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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="letter" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230046</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230046</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Letter</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Specific Activity Scale Improves the Detection of Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure Patients</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7768-4875</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Azevedo</surname><given-names>Eduardo Rubio</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7523-5168</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Crescencio</surname><given-names>Julio C&#xE9;sar</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5643-5255</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cunha</surname><given-names>D&#xE9;bora Cristine Pr&#xE9;vide da</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>Andr&#xE9;</given-names></name>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5035-9172</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>Denise Mayumi</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3455-2463</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Luciano Fonseca Lemos de</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5970-4913</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sim&#xF5;es</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Departamento de Fisioterapia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcus Vinicius Sim&#xF5;es &#x2022;</bold> Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto - Campus da USP - Cidade Universit&#xE1;ria. Postal Code <postal-code>14040-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>msimoes@fmrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>08</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230046</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
<kwd>Functional Class</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="6"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent, complex clinical syndrome, that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> HF severity can be estimated by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> however, this has several limitations, including high subjectivity, poor reproducibility, and poor correlation with objective physical capacity measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Recent studies have suggested limitations of the NYHA classification in differentiating asymptomatic patients, with NYHA functional class (FC) I from patients with mild symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The Specific Activity Scale (SAS) is an alternative method to measure functional capacity, by measuring the capacity of patients in performing activities with known oxygen consumption. This method has potentially higher reproducibility and more accurate characterization of physical restriction of HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The present study aims to comparatively analyze the FC of patients with HF and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) determined by the NYHA system and by the SAS, correlating it with the objective measurement of physical capacity by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). In addition, we tested the hypothesis that SAS is more accurate in identifying symptomatic patients among those initially considered asymptomatic with NYHA FC I.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Adult patients of both sexes, with stable HF and reduced or mildly reduced (&#x3C;50%) LVEF were included. Patients with comorbidities that limited physical capacity, acute diseases or hospital admission in the 12 weeks prior to the assessment were excluded.</p>
<p>In the same session, patients were sequentially evaluated for: 1) NYHA FC; 2) FC by the SAS method; 3) CPET with measurement of maximum volume of oxygen consumed during maximal exercise (peak VO<sub>2</sub>). All evaluations were conducted by blinded, independent, trained observers.</p>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Continuous variables were described using mean and standard deviation and nominal variables using absolute frequency (n) and percentage (%). The chi-square test was used to assess heterogeneity of proportion distribution.</p>
<p>For simultaneous comparison of multiple means, we used the multivariate ANOVA, followed by the Tukey-Kramer test.</p>
<p>To evaluate whether the SAS method correctly classify as symptomatic those patients previously considered as NYHA FC I (asymptomatic or without functional limitation), we used the Net Reclassification Index (NRI) taking the FC assessed by CPET as the gold standard. Statistical analysis was conducted using the GraphPad Prism software, version 9.0. The level of significance was set at 5% (two-tailed p &#x3C; 0.05).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>A total of 101 patients were included, with a mean age 56.3 years, 42% women. Mean LVEF was 29.2&#xB1;2%; 98% of patients used beta-blockers, 89.1% angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, 9.9% used sacubitril/valsartan, and 74.6% spironolactone. The main etiologies were idiopathic (29.7%), ischemic (27.7%), and hypertensive (19.8%).</p>
<sec>
<title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
<p>Mean peak VO<sub>2</sub> was 15.7 &#xB1; 5.3 mL/Kg/min, indicating a significant reduction in physical capacity in the studied population, despite a high scattering of values ranging from 7.1 to 38.7mL/Kg/min.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Functional classes according to NYHA and SAS</title>
<p>There were significant differences in the proportion of patients in each FC assessed by different methods (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). We found a higher proportion of patients with FC I assessed by the NYHA classification (24%) than by the SAS (7%) or CPET (6%), p&#x3C;0.0001.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
 <title>Distribution of patients by functional capacity assessed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, the Specific Activity Scale (SAS) and the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">Functional class</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">NYHA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">SAS</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CPET</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24 (24%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="center" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48 (47%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52 (51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24 (24%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27 (27%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40 (40%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62 (61%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="center" valign="top">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>There were differences in peak VO<sub>2</sub> between the groups classified by the NYHA (p=0,023, ANOVA), with statistically significant difference between FC I and FC III (p&#x3C;0.05, Tukey-Kramer post hoc test), but not between FC I and FC II. Using the SAS, significant differences were found in peak VO<sub>2</sub> between the different FCs (p=0.0034), with significant differences between FC I and FC II groups, and between FC I and FC III (p&#x3C;0.05, Tukey-Kramer post hoc test) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
