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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
        
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evidence Based Treatment of Heart Failure: Challenges of Drug Access</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5222-233X</contrib-id><name><surname>Einsfeld</surname><given-names>Lidia</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role><role>Acquisition of data</role><role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role><role>Statistical analysis</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-2688</contrib-id><name><surname>Pilger</surname><given-names>Diogo</given-names></name><role>Acquisition of data</role><role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2233-0081</contrib-id><name><surname>Roman</surname><given-names>Cassiela</given-names></name><role>Acquisition of data</role><role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role><role>Statistical analysis</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content><named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution><institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farmácia</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content><named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Santa Maria</named-content><named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Lidia Einsfeld • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Bloco A sala 935. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>l.einsfeld@gmail.com</email>, <email>leinsfeld@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
	<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
	<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230049</elocation-id>
      <history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date></history>
      <permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title><p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome with high prevalence, significant morbi-mortality and is the leading cause of hospital admissions of Brazilian patients over 65 years of age. Drug therapy plays a key role in the care of HF patients, aimed to control symptoms, improve functional classification, reduce hospital readmissions and HF-related mortality rates. Despite the evidence of drug therapy proven benefits in HF, their access through the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS) remains unexplored. The present study aims to analyze the dynamics of access to HF therapy, based on the list of drugs made available by the SUS through a descriptive and documental methodology. Data were collected from the Municipal Lists of Essential Medicines in a metropolitan region in southern Brazil. Municipalities with a population over 80,000 inhabitants were included, and the respective lists of available drugs were reachable electronically by the health departments themselves. The results showed a partial access to HF treatment via the SUS, especially spironolactone and furosemide, present in 72.7% and 81.8% of the municipalities, respectively. Although drug treatment for HF has proven a high level of evidence, access via SUS represents a challenge to overcome in the continuum of care of patients with heart failure in Brazil</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Heart Failure</kwd><kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd><kwd>Access to Essential Medicines and Health Technologies</kwd><kwd>Health Services Accessibility</kwd></kwd-group>
      <counts><fig-count count="2"/><table-count count="2"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="27"/><page-count count="NaN"/></counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
<sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title>
	<p>Heart failure (HF), a complex syndrome with high levels of morbidity and mortality, and is currently the leading cause of hospitalization for people over 65 years of age in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Heart failure is also responsible for approximately 5% of public health funding in the country.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
	<p>Drug therapy plays an important role in the process of care of HF patients, aiming to improve not only symptoms control and functional class, but, in particular, HF-related outcomes, such as reduction in hospital readmissions and disease-related mortality rates.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Different classes of drugs, used in combination, have demonstrated proven benefits in large clinical trials.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> However, patients’ access to these drugs through the Unified Health System (SUS) remains a challenge.</p>
	<p>Thus, the present study aims to analyze the dynamics of access, through SUS, to HF evidence-based drug therapy.</p>
</sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title>
	<p>A descriptive, documental and exploratory study was carried out based on data collected through the Municipal List of Essential Medicines (REMUMEs): a list of drugs selected according to the needs of each city, based on the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME), from municipalities in a metropolitan area in southern Brazil.</p>
	<p>The study included lists from cities with a population over 80,000 inhabitants, made available electronically by the municipal health departments themselves. From the guideline-oriented treatment <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>, data were collected, analyzed and described from HF drugs available at each municipality.</p>
</sec><sec sec-type="results|discussion"><title>Results and Discussion</title>
