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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230085</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230085</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Where are the Benefits of Treating Acute HF in Light of Evidence-Based Medicine?</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Bonatto</surname><given-names>Marcely</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>Jefferson Luis</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname><given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>Lídia Ana Zytynski</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Miocardiopatias/ Transplante cardíaco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Esperança Recife</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança Recife, Rede D’Or, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana – Unidade de Transplante e Insuficiência Cardíaca, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address:Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro •</bold> Universidade de Pernambuco - Miocardiopatias/ Transplante cardíaco - Rua dos Palmares, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE – Brazil E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230085</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Evidence-Based Medicine</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="18"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Over the last 35 years, cardiology, especially the field of heart failure (HF), has witnessed a true therapeutic revolution based on scientific evidence. First, with vasodilators, moving on to the neurohumoral pathophysiological hypothesis with ACE inhibitors (ACEI), beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists, and, more recently, neprilysin inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors, caused a reduction in morbimortality rarely seen in the history of medicine. However, virtually all evidence associated with this impressive reduction in events comes at the expense of benefits in patients with chronic HF. The treatment of acute HF, despite its unequivocal biological plausibility, did not demonstrate the same success when tested in light of the best scientific evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nevertheless, where has evidence-based medicine failed?</p>
<p>The first point to be discussed is the heterogeneity of patients with acute HF. In this spectrum, we can range from individuals with sudden changes in blood pressure or patients with acute myocardial infarction, leading to ventricular dysfunction, to patients with chronic ventricular dysfunction, with recent decompensation of the compensatory mechanisms of their disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Still on this topic, we need to understand that the same syndrome can involve everything from extremely congested cases to people with hypovolemia, hypertensive emergencies, or extreme states of poor perfusion, leading each phenotype to different treatments and prognoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Perhaps the point where few people disagree is the usefulness of diuretics in acute HF, especially loop diuretics. The main study testing loop diuretics in this scenario was DOSE-HF;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> however, this trial tested intravenous furosemide against itself due to the extreme biological plausibility of its use, evaluating dose intensification schemes or frequency of administration. DOSE-HF only showed improvement in signs of congestion with &quot;high doses&quot;, defined as 2.5 times the oral dose. More recently, the CLOROTIC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and ADVOR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> studies demonstrated better results in decongesting patients when, respectively, hydrochlorothiazide and acetazolamide were added to loop diuretics in patients with acute HF, but both without results in mortality or other harsh outcomes.</p>
<p>Due to the benefit of SGT-2 inhibitors in the chronic treatment of HF and their action on the proximal convoluted tubule, studies have been dedicated to evaluating their role in association with loop diuretics for decongestion. To date, the results are still conflicting, but a good safety profile is admitted with the potential to increase urinary output, although with lower natriuresis compared to thiazides. There are still no studies with the association of SGLT-2 inhibitors and acetazolamide or thiazides, which should be carried out in the coming years since with the introduction of this class in the treatment of chronic HF, a large proportion of patients will be hospitalized using these medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In patients with low output and poor perfusion, the use of inotropes is widely accepted as a rescue therapy. However, when we look at the trials that test them, the results are discouraging. Among the most used drugs in this class, dobutamine does not even have a large trial. The phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, milrinone, was evaluated in the OPTIME-CHF study, which demonstrated no difference in hospital stays with its use, suggesting harm in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The calcium channel sensitizer levosimendan even demonstrated a benefit within 30 days in the LIDO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> study in relation to the improvement of hemodynamic parameters and mortality. However, when evaluated in a larger population sample