 <title>Peak VO2 (mL/Kg/min) by patient functional class (FC) assessed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and the Specific Activity Scale (SAS)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">FC I</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">FC II</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">FC III</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">FC IV</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p ANOVA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">NYHA</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.4 &#xB1; 7.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.7 &#xB1; 4.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14.0 &#xB1; 4.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14.0 &#xB1; 2.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.0234</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">SAS</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22.5 &#xB1; 8.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.8 &#xB1; 4.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14.9 &#xB1; 4.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.0 &#xB1; 4.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.0034</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
 <label>*</label><p>p&#x3C;0.05 compared with patients with functional class I.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
 <title>Box plots illustrating peak VO2 values of the studied patients, by functional class determined by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and the Specific Activity Scale (SAS). * = p &#x3C; 0.05, Tukey-Kramer post hoc test.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230046-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Twenty-four patients (24%) were initially classified as CF I by the NYHA system, and a significantly lower number of patients (n=6, 6%) were classified as FC I by the SAS (McNemar test, p=0.00002). Therefore, 18 patients were reclassified as FC II (50%) and FC III (50%), and 16 (89%) of these were concordant with the CPET results.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The main finding of the present study is that the use of the NYHA classification in outpatients with stable HFrEF overestimates the proportion of asymptomatic (FC I) patients, as compared with a more objective measurement of physical capacity (CPET).</p>
<p>The limitation of the NYHA classification in differentiating patients with mild symptoms from those actually symptomatic is reinforced by similar peak VO<sub>2</sub> values between patients with NYHA FCs I and II, in contrast with what was observed for SAS in which these values were significantly different.</p>
<p>These results corroborate recent studies showing that patients with NYHA FC I and FC II present an extensive overlapping of clinical severity indicators and levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, suggesting that the NYHA classification does not make a clear distinction between patients with these FCs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In addition, we observed that SAS had a better performance in reclassifying those patients initially considered asymptomatic by the NYHA classification. The superior performance of the SAS in identifying patients with function restriction, although subtle, has important implications for the clinical practice. Persistence of symptoms has been a criterion used in several guidelines as an indication for drug treatment optimization and cardiac resynchronization therapy, aiming at reducing disease progression and increasing HFrEF patient survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thus, our results indicate that the SAS could identify, in a cohort of outpatients with HFrEF, approximately 18% of patients who were believed to be asymptomatic using the NYHA classification, but who actually exhibited functional impairment and were candidates for treatment optimization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Our findings show that, in patients with HFrEF the NYHA classification overestimates the proportion of patients with FC I as compared with the CPET. The SAS provides reclassification of these patients, correct in most cases, with a better performance in detecting symptomatic patients with HF.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eduardo Rubio Azevedo, from Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto da Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo under the protocol number 4033/2017. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Carta Cient&#xED;fica</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>O Emprego da <italic>Specific Activity Scale</italic> Melhora a Detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Pacientes Sintom&#xE1;ticos com Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca Cr&#xF4;nica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7768-4875</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Azevedo</surname><given-names>Eduardo Rubio</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7523-5168</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Crescencio</surname><given-names>Julio C&#xE9;sar</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5643-5255</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cunha</surname><given-names>D&#xE9;bora Cristine Pr&#xE9;vide da</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>Andr&#xE9;</given-names></name>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5035-9172</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>Denise Mayumi</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3455-2463</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Luciano Fonseca Lemos de</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5970-4913</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sim&#xF5;es</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise</role>
<role>interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Departamento de Fisioterapia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Marcus Vinicius Sim&#xF5;es &#x2022;</bold> Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto - Campus da USP - Cidade Universit&#xE1;ria. CEP <postal-code>14040-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>msimoes@fmrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Teste de Esfor&#xE7;o</kwd>