	<p>Twelve cities were included in the study and in one case the list was not available for electronic access, so 11 REMUMEs were analyzed. The 11 lists described the access, via the basic component of pharmaceutical assistance, to essential drugs for 80.86% of the overall metropolitan area population. The results showed a partial access to drug therapy in HF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Figure</xref>). All municipalities have some type of beta-blocker with proven benefit in HF as part of their list, mostly carvedilol and metoprolol (although in tartrate form) in most cases, as described in <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Published studies use metoprolol succinate for HF treatment, however the use of tartrate shows as an possible alternative due to its vast availability in the SUS; therefore requiring a prescription adaptation.</p><p><fig id="f01"><label>Central Illustration</label><caption><title>: Evidence Based Treatment of Heart Failure: Challenges of Drug Access</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230049-gf01.jpg"/><attrib>Graphic representation on HF drugs presence as part of Essential Medicine Lists from metropolitan municipalities in southern Brazil. Source: the authors. Sac/Val: sacubitril/valsartan, access through the specialized component of pharmaceutical assistance according to the criteria of the Brazilian Ministry of Health Guidelines (Heart Failure international code disease I50.0; I50.1; or I50.9, age between 18 and 75 years, NYHA II, BNP &gt; 150 pg/mL or NT-ProBNP &gt; 600 pg/mL, LVEF ≤ 35%, and symptomatic despite optimal clinical treatment; souce: Brazil, 2020); ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; SGLT2i: Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 inhibitors. * Patients above 65 years, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellito. Source: Brasil, 2023.</attrib></fig></p><p><table-wrap id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>– Dosage forms (mg) of heart failure drugs in the lists of essential medicines from municipalities in a southern Brazil metropolitan area</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
	<colgroup>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
		<col/>
	</colgroup>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
			<th>Popular Pharmacy Program<sup><bold>16</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Porto Alegre<sup><bold>17</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Alvorada<sup><bold>18</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Cachoeirinha<sup><bold>19</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Canoas <sup><bold>20</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Esteio<sup><bold>21</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Guaíba<sup><bold>22</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Gravataí<sup><bold>23</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Novo Hamburgo<sup><bold>24</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Sapucaia do Sul<sup><bold>25</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>São Leopoldo<sup><bold> 26</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Viamão<sup><bold>27</bold></sup> </th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="12"><bold>Beta blockers</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metoprolol succinate</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25 50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metoprolol tartrate</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carvedilol</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">6,25</td>
			<td align="center">6,25</td>
			<td align="center">6,25 25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">12,5</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">6,25</td>
			<td align="center">6,25 25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">6,25 12,5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bisoprolol</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spironolactone</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>Angiotensin Receptor and Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI), Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi), Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB II), Nitrate/Hydralazine</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sac/Valsartan</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td colspan="11" align="center">PCDT†</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enalapril</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">10 20</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Captopril</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Losartan</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydralazine</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isosorbide Dinitrate</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isosorbide Mononitrate</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">20</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">20 40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">20</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">20</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>SGLT2 inhibitors</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dapaglifozin</td>
			<td align="center">10*</td>
			<td colspan="11" align="center">PCDT‡</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Empaglifozin</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><bold>Loop diuretic</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Furosemide</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>Other</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digoxin</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ivabradine</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1">
	<p>Source: the authors. * Patients above 65 years, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellito. Font: Brasil, 2023.<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr"><sup>16</sup></xref> † Heart Failure international code disease (I50.0; I50.1; I50.9), age between 18 and 75 years, NYHA II, BNP &gt; 150 pg/mL (or NT-ProBNP &gt; 600 pg/mL), LVEF ≤ 35%, and symptomatic (symptoms such as dyspnea, signs of congestion, clinical worsening with recent hospitalizations) despite optimal clinical treatment (usage of maximum tolerated dosages of ACEi or ARB II, beta-blockers, spironolactone and diuretics in case of congestion. Font: Brasil, 2020.<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr"><sup>14</sup></xref> ‡Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus international code disease (E11.2 a E11.9), age ≥ 65 years, without adequate glycemic levels and cardiovascular disease (previous acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass surgery, coronary angioplasty, stable or unstable angina, previous ischemic stroke, previous transient ischemic attack, and LVEF ≤ 35% heart failure). Fonte: Brasil, 2020.<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr"><sup>16</sup></xref></p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>
