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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230089</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230089</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Circulatory Support Devices in Acute Heart Failure: Which and When?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0207-3986</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2478-7445</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dantas</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Cavalcanti Tourinho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Avenida Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>silvia.ayub@fm.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230089</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
				<kwd>Mechanical Circulatory Support</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Assist Devices</kwd>
				<kwd>Acute Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="31"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Acute heart failure (AHF), which is the syndrome where there is a rapid or gradual worsening of chronic or new heart failure (HF), is one of the main causes of emergency department visits, and it is the leading cause responsible for non-elective hospitalizations in patients over 65 years of age, with an elevated readmission rate at 1 year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In-hospital mortality due to AHF is 3% to 4% in international registries, reaching 12.6% in the Brazilian BREATHE registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> When we analyze the most severe spectrum of AHF, which is cardiogenic shock (CS), in-hospital mortality varies from 32% to 58%, even in international registries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The path to reducing the elevated morbidity and mortality of AHF and CS involves quick and accurate identification and diagnosis, recognition and treatment of decompensating factors, assessment of severity and associated comorbidities, and quick and appropriate implementation of specific therapies to restore multiple organ perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the majority of cases, specific CS therapy initially comprises use of inotropes and vasodilators or vasopressors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nonetheless, in refractory cases or cases that are already more severe, it is necessary to use short-term mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices. When indicated early, short-term MCS is related to hemodynamic benefits through increased cardiac output, leading to recovery of vital organ perfusion, decreased myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac work, and increased coronary perfusion. Depending on the device, it can also lead to a decrease in ventricular filling pressures, reducing pulmonary congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The use of short-term MCS has grown worldwide in recent years, but the literature still lacks evidence to support its use, and the indication and choice of different devices is defined on an individual basis and in discussion by multidisciplinary teams. In Brazil, their availability is still low, and their use is limited to large centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The objective of this review is to highlight the indications, contraindications, and main particularities of each percutaneous or surgical device, with clinical and hemodynamic data that can assist in the choice of each one and corroborate their use in AHF.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Device types</title>
				<p>Numerous MCS device options are available on the market for the treatment of AHF and, when indicated, short- and/or medium-term devices are initially used. To facilitate the understanding of their role in CS, we can further subdivide them into categories according to type of implant and type of support (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Types of short/medium-term mechanical circulatory support devices divided by type of support and form of implantation</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Short-term circulatory support devices</th>
									<th>Percutaneous</th>
									<th>Surgical</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Left ventricle</bold></td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Intra-aortic balloon pump (femoral or axillary)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella 2.5 (LV-Ao)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella CP (LV-Ao)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>TandemHeart (LA-Ao)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella 5.0</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella LD (direct arteriotomy of the ascending aorta)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella 5.5</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>LV CentriMag (LV apex)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Right ventricle</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella RP (RV-PA)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>TandemHeart (RA-PA)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>ProtekDuo cannula with centrifugal pump (RA-PA)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">RV CentriMag (RV or RA-PA)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Biventricular</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Peripheral VA ECMO</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella CP or 2.5 + Impella RP</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Impella CP or 2.5 + TandemHeart</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>ProtekDuo with centrifugal pump</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Central VA ECMO</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Biventricular CentriMag</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>LA-Ao: left atrium-aorta; LV: left ventricle; LV-Ao: left ventricle-aorta; RA-PA: right atrium-pulmonary artery; RV: right ventricle; RV-PA right ventricle-pulmonary artery; VA ECMO: venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Table adapted from Telukuntla et al<sup>.</sup>6</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Short-term MCS devices can also be allocated with the objective of implantation in the following situations:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="alpha-lower">
					<list-item>
						<p>Bridge to transplantation: patients who are transplant candidates have high mortality on the waiting list, and the devices can be used for clinical stabilization until transplantation;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Bridge to long-term MCS devices: short-term MCS devices can be used for clinical stabilization before implantation of a long-term MCS device;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Bridge to decision: patients in critical CS who require rapid intervention for clinical stabilization, with subsequent evaluation for the next strategy (transplant, long-term MCS, recovery, or palliative care);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Bridge to recovery: short-term MCS devices can be used in etiologies of CS that allow recovery of ventricular function, such as acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and post-cardiotomy shock.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>General indications and contraindications</title>
				<p>Ventricular assist devices are classically used in CS for acute conditions, such as after acute myocardial infarction or myocarditis, or for chronic HF in an acute context, but their use goes beyond these indications, as follows:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="alpha-lower">
					<list-item>
						<p>Complications of acute myocardial infarction (example: post-infarction intraventricular communication, acute mitral insufficiency)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Acute rejection after heart transplantation</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Right ventricular (RV) failure after heart transplantation</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Primary graft dysfunction after heart transplantation</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>RV failure after implantation of a long-term ventricular assist device</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass after heart surgery</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Refractory ventricular arrhythmia</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Prophylaxis before high-risk angioplasties</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Prophylaxis before complex ventricular tachycardia ablations</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Prophylaxis before high-risk percutaneous procedures in patients with valvular heart disease</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>The following clinical situations must be evaluated before implanting a short-term MCS device, as they are contraindications to the use of some devices:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="alpha-lower">
					<list-item>
						<p>Patients in palliative care</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Aortic insufficiency or mechanical aortic prosthesis</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Aortic aneurysm and/or dissection</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Severe peripheral arterial or aortic disease</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Intracavitary thrombus</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Severe coagulopathy</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Uncontrolled sepsis</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>We have presented a general scenario regarding short-term MCS devices, but each device has specific particularities and contraindications that assist in their selection, depending on the patient and the situation in question. We will detail each of them in the following section.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Percutaneous circulatory support devices</title>
				<p>Percutaneous MCS devices are less invasive, and they usually have shorter durability, from days to weeks (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among the available short-term percutaneous devices, the following stand out: intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), TandemHeart<sup>TM</sup>, and Impella<sup>TM</sup> for left ventricular (LV) support; peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for biventricular support; and ImpellaRP and ProtekDuo<sup>TM</sup> for RV support (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Main short-term percutaneous MCS devices</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>IABP</th>
									<th>ECMO</th>
									<th>TandemHeart</th>
									<th>Impella CP</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Mechanism</td>
									<td align="center">Pneumatic</td>
									<td align="center">Centrifugal</td>
									<td align="center">Centrifugal</td>
									<td align="center">Axial</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cannula</td>
									<td align="center">7-9 Fr</td>
									<td align="center">21-25 Fr Inflow; 15-19 Fr Outflow</td>
									<td align="center">21 Fr Inflow; 15-17 Fr Outflow</td>
									<td align="center">14 Fr</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Insertion technique</td>
									<td align="center">Descending aorta via femoral artery</td>
									<td align="center">Inflow: right atrium via femoral vein; Outflow: descending aorta via femoral artery</td>
									<td align="center">Inflow: left atrium via femoral vein and transseptal puncture; Outflow: femoral artery</td>
									<td align="center">Retrograde insertion in the left ventricle via femoral artery</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hemodynamic support</td>