<kwd>Classe funcional</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC) &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica complexa, de elevada preval&#xEA;ncia e associada &#xE0; significativa mortalidade e morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A gravidade da IC pode ser estimada pela classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> contudo, essa classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o apresenta in&#xFA;meras limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como elevada subjetividade, baixa reprodutibilidade e reduzida correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com medidas objetivas da capacidade f&#xED;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos recentes sugerem ainda que a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da NYHA tem capacidade limitada para diferenciar os pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos, em classe funcional (CF) I, daqueles com sintomas leves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A <italic>Specific Activity Scale (SAS</italic>) &#xE9; um m&#xE9;todo alternativo de medida da capacidade funcional, que avalia a capacidade dos pacientes em completar atividades f&#xED;sicas com gasto de oxig&#xEA;nio conhecido. O m&#xE9;todo tem potencial de apresentar melhor reprodutibilidade e mais acurada caracteriza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o f&#xED;sica dos pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>&#x2009;&#x2009;</p>
<p>O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar comparativamente a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o funcional utilizando-se a <italic>NYHA</italic> e a <italic>SAS</italic> em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC e fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida, correlacionando esses resultados com a medida objetiva da capacidade f&#xED;sica pelo teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#xED;cio (TCPE). Adicionalmente, testamos a hip&#xF3;tese de que a <italic>SAS</italic> tenha maior acur&#xE1;cia em detectar pacientes sintom&#xE1;ticos entre aqueles inicialmente julgados como assintom&#xE1;ticos, em NYHA CF I.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>M&#xE9;todos</title>
<p>Foram inclu&#xED;dos pacientes adultos, de ambos os g&#xEA;neros, portadores de IC cr&#xF4;nica est&#xE1;vel, com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo reduzida ou levemente reduzida (&#x3C;50%). Exclu&#xED;mos pacientes com comorbidades que limitassem a capacidade f&#xED;sica, enfermidades agudas ou interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o hospitalar nas 12 semanas que precederam a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>Em uma mesma sess&#xE3;o de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, os pacientes foram submetidos sequencialmente a: 1) avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da CF pelo m&#xE9;todo da NYHA; 2) avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da CF pelo m&#xE9;todo da SAS; 3) TCPE com medida do volume de oxig&#xEA;nio consumido no pico de esfor&#xE7;o (VO<sub>2</sub>-pico). Todas as avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es foram conduzidas por observadores velados, independentes e treinados.</p>
<sec>
<title>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</title>
<p>As vari&#xE1;veis cont&#xED;nuas foram descritas no formato de m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; desvio padr&#xE3;o da m&#xE9;dia e as nominais como frequ&#xEA;ncia absoluta (n) e porcentagem (%). O teste de qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar a heterogeneidade da distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o de propor&#xE7;&#xF5;es.</p>
<p>Para compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o simult&#xE2;nea de m&#xFA;ltiplos valores de m&#xE9;dia, utilizamos o teste ANOVA de m&#xFA;ltiplas medidas, seguida do p&#xF3;s-teste de Tukey-Kramer.</p>
<p>Para avaliarmos se a <italic>SAS</italic> classifica corretamente como sintom&#xE1;ticos aqueles pacientes inicialmente detectados como CF I pela <italic>NYHA</italic> (assintom&#xE1;ticos ou sem limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o funcional), utilizamos o <italic>Net Reclassification Index</italic> (<italic>NRI</italic>), tomando como padr&#xE3;o ouro a CF avaliada pelo TCPE. Para compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de propor&#xE7;&#xF5;es pareadas utilizaremos o teste de MacNemar. A an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica ser&#xE1; realizada utilizando-se o software GraphPad Prism vers&#xE3;o 9.0. O n&#xED;vel de signific&#xE2;ncia foi estabelecido em 5%, bicaudal (p &#x3C; 0,05).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foram inclu&#xED;dos 101 pacientes, sendo 42% do sexo feminino, com uma m&#xE9;dia de idade de 56,3 anos. A FEVE m&#xE9;dia foi de 29,2&#xB1;2%; 98% usavam betabloqueadores, 89,1% inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina, 9,9% usavam sacubitril + valsartana e 74,6% espironolactona. As principais etiologias foram idiop&#xE1;tica (29,7%), isqu&#xEA;mica (27,7%), hipertensiva (19,8%).</p>
<sec>
<title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#xED;cio</title>
<p>O valor m&#xE9;dio do VO<sub>2</sub>-pico observado foi de 15,7 &#xB1; 5,3 mL/Kg/min, mostrando significativa redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da capacidade f&#xED;sica da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o estudada, mas com significativa dispers&#xE3;o dos resultados, com valores variando entre 7,1 e 38,7 mL/Kg/min.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Classes funcionais pela NYHA e SAS</title>
<p>Houve diferen&#xE7;as significativas nas propor&#xE7;&#xF5;es de pacientes em cada CF avaliada pelos diferentes m&#xE9;todos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Observamos maior propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes em CF I quando avaliados pela NYHA (24%) que quando avaliados pela SAS (7%) ou pelo TCPE (6%), p&#x3C;0,0001.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
 <title>Distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos pacientes de acordo com a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da capacidade funcional pelo sistema de classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), Specific Activity Scale (SAS) ou Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#xED;cio (TCPE)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">Classe funcional</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">NYHA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">SAS</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">TCPE</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24 (24%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (6%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&#x3C;0,0001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="center" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48 (47%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52 (51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24 (24%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27 (27%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40 (40%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62 (61%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="center" valign="top">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (9%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Observamos diferen&#xE7;a nos valores de VO<sub>2</sub>-pico entre os grupos de pacientes classificados pela NYHA (p=0,023 &#x2013; ANOVA), mas com diferen&#xE7;a significativa apenas entre os pacientes com CF I e CF III (p&#x3C;0,05 &#x2013; p&#xF3;s teste de Tukey-Kramer), mas n&#xE3;o entre os pacientes CF I e CF II. Com o emprego da SAS, observamos diferen&#xE7;a significativa entre os valores de VO2 pico das diferentes classes funcionais (p=0,0034), sendo significativas as diferen&#xE7;as entre os grupos de CF I e CF II, e entre os grupos CF I e CF III (p&#x3C;0,05 &#x2013; p&#xF3;s-teste de Tukey-Kramer) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