	<p>Beta-blockers prescription is one of the four pillars of HF treatment<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> and its main objective is to preserve ventricular function, either through the negative chronotropic effect or the inhibition of cardiomyocyte sympathetic activity. Trials such as US Carvedilol,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> CIBIS II and III,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> MERIT-HF<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> and COPERNICUS<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>showed benefits for improving functional class, reducing symptoms progression and hospitalizations, and in beneficial myocardial remodeling, in addition to reducing mortality.</p>
	<p>However, it is important to highlight that beta-blockers do not have a class benefit in HF: only a sort of them showed benefits in HF primary endpoints. Atenolol and propranolol are not a therapeutic choice to HF patients; despite their vast availability in the SUS (therefore devoted to Hypertension treatment). In addition, beta-blockers have differences among their cardioselectivity: their selectivity for β1 rather than peripheral β2 receptors differs, which makes it essential to individualize the choice of medication for each patient. Bisoprolol, the most cardioselective beta-blocker in HF, as cited in the guidelines, is not available in any of the REMUME in our study.</p>
	<p>Like beta-blockers, spironolactone (only mineralocorticoid antagonist available by SUS) is one of the four pillars of heart failure therapy, with evidence of reducing disease-related mortality and hospitalizations, both observed in RALES<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> clinical trials. However, spironolactone is part of only 72.7% of the medication lists from the cities included in the study, which ends up restricting its access, being available to the patients only by the “Popular Pharmacy Program”.</p>
	<p>Regarding the third pillar of treatment in HF), the Brazilian Guidelines for Heart Failure,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> aligned with the ESC<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> and the HFSA<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> treatment guidelines, brings the co-crystal Sacubitril/Valsartan, an angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), as an evidence 1A (high level of evidence, and strong recommendation) drug in therapy.</p>
	<p>Access to Sacubitril/Valsartan, in the dosage forms of 50mg, 100mg and 200mg, is available without payment via SUS through the Brazilian Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance: the purchase and distribution of this drug is a federal responsibility by the Ministry of Health, according to the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines (CPTG)<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> criteria, and its dispensation is carried out by states and municipalities after evaluating the documentation submitted by patients. Therefore, even if the drug is not part of the municipal drug lists, its distribution is guaranteed by SUS to patients that meet the criteria established in the CPTG guidelines (left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 35%, BNP &gt; 150 pg/mL or NT-ProBNP &gt; 600 pg/mL, aged between 18 and 75 years, with NYHA functional class of II and/or symptomatic despite optimized clinical drug treatment). If the patient develops drug intolerance, there is no drug availability for dispensing onsite, or the patient do not meet the above, the options continue to be the use of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), an angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB II) or the association of nitrate and hydralazine, available by municipalities through primary care units.</p>
	<p>Our analysis of the REMUMEs revealed that in four cases, none of ACEi or ARB are available, limiting the patients’ access through the “Popular Pharmacy Program” or the solicitation of Sacubitril/Valsartan via the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance.</p>
	<p>Lisinopril, ramipril, perindopril, valsartan, candesartan, telmisartan and irbesartan were not found in the municipalities drug lists review, and were excluded from data shown in <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>.</p>
	<p>The last and fourth pillar of the treatment of Heart Failure are the Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). Recent studies, such as DAPA-HF<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> and EMPEROR-REDUCED,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> have shown the benefit of this drug class (previously used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>) in HF outcomes in patients with and without a diagnosis of diabetes; for both dapagliflozin and empagliflozin. In the SUS, dapagliflozin is included in the CPTG of type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (DM2) for patients meeting criteria;<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> or then through co-payment via the Brazilia “Popular Pharmacy Program”. None of the municipalities in the study had drugs of this class composing their list of essential medicines.</p>
