﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230084</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230084</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Cardiogenic Shock with High Pressure: A Case Report</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4396-1787</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>Fiamma Ferreira</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4519-0528</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Patricia Bezerra Rocha</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-1283</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Souza Lyra</surname><given-names>Ana Carla Alves</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-6795</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>Taciana Queiroz Medeiros</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
 <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Insuficiência Cardíaca, Cardiomiopatias e Transplante Cardíaco – PROCAPE, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Cardiologia Intervencionista, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital Português de Beneficência em Pernambuco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Português de Beneficência em Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Esperança</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança – Cardiologia/ Insuficiência cardíaca, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro •</bold> Universidade de Pernambuco - Miocardiopatias/ Transplante cardiaco – Rua dos Palmares, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE – Brazil E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230084</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Shock</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiogenic</kwd>
<kwd>Hemodynamic Monitoring</kwd>
<kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="6"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Shock is defined as a state of tissue hypoperfusion due to reduced supply, increased consumption, inadequate use of oxygen, or a combination of these processes. When it is of cardiogenic etiology, it occurs as a result of left or right ventricular or biventricular dysfunction with reduced cardiac output (CO) or increased filling pressures and normal intravascular volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although the most classic manifestation of shock is arterial hypotension, it is essential to recognize that a patient in shock may present with normal, elevated, or decreased blood pressure (BP). Therefore, early identification of clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic signs of tissue hypoperfusion is crucial. Timely and appropriate treatment can prevent deterioration and signs of multiple organ dysfunction.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Report</title>
<p>Female patient, 69 years old, with a history of high BP, smoking, and coronary artery disease who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization in 2019, arrived at the emergency room reporting oppressive chest pain lasting 2 hours, started at rest, with irradiation to the back and upper limbs, associated with non-specific malaise, a higher Verbal Numerical Pain Scale (VNS) of 8 and partial improvement after using captopril and losartan while still at home. She regularly used losartan 50 mg twice a day, acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg a day, and rosuvastatin 20 mg a day. She arrived at the hospital with mild chest discomfort.</p>
<p>On physical examination, ectoscopy was altered by skin pallor and cold extremities. Normal cardiovascular auscultation. Respiratory auscultation showed fine crackling rales at the base of the right hemithorax and BP of 170/90 mmHg. Resting electrocardiogram without changes. After initial measures for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ASA 200 mg and Ticagrelor 180 mg) and initiation of nitroglycerin due to clinical signs of pulmonary congestion, signs of hypoperfusion developed (thin pulses, cold and clammy skin, skin-mucosal pallor), despite BP remaining elevated (170/90 mmHg). Arterial blood gas analysis with evidence of metabolic acidosis and elevated lactate (2.7 mmol/L).</p>
<p>After starting dobutamine at a continuous flow rate of 7.5 mcg/kg/min, the patient was taken to the ICU, where the drug was suspended due to hypertension and improvement in signs of hypoperfusion. The patient developed acute pulmonary edema a few minutes after discontinuation of dobutamine, BP 210/130 mmHg, being submitted to orotracheal intubation and referred to emergency cardiac catheterization, where a severe lesion was seen in the proximal segment of the left mammary artery - anterior descending, submitted to angioplasty with drug-eluting stent, intra-aortic balloon implantation (IABP) and Swan-Ganz catheter.</p>
<p>Swan-Ganz measurements showed cardiogenic shock due to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction with CO of 3.59 L/min, Cardiac Index (CI) of 2.3 L/min, Cardiac Power Output (CPO) of 0.29, BP 140/60 mmHg (MBP 86 mmHg), Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) of 2495 Dyn.s and Pulmonary Artery Capillary Pressure of (PCAP) 32 mmHg.</p>
<p>After examination, she was kept in the ICU with dobutamine 7.5 mcg/kg/min, nitroglycerin 16 mcg/min, and IAPB 1:1, removed the next day due to hemodynamic improvement. There was rapid weaning of vasoactive drugs, with initial suspension of dobutamine and, on the second day of hospitalization, nitroglycerin. Transthoracic echocardiogram on the second day of hospitalization showed LVEF 48% by Simpson and inferolateral and lateroapical hypokinesia. Repeated echocardiogram on the third day of hospitalization with LVEF 75% by Teicholz (Simpson not calculated) and anterior medioapical and inferior apical akinesia. She was weaned from mechanical ventilation and was discharged from the hospital after 15 days of hospitalization.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The patient reported in the case was admitted to the emergency department due to acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation, leading to sudden cardiogenic shock, characterizing a very high-risk acute coronary syndrome. She presented clear clinical signs of tissue hypoperfusion, such as cold extremities, slow capillary refill time, and tachypnea; however, BP remained high. Blood gas analysis with signs of metabolic acidosis and increased lactate collected in the emergency department increased the probability of cardiogenic shock, and confirmation occurred through cardiac catheterization and introduction of Swan-Ganz, showing low CI, CO, and CPO 0.29 (normal when higher than 0.6). Given the ischemic etiology, after percutaneous revascularization and initial circulatory support with vasoactive drugs and an intra-aortic balloon, the treatment was successful, and the patient was discharged from the hospital within a few days.</p>