									<td align="center">0.5 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 4.5 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">4 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">3.7 L/min</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Implant time</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">++++</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Risk of limb ischemia</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+++</td>
									<td align="center">+++</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Anticoagulation</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+++</td>
									<td align="center">+++</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hemolysis</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Complexity of management</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+++</td>
									<td align="center">++++</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Fr: French; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; MCS: mechanical circulatory support.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Temporary percutaneous mechanical circulatory support for the management of cardiogenic shock. The top row highlights the most used devices for left circulatory support: (A) intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), (B) Impella, (C) TandemHeart, and (D) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The bottom row exhibits the devices used for right circulatory support: (E) ProtekDuo TandemHeart and (F) Impella RP. (Reprinted with permission from Mandawat e Rao.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230089-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>a. Intra-aortic balloon pump</title>
					<p>IABP is the most widely used short-term MCS device in Brazil. It was introduced in 1968, and its design has remained the same since then. It is a helium-inflated balloon positioned in the descending thoracic aorta, distal to the left subclavian artery and proximal to the emergence of the renal arteries. The preference for helium is due to the fact that it has low viscosity, allowing rapid inflation and deflation of the balloon, in addition to being harmless in case of rupture. The balloon is synchronized to the cardiac cycle. Inflation occurs during diastole, increasing coronary perfusion, and deflation occurs during systole, reducing peripheral vascular resistance and increasing cardiac output, in addition to decreasing cardiac work.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The gain in cardiac output with the use of IABP depends on some factors, and it ranges from 0.5 to 1 L/min. Aortic compliance is inversely proportional to the diastolic gain of the balloon, so that young patients or patients in distributive shock who have low peripheral vascular resistance tend to have less gain. Tachycardia also leads to worsening of IABP performance, as the cardiac cycle time becomes too short for adequate balloon cycling. IABP is also ineffective in pulseless rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or asystole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Insertion is usually percutaneous via the femoral artery, with the help of a guidewire and 8.5 to 9.0 Fr introducer, in a simple manner at the bedside. The position of the IABP is confirmed through a chest X-ray, in which the tip of the balloon is observed at the level of the carina, meaning that this device can be used in critical patients who cannot be transported. More recently, access via the axillary or subclavian artery has been used, mainly in patients with the prospect of a long period of support to allow greater mobilization or in cases of difficult femoral access, whether due to severe peripheral arterial disease or obesity making femoral access difficult. The size of the balloon depends on the patient’s height: 34 mL in patients from 1.52 to 1.63 m and 40 mL in patients &gt; 1.64 m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The 50 mL balloon is rarely available in Brazil, even though it is preferable for patients &gt; 1.83 m tall.</p>
					<p>The main contraindication to the use of IABP is the presence of aortic insufficiency. Aortic disease or severe peripheral arterial disease are relative contraindications. Possible complications of IABP are limb ischemia ipsilateral to the access, organ ischemia, bleeding at the insertion site, atheroembolic events that may even lead to ischemic stroke, worsening of renal function in case of malpositioning of the IABP, and thrombocytopenia due to consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Despite its current widespread use, the literature does not demonstrate benefits in the context of CS after acute myocardial infarction. The IABP SHOCK II (Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock II) Trial was the main randomized study evaluating the use of IABP in CS after acute myocardial infarction with early myocardial revascularization in 600 patients, and it showed no difference in mortality between groups at 30 days or in long-term follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A possible explanation is the fact that the impact of IABP on cardiac output is small and, in many cases, insufficient for CS after acute myocardial infarction.</p>
					<p>In CS related to chronic cardiomyopathy, the literature lacks studies. In a Brazilian study carried out at the Heart Institute (HCFMUSP), 223 patients with chronic cardiomyopathy and an average ejection fraction of 24% underwent IABP implantation in the context of CS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Compared to pre-implantation values, there was an improvement in central venous saturation, a drop in lactate, less need for vasopressors, and greater tolerance to the use of nitroprusside after IABP implantation, suggesting hemodynamic improvement after the intervention. Although there is little evidence, the IABP is an accessible device that is easy to implant and manage, and it can promote hemodynamic improvement in selected cases; it is thus used as the first choice for CS in Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>b. Peripheral ECMO</title>
					<p>Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is a device that can be implanted percutaneously or surgically, and it provides circulatory and respiratory support. Percutaneous VA ECMO is composed of a cannula that drains blood from the right atrium by insertion into the femoral vein, a centrifugal pump, and an oxygenation membrane, as well as a cannula inserted in the common femoral artery that directs the flow to the aorta in a retrograde manner. It can provide output of more than 4.5 L/min and pulmonary support, making peripheral VA ECMO widely used in cases of very hemodynamically unstable patients and even in cardiorespiratory arrest due to the rapid percutaneous insertion of cannulas at the bedside and the fact that it provides biventricular support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Currently, it is the only modality available for percutaneous RV support in Brazil.</p>
					<p>Although it restores systemic perfusion, due to retrograde flow in the aorta, peripheral VA ECMO leads to an increase in LV afterload, causing distension of the LV with significant pulmonary congestion, and making ventricular recovery difficult in reversible causes of CS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Patients with acute causes of CS, such as acute myocardial infarction and myocarditis, are at greater risk of LV distension since the LV, in these cases, tends to be less compliant, and the mitral valve is usually competent. Patients with chronic HF in CS, on the other hand, have distended LV and mitral insufficiency, and they tend to have less distension, at the expense of a higher incidence of pulmonary edema. In addition to the consequences already mentioned, non-opening of the aortic valve with very elevated afterload leads to stasis and thrombus formation above the aortic valve and within the LV, increasing the risk of embolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In these cases of LV distension, left chamber decompression strategies lead to improvement in pulmonary congestion and appear to increase the chances of weaning from support and reduced mortality when performed in less than 12 hours, according to a recent meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The use of inotropes and vasodilators, reduced ECMO flow, additional procedures such as the associated use of IABP or Impella, atrial septostomy, and cannula implantation at the tip of the left ventricle are possible strategies for LV decompression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Aortic insufficiency and aortic dissection contraindicate the use of ECMO, as do situations that impede adequate systemic anticoagulation and severe peripheral arterial occlusive disease making peripheral cannulation impossible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Complications of ECMO are common to other devices that use vascular access, such as limb ischemia ipsilateral to the insertion of the cannula, and larger the lumen, the more frequent it is. A strategy that minimizes this complication is the retrograde insertion of a distal perfusion cannula (5 to 8 Fr) into the superficial femoral or posterior tibial artery. Other possible complications are major bleeding including intracranial hemorrhage, consumptive coagulopathy, hemolysis, thromboembolic events, and circuit infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Another specific complication of VA ECMO is Harlequin syndrome, which occurs when the patient begins to recover ventricular function, but pulmonary impairment remains significant, causing the blood leaving the aortic valve to be hypoxemic and irrigate the first branches of the aorta: brachiocephalic trunk, left carotid, and up to the left subclavian. This leads to segmental hypoxemia in the upper limbs and central nervous system and can have neurological consequences depending on the degree of hypoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Although the indication for VA ECMO is well established in clinical practice as a bridge to recovery and decision-making, the literature does not show a mortality benefit with routine use of this strategy. Published in 2022, the ECMO-CS was a randomized study comparing VA ECMO in rapidly deteriorating CS versus routine care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The study analyzed 117 patients, 58 for immediate VA ECMO and 59 for the control group. There was no difference between groups in the primary composite outcome of death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or placement of another support device within 30 days, but 39% of patients in the control group underwent non-immediate ECMO support. Mortality at 30 days was 47.5% in the control group and 50% in the intervention group. In 2023, the ECLS-SHOCK Trial was published, including only patients with post-infarction CS. It also showed no benefit in mortality comparing 208 patients in the control group with 209 patients in the VA ECMO group, with 30-day mortality of 47.8% versus 48%, respectively; moreover, there was more bleeding in the intervention group than in the control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Both studies do not support routine use of VA ECMO in CS, making individualized patient assessment necessary to identify the optimal moment to provide circulatory assistance, when the patient does not yet have irreversible organ dysfunction and when the implantation of the support will not be futile.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>c. ImpellaTM 2.5 and ImpellaTM CP</title>
					<p>The Impella is an axial flow rotary pump inserted through the aortic valve via femoral artery access, which aspirates blood from the LV to the aortic root. It provides LV decompression and better coronary perfusion and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In addition to being used in the context of CS, it is also used as support for procedures with a high risk of hemodynamic instability, such as angioplasty of the left coronary artery trunk and ventricular tachycardia ablation. It does not depend on myocardial contractility or the cardiac cycle.</p>