	<p>Lastly, and reasonably most remarkable, given the clinical impact of the lack of access to this drug, was the finding that not all cities have furosemide as part of their list of essential drugs. Loop diuretic of choice for outpatient management of congestion and therefore crucial in preventing admissions and emergency visits due to decompensation,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> furosemide is not available in 2 of the municipalities analyzed. Together, they represent 360,000 inhabitants who, if they have HF diagnosis and do not acquire their pharmacotherapy with their own resources, will not have access to the medicine except through the Popular Pharmacy Program.</p>
	<p>The main limitation of this study, along with its small size and regionalized focus, is the fact that only the official lists of each municipality were analyzed, and not their real-life availability in primary care centers to dispensation for patients. There is a possibility that, even being part of the list, some of the drugs in question may be missing from municipal stocks. Further studies should be carried out regarding patients’ access to HF drug treatment.</p>
</sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title>
	<p>Although drug therapy for HF has proven a high level of evidence from literature, and even with the advent of new therapeutic classes among its options, free access via SUS represents a challenge to overcome in the construction of the HF <italic>continuum</italic> of care. Studies on pharmacoeconomics and implementation sciences must be carried out to face HF in a country of continental dimensions like Brazil, which is going through an important demographic transition with a growing demand for the triple burden of diseases in its health system. Ensuring access to drug therapy in Heart Failure is also a way of saving funding resources, which are finite, in the health sector.</p>
</sec></body>
  <back>
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</ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Study association</p> <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p> <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn></fn-group><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by">
	<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn></fn-group></back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunicação Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento Medicamentoso em Insuficiência Cardíaca Baseado em Evidências: Desafios do Acesso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5222-233X</contrib-id><name><surname>Einsfeld</surname><given-names>Lidia</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role><role>Obtenção de dados</role><role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><role>Análise estatística</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-2688</contrib-id><name><surname>Pilger</surname><given-names>Diogo</given-names></name><role>Obtenção de dados</role><role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2233-0081</contrib-id><name><surname>Roman</surname><given-names>Cassiela</given-names></name><role>Obtenção de dados</role><role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><role>Análise estatística</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002"><label>1</label><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2002"><label>2</label><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff3002"><label>3</label><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS – Brazil</institution></aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Lidia Einsfeld • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Bloco A sala 935. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: l.einsfeld@gmail.com, leinsfeld@hcpa.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
	<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
	<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract><title>Resumo</title><p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica complexa, de alta prevalência e importante morbimortalidade, e que representa atualmente a principal causa de hospitalização de pacientes acima de 65 anos no Brasil. O tratamento medicamentoso em IC desempenha um papel fundamental no processo de cuidado dos pacientes, com os objetivos de controle dos sintomas, melhora na capacidade funcional, redução de admissões hospitalares e de taxas de mortalidade relacionadas à doença. Apesar do tratamento em IC possuir benefícios comprovados por meio de evidências científicas, o acesso aos medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) ainda é algo a ser explorado. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica de acesso ao tratamento medicamentoso para IC, a partir do elenco de medicamentos disponibilizados pelo SUS, por meio de análise descritiva e documental. Os dados foram coletados de Relações Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais (REMUMEs) de municípios de uma região metropolitana no sul do Brasil. Foram incluídos na análise dados de municípios com população superior a 80 mil habitantes, e as respectivas listas de medicamentos padronizados foram disponibilizadas por meio eletrônico pelas próprias secretarias municipais de saúde. Os resultados demonstraram acesso parcial à terapia medicamentosa em IC via SUS, em especial espironolactona e furosemida, presentes em 72,7% e 81,8% dos municípios, respectivamente. Embora o tratamento medicamentoso para IC tenha comprovado grau de evidência científica para o seu manejo, o seu acesso à população, via SUS, ainda representa um desafio na construção da Linha de Cuidado em Insuficiência Cardíaca no Brasil.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt"><kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd><kwd>Tratamento Farmacológico</kwd><kwd>Acesso a Medicamentos Essenciais e Tecnologias em Saúde</kwd><kwd>Acesso aos Serviços de Saúde</kwd></kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
<sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introdução</title>
	<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC), uma síndrome complexa, que agrega elevados graus de morbidade e mortalidade a seus portadores, é, atualmente, a principal causa de hospitalização de pessoas acima de 65 anos no Brasil.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Além de ser responsável por, aproximadamente, 5% dos gastos públicos em saúde no país.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