<p>According to the SHOCK Trial, the concept of cardiogenic shock involves three hemodynamic criteria: persistent hypotension (SBP &lt; 90 mmHg or Mean BP &lt; 30 mmHg in relation to baseline), CI &lt; 1.8 L/min/m²; without circulatory support or &lt; 2.2 L/min/m²; when using circulatory support and increased filling pressures (LV end-diastolic pressure &gt; 18 mmHg or right ventricle end-diastolic pressure &gt; 10-15 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>With the passage of time and the understanding of the complexity of the concept and management of cardiogenic shock, other more detailed classifications became necessary to understand the severity and prognosis of patients better, thus guiding therapy. The SCAI Shock classification classifies cardiogenic shock into five stages: stage A are patients with acute cardiac conditions who demonstrate a risk of progressing to shock; Stage B is known as pre-shock and encompasses patients with intact tissue perfusion, but with signs of hemodynamic instability, such as compensatory tachycardia or hypotension. Stage C refers to patients in clear cardiogenic shock with signs of tissue hypoperfusion (such as increased lactatemia) and the need for pharmacological or mechanical circulatory support. Stage D refers to patients receiving increased doses of vasoactive drugs or mechanical circulatory support, and stage E translates into patients refractory to all these measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cardiogenic shock resulting from acute coronary syndrome can present a dramatic clinical picture with a rapid decline in tissue perfusion, consequent renal and hepatic dysfunction, and reduced level of consciousness. In the pre-shock state, the body can use compensatory mechanisms to maintain adequate output, such as tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, generating normal or even increased BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the patient report, we observed that cardiogenic shock occurred suddenly and that she was in stage C of the SCAI classification, as she presented clinical and laboratory signs of tissue hypoperfusion (arterial lactate above 2 mmol/L) despite her high BP. This fact draws attention to the importance of investigating incipient signs of cardiogenic shock in patients at risk, even with apparently &quot;stable&quot; vital signs, as studies using SCAI Shock show a higher rate of negative outcomes in patients with tissue hypoperfusion without hypotension when compared to hypotensive patients without hypoperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Given the real possibility of diagnosing cardiogenic shock without hypotension, patients at risk of shock, that is, those classified as SCAI stage A, need a careful approach and a high degree of suspicion for progression to more advanced stages of the disease since there is evidence that this patient profile has a longer delay in diagnosis and transfer to specialized services. Recognizing the correct shock stage in these cases may mean a greater possibility of defining the therapeutic strategy, as patients with shock and normotension or hypertension take longer for clinical deterioration compared to hypotensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
 <p>In patients with previous advanced heart failure, cardiogenic shock may have more indolent clinical presentations, such as the &quot;cold and damp&quot; hemodynamic profile, in which there are signs of low output and increased cardiac filling pressures due to volume overload, and the &quot;cold and dry&quot; with reduced intravascular volume. In both situations, due to a state of compensation, patients can maintain SBP above 90 mmHg. Around 5% of patients in this profile present cardiogenic shock with arterial normotension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Given a wide spectrum of presentations of cardiogenic shock, it is necessary, in addition to a thorough anamnesis and physical examination, to use invasive hemodynamic monitoring for an accurate diagnosis, mainly by calculating the CI, CO and CPO, which is obtained by the CO X MBP/451 calculation, which reflects the cardiac hydraulic pumping capacity, with high accuracy in measuring LV function and prognostic correlation with in-hospital mortality according to SHOCK Trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The calculation of PAPi (Pulmonary Arterial Pulsatility index) through the ratio between the pulsatility pressure of the pulmonary artery and the pressure of the right atrium is capable of providing right ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Early diagnosis helps in quickly choosing the best circulatory support, whether through vasoactive drugs or ventricular assist devices, revascularization in cases of acute myocardial infarction, increasing the probability of reversibility of the shock state, despite studies such as FRENSHOCK showing that there is no difference in outcomes when comparing patients with cardiogenic shock with hypotension or normal BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn></fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Miranda</surname><given-names>CYG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiogenic Shock in Patients with Advanced Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>22</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14797/mdcj-16-1-22</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Miranda CYG, Hall SA. Cardiogenic Shock in Patients with Advanced Chronic Heart Failure. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2020;16(1):22-6. doi: 10.14797/mdcj-16-1-22.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bellumkonda</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gul</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Masri</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evolving Concepts in Diagnosis and Management of Cardiogenic Shock</article-title>