					<p>For left circulatory assistance, it is available in 4 models: the 2.5, with percutaneous implantation in the femoral artery, which provides up to 2.5 L/min of output; the CP, also percutaneous, which provides up to 3.8 L/min of flow; the 5.0, which is surgically implanted via the femoral or axillary artery and allows a flow rate of up to 5 L/min; and the 5.5, which is also surgically implanted, allowing cardiac output of up to 6.2 L/min. The Impella 2.5 and CP are approved for use for up to 4 days, and the Impella 5.0 and 5.5 for up to 10 and 14 days, respectively; therefore, they are not the devices of choice for situations in which the expected support time is longer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The appropriate positioning of the Impella is achieved in hemodynamics with the aid of fluoroscopy or transesophageal echocardiography, positioning it so that the inflow orifice is far enough from the ventricular wall to avoid suction and also 3.5 to 4 cm from the aortic valve, to avoid damaging the leaflets. Due to its position inside the LV and through the aortic valve, its use is contraindicated in the presence of a thrombus in the LV, important aortic stenosis, moderate to important aortic insufficiency, aortic dissection, and mechanical aortic prosthesis; additionally, there is a relative contraindication in the presence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease with vascular access &lt; 6 mm, prior ischemia in the limb, and infection at the insertion site.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Possible complications of using Impella include hemolysis, limb ischemia, or bleeding, especially if used for a prolonged period of time, worsening of RV dysfunction leading to failure, and, more rarely, heart perforation, device fracture, aortic valve damage, and ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Despite the hemodynamic benefit, there is currently no evidence in the literature showing clinical benefit for the use of Impella. The ISAR-Shock trial<sub>22</sub> showed a gain in cardiac output and hemodynamic improvement with the use of Impella 2.5 in CS compared to IABP, but without mortality benefit, and another randomized study with 48 patients showed a similar clinical outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A meta-analysis encompassing these 2 randomized studies and 5 observational studies showed, in addition to similar survival, a greater risk of bleeding, hemolysis, and limb complications with Impella compared to IABP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In Brazil, its use is limited mainly due to cost, making it available in few centers.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>d. TandemHeartTM</title>
					<p>The TandemHeart<sup>TM</sup> is a percutaneous implant device that involves an entry cannula, positioned in the left atrium via femoral vein puncture, with insertion through the vena cava arriving in the right atrium, where transseptal puncture is performed, guided by fluoroscopy and/or transesophageal echocardiography. The flow is directed to a centrifugal pump; through an outlet cannula positioned in the femoral artery, it is directed to the aorta and generates a flow rate of up to 4 L/min. It leads to a reduction in left atrial and pulmonary pressure and improves output, but can increase LV afterload due to retrograde flow in the aorta, which can lead to LV distension, preventing the TandemHeart from offering a myocardial protective effect, similar to peripheral VA ECMO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Similar to other devices, contraindications to TandemHeart implantation are severe peripheral arterial occlusive disease, interatrial thrombus, and aortic insufficiency. Defects in the interventricular septum can, in theory, evolve into a right-to-left shunt using this device. Unlike Impella, LV thrombus or aortic stenosis are not contraindications in this case. Complications common to other devices that use vascular access may occur: vascular injury, bleeding, and limb ischemia. Due to transseptal puncture, cardiac tamponade is a possible complication. Hemolysis is uncommon, but it may occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Compared to IABP, observational studies have shown better hemodynamic performance, but with no difference in mortality and a higher incidence of complications such as bleeding and ischemia of the lower limbs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> There is also greater difficulty in implanting the device, as it involves transseptal puncture. The TandemHeart is not available in Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>e. Impella RPTM</title>
					<p>The Impella RP model provides RV assistance, aspirating blood from the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery, and it can be used in situations such as primary RV failure or RV failure after implantation of a long-term device. It provides flow of up to 4 L/min. The RECOVER RIGHT study showed that the use of this device in patients with RV failure after implantation of a left ventricular assist device, after cardiotomy, and after infarction was easy to manage, with cohort survival of 73% at 30 days and 62% at 180 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> It is contraindicated in patients with RV thrombus, tricuspid or pulmonary stenosis or regurgitation, or the presence of right-sided mechanical prostheses.</p>
					<p>Possible complications are those related to venipuncture such as venous dissection; perforation of the femoral, iliac, or cava vein; and malpositioning of the device with suction phenomena. Chest radiography must be performed daily to monitor the position of the device, and, in case of changes in the flow or curve of the pump, a transesophageal echocardiogram must be performed to confirm the positioning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is currently not available in Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>f. TandemHeart ProtekDuoTM</title>
					<p>This more recent device allows right ventricular support, with the advantage, in relation to the Impella RP, of making early patient mobilization possible. It is inserted percutaneously into the right internal jugular vein, allowing blood to be aspirated from the right atrium, passed through a TandemHeart system pump and returned to the pulmonary artery. It is indicated in cases of RV failure following the implantation of a long-term support device, and it has the advantage of simple removal without the need for an additional surgical procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Possible complications include bleeding at the puncture site, venous perforation, and others related to venous access. As with any right assist device, pulmonary congestion should be monitored due to increased RV output. Also similar to the Impella RP, it is contraindicated in patients with RV thrombus, tricuspid or pulmonary stenosis or regurgitation, or the presence of right-sided mechanical prostheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is not yet available in Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Surgically implanted circulatory support devices</title>
			<p>Although they have greater durability and a better long-term safety profile when compared to percutaneous implant devices, surgically implanted devices are more invasive, requiring a surgical procedure with anesthesia and prior programming for admission, which limits their use in cases of rescue of patients with frank CS and INTERMACS classification 1. The most available short/intermediate-term surgical MCS devices are Impella 5.0<sup>TM</sup>, Impella LD<sup>TM</sup>, Impella 5.5<sup>TM</sup>, central VA ECMO, and CentriMag<sup>TM</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>a. Impella 5.0, Impella LD, and Impella 5.5 (Abiomed)</title>
				<p>The general description of Impella has already been provided in the topic of percutaneous devices. The difference between the two that will be covered here is the greater magnitude of flow it can provide and the method of insertion. It also has a better safety profile against vascular complications and the capacity to be used for a longer period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The Impella 5.0 requires a surgical cut in the right femoral artery; however, if removal is not expected in the short term, it is recommended that the insertion be made through the axillary artery, using a 23 Fr introducer. This device has the capacity to provide a flow of up to 5 L/min, with an approved duration of use of 10 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The Impella LD differs from the 5.0 in that the insertion method is performed surgically in the ascending aorta, with direct passage through the aortic valve and placement in the LV. Compared to the former, it has the disadvantage of requiring a sternotomy. For this reason, it is generally used in cases of pump failure with difficulty weaning from extracorporeal circulation, with the advantage of reducing vascular complications and having a lower risk of thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Recently, the use of Impella 5.5 was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in CS. It can be inserted either directly through the ascending aorta or through the axillary artery, with a duration of up to 14 days. Its benefit over the other two is due to the provision of a greater flow of up to 6 L/min, as the device is thinner and shorter, which facilitates insertion through the vessels, and because it has a SmartAssist. This system provides information about cardiac output, end-diastolic pressure, and LV pressure. These data facilitate device configuration and weaning, optimizing the chance of recovery of the native heart. Furthermore, the sensors present in the SmartAssist provide a more precise location of the pump’s position, allowing more effective monitoring and replacement at the bedside. This position, as previously stated, is directly related to proper functioning of the device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The indications, contraindications, and complications of the various Impellas for surgical insertion are similar to those for percutaneous insertion, and the choice should be based on the profile of the patient being treated, mainly taking into account the magnitude of flow the patient needs, the support time, and the possibility of peripheral vascular access. In Brazil, none of these types of Impella are available for use.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>b. Central venoarterial ECMO</title>
				<p>Central VA ECMO, unlike peripheral VA ECMO, requires admission to a surgical center; except in cases where cannulation of the axillary artery occurs, sternotomy is necessary for its placement. The most common use is in post-cardiotomy shock, taking advantage of the surgical procedure itself, but it is an interesting alternative for upgrading peripheral VA ECMO in situations where it is insufficient in organic perfusion, when there is lower limb ischemia due to peripheral arterial complications caused by the device, and/or when there is pulmonary volume overload due to increased LV afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The preferred sites for central VA ECMO cannulation are the right atrium, where the inflow cannula is inserted, and the ascending aorta for the outflow cannula. The size of the cannulas should be determined by the size of the patient and the desired cardiac output, generally between 18 and 24 Fr in the aorta and 28 and 36 Fr in the right atrium, and good fixation must be performed to avoid bleeding as much as possible. Although the chest is generally kept open with occlusive dressing, closure of the chest is associated with a higher extubation success rate, ease of patient mobilization, and lower risk of infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>It presents characteristics similar to peripheral VA ECMO with a flow that varies from 4 to 6 L/min and a capacity for biventricular and respiratory hemodynamic support, due to the presence of an oxygenation membrane. It presents the advantages of having an unlimited and anterograde flow through the device, without increasing LV afterload, absence of complications in peripheral arteries, and the ability to insert a LV decompression device. However, it has disadvantages, such as the fact that it requires surgical insertion, increasing the risk of the procedure for already patients who are already critical, greater risk of infection, especially if the chest is open, and potential aortic dissection and embolic ischemic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Central VA ECMO is the most widely available surgical short-term MCS device for AHF in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>c. CentriMagTM</title>
