td align="center">0.071</td>
			<td align="center">0.085-0.228</td>
			<td align="center">0.892 - 0.372</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Age-MAPH score</td>
			<td align="center">0.295</td>
			<td align="center">0.187-0.403</td>
			<td align="center">5.338 - &lt;0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocrit-MPV</td>
			<td align="center">0.113</td>
			<td align="center">0.012-0.238</td>
			<td align="center">1.769 - 0.077</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocrit-total protein</td>
			<td align="center">0.108</td>
			<td align="center">0.003-0.219</td>
			<td align="center">1.905 - 0.057</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocrit-MAPH score</td>
			<td align="center">0.116</td>
			<td align="center">0.027-0.204</td>
			<td align="center">2.570 - 0.010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPV-MAPH score</td>
			<td align="center">0.228</td>
			<td align="center">0.132-0.325</td>
			<td align="center">4.645 - &lt;0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPV-total protein</td>
			<td align="center">0.005</td>
			<td align="center">0.145-0.323</td>
			<td align="center">0.068 - 0.946</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAPH score-total protein</td>
			<td align="center">0.224</td>
			<td align="center">0.107-0.341</td>
			<td align="center">3.746 - &lt;0.001</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN2">
	<p>MPV: Mean platelet volume; MAPH: MPV + age + total protein + haematocrit.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>
	<p>The MAPH score (Odds ratio [OR]= 1.265, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.124–1.423; p &lt; 0.001), HCT (OR= 1.005, 95% CI= 0.813–1.030; p = 0.040), MPV (OR= 1.084, 95% CI= 0.622–1.206; p = 0.034), and LVEF (OR= 0.106, 95% CI= 0.040–0.280; p &lt; 0.001)were found to be independent predictors of an LVAT (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p><p><table-wrap id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>– Predictors of left ventricular apical thrombus in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
			<th colspan="6">Left ventricular apical thrombus</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="6"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="3">Univariate analysis</th>
			<th colspan="3">Multivariate analysis</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="6" rowspan="1"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th>OR</th>
			<th>95% CI</th>
			<th>p</th>
			<th>OR</th>
			<th>95% CI</th>
			<th>p</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Age</td>
			<td align="center">0.978</td>
			<td align="center">0.950-1.008</td>
			<td align="center">0.127</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Current smoking</td>
			<td align="center">1.505</td>
			<td align="center">0.610-3.711</td>
			<td align="center">0.375</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gender</td>
			<td align="center">0.554</td>
			<td align="center">0.254-1.208</td>
			<td align="center">0.138</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LVEF</td>
			<td align="center">0.087</td>
			<td align="center">0.040-1.456</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">0.106</td>
			<td align="center">0.040-0.280</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apical aneurysm</td>
			<td align="center">1.251</td>
			<td align="center">0.921-2.127</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.165</td>
			<td align="center">1.045-.1613</td>
			<td align="center">0.007</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypertension</td>
			<td align="center">0.444</td>
			<td align="center">0.166-1.190</td>
			<td align="center">0.107</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
			<td align="center">0.787</td>
			<td align="center">0.292-2.123</td>
			<td align="center">0.636</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiac Tn</td>
			<td align="center">1.000</td>
			<td align="center">0.999-1.001</td>
			<td align="center">0.897</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPV</td>
			<td align="center">1.036</td>
			<td align="center">0.742-1.785</td>
			<td align="center">0.006</td>
			<td align="center">1.084</td>
			<td align="center">0.622-1.206</td>
			<td align="center">0.034</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total protein</td>
			<td align="center">1.004</td>
			<td align="center">0.403-1.909</td>
			<td align="center">0.021</td>
			<td align="center">0.564</td>
			<td align="center">0.234-1357</td>
			<td align="center">0.342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocrit</td>
			<td align="center">1.081</td>
			<td align="center">0.750-1.804</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.005</td>
			<td align="center">0.813-1.030</td>
			<td align="center">0.040</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAPH score &lt;2</td>
			<td align="center">1.178</td>
			<td align="center">1.029-1.408</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.011</td>
			<td align="center">1.003-1.060</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAPH score ≥2</td>
			<td align="center">1.323</td>
			<td align="center">1.201-1.456</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.265</td>
			<td align="center">1.124-1.423</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> </td>
			<td align="center" colspan="6"><bold>Adverse events</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2"><bold>Variables</bold></td>
			<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Univariate analysis</bold></td>
			<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Multivariate analysis</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td align="center"><bold>OR</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>95% CI</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>p</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>OR</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>95% CI</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>p</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Age</td>
			<td align="center">0.988</td>
			<td align="center">0.965-1.012</td>
			<td align="center">0.329</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Current smoking</td>
			<td align="center">1.083</td>
			<td align="center">0.913-1.647</td>
			<td align="center">0.003</td>
			<td align="center">1.002</td>
			<td align="center">0.856-1.593</td>
			<td align="center">0.042</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gender</td>
			<td align="center">1.102</td>
			<td align="center">0.554-2.193</td>
			<td align="center">0.782</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LVEF</td>
			<td align="center">0.790</td>
			<td align="center">0.727-0.858</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">0.685</td>
			<td align="center">0.471-1.025</td>
			<td align="center">0.013</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apical aneurysm</td>
			<td align="center">1.375</td>
			<td align="center">0.617-5.517</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.179</td>
			<td align="center">0.971-8.794</td>
			<td align="center">0.021</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypertension</td>
			<td align="center">0.578</td>
			<td align="center">0.202-1.648</td>
			<td align="center">0.305</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
			<td align="center">1.317</td>
			<td align="center">1.104-1.962</td>
			<td align="center">0.043</td>
			<td align="center">0.784</td>
			<td align="center">0.164-3.737</td>
			<td align="center">0.760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiac Tn</td>
			<td align="center">1.000</td>
			<td align="center">0.999-1.001</td>
			<td align="center">0.742</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPV</td>
			<td align="center">2.235</td>
			<td align="center">1.376-3.629</td>
			<td align="center">0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.124</td>
			<td align="center">0.957-1.481</td>
			<td align="center">0.068</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total protein</td>
			<td align="center">1.029</td>
			<td align="center">0.676-1.567</td>
			<td align="center">0.894</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematocrit</td>
			<td align="center">1.286</td>
			<td align="center">0.528-2.647</td>