	<p>O tratamento medicamentoso desempenha um papel fundamental no processo de cuidado destes pacientes, objetivando a melhora não apenas no controle dos sintomas e na capacidade funcional, mas, em especial, nos desfechos relacionados à IC, como redução de readmissões hospitalares e de taxas de mortalidade relacionadas à doença.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Diferentes classes de medicamentos, e particularmente quando utilizadas em associação, demonstraram benefícios comprovados por meio de ensaios clínicos randomizados.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Contudo, o acesso a esses medicamentos através do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) permanece sendo um desafio.</p>
	<p>Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica de acesso à terapia medicamentosa para o tratamento de IC, baseada em evidências científicas, a partir do elenco de medicamentos disponibilizados pelo SUS.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods"><title>Métodos</title>
	<p>Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, documental e exploratório a partir de dados coletados por meio das Relações Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais (REMUMEs), que consiste em uma lista de medicamentos padronizados elaborada de acordo com as necessidades de cada município a partir da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (RENAME), de municípios de uma região metropolitana no sul do Brasil.</p>
	<p>No estudo, foram incluídos municípios com população superior a 80 mil habitantes, e as respectivas relações dos medicamentos padronizados foram disponibilizadas pelas próprias secretarias municipais de saúde por meio eletrônico. A partir do tratamento medicamentoso preconizado para IC,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> os dados coletados foram analisados e descritos conforme a padronização dos medicamentos na relação de cada município.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results|discussion"><title>Resultados e Discussão</title>
	<p>Doze municípios foram incluídos no estudo, e em uma das cidades, a REMUME não estava disponível para acesso eletrônico, de modo que 11 REMUMEs foram analisadas. As 11 listas contemplam o acesso, via componente básico da assistência farmacêutica, à medicamentos essenciais de 80,86% da população total da região metropolitana em questão. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram acesso parcial à terapia medicamentosa em IC (<xref rid="f01002" ref-type="fig">Figura Central</xref>). A totalidade dos municípios possui algum tipo de betabloqueador de eficácia comprovada em IC compondo seu elenco, em sua maioria carvedilol e metoprolol, ainda que em sua apresentação tartarato na maioria das vezes, conforme descrito na <xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. Os estudos publicados utilizam succinato de metoprolol para tratamento de IC, no entanto, o uso do tartarato surge como alternativa devido à larga disponibilidade dele no SUS; requerendo, portanto, uma adaptação no momento da sua inserção na terapia.</p><p><fig id="f01002"><label>Figura Central</label><caption><title>: Tratamento Medicamentoso em Insuficiência Cardíaca Baseado em Evidências: Desafios do Acesso</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230049-gf01-pt.jpg"/><attrib>Representação Esquemática da Presença de Medicamentos para Tratamento da Insuficiência Cardíaca nas Relações Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais de região metropolitana no Sul do Brasil . Fonte: elaborado pelos autores. Sac/Val: sacubitril/valsartana, disponível via Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica, conforme critérios do Protocolo do Ministério da Saúde (CIDs I50.0; I50.1 ou I50.9, 18 a 75 anos, NYHA II, BNP &gt; 150 pg/mL ou NT-ProBNP &gt; 600 pg/mL, e Fração de ejeção reduzida (FEVE ≤ 35%), e em tratamento otimizado, fonte: Brasil, 2020.); iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; NIT/HDLZ: nitrato/hidralazina; ISGLT2: inibidores de cotransportador de sódio e glicose 2. *Pacientes acima de 65 anos, com diagnóstico de DM 2 e Doença Cardiovascular. Fonte: Brasil, 2023.</attrib></fig></p><p><table-wrap id="t1002"><label>Tabela 1</label><caption><title>– Apresentações farmacêuticas (em mg) dos medicamentos para tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca que compõem os elencos das Relações Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais da região metropolitana no sul do Brasil</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
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		<thead>
	<tr>
			<th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
			<th>Farmácia Popular<sup><bold>16</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Porto Alegre<sup><bold>17</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Alvorada<sup><bold>18</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Cachoeirinha<sup><bold>19</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Canoas<sup><bold>20</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Esteio<sup><bold>21</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Guaíba<sup><bold>22</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Gravataí<sup><bold>23</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Novo Hamburgo<sup><bold>24</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Sapucaia do Sul<sup><bold> 25</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>São Leopoldo<sup><bold>26</bold></sup> </th>
			<th>Viamão<sup><bold>27</bold></sup> </th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
		<tbody>
	<tr>
			<td colspan="12"><bold>Betabloqueadores</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metoprolol (succinato)</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25 50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metoprolol (tartarato)</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