				<p>The CentriMag<sup>TM</sup> device is surgically inserted via median or lateral sternotomy for acute circulatory support, and it can be used for up to 30 days as RV, LV, or biventricular extracorporeal support. Its use as a cardiopulmonary circuit is also possible for a period of up to 6 hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The CentriMag system consists of a console, centrifugal pump, flow cannula, and motor. There is a floating rotor that levitates by magnetic forces, reducing friction, wear, and heat production from the device’s rotation, thus reducing the risk of mechanical failure and hemocompatibility events (thrombosis, bleeding, and hemolysis) due to the device. The flow generated by the device can reach 10 L/min. The speed responsible for generating this flow is adjusted by turning a button, making it quick and easy to couple the device with the patient’s scenario, promoting increased flow in cases of circulatory shock and reduced flow during device weaning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>CentriMag is surgically placed using techniques similar to other cardiopulmonary bypass cannulations, and its versatility in connecting various types of cannulas facilitates the insertion procedure, with flexible configuration of support. In case of LV support, the inflow cannula is placed in the left atrium or at the apex of the LV, and the outflow cannula is placed in the ascending aorta. In case of RV support, the inflow cannula is inserted into the right atrium or RV, and the outflow cannula is placed in the pulmonary artery, directly or through the anastomosis of a vascular graft. Biventricular assistance is performed with a combination of both configurations mentioned (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The versatility of the device also allows the insertion of an oxygenator into the circuit in cases that require pulmonary support. The evolution of insertion techniques with minithoracotomy, or even minimally invasive without sternotomy, and use of peripheral arterial grafts, such as axillary artery, jugular vein, and femoral, reduces the risk of complications of device placement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– (A) Cannulation of a biventricular CentriMag: with inflow cannulas in the left atrium and left ventricle [1] and in the right atrium [2] and outflow cannula in the aorta [3] and pulmonary artery [4]. (B) CentriMag cannulas seen from the outside connected to the pump, removed from the chest in this figure via intercostal and subcostal incisions. Image reproduced from Kaczorowski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230089-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The main indications for this device are both AHF that evolves to CS in diverse etiologies (post-acute myocardial infarction, chronic decompensated HF, myocarditis) and CS after cardiac surgical procedures, such as RV failure after heart transplantation, primary graft dysfunction, post-cardiotomy shock, and RV shock after long-term MCS implantation for LV assistance. Although the risk of thromboembolic phenomena is reduced with CentriMag, due to its mode of functioning, the use of anticoagulants is still indicated. Maintaining a device flow above 4 L/min reduces the risk of thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>There is little evidence on the use of CentriMag in CS. Most studies are small and/or non-randomized, and the outcomes differ depending on the etiology of the shock. The largest, a cohort study that included 143 patients, had a mean duration of use of 14 days (ranging from 8 to 26 days), with 30-day and 1-year mortality of 69% and 49%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In another smaller study on use of the device in 12 patients with post-cardiotomy shock, 8 of them survived until long-term MCS device implantation; 2 achieved complete recovery, and 2 died.</p>
				<p>The presence of device complications seems to be directly related to the duration of use. It is not uncommon for patients with the device to experience bleeding, neurological events such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, infection, and respiratory and renal failure. Nonetheless, few cases of pump failure and hemolysis have been observed, even with prolonged use. There are no major contraindications to the use of CentriMag, but some examples are the presence of coagulopathy and/or severe bleeding when the use of an anticoagulant is not possible, and patients in palliative care, with no prospect of improvement and/or advanced treatment, such as heart transplantation or long-term MCS devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Patient selection: given the options, which device is preferable?</title>
			<p>Device selection for each patient is based on an analysis of different factors such as INTERMACS profile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), use strategy, additional cardiac output required, presence of isolated or biventricular LV or RV dysfunction, presence of contraindications, and availability. Ideally, the device choice should be based on invasive hemodynamic assessment with a pulmonary artery catheter.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– INTERMACS classification for severity of heart failure</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Level</th>
								<th>Description</th>
								<th>Hemodynamic status</th>
								<th>Time for intervention</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>1</td>
								<td align="center">Critical cardiogenic shock</td>
								<td align="center">Persistent hypotension despite the use of inotropes and IABP, with critical organic hypoperfusion (“crash and burn”)</td>
								<td align="center">Hours</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2</td>
								<td align="center">Progressive decline despite inotrope use</td>
								<td align="center">Progressive decline in organ function, water retention, and nutrition despite the use of inotropes in optimized doses</td>
								<td align="center">Days</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>3</td>
								<td align="center">Stable with inotrope</td>
								<td align="center">Stable on moderate inotrope doses, but failure to wean</td>
								<td align="center">Elective, in weeks to months</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4</td>
								<td align="center">Symptoms at rest</td>
								<td align="center">Water retention and frequent decompensation, despite tolerating weaning from inotrope</td>
								<td align="center">Elective, in weeks to months</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>5</td>
								<td align="center">Exertion intolerant</td>
								<td align="center">Severe exertion intolerance, presence of congestion, comfortable at rest</td>
								<td align="center">Varying urgency, depending on nutrition and organic function</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>6</td>
								<td align="center">Exertion limited</td>
								<td align="center">Moderate limitation to exertion, less congestion</td>
								<td align="center">Varying urgency, depending on nutrition and organic function</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>7</td>
								<td align="center">NYHA FC III</td>
								<td align="center">Hemodynamic stability without signs of hypervolemia</td>
								<td align="center">Not indicated</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>FC: functional class; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; NYHA: New York Heart Association.Adapted from Diretriz de Assistência Circulatória Mecânica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
							</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Patients in INTERMACS 1, that is, critical CS, should be prioritized for bedside devices that provide rapid assistance. In general, percutaneous implant devices are preferable for this situation, with the objective of metabolic rescue and subsequent assessment of multisystemic viability that will be able to guide future interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In this scenario, when the shock is predominantly in the LV, the first option may be IABP, as it has greater availability, low cost, and low implant complexity; on the other hand, it offers low additional cardiac output and is, in many cases, insufficient to provide adequate perfusion. In these cases, it is necessary to escalate support to a device that provides greater output, the most available being peripheral VA ECMO. In emergency cases before or during cardiorespiratory arrest, peripheral VA ECMO is the device of choice.</p>
			<p>Patients in INTERMACS 2, that is, worsening organ functions despite inotropes, may be considered for other percutaneous devices (if available) that require transfer to the hemodynamic sector, such as Impella 2.5, Impella CP, or TandemHeart in LV shock and Impella RP and ProtekDuo in RV shock. In cases of biventricular dysfunction, the combination of two devices is possible,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> as mentioned in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, but there are important cost limitations and greater complexity of management, with VA ECMO being preferable in most cases.</p>
			<p>Surgically implanted devices are preferable in patients who are already undergoing cardiac surgery for another reason, such as in situations of post-cardiotomy shock, post-heart transplantation primary graft dysfunction, and RV shock after long-term device implantation. They can also be considered in patients who present any unwanted complication of a percutaneously implanted device, for example, LV distension and pulmonary congestion in peripheral ECMO and TandemHeart, and in cases of severe peripheral vascular disease, provided that the patient has the clinical conditions to be transported and undergo a more invasive surgical procedure.</p>
			<p>Eventually, patients in less complex centers should be transferred to a center capable of heart transplantation and advanced therapy for short- and long-term ventricular support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Clinical stabilization with the implantation of temporary circulatory support devices before transfer can increase the safety of transporting these critical patients, and it should be discussed with the center that will receive the patient.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Final messages</title>
			<p>CS continues to be a condition with high morbidity and mortality despite advances in technology, and the routine use of short-term devices in CS has not yet shown an increase in survival in the literature. However, carefully evaluated and selected cases may benefit from short-term MCS, and further studies are needed to support the use of short-term MCS devices in this context.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Dispositivos de Assistência Circulatória na Insuficiência Cardíaca Aguda: Quais e Quando?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0207-3986</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquis e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2478-7445</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dantas</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Cavalcanti Tourinho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquis e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquis e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Avenida Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: silvia.ayub@fm.usp.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Choque Cardiogênico</kwd>