			<td align="center">0.003</td>
			<td align="center">1.042</td>
			<td align="center">0.764-1.469</td>
			<td align="center">0.037</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAPH score &lt;2</td>
			<td align="center">1.317</td>
			<td align="center">1.050-2.186</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.026</td>
			<td align="center">1.004-1.529</td>
			<td align="center">0.025</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAPH score ≥2</td>
			<td align="center">1.591</td>
			<td align="center">1.036-2.441</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
			<td align="center">1.345</td>
			<td align="center">0.984-1.790</td>
			<td align="center">0.004</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN3">
	<p>LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; Tn: Troponin; MPV: Mean platelet volume; MAPH: MPV + age + total protein + hematocrit; CI: Confidence interval; OR:Odds ratio; HR: Hazard ratio.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>
	<p>The MAPH score (Hazard ratio [HR]= 1.345, 95% CI= 0.984–1.790; p = 0.004), hematocrit (HR= 1.042, 95% CI= 0.764–1.469; p = 0.037), LVEF (HR= 0.685, 95% CI= 0.471–1.025; p = 0.013), apical aneurysm (HR= 1.179, 95% CI= 0.971–8.794; p = 0.021) and current smoking (HR= 1.002, 95% CI= 0.856–1.593; p = 0.042) were found to be independent predictors of MACCE (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
	<p>MACCE was more frequent in patients with LVAT than those without LVAT (p &lt; 0.001). HF (p = 0.004), stroke (p = 0.005), and all-cause mortality (p = 0.007) were more frequent in patients with LVAT compared to patients without LVAT (<xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>). A high MAPH score was associated with a higher overall incidence of MACCE (<xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>). The main data of the article is presented as a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">central figure</xref>.</p><p><table-wrap id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>– Comparison of adverse events</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="4">Left ventricular apical thrombus</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
			<th colspan="3" rowspan="1"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th>With (n = 35)</th>
			<th>Without (n = 150)</th>
			<th>p</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MACCE</td>
			<td align="center">23 (65.7)</td>
			<td align="center">37 (24.7)</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"><bold>Outcomes</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heart failure, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">16 (45.7)</td>
			<td align="center">30 (20)</td>
			<td align="center">0.004</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-fatal myocardial reinfarction, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
			<td align="center">3 (2)</td>
			<td align="center">0.571</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Revascularization, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
			<td align="center">4 (2.7)</td>
			<td align="center">0.329</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stroke, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">4 (11.4)</td>
			<td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
			<td align="center">0.005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-cause death, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">5 (14.3)</td>
			<td align="center">3 (2)</td>
			<td align="center">0.007</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN4">
	<p>MACCE: Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p><p><fig id="f04"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>– Cumulative incidence of MACCE in patients admitted for STEMI and treated by PCI during 12 months of follow-up.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf04.jpg"/></fig></p><p><fig id="f01"><label>Central Illustration</label><caption><title>: Relationship of MAPH Score with Left Ventricular Apical Thrombus and Adverse Events in Patients with Acute Anterior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf01.jpg"/></fig></p>
</sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title>
	<p>In the present study, patients diagnosed with the first episode of acute anterior STEMI having LVAT on transthoracic echocardiography had a higher MAPH score. Furthermore, MAPH performed better than the other four parameters (MPV, age, total protein, and HCT) for predicting LVAT. MAPH score is an independent predictor for LVAT and MACCE in patients diagnosed with first-episode acute anterior STEMI.</p>
	<p>LVAT formation after acute anterior STEMI and left ventricular remodeling warrants close monitoring of patients.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> The prevalence of LVAT was 27% to 46% in the pre-PCI era; after PCI became available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, it has been reduced to 2% to 7%.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Echocardiography is a widely used diagnostic imaging technique for LVAT. However, the true incidence of LVAT may be low due to the sensitivity of echocardiography. Although, it is an imaging modality with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% in patients with good-quality echocardiography windows.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>-<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> As an alternative, computed tomography has similar sensitivity and specificity as TTE, but the additional radiation makes it unfavorable.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>In practice, MRI is not practical for all patients with pre-diagnosed LVAT. In our study, most patients were diagnosed with TTE, but CT or MR imaging modalities were used in cases of suspicion. The size of the infarction, the decrease in LVEF, and the delay between pain onset and revascularization are all risk factors for LVAT. In addition, left ventricular apical aneurysms are risk factors for LVAT.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> In our study results, apical aneurysm and reduced LVEF are risk factors for LVAT, and our results are similar to the literature.</p>
	<p>A component of the MAPH score is MPV, which provides information about platelet activity and function. High MPV values are associated with a higher risk of thrombosis and poor prognosis of thrombotic diseases.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Similarly, advanced age is associated with thrombotic events.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Three important serum elements regulate total protein plasma viscosity: albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Non-albumin protein levels were higher in patients with spontaneous echo contrast, and TIMI frame count and beta 2 microglobulin levels were positively correlated.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> A recent study found higher HCT values in patients with an increased intracoronary thrombus load.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> All these data indicate that MPV, total protein, advanced age, and HCT values are associated with thrombosis. Our study found that these parameters were higher in patients with LVAT compared to the control group. Based on all these parameters, our study found that the MAPH score better predicted LVAT and MACCE in patients with anterior STEMI.</p>
	<p>Anticoagulant therapies are used to treat LVAT and may reduce the risk of embolic events associated with LVAT. Anticoagulants are recommended for patients with LVAT.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>An early diagnosis of LVAT is important to initiate anticoagulation therapy to prevent thromboembolic disease. The MAPH score may be the new score for predicting LVAT in patients with anterior STEMI. As a result, MAPH scores can be used to take early precautions for thromboembolic complications related to LVAT.</p>
<sec><title>Limitations</title>