and over a longer period in the SURVIVE study, it did not show any effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>All of this can be explained by the fact that poor perfusion in patients with acute HF does not necessarily result from low cardiac output but rather from sympathetic hyperactivation, leading to intense peripheral vasoconstriction, which may lead us to believe that vasodilators would be the preferred solution. Neseritide (ASCEND-HF), Ularitide (TRUE-AHF), Serelaxin (RELAX-AHF-2), and a multiple strategy with hydralazine, nitrates, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (GALACTIC) were tested without any positive hard outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, the vasodilators most used in clinical practice (especially sodium nitroprusside) were tested in smaller trials and with more promising results, mainly in patients with low cardiac output, justifying the premise that poor perfusion has a less intuitive pathophysiology in this case scenario. Mullens et al. demonstrated that the use of nitroprusside in patients with low output led to greater hemodynamic improvement, with less need for inotropes and less renal dysfunction, and even lower mortality from all causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>After hemodynamic compensation and correction of the causal factor for the exacerbation, a phase called transition of care begins, in which the patient is prepared for hospital discharge. At this stage, at least 3 measures must be implemented as they translate into prognostic improvement: a) guarantee euvolemia, avoiding as much as possible dehospitalization of the patient with residual or subclinical congestion; b) introduce disease-modifying drugs, pillars of pharmacological treatment responsible for the effective reduction of morbidity and mortality in the disease; c) schedule an early post-discharge return, ideally between 7-14 days. Recently, the STRONG-HF study demonstrated that after hospitalization for HF, the institution of an intensive strategy of titrating disease-modifying medications associated with close monitoring is capable of reducing death from any cause or hospitalization for HF, highlighting once again the importance of following the patient&apos;s care, especially in the vulnerable period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Perhaps it is at this point where the benefits of treating acute HF are most present. Not necessarily in a drug or an isolated therapeutic intervention, but rather in seeking a standardized, agile, aggressive therapeutic optimization strategy that allows patients in the post-hospital discharge phase to benefit from treatments already established for chronic HF (the 4 pillars). After all, when does acute HF become chronic HF?</p>
</body>
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<article-categories>
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<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Onde Estão os Benefícios do Tratamento da IC Aguda a Luz da Medicina Baseada em Evidências?</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Bonatto</surname><given-names>Marcely</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5982-8847</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>Jefferson Luis</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname><given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>5</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id> 
<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>Lídia Ana Zytynski</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Miocardiopatias/ Transplante cardíaco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança Recife, Rede D’Or, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana – Unidade de Transplante e Insuficiência Cardíaca, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro •</bold> Universidade de Pernambuco - Miocardiopatias/ Transplante cardíaco - Rua dos Palmares, s/n. CEP <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE – Brasil E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Medicina baseada em evidências</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>Nos últimos 35 anos, a cardiologia, especialmente o campo da insuficiência cardíaca (IC), presenciou uma verdadeira revolução terapêutica baseada em evidências científicas. Primeiro, com os vasodilatadores, passando para a hipótese fisiopatológica neuro-humoral com os inibidores da ECA (IECA), betabloqueadores, antagonistas mineralocorticoides e, mais recentemente, inibidores da neprilisina e inibidores da SGLT2, houve uma redução da morbimortalidade raramente vista na história da medicina. No entanto, praticamente todas as evidências associadas a essa impressionante redução de eventos vem às custas de benefícios nos pacientes com IC crônica. O tratamento da IC aguda, apesar de uma inequívoca plausibilidade biológica, não demonstrou o mesmo sucesso quando foi testado à luz das melhores evidências científicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Mas onde falhou a medicina baseada em evidências?</p>