				<kwd>Suporte Circulatório Mecânico</kwd>
				<kwd>Dispositivos de Assistência Ventricular</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Aguda</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca aguda (ICA), nome dado à síndrome onde há piora rápida ou gradual de um quadro de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) crônica ou nova, constitui uma das principais causas de procura ao departamento de emergência, sendo a maior responsável por internações não eletivas em pacientes acima de 65 anos, com elevada taxa de reinternação em 1 ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A mortalidade intra-hospitalar da ICA é de 3% a 4% em registros internacionais, chegando a 12,6% no registro brasileiro BREATHE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Quando analisamos o espectro mais grave da ICA, que é o choque cardiogênico (CC), a mortalidade intra-hospitalar varia de 32% a 58% mesmo em registros internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O caminho para redução da elevada morbimortalidade da ICA e do CC passa pela sua identificação e diagnóstico rápido e correto, reconhecimento e tratamento de fatores descompensadores, avaliação da gravidade e de comorbidades associadas e instituição de terapia específica rápida e adequada para restauração da perfusão multiorgânica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A terapia específica do CC compreende inicialmente, na maioria dos casos, uso de inotrópicos e vasodilatadores ou vasopressores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, em casos refratários ou em que já se apresentam com uma maior gravidade, é necessário o uso de dispositivos de assistência circulatória mecânica (ACM) de curta duração. Quando indicados de forma precoce, a ACM de curta duração está relacionada com benefício hemodinâmico por meio do aumento do débito cardíaco, levando a recuperação da perfusão de órgãos vitais, diminuição do consumo miocárdico de oxigênio e do trabalho cardíaco, aumento de perfusão coronariana. Dependendo do dispositivo, também pode levar a redução de pressões de enchimento ventricular, reduzindo a congestão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O uso da ACM de curta duração tem crescido mundialmente nos últimos anos, mas a literatura ainda carece de evidências que corroborem seu uso, sendo a indicação e escolha dos diferentes dispositivos definidas de forma individualizada e em discussão de times multidisciplinares. No Brasil, a sua disponibilidade ainda é baixa, sendo seu uso limitado aos grandes centros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Esta revisão tem o objetivo de destacar as indicações, contraindicações e as principais particularidades de cada dispositivo, percutâneo ou cirúrgico, com dados clínicos e hemodinâmicos que podem auxiliar na escolha de cada um e corroborar seu uso na ICA.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Tipos de dispositivos</title>
					<p>Inúmeras opções de dispositivos de ACM estão disponíveis no mercado para o tratamento da ICA e, quando indicados, os inicialmente utilizados são aqueles de curta e/ou média duração. Para facilitar o entendimento do papel deles no CC, podemos aindaos subdividir em categorias conforme o tipo de implante e o tipo de suporte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Tipos de dispositivos de assistência circulatória mecânica de curta/média duração divididos pelo tipo de suporte e forma de implante</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="33%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Dispositivos de assistência circulatória de curta permanência</th>
										<th>Percutâneo</th>
										<th>Cirúrgico</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ventrículo esquerdo</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Balão intra-aórtico (femoral ou axilar)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella 2.5 (VE-Ao)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella CP (VE-Ao)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>TandemHeart (AE-Ao)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella 5.0</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella LD (arteriotomia direta na aorta ascedente)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella 5.5</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>CentriMag VE (ápice do VE)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ventrículo direito</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella RP (VD-AP)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>TandemHeart (AD-AP)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Cânula do ProtekDuo com bomba centrífuga (AD-AP)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">CentriMag VD (VD ou AD-AP)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Biventricular</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>ECMO-VA periférica</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella CP ou 2.5 + Impella RP</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Impella CP ou 2.5 + TandemHeart</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>ProtekDuo com bomba centrífuga</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>ECMO-VA central</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>CentriMag Biventricular</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>AD-AP: átrio direito-artéria pulmonar; AE-Ao: átrio esquerdo-aorta; VA: venoarterial; VD-AP: ventrículo direito-artéria pulmonar; VE-Ao: ventrículo esquerdo-aorta. Tabela adaptada do artigo Telukuntla et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Os dispositivos de ACM de curta duração ainda podem ser alocados com o objetivo de serem implantados nas situações a seguir:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="alpha-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p>Ponte para transplante: pacientes candidatos a transplante têm elevada mortalidade em fila, e os dispositivos podem ser usados para estabilização clínica até o transplante;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Ponte para dispositivos de ACM de longa duração: dispositivos de ACM de curta duração podem ser utilizados para estabilização clínica antes do implante de dispositivo de ACM de longa duração;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Ponte para decisão: pacientes em CC crítico que necessitam de intervenção rápida para estabilização clínica, com posterior avaliação para a próxima estratégia (transplante, ACM de longa duração, recuperação ou cuidados paliativos);</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Ponte para recuperação: podem ser usados dispositivos de ACM em geral de curta duração em etiologias de CC que possibilitam a recuperação da função ventricular, como infarto agudo do miocárdio, miocardite, choque pós-cardiotomia.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Indicações e contraindicações gerais</title>
					<p>Os dispositivos de assistência ventricular são classicamente utilizados em CC por quadro agudo como após infarto agudo do miocárdio ou miocardite, ou por quadro crônico de IC em contexto de agudização, mas seu uso vai além dessas indicações:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="alpha-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p>Complicações de infarto agudo do miocárdio (exemplo: comunicação intraventricular pós-infarto, insuficiência mitral aguda)</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Rejeição aguda pós-transplante cardíaco (Txc)</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Falência de ventrículo direito (VD) pós-Txc</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Disfunção primária de enxerto pós-Txc</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Falência de VD após implante de dispositivo de assistência ventricular de longa duração</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Dificuldade de saída de circulação extracorpórea após cirurgia cardíaca</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Arritmia ventricular refratária</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Profilaxia antes de angioplastias de alto risco</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Profilaxia antes de ablações complexas de taquicardia ventricular</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Profilaxia antes de procedimentos percutâneos de alto risco em valvopatias</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Existem situações clínicas que devem ser avaliadas antes do implante de um dispositivo de ACM de curta duração, por serem contraindicações ao uso de alguns deles:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="alpha-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p>Paciente em cuidados paliativos</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Insuficiência aórtica ou prótese aórtica mecânica</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Aneurisma e/ou dissecção de aorta</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Doença arterial periférica ou aórtica grave</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Trombo intracavitário</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Coagulopatia grave</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Sepse não controlada</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Acima apresentamos um cenário geral sobre os dispositivos de ACM de curta duração, mas cada um deles tem particularidades e contraindicações específicas que ajudam a selecioná-los a depender do paciente e da situação em questão. Vamos detalhar cada um deles no tópico a seguir.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dispositivos de assistência circulatória percutâneos</title>
					<p>Os dispositivos de ACM de implante percutâneo são menos invasivos e usualmente têm menor durabilidade, de dias a semanas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dentre os dispositivos de curta duração de implante percutâneo disponíveis, destacam-se: o balão intra-aórtico (BIA), o TandemHeart<sup>TM</sup> e o Impella<sup>TM</sup> para suporte ventricular esquerdo, oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) periférica para suporte biventricular e ImpellaRP e ProtekDuo<sup>TM</sup> para assistência ventricular direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais dispositivos de ACM de curta permanência de implante percutâneo</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="20%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th>BIA</th>
										<th>ECMO</th>
										<th>TandemHeart</th>
										<th>Impella CP</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Mecanismo</td>
										<td align="center">Pneumático</td>
										<td align="center">Centrífugo</td>
										<td align="center">Centrífugo</td>
										<td align="center">Axial</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Cânula</td>
										<td align="center">7-9 Fr</td>
										<td align="center">21-25 Fr Inflow; 15-19 Fr Outflow</td>
										<td align="center">21 Fr Inflow; 15-17 Fr Outflow</td>
										<td align="center">14 Fr</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Técnica de inserção</td>
										<td align="center">Aorta descendente via artéria femoral</td>
										<td align="center">Inflow: átrio direito via veia femoral; Outflow: aorta descendente via artéria femoral</td>
										<td align="center">Inflow: átrio esquerdo via veia femoral e punção com transfixação do septo interatrial; Outflow: artéria femoral</td>
										<td align="center">Inserção retrógrada no ventrículo esquerdo via artéria femoral</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Suporte hemodinâmico</td>
										<td align="center">0,5 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">&gt; 4,5 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">4 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">3,7 L/min</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tempo de implante</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
										<td align="center">++++</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco de isquemia de membros</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+++</td>