	<p>Our study has several limitations. The LVAT was performed using TTE, but contrast agent imaging was impossible since it is not commonly used in our country. To perform LVAT using TTE without contrast agents, the healthcare provider may use a combination of different imaging techniques, such as M-mode, 2D, and Doppler ultrasound. These techniques can help visualize the LVAT without the use of contrast agents. It is important to note that using contrast agents can improve the accuracy of LVAT assessment, especially in cases where the imaging quality is poor or when there is limited acoustic access. However, it is not always necessary, and alternative techniques can be used to obtain accurate and reliable information. In our study, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was not routinely performed on patients diagnosed with LVAT. MAPH may perform better if the number of imaging modalities increases, resulting in differences in LVAT incidence.</p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title>
	<p>LVAT can lead to serious cardiovascular consequences such as systemic embolization, stroke, or even death. Therefore, patients who experience a STEMI and are at high risk for LVAT should be closely monitored and considered for anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to prevent or treat thrombus formation. MAPH scores can be calculated easily in routine practice. The test can identify patients with anterior STEMI at high risk for LVAT. It may also help reduce adverse outcomes by identifying patients who will benefit from future treatment, such as anticoagulant therapy.</p>
</sec></body>
  <back>
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</ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Study association</p> <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p> <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University under the protocol number 2023/03-05. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn></fn-group><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by">
	<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn></fn-group></back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relação do Escore MAPH com Trombo Apical do Ventrículo Esquerdo e Eventos Adversos em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnível ST Anterior</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4669-7387</contrib-id><name><surname>Küçük</surname><given-names>Uğur</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>Obtenção de dados</role><role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>Análise estatística</role><role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual important</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3494-5999</contrib-id><name><surname>Altınsoy</surname><given-names>Meltem</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>Obtenção de dados</role><role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>Análise estatística</role><role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual important</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002"><label>1</label><country country="TR">Turquia</country><institution content-type="original">Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University – Cardiology, Canakkale – Turquia</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2002"><label>2</label><country country="TR">Turquia</country><institution content-type="original">Ankara Etlik City Hospital – Cardiology, Ankara – Turquia</institution></aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Uğur Küçük • Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University – Cardiology - Barbaros Mahallesi Prof. Dr. Sevim BULUÇ Sokak No:2 Çanakkale, 17100 – Turquia E-mail: drugurkucuk@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
	<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
	<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p></fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract><title>Resumo</title><sec><title>Fundamento</title><p> O trombo apical do ventrículo esquerdo (TAVE) é uma complicação clinicamente crucial do infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST anterior (IAMCSST). O escore MAPH é um escore recentemente desenvolvido relacionado à trombose. Os escores MAPH são escores simples que estimam a viscosidade do sangue e a sensibilidade ao trombo.</p></sec><sec><title>Objetivo</title><p> Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar a relação do escore MAPH com TAVE e eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (MACCE) em pacientes com IAMCSST anterior agudo.</p></sec><sec><title>Métodos</title><p> O estudo incluiu 185 pacientes com IAMCSST anterior agudo submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). O TAVE foi detectado e dividido em dois grupos no acompanhamento clínico após ICP. O escore MAPH obtido antes da ICP foi comparado entre os grupos e sua relação com o MACCE foi examinada. O MACCE incluiu uma combinação de morte por todas as causas, infarto do miocárdio não fatal, revascularização do vaso-alvo, insuficiência cardíaca e acidente vascular cerebral.</p></sec><sec><title>Resultados</title><p> O escore MAPH foi maior em pacientes com TAVE do que naqueles sem TAVE (p &lt; 0,001). A escore MAPH elevada foi determinada como um preditor de TAVE [odds ratio (OR): 1,265; Intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,124-1,423; p &lt; 0,001] e MACCE [hazard ratio (HR): 1,345; IC 95%: 0,984-1,790; p = 0,004] em pacientes com IAMCSST anterior agudo. Um escore MAPH alto foi associado a uma maior incidência geral de MACCE nas análises de Kaplan-Meier. Os valores de corte do escore MAPH para TAVE e MACCE foram determinados como 2, com base na análise da curva característica de operação do receptor.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusão</title><p> Um escore MAPH alto pode ser usado para avaliação de risco de TAVE e MACCE em pacientes com diagnóstico de IAMCSST anterior agudo.</p></sec></abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt"><kwd>Doenças Cardiovasculares</kwd><kwd>Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda</kwd><kwd>Infarto do Miocárdio Anterior</kwd><kwd>Escore MAPH</kwd></kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
<sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introdução</title>
	<p>O infarto do miocárdio (IM) ainda é a principal causa de morte e morbidade internacionalmente, apesar dos avanços no tratamento médico e nas intervenções coronárias percutâneas.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A revascularização precoce é a estratégia de reperfusão preferida para pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Um mau prognóstico está associado a condições comórbidas, artérias relacionadas ao infarto (ARI) e tempo de revascularização tardio.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
	<p>O trombo apical do ventrículo esquerdo (TAVE) é um problema importante após IAMCSST anterior agudo e é um fator de risco para desfechos clínicos tromboembólicos.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Medicamentos anticoagulantes são usados para tratar TAVE, e a identificação precoce de indivíduos de alto risco é importante na redução de eventos tromboembólicos.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores indicam que o volume plaquetário médio (VPM) e a idade são úteis na demonstração de trombose.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O escore MAPH, que é composto pelos componentes VPM (M), idade (A), proteína total (P), hematócrito (H) , é um escore atualizado que foi associado à trombose, como carga de trombo intracoronário em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Até onde sabemos, nenhum estudo examinou a relação do escore MAPH com TAVE e eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (MACCE) após IAMCSST anterior agudo.</p>
	<p>Nosso objetivo foi explorar se existe uma relação entre o escore MAPH e o desenvolvimento de TAVE e MACCE em pacientes com IAMCSST anterior agudo.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods"><title>Métodos</title>
	<p>Pacientes com diagnóstico de primeiro episódio de IAMCSST anterior agudo submetidos à angiografia coronária (AGC) entre janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2023 foram incluídos neste estudo. Devido ao potencial impacto de aneurismas apicais prévios na incidência de trombo apical no caso de IAM anterior agudo, recrutamos apenas pacientes com primeiro episódio de IAM anterior agudo. Durante o estudo, 381 pacientes foram examinados. Cento e noventa e seis pacientes foram excluídos devido a um ou mais critérios de exclusão. O estudo incluiu 185 pacientes com IAMCSST anterior agudo submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) com sucesso.</p>