<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>1104</fpage>
<lpage>1110</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.040</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bellumkonda L, Gul B, Masri SC. Evolving Concepts in Diagnosis and Management of Cardiogenic Shock. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(6):1104-10. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.040.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Naidu</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Baran</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jentzer</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hollenberg</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>van Diepen</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Basir</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name>
<etal/></person-group>
<article-title>SCAI SHOCK Stage Classification Expert Consensus Update: a Review and Incorporation of Validation Studies: this Statement was Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in December 2021</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>933</fpage>
<lpage>946</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.018</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Naidu SS, Baran DA, Jentzer JC, Hollenberg SM, van Diepen S, Basir MB, et al. SCAI SHOCK Stage Classification Expert Consensus Update: a Review and Incorporation of Validation Studies: this Statement was Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in December 2021. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(9):933-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.018.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Jentzer</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Burstein</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Van Diepen</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Holmes</surname><given-names>DR</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name>
<name><surname>Bell</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>
<etal/></person-group>
<article-title>Defining Shock and Preshock for Mortality Risk Stratification in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patients</article-title>
<source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e007678</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007678.</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Jentzer JC, Burstein B, Van Diepen S, Murphy J, Holmes DR Jr, Bell MR, et al. Defining Shock and Preshock for Mortality Risk Stratification in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patients. Circ Heart Fail. 2021;14(1):e007678. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007678.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Tran</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Joshi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Banerjee</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Otabor</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adeyeye</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kuehl</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>
</person-group> 
<article-title>133 Important Lessons from Cardiogenic Shock Deaths with Insight into Normotensive Cardiogenic Shock, the Trajectory of Scai Shock Severity and Timing of Referrals for Mechanical Circulatory Support</article-title>
<source>Heart</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<issue>Suppl 3</issue>
<fpage>A152</fpage>
<lpage>A154</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2023-BCS.133</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tran P, Joshi M, Banerjee P, Otabor E, Adeyeye S, Kuehl M. 133 Important Lessons from Cardiogenic Shock Deaths with Insight into Normotensive Cardiogenic Shock, the Trajectory of Scai Shock Severity and Timing of Referrals for Mechanical Circulatory Support. Heart. 2023;109(Suppl 3):A152-4. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2023-BCS.133.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Fincke</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hochman</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lowe</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Menon</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Slater</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Webb</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name>
<etal/></person-group>
<article-title>Cardiac Power is the Strongest Hemodynamic Correlate of Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock: a Report from the SHOCK Trial Registry</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>340</fpage>