										<td align="center">+++</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Anticoagulação</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+++</td>
										<td align="center">+++</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hemólise</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Complexidade de manejo</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+++</td>
										<td align="center">++++</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>ACM: assistência circulatória mecânica; BIA: balão intra-aórtico; ECMO: oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea; Fr: French.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Suporte circulatório mecânico temporário percutâneo para manejo do choque cardiogênico. Os dispositivos apresentados na primeira linha evidenciam os dispositivos mais usados para suporte circulatório esquerdo: (A) balão intra-aórtico, (B) Impella, (C) TandemHeart e (D) oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO). A linha inferior apresenta os dispositivos usados para assistência circulatória direita: (E) ProtekDuo TandemHeart e (F) Impella RP. (Reproduzido com permissão de Mandawat e Rao.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>)</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230089-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<sec>
						<title>a. Balão intra-aórtico</title>
						<p>O BIA é o dispositivo de ACM de curta duração mais amplamente usado no Brasil. Foi introduzido em 1968 e, desde então, seu desenho continua o mesmo: trata-se de um balão insuflado com hélio posicionado na aorta torácica descendente, distal à artéria subclávia esquerda e proximal à emergência das artérias renais. A preferência pelo hélio se deve ao fato de ter baixa viscosidade permitindo rápida inflação e desinsuflação do balão, além de ser inócuo em caso de ruptura do mesmo. O balão é sincronizado ao ciclo cardíaco: a inflação ocorre na diástole, aumentando perfusão coronariana, e a desinsuflação ocorre na sístole, reduzindo resistência vascular periférica e aumentando débito cardíaco, além de diminuir o trabalho cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O ganho de débito cardíaco com uso do BIA depende de alguns fatores, variando de 0,5 a 1 L/min. A complacência aórtica é inversamente proporcional ao ganho diastólico do balão, de forma que pacientes jovens ou em choque distributivo que têm baixa resistência vascular periférica tendem a menor ganho. Taquicardia também leva a piora da performance do BIA, uma vez que o tempo do ciclo cardíaco se torna muito curto para adequada ciclagem do balão. O BIA também é inefetivo em ritmos sem pulso como fibrilação ventricular ou assistolia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
						<p>A inserção é usualmente percutânea via artéria femoral, com ajuda de um fio guia e introdutor 8,5-9,0 Fr, de forma simples e à beira leito. A confirmação da posição do BIA se dá através do raio X de tórax, em que se observa a ponta do balão na altura da carina, fazendo com que esse dispositivo possa ser utilizado em pacientes críticos que não podem ser transportados. Mais recentemente, o acesso via artéria axilar ou subclávia vem sendo utilizado principalmente em pacientes com perspectiva de longo tempo de suporte para permitir maior mobilização ou em casos de dificuldade de acesso femoral, seja por doença arterial periférica severa, ou por obesidade dificultando acesso femoral. O tamanho do balão depende da altura do paciente: 34 mL em pacientes de 1,52 a 1,63 m e 40 mL em pacientes &gt; 1,64 m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O balão de 50 mL é pouco disponível no nosso meio, mas é preferível para pacientes com altura &gt; 1,83 m.</p>
						<p>A principal contraindicação do seu uso é a presença de insuficiência aórtica. Doenças da aorta ou doença arterial periférica grave são contraindicações relativas. Complicações possíveis do BIA são isquemia do membro ipsilateral ao acesso e de órgãos, sangramento no sítio de inserção, eventos ateroembólicos podendo inclusive levar a acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, piora de função renal em caso de mal posicionamento do BIA e trombocitopenia por consumo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Apesar do amplo uso atual, a literatura não demonstra benefício no seu uso no contexto de CC após infarto agudo do miocárdio. O estudo IABP SHOCK II (Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock II) Trial foi o principal estudo randomizado avaliando o uso do BIA em CC após infarto agudo do miocárdio com revascularização do miocárdio precoce em 600 pacientes, e não mostrou diferença em mortalidade entre os grupos em 30 dias nem em seguimento a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Uma possível explicação é o fato de o impacto do BIA no débito cardíaco ser pequeno e em muitos casos insuficiente para CC após infarto agudo do miocárdio.</p>
						<p>Em CC relacionado a miocardiopatia crônica, a literatura carece de estudos. Em estudo brasileiro realizado no Instituto do Coração (HCFMUSP), 223 pacientes com miocardiopatia crônica e fração de ejeção média de 24% foram submetidos a implante de BIA no contexto de CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Comparado aos valores pré-implante, houve melhora da saturação venosa central, queda do lactato, menor necessidade de vasopressores e maior tolerância ao uso de nitroprussiato após implante do BIA, sugerindo melhora hemodinâmica após a intervenção. Apesar de poucas evidências, o BIA é um dispositivo acessível, de fácil implante, fácil manejo e que em casos selecionados pode trazer melhora hemodinâmica, sendo utilizado como primeira opção no nosso meio em CC.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>b. ECMO periférica</title>
						<p>A ECMO venoarterial (ECMO-VA) é um dispositivo que pode ter implante percutâneo ou cirúrgico e fornece suporte circulatório e respiratório. A ECMO-VA de implante percutâneo é composta por uma cânula que drena sangue do átrio direito através de inserção na veia femoral, uma bomba centrífuga e por uma membrana de oxigenação, e uma cânula de inserção na artéria femoral comum que direciona o fluxo para a aorta de forma retrógrada. Pode fornecer débito além de 4,5 L/min e suporte pulmonar, fazendo com que a ECMO-VA periférica seja muito utilizada em casos de pacientes muito instáveis hemodinamicamente e até em parada cardiorrespiratória pela rápida inserção das cânulas de forma percutânea à beira leito, e pelo fornecimento de suporte biventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Atualmente, é a única modalidade disponível no Brasil para assistência ventricular direita de forma percutânea.</p>
						<p>Apesar de restaurar a perfusão sistêmica, devido ao fluxo retrógrado na aorta, a ECMO-VA periférica leva a um aumento de pós-carga ventricular esquerda, provocando distensão do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), congestão pulmonar significativa e dificultando a recuperação ventricular em causas reversíveis de CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pacientes com causa aguda de CC como infarto agudo do miocárdio e miocardite estão sob maior risco de distensão do VE uma vez que o VE nesses casos costuma ser menos complacente e a valva mitral habitualmente é competente. Pacientes com IC crônica em CC, por outro lado, têm VE distendido e insuficiência mitral e tendem a ter menos distensão, à custa de maior incidência de edema pulmonar. Além das consequências já citadas, a não abertura da valva aórtica com a pós-carga muito elevada leva à estase e à formação de trombo acima da valva aórtica e dentro do VE, aumentando risco de eventos embólicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nesses casos de distensão do VE, estratégias de descompressão das câmaras esquerdas levam a melhora da congestão pulmonar e parecem aumentar a chance de desmame do suporte e a redução de mortalidade quando realizada em menos de 12 horas, segundo metanálise recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O uso de inotrópicos e vasodilatadores, a redução do fluxo da ECMO, e procedimentos adicionais como o uso associado de BIA ou Impella, a septostomia atrial e o implante de cânula em ponta do ventrículo esquerdo são estratégias possíveis de descompressão ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Insuficiência aórtica e dissecção de aorta contraindicam o uso da ECMO, assim como situações que impeçam adequada anticoagulação sistêmica e doença arterial obstrutiva periférica severa impossibilitando canulação periférica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Complicações da ECMO são comuns a outros dispositivos que utilizam acessos vasculares, como isquemia do membro ipsilateral à inserção da cânula, sendo mais frequente quanto maior o lúmen da mesma. Uma estratégia que minimiza essa complicação é a inserção de uma cânula de perfusão distal (5-8Fr) na artéria femoral superficial ou na tibial posterior de forma retrógrada. Outras complicações possíveis são sangramentos maiores incluindo hemorragia intracraniana, coagulopatia de consumo, hemólise, eventos tromboembólicos e infecção do circuito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Uma outra complicação específica da ECMO-VA é a síndrome de Harlequin, que ocorre quando o paciente começa a apresentar recuperação da função ventricular, mas o comprometimento pulmonar continua significativo, fazendo com que o sangue que sai da valva aórtica seja hipoxêmico e irrigue os primeiros ramos da aorta: tronco braquiocefálico, carótida esquerda e até a subclávia esquerda. Isso leva à hipoxemia segmentar nos membros superiores e sistema nervoso central e pode trazer consequências neurológicas a depender do grau de hipoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Apesar da indicação da ECMO-VA ser bem estabelecida na prática clínica como ponte para recuperação e ponte para decisão, a literatura não mostra benefício de mortalidade com uso rotineiro dessa estratégia. Em 2022, foi publicado o estudo ECMO-CS, um estudo randomizado comparando ECMO-VA em CC em rápida deterioração versus tratamento habitual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Foram analisados 117 pacientes, 58 para ECMO-VA imediata e 59 para o grupo controle. Não houve diferença entre os grupos no desfecho primário composto por morte, ressuscitação cardiopulmonar ou instalação de outro dispositivo de assistência em 30 dias, mas 39% dos pacientes no grupo controle foram submetidos a suporte com ECMO de forma não imediata. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi 47,5% no grupo controle e 50% no grupo intervenção. Em 2023, o ECLS-SHOCK Trial com pacientes exclusivamente em CC pós-infarto foi publicado mostrando também ausência de benefício em mortalidade comparando 208 pacientes no grupo controle com 209 pacientes no grupo ECMO-VA, sendo a mortalidade em 30 dias de 47,8% versus 48%, respectivamente, além de ter havido mais sangramento no grupo intervenção do que no grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Ambos estudos não suportam o uso rotineiro da ECMO-VA no CC, sendo necessária avaliação individualizada de cada paciente para identificar o momento ótimo de fornecer assistência circulatória, em que o paciente ainda não apresenta disfunções orgânicas irreversíveis e em que o implante do suporte não se torna fútil.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>c. ImpellaTM 2.5 e ImpellaTM CP</title>
						<p>O Impella é uma bomba rotatória de fluxo axial inserida através da valva aórtica, via acesso pela artéria femoral, que aspira sangue do VE para a raiz da aorta. Proporciona descompressão ventricular esquerda, melhor perfusão coronariana e reduz consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Além de ser usado no contexto de CC, é também utilizado como suporte para procedimentos de alto risco de instabilidade hemodinâmica, como angioplastia de tronco da coronária esquerda e ablação de taquicardia ventricular. Não depende da contratilidade miocárdica ou do ciclo cardíaco.</p>