			<td align="center">100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carvedilol</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">6,25</td>
			<td align="center">6,25</td>
			<td align="center">6,25 25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">12,5</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">6,25</td>
			<td align="center">6,25 25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">6,25 12,5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bisoprolol</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>Antagonista da Aldosterona</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Espironolactona</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>Antagonista do Receptor da Angiotensina-Inibidor da Neprilisina (ARNi), Inibidores da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (iECA), Antagonistas dos Receptores da Angiotensina II (ARA II), Nitrato/Hidralazina</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sac/Valsartana</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td colspan="11" align="center">PCDT†</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enalapril</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">10 20</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Captopril</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Losartana</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hidralazina</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isossorbida Dinitrato</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isossorbida Mononitrato</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">20</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">20 40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">20</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">20</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>Inibidores da SGLT2</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dapaglifozina</td>
			<td align="center">10*</td>
			<td colspan="11" align="center">PCDT‡</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Empaglifozina</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2"><bold>Diurético de Alça</bold></td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
			<td> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Furosemida</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="13"><bold>Outros medicamentos</bold></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digoxina</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
			<td align="center">0,25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ivabradina</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
			<td align="center">-</td>
		</tr>

</tbody>
</table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1002">
	<p>Fonte: elaborado pelos autores. *Pacientes acima de 65 anos, com diagnóstico de DM 2 e Doença Cardiovascular. Fonte: Brasil, 2023.<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr"><sup>16</sup></xref> †CID IC (I50.0; I50.1; I50.9), 18 a 75 anos, NYHA II, BNP &gt; 150 pg/mL (ou NT-ProBNP &gt; 600 pg/mL), e Fração de ejeção reduzida (FEVE ≤ 35%), e em tratamento otimizado (uso de doses máximas toleradas dos medicamentos preconizados - IECA ou ARA II, betabloqueadores, espironolactona e doses adequadas de diuréticos em caso de congestão) e sintomáticos (sintomas como dispneia aos esforços, sinais de congestão, piora clínica com internações recentes). Fonte: Brasil, 2020.<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr"><sup>14</sup></xref> ‡CID Diabetes mellitus não-insulino-dependente (E11.2 a E11.9), idade maior ou superior a 65 anos, sem controle glicêmico adequado e doença cardiovascular estabelecida (Infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio, cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio prévia, angioplastia prévia das coronárias, angina estável ou instável, acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico prévio, ataque isquêmico transitório prévio e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção abaixo de 40%). Fonte: Brasil, 2020.<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr"><sup>16</sup></xref></p></fn></table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap></p>
	<p>A utilização de betabloqueadores é um dos quatro pilares para tratamento farmacológico da IC<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> e tem como principal objetivo a preservação da função ventricular, seja através do efeito cronotrópico negativo ou da inibição da atividade simpática junto ao cardiomiócito. Os estudos pivotais desta classe de medicamentos (US CARVEDILOL,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> CIBIS II e III,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> MERIT-HF,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> COPERNICUS<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>) demonstraram benefícios na melhora da classe funcional, redução da progressão dos sintomas e internações e no remodelamento do miocárdio, além de redução da mortalidade.</p>
	<p>No entanto, é importante destacar que os betabloqueadores não possuem benefício de classe em IC, ou seja, apenas alguns deles mostraram benefícios nos desfechos primários dos pacientes com a doença. Atenolol e propranolol não representam uma escolha terapêutica neste recorte de pacientes; apesar de sua larga disponibilidade no SUS (voltado mais para tratamento de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, portanto). Além disso, betabloqueadores possuem diferenças entre a sua cardiosseletividade, ou seja, sua seletividade quanto aos receptores β1 em detrimento aos receptores β2 periféricos; o que torna essencial a individualização da escolha do medicamento para cada paciente. Bisoprolol, betabloqueador de mais alta cardiosseletividade em IC, citado nas diretrizes, não se encontra disponível em nenhuma das REMUMEs do estudo.</p>
	<p>Assim como os betabloqueadores, a espironolactona (único antagonista mineralocorticoide disponível via SUS) compõe um dos quatro pilares da terapia em IC, pois possui evidência ao reduzir mortalidade e hospitalizações por IC e melhora nos sintomas, observada no estudo RALES.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> No entanto, ela compõe apenas 72,7% das listas de medicamentos disponíveis nas cidades incluídas no estudo, o que acaba restringindo o seu acesso pelo paciente através do Programa Farmácia Popular.</p>