	<p>Amostras de eletrocardiograma (ECG) foram coletadas 10 minutos após a admissão no pronto-socorro (DE) de pacientes que se apresentaram no pronto-socorro com dor no peito. Antes da AGC, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ECG (12 derivações, velocidade do papel de 25 mm.seg-1 e calibração de 10 mm.mV-1).O diagnóstico de IAMCSST foi feito em pacientes consultados com dor torácica em pelo menos duas derivações adjacentes e pacientes com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST medido a partir do ponto J no ECG de 12 derivações (≥ 2,5mm em homens com menos de 40 anos de idade em V2-V3 derivações, ≥ 2 mm em homens com mais de 40 anos de idade, ≥ 1,5 mm em mulheres com mais de 40 anos de idade e/ou ≥1 mm em outras derivações [Não estão presentes bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) ou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE)]).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
	<p>Os critérios de exclusão foram história de doença arterial coronariana (DAC), enxerto de revascularização do miocárdio (CABG), insuficiência cardíaca conhecida com fração de ejeção reduzida [fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤ 40%], acidente vascular cerebral, doença renal crônica (TFGe &lt; 30 [mL/min/ 1,73m<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>]), infecção ativa, coagulopatia conhecida, trombocitose, malignidade, doença valvar cardíaca moderada, reparo da valva mitral ou prótese valvar, disfunção tireoidiana não controlada, doença inflamatória crônica, doenças hematológicas, doenças autoimunes, transfusão de sangue recente, pacientes com doença atrial conhecida fibrilação, ondas Q patológicas, histórico de vacinação ou infecção por COVID-19 nos últimos dois meses, em uso de anticoagulantes orais, pacientes sem dados ecocardiográficos de acompanhamento e menores de 18 anos não foram incluídos no estudo.</p>
	<p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética local (número de aprovação: 2023/03-05). A Declaração de Helsinque foi cumprida em todos os procedimentos do estudo. Devido ao desenho do estudo retrospectivo, o consentimento informado por escrito não foi obtido dos participantes antes do estudo.</p>
<sec><title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica</title>
	<p>Os níveis de pressão arterial foram medidos imediatamente antes do início da imagem ecocardiográfica. Exames ecocardiográficos foram realizados após aferição da pressão arterial dos pacientes. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exames ecocardiográficos dentro de 24 a 36 horas após a admissão hospitalar. A posição lateral esquerda foi utilizada para medidas ecocardiográficas. Usamos a fórmula de Simpson modificada para calcular a FEVE.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> O TAVE foi definido como uma massa ecodensa adjacente a um segmento miocárdico acinético ou discinético observado ao longo da sístole e da diástole (geralmente eixo apical e curto)<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> (<xref rid="f02002" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). Várias configurações de ganho da ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT), profundidade de campo e múltiplas posições de imagem foram usadas para excluir a imitação do TAVE, como estruturas trabeculares de pseudotendões.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Se houvesse suspeita de diagnóstico de TAVE, os pacientes foram submetidos a uma segunda avaliação, como tomografia computadorizada ou ressonância magnética cardíaca. Os mesmos métodos ecocardiográficos foram utilizados no acompanhamento clínico (3º, 6º e 12º meses).</p><p><fig id="f02002"><label>Figura 1</label><caption><title>– Visão ecocardiográfica transtorácica de trombo (asterisco) no ápice do ventrículo esquerdo. A: paciente do sexo masculino, 45 anos, B: paciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig></p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Angiografia coronária</title>
	<p>A AGC foi realizada por operadores especialistas utilizando a técnica padrão de Judkins. Todos os pacientes foram tratados seguindo as diretrizes atuais da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Os pacientes receberam clopidogrel (600 mg), ticagrelor (180 mg) ou prasugrel (60 mg), além de 300 mg de aspirina para terapia antiplaquetária pré-procedimento. Vários planos de imagem foram considerados na identificação das lesões responsáveis pelo infarto. Após a administração de heparina (70 U/kg em bolus) na ARI, foram realizadas revascularizações coronarianas com Stent, enquanto a pré-dilatação com balão foi realizada antes do implante de Stent coronariano para algumas lesões. Em todos os pacientes sem contraindicações, o dinitrato de isossorbida foi administrado por um cardiologista intervencionista antes das primeiras imagens angiográficas para excluir o fenômeno de fluxo coronariano lento. A intervenção foi encerrada após obtenção de imagens após administração de dinitrato de isossorbida em todos os pacientes sem contraindicações. Todos os pacientes receberam terapia medicamentosa de longo prazo recomendada pelas diretrizes, incluindo estatinas, betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina, conforme necessário.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Escore MAPH</title>
	<p>Amostras de sangue da veia antecubital foram obtidas na admissão para análise de parâmetros bioquímicos e hemogramas. Os exames laboratoriais foram realizados e analisados utilizando kits apropriados para mensuração dos valores séricos de HCT, proteína total, VPM e outros exames. Utilizando o índice de Youden, determinamos pontos de corte preditivos para VPM, idade, proteína total e HCT para TAVE. Os níveis acima do ponto de corte receberam 1 ponto e os níveis abaixo do ponto de corte receberam 0 ponto. O escore MAPH total foi obtido pela soma dos escores dessas 4 variáveis (VPM, idade, proteína total e HCT).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Acompanhamento clínico e pontos finais do estudo</title>
	<p>Um registro regular de visitas clínicas de pacientes foi usado para determinar os resultados clínicos. A ocorrência de qualquer um dos seguintes componentes durante 12 meses de acompanhamento foi definida como MACCE: morte por todas as causas, insuficiência cardíaca (IC), reinfarto do miocárdio não fatal, revascularização e acidente vascular cerebral. A mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas se refere à morte cardiovascular (incluindo parada cardíaca, edema pulmonar e choque cardiogênico) e não cardiovascular. IC foi definida como IC de início recente em pacientes sem história de IC (FEVE ≤40%). Reinfarto do miocárdio não fatal foi definido como qualquer internação subsequente com diagnóstico de alta de reinfarto do miocárdio. A revascularização foi definida como a necessidade de restaurar a permeabilidade da luz após perda da luz na lesão responsável pelo infarto índice (reintervenção para tratar uma reoclusão aguda dentro do Stent anterior). A disfunção neurológica causada por um infarto focal cerebral, espinhal ou retinal foi definida como acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Análise estatística</title>
	<p>Os dados foram analisados no SPSS versão 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). A conformidade das variáveis contínuas com a distribuição normal foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os dados foram expressos como média ± DP ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). As variáveis categóricas foram expressas em números (n) e porcentagens (%). Os parâmetros que apresentaram distribuição normal foram comparados pelo teste t de Student e os que não apresentaram distribuição normal pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. O teste Qui-quadrado ou teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar as razões de probabilidade das variáveis categóricas.</p>