						<p>Para assistência circulatória esquerda, está disponível em quatro modelos: o 2.5, de implante percutâneo na artéria femoral, que fornece até 2,5 L/min de débito; o CP, também percutâneo, que fornece até 3,8 L/min de débito; o 5.0, que é de implante cirúrgico via artéria femoral ou axilar e permite débito de até 5 L/min; e o 5.5, também de implante cirúrgico permitindo débito cardíaco de até 6,2 L/min. O Impella 2.5 e CP são aprovados para uso por até 4 dias, e o Impella 5.0 e 5.5 até 10 e 14 dias, respectivamente, não sendo então o dispositivo de escolha para situações em que o tempo previsto de suporte seja mais prolongado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O adequado posicionamento do Impella é feito na hemodinâmica com auxílio de fluoroscopia ou ecocardiograma transesofágico, posicionando o mesmo de forma que o orifício de influxo esteja longe o suficiente da parede ventricular para evitar sucção e também a 3,5-4 cm da valva aórtica pra evitar lesão dos folhetos. Pela posição dentro do VE e através da valva aórtica, seu uso é contraindicado na presença de trombo no VE, estenose aórtica importante, insuficiência aórtica moderada a importante, dissecção de aorta e prótese aórtica mecânica, além de haver contraindicação relativa na presença de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica com acesso vascular &lt; 6 mm, isquemia prévia no membro, e infecção no sítio de inserção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Complicações possíveis do uso do Impella são hemólise, isquemia do membro ou sangramento, especialmente se usado por tempo prolongado, piora de disfunção de VD levando à falência, e mais raramente perfuração cardíaca, fratura do dispositivo, dano valvar aórtico e acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Apesar do benefício hemodinâmico, o uso do Impella atualmente ainda não encontra evidência na literatura mostrando benefício clínico. O ISAR-Shock trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> mostrou ganho de débito cardíaco e melhora hemodinâmica com uso do Impella 2.5 em CC comparado ao BIA, mas sem benefício de mortalidade, e outro estudo randomizado com 48 pacientes mostrou desfecho clínico semelhante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Uma metanálise englobando esses 2 estudos randomizados e 5 estudos observacionais mostrou além de sobrevida semelhante, maior risco de sangramento, hemólise e complicações no membro com o Impella comparado ao BIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No Brasil, o seu uso é limitado principalmente pelo custo, estando disponíveis em poucos centros.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>d. TandemHeartTM</title>
						<p>O TandemHeart<sup>TM</sup> é um dispositivo de implante percutâneo que envolve uma cânula de entrada, posicionada no átrio esquerdo através de punção de veia femoral, com inserção através da veia cava e chegada no átrio direito, onde é feita a punção transeptal guiada por fluoroscopia e/ou ecocardiograma transesofágico. O fluxo é direcionado para uma bomba centrífuga e, através de uma cânula de saída posicionada na artéria femoral, é direcionado para aorta e gera um débito de até 4 L/min. Leva à redução da pressão de átrio esquerdo e pulmonar e melhora o débito, mas pode aumentar pós-carga do VE devido ao fluxo retrógrado na aorta, o que pode levar a distensão ventricular esquerda impedindo o TandemHeart de oferecer um efeito protetor miocárdico, semelhante a ECMO-VA periférica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
						<p>De forma semelhante a outros dispositivos, contraindicações ao implante do TandemHeart são doença arterial obstrutiva periférica severa, trombo interatrial e insuficiência aórtica. Defeito no septo interventricular pode em teoria evoluir com shunt direita-esquerda com uso desse dispositivo. Diferente do Impella, trombo no VE ou estenose aórtica não são contraindicações nesse caso. Complicações comuns a outros dispositivos que utilizam acesso vascular podem ocorrer: lesão vascular, sangramento, isquemia do membro. Pela punção transeptal, tamponamento cardíaco é uma complicação possível. Hemólise é pouco comum, mas pode ocorrer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Em comparação ao BIA, estudos observacionais mostraram melhor desempenho hemodinâmico, mas sem diferença em mortalidade e maior incidência de complicações como sangramento e isquemia de membros inferiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Também há uma maior dificuldade de implante do dispositivo por envolver punção transeptal. No Brasil, o TandemHeart não está disponível.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>e. Impella RPTM</title>
						<p>O modelo Impella RP proporciona assistência ventricular direita, aspirando sangue da veia cava inferior para a artéria pulmonar, e pode ser usado em situações como falência primária de VD ou falência de VD pós-implante de dispositivo de longa duração. Proporciona fluxo de até 4 L/min. O estudo RECOVER RIGHT mostrou que o uso desse dispositivo em pacientes com falência de VD pós-implante de dispositivo de assistência ventricular esquerda, pós-cardiotomia e pós-infarto foi de fácil manejo, com sobrevida da coorte de 73% em 30 dias e 62% em 180 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> É contraindicado em pacientes com trombo no VD, estenose ou regurgitação tricúspide ou pulmonar, ou presença de próteses mecânicas à direita.</p>
						<p>Complicações possíveis são as relacionadas à punção venosa como dissecção venosa, perfuração de veia femoral, ilíaca ou cava, mal posicionamento do dispositivo com fenômenos de sucção. Radiografia de tórax deve ser diária para monitorar a posição do dispositivo, e, em caso de alteração no fluxo ou curva da bomba, deve ser realizado ecocardiograma transesofágico para confirmar o posicionamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Atualmente não está disponível no Brasil.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>f. TandemHeart ProtekDuoTM</title>
						<p>Esse dispositivo mais recente permite assistência ventricular direita, com a vantagem, em relação ao Impella RP, de possibilitar mobilização precoce do paciente. É inserido de forma percutânea na veia jugular interna direita, possibilitando aspiração de sangue do átrio direito, passagem por uma bomba do sistema TandemHeart e devolução na artéria pulmonar. É indicado em casos de falência de VD pós-implante de dispositivo de assistência de longa duração, e tem a vantagem de a sua retirada ser simples sem necessidade de procedimento cirúrgico adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Complicações possíveis são sangramento no sítio de punção, perfuração venosa, e outras relacionadas ao acesso venoso. Assim como em qualquer dispositivo de assistência direita, deve ser monitorizada a congestão pulmonar pelo aumento do débito do VD. Também de forma semelhante ao Impella RP, é contraindicado em pacientes com trombo no VD, estenose ou regurgitação tricúspide ou pulmonar, ou presença de próteses mecânicas a direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ainda não está disponível no Brasil.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Dispositivos de assistência circulatória de implante cirúrgico</title>
				<p>Os dispositivos de implante cirúrgico, apesar de possuírem maior durabilidade e melhor perfil de segurança a longo prazo quando comparados aos de implante percutâneo, são mais invasivos, necessitando de procedimento cirúrgico com anestesia e de programação prévia para passagem, o que limita seu uso em casos de salvamento em pacientes em franco CC e em classificação INTERMACS 1. Os dispositivos de ACM de curta/intermediária duração de implante cirúrgico mais disponíveis são: Impella 5.0<sup>TM</sup>, Impella LD<sup>TM</sup>, Impella 5.5<sup>TM</sup> , ECMO-VA central e CentriMag<sup>TM</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>a. Impella 5.0, Impella LD e Impella 5.5 (Abiomed)</title>
					<p>A descrição geral do Impella já foi realizada no tópico de dispositivos percutâneos. A diferença entre os dois que serão expostos agora são a maior magnitude de fluxo que consegue dar e ao modo de inserção. Possui ainda um melhor perfil de segurança de complicações vasculares e capacidade de ser usado por um período maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O Impella 5.0 requer um corte cirúrgico na artéria femoral direita, porém, caso não tiver uma expectativa de retirada a curto prazo, o recomendado é que a inserção seja feita pela artéria axilar, com uso de introdutor de 23 Fr. Esse dispositivo tem capacidade de fornecer um fluxo de até 5 L/min, com duração de uso aprovada de 10 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O Impella LD se diferencia do 5.0 pelo modo de inserção sendo realizado cirurgicamente na aorta ascendente, com passagem direta pela válvula aórtica e colocação no VE. Apresenta a desvantagem em relação ao anterior de necessitar de esternotomia. Por isso é utilizado geralmente em quadro de falência de bomba com dificuldade de saída de circulação extracorpórea, com a vantagem de reduzir complicações vasculares e ter menor risco de eventos tromboembólicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Recentemente o uso do Impella 5.5 foi aprovado pela Food and Drug Administration dos Estados Unidos para uso em CC. A inserção pode ser feita tanto diretamente pela aorta ascendente quanto pela artéria axilar, com duração de até 14 dias. O benefício dele em relação aos outros dois é devido ao fornecimento de um fluxo maior, até 6 L/min, por ser um dispositivo mais fino e mais curto, o que facilita a inserção através dos vasos, e por ter a presença de um SmartAssist. Esse sistema fornece informações sobre débito cardíaco, pressão diastólica final, pressão do VE, dados esses que facilitam a configuração e desmame do dispositivo, otimizando a chance de recuperação do coração nativo. Além disso, os sensores presentes no SmartAssist fornecem de forma mais precisa o local de posição da bomba, permitindo o monitoramento e a reposição à beira leito de forma mais eficaz, posição essa que, como dito anteriormente, está diretamente relacionada ao bom funcionamento do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As indicações, contraindicações e complicações dos diversos Impellas de inserção cirúrgica são semelhantes aos de inserção percutânea, e a escolha deve se basear no perfil de paciente que estamos lidando, levando em conta principalmente a magnitude de fluxo que ele precisa, o tempo de suporte e a possibilidade de acesso vascular periférico. No Brasil, nenhum desses tipos de Impella está disponível para uso.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>b. ECMO venoarterial central</title>
					<p>A ECMO-VA central diferentemente da periférica requer passagem em centro cirúrgico, e, excetuando os casos em que ocorre a canulação da artéria axilar, haverá a necessidade de uma esternotomia para sua colocação. Seu uso mais comum se dá no choque pós-cardiotomia, aproveitando-se do procedimento cirúrgico em si, porém é uma alternativa interessante de upgrade da ECMO-VA periférica nas situações em que ela está sendo insuficiente na perfusão orgânica, quando há isquemia de membros inferiores por intercorrências arteriais periféricas pelo dispositivo e/ou quando há sobrecarga volêmica pulmonar devido ao aumento de pós-carga do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os sítios preferíveis para canulação da ECMO-VA central são o átrio direito, onde é inserida a cânula de influxo, e a aorta ascendente, para a cânula de efluxo. O tamanho das cânulas deve ser determinado pelo tamanho do paciente e pelo débito cardíaco almejado para ele, geralmente entre 18 e 24 Fr na aorta e 28 e 36 Fr no átrio direito, e uma boa fixação deve ser realizada para evitar ao máximo sangramento. Apesar de o tórax ser geralmente mantido aberto com curativo oclusivo, o fechamento do tórax está associado a uma maior taxa de sucesso de extubação, facilidade de mobilização do paciente e a um menor risco de infecção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Apresenta características semelhantes a ECMO-VA periférica com um fluxo que varia de 4 a 6 L/min e uma capacidade de suporte hemodinâmico biventricular e respiratório, pela presença de uma membrana de oxigenação. Apresenta as vantagens de ter um fluxo sem limitação e anterógrado pelo dispositivo, não aumentando a pós-carga do VE, a ausência de complicação das artérias periféricas e a capacidade de inserir dispositivo de descompressão do VE. Porém, apresenta desvantagens como o fato de ser de inserção cirúrgica, aumentando o risco do procedimento ao paciente já grave, maior risco de infecção, principalmente se o tórax aberto, potencial de dissecção de aorta e de eventos isquêmicos embólicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A ECMO-VA central é o dispositivo de ACM de curta permanência de inserção cirúrgica mais disponível para suporte na ICA no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>c. CentriMag TM</title>