	<p>Já em relação ao terceiro pilar de tratamento em IC, a Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> em consonância às principais diretrizes internacionais (europeia<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> e americana<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>), traz o co-cristal Sacubitril/Valsartana, antagonista do receptor da angiotensina-inibidor da neprilisina (ARNi) como evidência 1A (alto nível de evidência, e forte grau de recomendação) na terapia medicamentosa.</p>
	<p>O acesso ao Sacubitril/Valsartana, nas apresentações de 50mg, 100mg e 200mg, está disponível via SUS através do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica, ou seja: a compra e a distribuição deste medicamento é de responsabilidade do Ministério da Saúde, conforme Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT),<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> e sua dispensação é realizada por estados e municípios após avaliação da documentação entregue pelos pacientes. Portanto, ainda que o medicamento não faça parte das listas municipais de medicamentos, a sua dispensação é garantida aos usuários do SUS, desde que dentro dos critérios estabelecidos no PCDT (fração de ejeção inferior ou igual a 35%, BNP &gt; 150 pg/mL ou NT-ProBNP &gt; 600 pg/mL, com idade entre 18 e 75 anos, em classe funcional NYHA II e/ou sintomáticos apesar de tratamento clínico otimizado). Em não havendo tolerância ao fármaco, disponibilidade do mesmo para dispensação, ou então aos pacientes que não forem contemplados pelos critérios acima, as opções seguem sendo os inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (iECA), os antagonistas dos receptores da angiotensina II (ARA II) ou então à associação de nitrato e hidralazina, a serem disponibilizados pelos municípios através da atenção básica.</p>
	<p>A análise das REMUMEs realizada em nosso estudo revela que em quatro municípios nenhum iECA e ARA II encontra-se disponível, limitando o acesso dos pacientes ao Programa Farmácia Popular ou à solicitação de Sacubitril/Valsartana via Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica.</p>
	<p>Lisinopril, ramipril, perindopril, valsartana, candesartana, telmisartana e irbesartana não foram encontrados na revisão das listas de medicamentos dos municípios do estudo, e por isso foram suprimidos da <xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
	<p>O último e quarto pilar do tratamento da IC são os Inibidores de Cotransportador de Sódio e Glicose 2 (SGLT2). Estudos recentes, como o DAPA-HF<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> e o EMPEROR-REDUCED,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> evidenciaram o benefício desta classe de medicamentos (tradicionalmente já utilizada para tratamento de diabetes melito tipo 2), nos desfechos em IC de pacientes com e sem diagnóstico de DM2; tanto para dapagliflozina quanto empaglifozina. No SUS, a dapagliflozina está contemplada no PCDT de DM2 segundo critério deste protocolo;<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> ou então através de copagamento no Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil. Nenhum dos municípios do estudo apresentou medicamentos dessa classe compondo seu elenco.</p>
	<p>Por fim, e talvez mais digno de nota, tendo em vista o impacto clínico da falta de acesso a este medicamento, foi o achado de que nem todos os municípios possuem furosemida como parte da sua lista de medicamentos essenciais. Diurético de alça de escolha para manejo ambulatorial de congestão e, portanto, essencial na prevenção de internações e idas à emergência por descompensação,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>a furosemida não se encontra disponível em 2 dos municípios analisados. Juntos, eles representam 360 mil habitantes que, se possuírem IC não adquirirem com recursos próprios sua farmacoterapia, não terão acesso ao medicamento a não ser através do Programa Farmácia Popular.</p>
	<p>A principal limitação deste estudo, além do seu tamanho e recorte regionalizado, está no fato de que foram analisadas apenas as listas oficiais de cada município, e não a sua disponibilidade na ponta. Existe a possibilidade de que, mesmo fazendo parte do elenco, alguns dos medicamentos em questão possam estar em falta nos estoques municipais, caso a caso, e maiores estudos em relação ao acesso, pelo usuário, devem ser realizados.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusões</title>
	<p>Embora o tratamento medicamentoso para IC tenha comprovado grau de evidência científica, e mesmo com o advento de novas classes terapêuticas em seu arsenal, o acesso via SUS representa um desafio na construção da Linha de Cuidado ao indivíduo com Insuficiência Cardíaca. Estudos de implementação de tecnologias e de farmacoeconomia, como custo-benefício e custo-efetividade, são oportunidades de melhoria em um país de dimensões continentais como o Brasil, que atravessa uma transição demográfica importante e uma demanda crescente da tripla carga de doenças no seu sistema de saúde. Garantir o acesso à terapia medicamentosa em IC é também um horizonte para preservar recursos, que são finitos, no setor saúde.</p>

</sec></body>
    <back>
      <ack><title>Agradecimentos</title>
	<p>Os autores agradecem ao Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa e Eventos do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (FIPE/HCPA) pelo auxílio na tradução do artigo à língua inglesa.</p></ack>
      <fn-group> <fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Vinculação acadêmica</p><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn> <fn fn-type="other"><label/> <p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p> <p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn> </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
	<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