	<p>A sensibilidade e especificidade do VPM, idade, proteína total e os níveis de HCT foram demonstrados pela análise da curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC) e pelo índice de Youden. Para testar o poder discriminativo das variáveis do TAVE, foram utilizadas comparações pareadas de curvas ROC. Para estimar TAVE e MACCE, possíveis variáveis independentes de confusão [por exemplo, idade, tabagismo atual, sexo, FEVE, aneurisma apical, hipertensão (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), troponina cardíaca (Tn), VPM, proteína total, HCT, MAPH escore] foram incluídos na análise univariada. Variáveis com valor de P não ajustado menor que 0,1 na análise univariada foram determinadas como potenciais fatores de risco de TAVE e incluídas na análise de regressão logística multivariada. As variáveis consideradas estatisticamente significativas na análise univariada foram utilizadas em uma regressão multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox para determinar os preditores independentes de MACCE. A taxa de risco (HR) e seu IC 95% foram calculados. O MACCE foi analisado separadamente por meio de curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results"><title>Resultados</title>
	<p>Foram selecionados 381 pacientes durante o período do estudo. Cento e noventa e seis pacientes foram excluídos devido à presença de um ou mais critérios de exclusão. Pacientes com DAC (n=58), DRC (n=8), AVC (n=5), CABG (n=35), FEVE≤ 40% (n=8), marcapasso permanente (n=5), qualquer cardiomiopatia (n=4), ondas Q patológicas (n=4), FA conhecida (n=14), ondas Q patológicas (n=3) doença valvular cardíaca moderada, reparo da válvula mitral ou prótese valvar (n = 8), disfunção tireoidiana não controlada (n = 3), coagulopatia e trombocitose conhecidas (n = 3), doença inflamatória crônica (n = 2), doenças hematológicas (n =1), doenças autoimunes (n=2), infecção ativa e/ou doença maligna (n=9), transfusão de sangue recente (n=4), infecção por COVID-19 ou histórico de vacinação nos últimos 2 meses (n=3), foram excluídos do estudo pacientes sem dados ecocardiográficos de acompanhamento (n=7) e em uso de anticoagulantes orais (n=10). A população final do estudo foi composta por 185 pacientes. O estudo incluiu 185 pacientes com TAVE (n = 35) e sem TAVE (n = 150). A comparação das características demográficas dos pacientes não encontrou diferenças em termos de DM, HA, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), dislipidemia ou tabagismo. Valores laboratoriais como hemoglobina (p = 0,030), HCT (p &lt; 0,001), VPM (p = 0,0002) e proteína total (p = 0,039) foram numericamente e estatisticamente maiores no grupo TAVE. Foi observada maior incidência de aneurismas apicais no grupo com TAVE (p &lt; 0,001), além de menor valor de FEVE (p &lt; 0,001). Os escores MAPH foram maiores nos pacientes com TAVE do que naqueles sem (2,34±0,59 e 1,47±0,60, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes com MAPH ≥2 apresentaram mais aneurismas apicais do que pacientes com escores MAPH &lt;2 (p = 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Valores laboratoriais como hemoglobina (p = 0,030), HCT (p &lt; 0,001), VPM (p = 0,0002) e proteína total (p = 0,039) foram numericamente e estatisticamente maiores no grupo TAVE. Foi observada maior incidência de aneurismas apicais no grupo com TAVE (p &lt; 0,001), além de menor valor de FEVE (p &lt; 0,001). Os escores MAPH foram maiores nos pacientes com TAVE do que naqueles sem (2,34±0,59 e 1,47±0,60, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes com MAPH ≥2 apresentaram mais aneurismas apicais do que pacientes com escores MAPH &lt;2 (p = 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Valores laboratoriais como hemoglobina (p = 0,030), HCT (p &lt; 0,001), VPM (p = 0,0002) e proteína total (p = 0,039) foram numericamente e estatisticamente maiores no grupo TAVE. Foi observada maior incidência de aneurismas apicais no grupo com TAVE (p &lt; 0,001), além de menor valor de FEVE (p &lt; 0,001). Os escores MAPH foram maiores nos pacientes com TAVE do que naqueles sem (2,34±0,59 e 1,47±0,60, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes com MAPH ≥2 apresentaram mais aneurismas apicais do que pacientes com escores MAPH &lt;2 (p = 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Os escores MAPH foram maiores nos pacientes com TAVE do que naqueles sem (2,34±0,59 e 1,47±0,60, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes com MAPH ≥2 apresentaram mais aneurismas apicais do que pacientes com escores MAPH &lt;2 (p = 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Os escores MAPH foram maiores nos pacientes com TAVE do que naqueles sem (2,34±0,59 e 1,47±0,60, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes com MAPH ≥2 apresentaram mais aneurismas apicais do que pacientes com escores MAPH &lt;2 (p = 0,001) (<xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p><p><table-wrap id="t1002"><label>Tabela 1</label><caption><title>– Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e angiográficos basais dos pacientes do estudo</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
			<th colspan="3">Trombo Apical Ventricular Esquerdo</th>
			<th colspan="3">Escore MAPH</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="6" rowspan="1"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th>Com (n = 35)</th>
			<th>Sem (n = 150)</th>
			<th>Valor p</th>
			<th>≥2(n = 98)</th>
			<th>&lt;2 (n = 87)</th>
			<th>Valor p</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anos de idade)</td>
			<td align="center">64,0±11,3</td>
			<td align="center">60,4±13,3</td>
			<td align="center">0,111</td>
			<td align="center">62,5±12,7</td>
			<td align="center">59,4±13,1</td>
			<td align="center">0,109</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gênero (M/F)</td>
			<td align="center">22/13</td>
			<td align="center">113/37</td>
			<td align="center">0,144</td>
			<td align="center">71/27</td>
			<td align="center">64/23</td>
			<td align="center">0,865</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (20)</td>
			<td align="center">41 (27,3)</td>
			<td align="center">0,521</td>
			<td align="center">25 (25,5)</td>
			<td align="center">23 (26,4)</td>
			<td align="center">0,886</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">6 (17,1)</td>
			<td align="center">21 (14)</td>
			<td align="center">0,603</td>
			<td align="center">16 (16,3)</td>
			<td align="center">11 (12,6)</td>
			<td align="center">0,479</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hipertensão, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (20)</td>
			<td align="center">15 (8.1)</td>
			<td align="center">0,142</td>
			<td align="center">15 (15,3)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
			<td align="center">0,172</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">10 (28,6)</td>
			<td align="center">23 (15,3)</td>
			<td align="center">0,085</td>
			<td align="center">18 (18,4)</td>
			<td align="center">15 (17,2)</td>
			<td align="center">0,994</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPOC, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">4 (11,4)</td>
			<td align="center">9 (6)</td>
			<td align="center">0,273</td>
			<td align="center">8 (8,2)</td>
			<td align="center">5 (5,7)</td>
			<td align="center">0,576</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"><bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glicose, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">111,20±26,75</td>
			<td align="center">105,11±25,97</td>
			<td align="center">0,228</td>
			<td align="center">105,26±25,10</td>
			<td align="center">107,39±27,39</td>
			<td align="center">0,584</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">0,91±0,18</td>
			<td align="center">0,89±0,18</td>
			<td align="center">0,569</td>
			<td align="center">0,91±0,20</td>
			<td align="center">0,87±0,16</td>
			<td align="center">0,121</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
			<td align="center">13,86±1,27</td>
			<td align="center">13,04±2,09</td>
			<td align="center">0,030</td>
			<td align="center">13,40±1,92</td>
			<td align="center">12,97±2,05</td>
			<td align="center">0,143</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematócrito, %</td>
			<td align="center">42,24±4,43</td>
			<td align="center">36,58±6,02</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">38,76±6,69</td>
			<td align="center">36,40±5,26</td>
			<td align="center">0,009</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Contagem de leucócitos 109/L</td>
			<td align="center">8,64±2,88</td>
			<td align="center">8,77±3,20</td>
			<td align="center">0,818</td>
			<td align="center">8,41±2,79</td>