 <title>Valores de VO2-pico (mL/Kg/min) nas diferentes classes funcionais (CFs) de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) e a <italic>Specific Activity Scale</italic> (SAS)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="center" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">CF I</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CF II</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CF III</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CF IV</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p ANOVA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">NYHA</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,4 &#xB1; 7,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,7 &#xB1; 4,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14,0 &#xB1; 4,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14,0 &#xB1; 2,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,0234</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="center" valign="top">SAS</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22,5 &#xB1; 8,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,8 &#xB1; 4,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14,9 &#xB1; 4,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,0 &#xB1; 4,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,0034</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
 <label>*</label><p>p&#x3C;0,05 em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos pacientes com classe funcional I.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Gr&#xE1;ficos &#x201C;box-plot&#x201D; ilustrando os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>-pico dos pacientes categorizados por classe funcional definida pela New York Heart Association (NYHA) e Specific Activity Scale (SAS). * = p &#x3C; 0,05 no p&#xF3;s-teste de Tukey-Kramer.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-03-e20230046-pt-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Vinte e quatro pacientes (24%) foram inicialmente julgados como CF I pelo emprego da <italic>NYHA,</italic> e um n&#xFA;mero significativamente menor (n=6, 6%), foram julgados como CF I mediante aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da <italic>SAS</italic> (McNemar test, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0,00002). Assim, 18 pacientes foram reclassificados para CF II (50%) e CF III (50%), sendo que 16 dessas reclassifica&#xE7;&#xF5;es (89%) foram concordantes com o resultado do TCPE.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Os principais resultados do nosso estudo mostram que a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da NYHA em pacientes com ICFER est&#xE1;veis ambulatoriais superestima de forma significativa a propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes em CF I, assintom&#xE1;ticos, em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com uma medida mais objetiva da capacidade f&#xED;sica pelo TCPE.</p>
<p>A defici&#xEA;ncia da NYHA em diferenciar pacientes com sintomas leves daqueles realmente assintom&#xE1;ticos &#xE9; refor&#xE7;ada pelos valores bastante semelhantes de VO<sub>2</sub>-pico alcan&#xE7;ados pelos pacientes classificados pela NYHA em CF I e CF II, diferente do que se observou para a SAS em que esses valores foram significativamente diferentes.</p>
<p>Nossos resultados corroboram estudos recentes mostrando que pacientes em CF I e CF II pela NYHA apresentam extensa superposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos perfis de gravidade cl&#xED;nica e dos n&#xED;veis s&#xE9;ricos de por&#xE7;&#xE3;o N-terminal do pr&#xF3;-horm&#xF4;nio do pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico do tipo B (NT-ProBNP), sugerindo que a NYHA n&#xE3;o permite clara separa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes nessas duas classes funcionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Adicionalmente, observamos desempenho superior da SAS em reclassificar os pacientes inicialmente julgados como assintom&#xE1;ticos pela NYHA. O desempenho superior da SAS para detectar pacientes com restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o funcional, ainda que leve, tem implica&#xE7;&#xF5;es muito relevantes para a pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica. A persist&#xEA;ncia de sintomas tem sido crit&#xE9;rio adotado nas diversas diretrizes para indicar otimiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do tratamento medicamentoso e implante de terapia de ressincroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca, com objetivo de evitar a progress&#xE3;o da doen&#xE7;a e aumentar a sobrevida nos pacientes com ICFER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dessa forma, nossos resultados indicam que o emprego da SAS tem potencial de identificar, numa coorte de pacientes com ICFER ambulatorial, cerca de 18% de pacientes antes julgados assintom&#xE1;ticos com uso da NYHA, mas na verdade exibindo restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o funcional e sendo candidatos &#xE0; otimiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
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<title>Conclus&#xF5;es</title>
<p>Nossos resultados indicam que o emprego da NYHA em pacientes com ICFER superestima a propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes em CF I, quando comparado ao TCPE. O emprego da SAS permite uma reclassifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o acertada na maioria das vezes, exibindo melhor desempenho para detectar pacientes com IC sintom&#xE1;ticos.</p>
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<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo &#xE9; parte de disserta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mestrado de Eduardo Rubio Azevedo pela Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica do Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#xE3;o Preto da Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo sob o n&#xFA;mero de protocolo 4033/2017. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#xE3;o de acordo com a Declara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#xED;dos no estudo.</p></fn>
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