<p>O primeiro ponto a ser discutido é a heterogeneidade dos pacientes com IC aguda. Nesse espectro, podemos ter desde indivíduos com alterações súbitas de pressão arterial ou pacientes com um quadro de infarto agudo do miocárdio, levando a disfunção ventricular, até pacientes com disfunção ventricular crônica, com descompensação recente dos mecanismos compensatórios da sua doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ainda nesse tópico, precisamos entender que a mesma síndrome pode envolver desde casos extremamente congestos até pessoas com hipovolemia, emergências hipertensivas ou estados de má perfusão extremos, levando cada fenótipo a tratamentos e prognósticos diversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Talvez o ponto onde poucas pessoas discordem é o da utilidade dos diuréticos na IC aguda, especialmente os de alça. O principal estudo testando os diuréticos de alça nesse cenário foi o DOSE-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> contudo esse ensaio testou a furosemida endovenosa contra ela mesma, devido a extrema plausibilidade biológica de seu uso, avaliando esquemas de intensificação da dose ou frequência de administração; o DOSE-HF mostrou apenas melhora de sinais de congestão com as &quot;altas doses&quot;, definidas como 2,5 vezes a dose oral previamente utilizada. Mais recentemente, os estudos CLOROTIC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e ADVOR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> demonstraram melhores resultados na descongestão dos pacientes, quando, respectivamente, hidroclorotiazida e acetazolamida foram adicionadas aos diuréticos de alça em pacientes com IC aguda, mas ambas sem resultados em mortalidade ou outros desfechos duros.</p>
<p>Devido ao benefício dos inibidores da SGT-2 no tratamento crônico da IC e sua atuação no túbulo contorcido proximal, estudos tem se dedicado a avaliar seu papel na associação com diuréticos de alça para decongestão. Até o momento, os resultados ainda são conflitantes, mas admite-se um bom perfil de segurança com potencial de aumentar o débito urinário embora com menor natriurese em relação aos tiazídicos. Não existem ainda estudos com associação de inibidores da SGLT-2 e acetazolamida ou tiazídicos, o que deve ser realizado nos próximos anos já que com a introdução dessa classe no tratamento da IC crônica, grande parte dos pacientes serão hospitalizados em uso dessas medicações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em pacientes com baixo débito e má perfusão, o uso de inotrópicos é amplamente aceito como uma terapia de resgate. Porém, quando analisamos os ensaios que os testam, os resultados são desanimadores. Entre as drogas mais usadas dessa classe, a dobutamina não tem sequer um grande ensaio. O inibidor da fosfodiesterase 3, milrinone, foi avaliado no estudo OPTIME-CHF, o qual não demonstrou diferença em dias de internamento com o seu uso, sugerindo malefício em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Já o sensibilizador de canais de cálcio, levosimendan, até demonstrou benefício em 30 dias no estudo LIDO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> em relação a melhora de parâmetros hemodinâmicos e mortalidade, mas ao ser avaliado numa amostra populacional maior e em prazo mais longo no estudo SURVIVE, não mostrou qualquer eficácia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Tudo isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de que a má perfusão nos pacientes com IC aguda, não necessariamente resulta de baixo débito cardíaco, mas sim de uma hiperativação simpática, levando a uma intensa vasoconstrição periférica, o que pode nos levar a crer que os vasodilatadores seriam a bola da vez. Neseritide (ASCEND-HF), Ularitide (TRUE-AHF), Serelaxina (RELAX-AHF-2) e uma estratégia múltipla com hidralazina, nitratos, IECA ou bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina (GALACTIC) foram testados sem nenhum desfecho duro positivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, os vasodilatadores mais usados na prática clínica (especialmente o nitroprussiato de sódio) foram testados em ensaios menores e com resultados mais promissores, principalmente em pacientes com baixo débito cardíaco, justificando a premissa de que a má perfusão tenha uma fisiopatologia menos intuitiva nesse cenário. Mullens et al. demonstraram que o uso do nitroprussiato em pacientes com baixo débito, levou a uma maior melhora hemodinâmica, com menor necessidade de inotrópicos e menos disfunção renal, e até menor mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Após a compensação hemodinâmica e a correção do fator causal da agudização, inicia-se uma fase chamada transição de cuidados, na qual o paciente é preparado para alta hospitalar. Nessa fase é fundamental que pelo menos 3 medidas sejam instituídas pois se traduzem em melhora prognóstica: a) garantir euvolemia, evitando-se ao máximo desospitalizar o paciente com congestão residual ou subclínica; b) introduzir as drogas modificadoras de doença, pilares do tratamento farmacológico responsáveis pela efetiva redução de morbimortalidade na doença; c) programar um retorno pós alta precoce, idealmente entre 7-14 dias. Recentemente o estudo STRONG-HF demonstrou que após a hospitalização por IC a instituição de uma estratégia intensiva de titulação das medicações modificadoras de doença associada a uma monitorização próxima é capaz de reduzir morte por qualquer causa ou hospitalização por IC, ressaltando mais uma vez a importância de seguir o cuidado do paciente, especialmente no período vulnerável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>E talvez, seja nesse ponto, onde os benefícios do tratamento da IC aguda estejam mais presentes. Não necessariamente em uma droga ou uma intervenção terapêutica isolada, mas sim, em buscar uma estratégia de otimização terapêutica padronizada, ágil, agressiva e que permita que os pacientes na fase pós-alta hospitalar se beneficiem dos tratamentos já consagrados para a IC crônica (os 4 pilares). Afinal, quando uma IC aguda se torna uma IC crônica?</p>
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