			<td align="center">91,3±3,45</td>
			<td align="center">0,122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Contagem de plaquetas, 109/L</td>
			<td align="center">227,43±54,90</td>
			<td align="center">226,95±55,04</td>
			<td align="center">0,963</td>
			<td align="center">220,90±54,20</td>
			<td align="center">233,95±55,09</td>
			<td align="center">0,107</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colesterol LDL, <italic>mg/dl</italic></td>
			<td align="center">141 (93-146)</td>
			<td align="center">111 (93-134)</td>
			<td align="center">0,108</td>
			<td align="center">121 (92-143)</td>
			<td align="center">106 (93-134)</td>
			<td align="center">0,211</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colesterol HDL, <italic>mg/dl</italic></td>
			<td align="center">39,70±8,98</td>
			<td align="center">40,77±8,05</td>
			<td align="center">0,523</td>
			<td align="center">40,21±8,27</td>
			<td align="center">40,97±8,20</td>
			<td align="center">0,535</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triglicerídeo, mg/dl</td>
			<td align="center">158 (109-238)</td>
			<td align="center">155 (126-212)</td>
			<td align="center">0,631</td>
			<td align="center">154 (108-212)</td>
			<td align="center">155 (131-203)</td>
			<td align="center">0,723</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tn cardíaco, ng/L</td>
			<td align="center">300 (159-467)</td>
			<td align="center">197 (81-624)</td>
			<td align="center">0,716</td>
			<td align="center">321 (93-467)</td>
			<td align="center">187 (100-684)</td>
			<td align="center">0,707</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FEVE,%</td>
			<td align="center">36,37±6,86</td>
			<td align="center">45,44±5,92</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">42,17±7,53</td>
			<td align="center">45,47±6,05</td>
			<td align="center">0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aneurisma apical, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">22 (62,9)</td>
			<td align="center">12 (8)</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">27 (27,6)</td>
			<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
			<td align="center">0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VPM, FL</td>
			<td align="center">8,37±0,64</td>
			<td align="center">7,97±0,76</td>
			<td align="center">0,002</td>
			<td align="center">8,14±0,68</td>
			<td align="center">7,94±0,82</td>
			<td align="center">0,077</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteína total, g/dL</td>
			<td align="center">6,71±0,82</td>
			<td align="center">6,39±0,70</td>
			<td align="center">0,039</td>
			<td align="center">6,39±0,77</td>
			<td align="center">6,52±0,68</td>
			<td align="center">0,244</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumina, g/dL</td>
			<td align="center">3,86±0,42</td>
			<td align="center">3,85±0,43</td>
			<td align="center">0,943</td>
			<td align="center">3,87±0,42</td>
			<td align="center">3,83±0,43</td>
			<td align="center">0,697</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore MAPH</td>
			<td align="center">2,34±0,59</td>
			<td align="center">1,47±0,60</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"><bold>Dados angiográficos</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Somente ARI, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">25 (71,4)</td>
			<td align="center">110 (73,3)</td>
			<td align="center">0,974</td>
			<td align="center">70 (71,4)</td>
			<td align="center">65 (74,7)</td>
			<td align="center">0,956</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARI + lesão crítica Não ARI, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">8 (22,9)</td>
			<td align="center">32 (21,3)</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td align="center">24 (24,5)</td>
			<td align="center">16 (18,4)</td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARI + lesão não crítica Não ARI, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">2 (5,7)</td>
			<td align="center">8 (5,3)</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td align="center">4 (4.1)</td>
			<td align="center">6 (6,9)</td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1002">
	<p>DPOC: Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica; LDL: Lipoproteína de baixa densidade; HDL: Lipoproteína de alta densidade; Tn: Troponina; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; VPM: Volume plaquetário médio; MAPH: VPM + idade + proteína total + hematócrito.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>
	<p>Os valores de corte determinados foram os seguintes: para VPM &gt;8,5 fL, sensibilidade 45% e especificidade 57%; para idade &gt;52 anos, sensibilidade 67% e especificidade 63%; para HCT &gt;40%, sensibilidade 62% e especificidade 60%; para níveis séricos de proteína total &gt;60,9 g/L, sensibilidade 59% e especificidade 65%; para escore MAPH ≥ 2, sensibilidade 74,1%, especificidade 87,3% foram determinadas como valores de corte (<xref rid="f03002" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>). O trombo apical do ventrículo esquerdo pode ser melhor previsto usando o escore MAPH do que parâmetros independentes (<xref rid="t2002" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f03002"><label>Figura 2</label><caption><title>– Análise da curva ROC das variáveis.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig></p><p><table-wrap id="t2002"><label>Tabela 2</label><caption><title>– Comparação pareada da análise da curva ROC</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
			<th>Diferença entre AUC</th>
			<th>IC 95%</th>
			<th>Estatística Z - valor p</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Idade-hematócrito</td>
			<td align="center">0,179</td>
			<td align="center">0,041-0,317</td>
			<td align="center">2,549 - 0,011</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Idade-VPM</td>
			<td align="center">0,066</td>
			<td align="center">0,075-0,208</td>
			<td align="center">0,921 - 0,357</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteína total por idade</td>
			<td align="center">0,071</td>
			<td align="center">0,085-0,228</td>
			<td align="center">0,892 - 0,372</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore Idade-MAPH</td>
			<td align="center">0,295</td>
			<td align="center">0,187-0,403</td>
			<td align="center">5,338 - &lt;0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematócrito-VPM</td>
			<td align="center">0,113</td>
			<td align="center">0,012-0,238</td>
			<td align="center">1,769 - 0,077</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteína total de hematócrito</td>
			<td align="center">0,108</td>
			<td align="center">0,003-0,219</td>
			<td align="center">1,905 - 0,057</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore de hematócrito-MAPH</td>
			<td align="center">0,116</td>
			<td align="center">0,027-0,204</td>
			<td align="center">2,570 - 0,010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore VPM-MAPH</td>
			<td align="center">0,228</td>
			<td align="center">0,132-0,325</td>
			<td align="center">4,645 - &lt;0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteína total de VPM</td>
			<td align="center">0,005</td>
			<td align="center">0,145-0,323</td>
			<td align="center">0,068 - 0,946</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore MAPH-proteína total</td>
			<td align="center">0,224</td>
			<td align="center">0,107-0,341</td>
			<td align="center">3,746 - &lt;0,001</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN2002">
	<p>VPM: Volume plaquetário médio; MAPH: VPM + idade + proteína total + hematócrito.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>
	<p>A escore MAPH (Odds ratio [OR]= 1,265, intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%= 1,124–1,423; p &lt; 0,001), HCT (OR= 1,005, IC 95%= 0,813–1,030; p = 0,040), VPM (OR= 1,084, IC 95%= 0,622–1,206; p = 0,034) e FEVE (OR= 0,106, IC 95%= 0,040–0,280; p &lt; 0,001) foram considerados preditores independentes de um TAVE (<xref rid="t3002" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
	<p>A escore MAPH (Hazard Ratio [HR]= 1,345, IC 95%= 0,984–1,790; p = 0,004), hematócrito (HR= 1,042, IC 95%= 0,764–1,469; p = 0,037), FEVE (HR= 0,685, IC 95%= 0,471–1,025; p = 0,013), aneurisma apical (HR= 1,179, IC 95%= 0,971–8,794; p = 0,021) e tabagismo atual (HR= 1,002, IC 95%= 0,856–1,593; p = 0,042) foram considerados preditores independentes de MACCE (<xref rid="t3002" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