					<p>A CentriMag<sup>TM</sup> é um dispositivo de inserção cirúrgica via esternotomia mediana ou lateral para suporte circulatório agudo, podendo ser usado por até 30 dias, como assistência extracorpórea de VD, VE ou biventricular. Seu uso como um circuito cardiopulmonar também é possível por um período de até 6 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O sistema da CentriMag é composto por um console, bomba centrífuga, cânula de fluxo e motor. Há presença de rotor flutuante que levita por forças magnéticas, reduzindo o atrito, o desgaste e a produção de calor do giro do dispositivo, reduzindo com isso o risco de falência mecânica e de eventos de hemocompatibilidade (trombose, sangramento e hemólise) pelo dispositivo. O fluxo gerado pelo dispositivo pode chegar a 10 L/min. O ajuste de velocidade, responsável por gerar tal fluxo, é feito apenas com o giro de um botão, fazendo com que seja rápido e fácil o acoplamento do dispositivo com o cenário do paciente, promovendo aumento do fluxo nos casos de choque circulatório e redução dele no desmame dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A colocação da CentriMag é cirúrgica, realizada com técnicas semelhante a outras canulações de <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar, e sua versatilidade à conexão de vários tipos de cânulas facilita o procedimento de inserção, com uma configuração de assistência flexível. Em caso de suporte ao VE, a cânula de influxo é colocada no átrio esquerdo ou no ápice do VE a cânula de efluxo colocada na aorta ascendente. Em caso de suporte ao VD, a cânula de influxo é inserida no átrio direito ou no VD e a cânula de efluxo é disposta na artéria pulmonar, diretamente ou através da anastomose de um enxerto vascular. A assistência biventricular é realizada com a combinação das duas configurações citadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). A versatilidade do dispositivo ainda permite a inserção de oxigenador no circuito em casos de necessidade de suporte pulmonar. A evolução das técnicas de inserção com a realização minitoracotomia, ou mesmo minimamente invasiva sem esternotomia e uso de enxertos arteriais periféricos como a arterial axilar, veia jugular e femoral, reduz o risco de complicações da colocação do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– (A) Canulação de uma CentriMag biventricular: com cânulas de influxo no átrio esquerdo e ventrículo esquerdo [1] e no átrio direito [2] e cânula de efluxo na aorta [3] e na artéria pulmonar [4]. (B) Cânulas da CentriMag vistas de fora conectadas à bomba, retiradas do tórax nessa figura via incisões intercostais e subcostais. Imagem retirada do artigo Kaczorowski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230089-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>As principais indicações desse dispositivo são tanto ICA que evolui para CC em diversas etiologias (pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio, IC crônica descompensada, miocardite) quanto o CC após procedimento cirúrgico cardíaco, como falência de VD pós Txc, disfunção primária do enxerto, choque pós-cardiotomia e choque de VD após implante de ACM de longa permanência para assistência ao VE. Apesar do risco de fenômenos tromboembólicos ser reduzido na CentriMag, devido ao seu modo de funcionamento, o uso de anticoagulante ainda é indicado. A manutenção de um fluxo do dispositivo acima de 4 L/min reduz o risco de trombose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Há pouca evidência do uso da CentriMag no CC. A maioria dos estudos são pequenos e/ou não randomizados, além dos desfechos serem diferentes a depender da etiologia do choque. O maior deles, um estudo de coorte que incluiu 143 pacientes, teve uma média de duração de uso de 14 dias (variando de 8 a 26 dias), com mortalidade em 30 dias e 1 ano de 69% e 49%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em outro estudo menor com uso do dispositivo em 12 pacientes com choque pós-cardiotomia, 8 deles sobreviveram até o implante de dispositivo de ACM de longa duração, 2 alcançaram recuperação completa e 2 morreram.</p>
					<p>A presença de complicação com o dispositivo parece estar diretamente relacionada ao tempo de uso. Não é incomum nos pacientes com dispositivo a ocorrência de sangramento, eventos neurológicos como acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico e hemorrágico, arritmias atriais e ventriculares, infecção e insuficiência respiratória e renal. Apesar disso, poucos casos de falência de bomba e hemólise são vistos mesmo com tempo prolongado de uso. Não existe grandes contraindicações ao uso da CentriMag, mas alguns exemplos são a presença de coagulopatia e/ou sangramento grave onde o uso do anticoagulante não é possível, e pacientes em cuidados paliativos, sem perspectiva de melhora e/ou tratamento avançados como Txc ou dispositivos de ACM de longa permanência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Seleção do paciente: dentre as opções, qual dispositivo preferir?</title>
				<p>A seleção do dispositivo para cada se baseia em uma análise de diferentes fatores como perfil INTERMACS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>), estratégia de uso, débito cardíaco adicional necessário, presença de disfunção de VE ou VD isolada ou biventricular, presença de contraindicações e disponibilidade. Idealmente a escolha do dispositivo deve ser feita baseada em avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva com cateter de artéria pulmonar.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Classificação INTERMACS de gravidade da insuficiência cardíaca</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Nível</th>
									<th>Descrição</th>
									<th>Estado hemodinâmico</th>
									<th>Tempo para intervenção</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>1</td>
									<td align="center">Choque cardiogênico crítico</td>
									<td align="center">Hipotensão persistente apesar de suporte inotrópico e BIA, com hipoperfusão orgânica crítica (“<italic>crash and burn</italic>”)</td>
									<td align="center">Horas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2</td>
									<td align="center">Piora progressiva apesar do uso de inotrópico</td>
									<td align="center">Declínio progressivo de funções orgânicas, retenção hídrica e nutrição a despeito do uso de inotrópicos em doses otimizadas</td>
									<td align="center">Dias</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>3</td>
									<td align="center">Estável com inotrópico</td>
									<td align="center">Estável com doses moderadas de inotrópicos, mas falência de desmame</td>
									<td align="center">Eletiva, em semanas a meses</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4</td>
									<td align="center">Sintomas em repouso</td>
									<td align="center">Retenção hídrica e descompensações frequentes, apesar de tolerar desmame de inotrópico</td>
									<td align="center">Eletiva, em semanas a meses</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>5</td>
									<td align="center">Intolerante ao esforço</td>
									<td align="center">Grave intolerância aos esforços, congestão presente, confortável em repouso</td>
									<td align="center">Urgência variável, dependente da nutrição e função orgânica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>6</td>
									<td align="center">Limitado ao esforço</td>
									<td align="center">Limitação moderada aos esforços, menos congestão</td>
									<td align="center">Urgência variável, dependente da nutrição e função orgânica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>7</td>
									<td align="center">CF III (NYHA)</td>
									<td align="center">Estabilidade hemodinâmica sem sinais de hipervolemia</td>
									<td align="center">Sem indicação</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>BIA: balão intra-aórtico; CF: classe funcional; NYHA: New York Heart Association. Adapta da da Diretriz de Assistência Circulatória Mecânica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Pacientes em INTERMACS 1, ou seja, CC crítico, devem ser priorizados para dispositivos à beira leito que forneçam rápida assistência. Em geral, os dispositivos de implante percutâneo são preferíveis para essa situação, objetivando resgate metabólico e posterior avaliação da viabilidade multissistêmica que poderá guiar intervenções futuras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Nesse cenário, quando o choque é predominantemente do VE, o BIA pode ser a primeira opção por apresentar maior disponibilidade, baixo custo e baixa complexidade de implante, mas oferece, por outro lado, baixo débito cardíaco adicional, sendo em muitos casos insuficiente para fornecer perfusão adequada. Nesses casos, é necessário escalonar o suporte para dispositivo que forneça maior débito, sendo o mais disponível a ECMO-VA periférica. Em casos emergenciais pré-parada cardiorrespiratória ou durante parada cardiorrespiratória, a ECMO-VA periférica é o dispositivo de escolha.</p>
				<p>Pacientes em INTERMACS 2, ou seja, piorando funções orgânicas a despeito de inotrópicos, podem ser considerados para outros dispositivos percutâneos (se disponíveis) que necessitam de deslocamento para setor de hemodinâmica, como Impella 2.5, Impella CP ou TandemHeart em choque do VE e Impella RP e ProtekDuo em choque de VD. Em casos de disfunção biventricular, é possível a combinação de dois dispositivos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> como citado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>, mas com importante limitação de custo e maior complexidade de manejo, sendo na maioria dos casos preferível a ECMO-VA.</p>
				<p>Os dispositivos de implante cirúrgico são preferíveis em pacientes que já estão sendo submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca por outro motivo, como em situações de choque pós-cardiotomia, disfunção primária do enxerto pós-Txc e choque de VD pós-implante de dispositivo de longa duração. Podem ainda ser considerados em pacientes que apresentam alguma complicação indesejada de um dispositivo de implante percutâneo, como por exemplo, na distensão do VE e congestão pulmonar na ECMO periférica e TandemHeart, e em caso de doença vascular periférica grave, desde que o paciente tenha condições clínicas de transporte e de ser submetido a procedimento cirúrgico mais invasivo.</p>
				<p>Eventualmente, se o paciente está em centro de menor complexidade, este deve ser transferido para um centro capacitado para transplante cardíaco e terapia avançada para suporte ventricular de curto e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A estabilização clínica com o implante de dispositivos de suporte circulatório temporário antes da transferência pode ampliar a segurança do transporte desses pacientes em estágio crítico e deve ser discutida com o centro que receberá o paciente.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mensagens finais</title>
				<p>O CC continua sendo uma condição de alta morbimortalidade apesar dos avanços em tecnologia, e o uso rotineiro dos dispositivos de curta duração no CC não tem até então mostrado aumento de sobrevida na literatura. No entanto, casos cuidadosamente avaliados e selecionados podem se beneficiar de ACM de curta duração, sendo necessários mais estudos para respaldar o uso dos dispositivos de ACM de curta duração nesse contexto.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>