	<p>O MACCE foi mais frequente em pacientes com TAVE do que naqueles sem TAVE (p &lt; 0,001). IC (p = 0,004), acidente vascular cerebral (p = 0,005) e mortalidade por todas as causas (p = 0,007) foram mais frequentes em pacientes com TAVE em comparação aos pacientes sem TAVE (<xref rid="t4002" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref>). Um escore MAPH alto foi associado a uma maior incidência geral de MACCE (<xref rid="f04002" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>). Os principais dados do artigo são apresentados como <xref rid="f01002" ref-type="fig">figura central</xref>.</p><p><table-wrap id="t4002"><label>Tabela 4</label><caption><title>– Comparação de eventos adversos</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="4">Trombo apical do ventrículo esquerdo</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
			<th colspan="3" rowspan="1"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th>Com (n = 35)</th>
			<th>Sem (n = 150)</th>
			<th>p</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MACCE</td>
			<td align="center">23 (65,7)</td>
			<td align="center">37 (24,7)</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"><bold>Resultados</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insuficiência cardíaca, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">16 (45,7)</td>
			<td align="center">30 (20)</td>
			<td align="center">0,004</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reinfarto do miocárdio não fatal, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">1 (2,9)</td>
			<td align="center">3 (2)</td>
			<td align="center">0,571</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Revascularização, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
			<td align="center">4 (2,7)</td>
			<td align="center">0,329</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">4 (11,4)</td>
			<td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
			<td align="center">0,005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Morte por todas as causas, n (%)</td>
			<td align="center">5 (14,3)</td>
			<td align="center">3 (2)</td>
			<td align="center">0,007</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN4002">
	<p>MACCE: Evento adverso grave cardiovascular e cerebrovascular.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p><p><fig id="f04002"><label>Figura 3</label><caption><title>– Incidência cumulativa de MACCE em pacientes internados por IAMCSST e tratados por ICP durante 12 meses de acompanhamento.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig></p><p><fig id="f01002"><label>Figura Central</label><caption><title>: Relação do Escore MAPH com Trombo Apical do Ventrículo Esquerdo e Eventos Adversos em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnível ST Anterior</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230060-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussão</title>
	<p>No presente estudo, os pacientes com diagnóstico de primeiro episódio de IAMCSST anterior agudo e TAVE na ecocardiografia transtorácica apresentaram maior escore MAPH. Além disso, o MAPH teve melhor desempenho do que os outros quatro parâmetros (VPM, idade, proteína total e HCT) para prever o TAVE. O escore MAPH é um preditor independente para TAVE e MACCE em pacientes com diagnóstico de IAMCSST anterior agudo no primeiro episódio.</p>
	<p>A formação de TAVE após IAMCSST anterior agudo e remodelação ventricular esquerda justifica um monitoramento rigoroso dos pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> A prevalência de TAVE foi de 27% a 46% na era pré-ICP; depois que a ICP se tornou disponível 24 horas por dia, sete dias por semana, ela foi reduzida para 2% a 7%.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia é uma técnica de diagnóstico por imagem amplamente utilizada para TAVE. No entanto, a verdadeira incidência de TAVE pode ser baixa devido à sensibilidade da ecocardiografia. Embora seja uma modalidade de imagem com sensibilidade e especificidade de 90% em pacientes com janelas ecocardiográficas de boa qualidade.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>-<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Como alternativa, a tomografia computadorizada tem sensibilidade e especificidade semelhantes ao ETT, mas a radiação adicional a torna desfavorável.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Na prática, a ressonância magnética não é prática para todos os pacientes com TAVE pré-diagnosticado. Em nosso estudo, a maioria dos pacientes foi diagnosticada com ETT, mas modalidades de tomografia computadorizada ou ressonância magnética foram utilizadas em casos de suspeita. O tamanho do infarto, a diminuição da FEVE, e o atraso entre o início da dor e a revascularização são fatores de risco para TAVE. Além disso, os aneurismas apicais do ventrículo esquerdo são fatores de risco para TAVE.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Nos resultados do nosso estudo, o aneurisma apical e a FEVE reduzida são fatores de risco para TAVE, e nossos resultados são semelhantes aos da literatura.</p>
	<p>Um componente da escore MAPH é o VPM, que fornece informações sobre a atividade e função plaquetária. Valores elevados de VPM estão associados a maior risco de trombose e pior prognóstico de doenças trombóticas.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a idade avançada está associada a eventos trombóticos.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Três importantes elementos séricos regulam a viscosidade plasmática da proteína total: albumina, fibrinogênio e globulina.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Os níveis de proteína não albumina foram maiores em pacientes com eco contraste espontâneo, e a contagem de quadros TIMI e os níveis de microglobulina beta 2 foram positivamente correlacionados.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Um estudo recente encontrou valores mais elevados de HCT em pacientes com carga de trombo intracoronário aumentada.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Todos esses dados indicam que VPM, proteína total, idade avançada e valores de HCT estão associados à trombose. Nosso estudo constatou que esses parâmetros foram maiores em pacientes com TAVE em comparação ao grupo controle. Com base em todos esses parâmetros, nosso estudo descobriu que o escore MAPH previu melhor o TAVE e o MACCE em pacientes com IAMCSST anterior.</p>
	<p>As terapias anticoagulantes são usadas para tratar o TAVE e podem reduzir o risco de eventos embólicos associados ao TAVE. Anticoagulantes são recomendados para pacientes com TAVE.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> Um diagnóstico precoce de TAVE é importante para iniciar terapia anticoagulante para prevenir doença tromboembólica. O escore MAPH pode ser o novo escore para prever o TAVE em pacientes com IAMCSST anterior. Como resultado, os escores MAPH podem ser usados para tomar precauções precoces para complicações tromboembólicas relacionadas ao TAVE.</p>
<sec><title>Limitações</title>
	<p>Nosso estudo tem várias limitações. O TAVE foi realizado com ETT, mas a imagem com agente de contraste não foi possível, uma vez que não é comumente utilizado em nosso país. Para realizar TAVE usando ETT sem agentes de contraste, o médico pode usar uma combinação de diferentes técnicas de imagem, como modo M, 2D e ultrassom Doppler. Essas técnicas podem ajudar a visualizar o TAVE sem o uso de agentes de contraste. É importante ressaltar que o uso de agentes de contraste pode melhorar a acurácia da avaliação do TAVE, principalmente nos casos em que a qualidade da imagem é ruim ou quando há acesso acústico limitado. No entanto, nem sempre é necessário, e técnicas alternativas podem ser utilizadas para obter informações precisas e confiáveis. Em nosso estudo, a ressonância magnética cardíaca não foi realizada rotineiramente em pacientes com diagnóstico de TAVE.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusão</title>
	<p>O TAVE pode levar a consequências cardiovasculares graves, como embolização sistêmica, acidente vascular cerebral ou até morte. Portanto, os pacientes que apresentam IAMCSST e apresentam alto risco de TAVE devem ser monitorados de perto e considerados para terapia anticoagulante ou trombolítica para prevenir ou tratar a formação de trombos. Os escores MAPH podem ser calculados facilmente na prática de rotina. O teste pode identificar pacientes com IAMCSST anterior com alto risco de TAVE. Também pode ajudar a reduzir resultados adversos, identificando pacientes que se beneficiarão de tratamentos futuros, como terapia anticoagulante.</p>


<p><table-wrap id="t3002"><label>Tabela 3</label><caption><title>– Preditores de trombo apical do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
			<th colspan="6">Trombo apical do ventrículo esquerdo</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
			<th colspan="6"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th rowspan="3" align="left">Variáveis</th>
			<th colspan="3">Análise univariada</th>
			<th colspan="3">Análise multivariada</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th colspan="6" rowspan="1"> <hr/></th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th>OU</th>
			<th>IC 95%</th>
			<th>p</th>
			<th>OU</th>
			<th>IC 95%</th>
			<th>p</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Idade</td>
			<td align="center">0,978</td>
			<td align="center">0,950-1,008</td>
			<td align="center">0,127</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabagismo atual</td>
			<td align="center">1.505</td>
			<td align="center">0,610-3,711</td>
			<td align="center">0,375</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gênero</td>
			<td align="center">0,554</td>
			<td align="center">0,254-1,208</td>
			<td align="center">0,138</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FEVE</td>
			<td align="center">0,087</td>
			<td align="center">0,040-1,456</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">0,106</td>
			<td align="center">0,040-0,280</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aneurisma apical</td>
			<td align="center">1.251</td>
			<td align="center">0,921-2,127</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,165</td>
			<td align="center">1,045-,1613</td>
			<td align="center">0,007</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hipertensão</td>
			<td align="center">0,444</td>
			<td align="center">0,166-1,190</td>
			<td align="center">0,107</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
			<td align="center">0,787</td>
			<td align="center">0,292-2,123</td>
			<td align="center">0,636</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tn cardíaca</td>
			<td align="center">1,000</td>
			<td align="center">0,999-1,001</td>
			<td align="center">0,897</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VPM</td>
			<td align="center">1,036</td>
			<td align="center">0,742-1,785</td>
			<td align="center">0,006</td>
			<td align="center">1,084</td>
			<td align="center">0,622-1,206</td>
			<td align="center">0,034</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteína total</td>
			<td align="center">1,004</td>
			<td align="center">0,403-1,909</td>
			<td align="center">0,021</td>
			<td align="center">0,564</td>
			<td align="center">0,234-1357</td>
			<td align="center">0,342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematócrito</td>
			<td align="center">1,081</td>
			<td align="center">0,750-1,804</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,005</td>
			<td align="center">0,813-1,030</td>
			<td align="center">0,040</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore MAPH &lt;2</td>
			<td align="center">1,178</td>
			<td align="center">1,029-1,408</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,011</td>
			<td align="center">1,003-1,060</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore MAPH ≥2</td>
			<td align="center">1,323</td>
			<td align="center">1,201-1,456</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,265</td>
			<td align="center">1,124-1,423</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> </td>
			<td colspan="6" align="center"><bold>Eventos adversos</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2"><bold>Variáveis</bold></td>
			<td colspan="3" align="center"><bold>Análise univariada</bold></td>
			<td colspan="3" align="center"><bold>Análise multivariada</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td align="center"><bold>RH</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>IC 95%</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>p</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>RH</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>IC 95%</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>p</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Idade</td>
			<td align="center">0,988</td>
			<td align="center">0,965-1,012</td>
			<td align="center">0,329</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabagismo atual</td>
			<td align="center">1.083</td>
			<td align="center">0,913-1,647</td>
			<td align="center">0,003</td>
			<td align="center">1.002</td>
			<td align="center">0,856-1,593</td>
			<td align="center">0,042</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gênero</td>
			<td align="center">1.102</td>
			<td align="center">0,554-2,193</td>
			<td align="center">0,782</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FEVE</td>
			<td align="center">0,790</td>
			<td align="center">0,727-0,858</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">0,685</td>
			<td align="center">0,471-1,025</td>
			<td align="center">0,013</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aneurisma apical</td>
			<td align="center">1,375</td>
			<td align="center">0,617-5,517</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,179</td>
			<td align="center">0,971-8,794</td>
			<td align="center">0,021</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hipertensão</td>
			<td align="center">0,578</td>
			<td align="center">0,202-1,648</td>
			<td align="center">0,305</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
			<td align="center">1,317</td>
			<td align="center">1,104-1,962</td>
			<td align="center">0,043</td>
			<td align="center">0,784</td>
			<td align="center">0,164-3,737</td>
			<td align="center">0,760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tn cardíaca</td>
			<td align="center">1,000</td>
			<td align="center">0,999-1,001</td>
			<td align="center">0,742</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VPM</td>
			<td align="center">2,235</td>
			<td align="center">1,376-3,629</td>
			<td align="center">0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,124</td>
			<td align="center">0,957-1,481</td>
			<td align="center">0,068</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteína total</td>
			<td align="center">1,029</td>
			<td align="center">0,676-1,567</td>
			<td align="center">0,894</td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematócrito</td>
			<td align="center">1,286</td>
			<td align="center">0,528-2,647</td>
			<td align="center">0,003</td>
			<td align="center">1,042</td>
			<td align="center">0,764-1,469</td>
			<td align="center">0,037</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore MAPH &lt;2</td>
			<td align="center">1,317</td>
			<td align="center">1,050-2,186</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,026</td>
			<td align="center">1,004-1,529</td>
			<td align="center">0,025</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escore MAPH ≥2</td>
			<td align="center">1,591</td>
			<td align="center">1,036-2,441</td>
			<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
			<td align="center">1,345</td>
			<td align="center">0,984-1,790</td>
			<td align="center">0,004</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN3002">
	<p>FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; Tn: Troponina; VPM: Volume plaquetário médio; MAPH: VPM + idade + proteína total + hematócrito; IC: Intervalo de confiança; OR: Odds Ratio; HR: Hazard ratio.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>

</sec></body>
    <back>
      <fn-group> <fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Vinculação acadêmica</p> <p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn> <fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p> <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University sob o número de protocolo 2023/03-05. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn> </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
	<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