<lpage>348</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.060</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fincke R, Hochman JS, Lowe AM, Menon V, Slater JN, Webb JG, et al. Cardiac Power is the Strongest Hemodynamic Correlate of Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock: a Report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(2):340-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.060.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Choque Cardiogênico com Pressão Elevada: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4396-1787</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>Fiamma Ferreira</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4519-0528</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Patricia Bezerra Rocha</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-1283</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Souza Lyra</surname><given-names>Ana Carla Alves</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-6795</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>Taciana Queiroz Medeiros</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Insuficiência Cardíaca, Cardiomiopatias e Transplante Cardíaco – PROCAPE, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Cardiologia Intervencionista, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Português de Beneficência em Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança – Cardiologia/ Insuficiência cardíaca, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro •</bold> Universidade de Pernambuco - Miocardiopatias/ Transplante cardiaco – Rua dos Palmares, s/n. CEP <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE – Brasil E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Choque Cardiogênico</kwd>
<kwd>Monitorização Hemodinâmica</kwd>
<kwd>Hipertensão</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Choque é definido como estado de hipoperfusão tecidual devido à redução da oferta, aumento do consumo, utilização inadequada de oxigênio ou uma combinação desses processos. Quando é de etiologia cardiogênica ocorre em decorrência de disfunção ventricular esquerda ou direita ou biventricular com redução do débito cardíaco (DC) ou aumento das pressões de enchimento e volume intravascular normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar de a mais clássica manifestação de choque ser a hipotensão arterial, é fundamental reconhecer que um paciente em choque pode apresentar-se com pressão arterial (PA) normal, elevada ou diminuída. Dessa forma, torna-se crucial a identificação precoce de sinais clínicos, laboratoriais e hemodinâmicos de hipoperfusão tecidual. Um tratamento oportuno e apropriado pode evitar a deterioração e os sinais de disfunção orgânica múltipla.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de Caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 69 anos, com antecedentes de hipertensão arterial, tabagismo e doença arterial coronariana com revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica em 2019, chegou à emergência referindo dor precordial opressiva com 2 horas de duração, iniciada em repouso, com irradiação para dorso e membros superiores, associada a mal-estar inespecífico, maior Escala Verbal Numérica de Dor (EVN) de 8 e melhora parcial após uso de captopril e losartana ainda no domicílio. Fazia uso regular de losartana 50 mg duas vezes ao dia, ácido acetilsalicílico 100 mg ao dia e rosuvastatina 20 mg ao dia. Chegou ao hospital com desconforto torácico leve.</p>
<p>Ao exame físico, a ectoscopia se apresentava alterada por palidez cutânea e extremidades frias. Ausculta cardiovascular normal. A ausculta respiratória apresentava estertores crepitantes finos em base de hemitórax direito e PA 170/90 mmHg. Eletrocardiograma de repouso sem alterações. Após medidas iniciais para Síndrome Coronariana Aguda (AAS 200 mg e Ticagrelor 180 mg) e início de nitroglicerina por sinais clínicos de congestão pulmonar evoluiu com sinais de hipoperfusão (pulsos finos, pele fria e pegajosa, palidez cutâneo-mucosa), apesar da PA seguir elevada (170/90 mmHg). Gasometria arterial com evidência de acidose metabólica e elevação de lactato (2,7 mmol/L).</p>
<p>Iniciada dobutamina na vazão contínua de 7,5 mcg/kg/mina paciente foi encaminhada à UTI, onde a droga foi suspensa por hipertensão e melhora dos sinais de hipoperfusão. A paciente evoluiu poucos minutos após interrupção de dobutamina com edema agudo de pulmão, PA 210/130 mmHg, sendo submetida à intubação orotraqueal e encaminhada à cateterismo cardíaco de urgência onde foi vista lesão severa em segmento proximal da artéria mamária esquerda – descendente anterior, submetida à angioplastia com Stent farmacológico, implante de balão intra-aórtico (BIA) e cateter de Swan-Ganz.</p>
<p>Medidas do Swan-Ganz mostraram choque cardiogênico por disfunção do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) com DC de 3,59 L/min, índice cardíaco (IC) de 2,3 L/min, Cardiac Power Output (CPO) de 0,29, PA 140/60 mmHg (PAM 86 mmHg), Resistência Vascular Sistêmica (RVS) de 2495 Dyn.s e Pressão Capilar na Artéria Pulmonar de (PCAP) 32 mmHg.</p>
<p>Após exame, mantida em UTI com dobutamina 7,5 mcg/Kg/min, nitroglicerina 16 mcg/min e BIA 1:1, retirado no dia seguinte por melhora hemodinâmica. Sucedeu-se rápido desmame de drogas vasoativas, com suspensão inicial da dobutamina e no segundo dia de internamento, de nitroglicerina. Ecocardiograma transtorácico no segundo dia de internamento mostrava FEVE 48% por Simpson e hipocinesia ínferolateral e lateroapical. Repetido ecocardiograma no terceiro dia de internamento com FEVE 75% pelo metódo de Teicholz (pelo metódo de Simpson não calculado) e acinesia anterior medioapical e inferior apical. Seguiu-se desmame de ventilação mecânica e recebeu alta hospitalar após 15 dias de internamento.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A paciente relatada no caso deu entrada no serviço de urgência por uma síndrome coronariana aguda sem supra de ST, levando ao súbito choque cardiogênico, caracterizando uma síndrome coronariana aguda de muito alto risco. Ela apresentava claros sinais clínicos de hipoperfusão tecidual, como extremidades frias, tempo de enchimento capilar lentificado, taquipneia; porém PA mantinha-se elevada. Gasometria com sinais de acidose metabólica e aumento do lactato coletado na urgência aumentavam a probabilidade de choque cardiogênico e a confirmação ocorreu através do cateterismo cardíaco e introdução de Swan-Ganz, mostrando baixos IC, DC e CPO de 0,29 (normal quando maior que 0,6). Diante da etiologia isquêmica, após revascularização percutânea e inicial suporte circulatório com drogas vasoativas e balão intraórtico, houve sucesso do tratamento e a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar em poucos dias.</p>
<p>De acordo com o SHOCK Trial, o conceito de choque cardiogênico envolve três critérios hemodinâmicos: hipotensão persistente (PAS &lt; 90 mmHg ou Pressão Arterial Média &lt; 30 mmHg em relação ao valor basal), IC&lt; 1,8 L/min/m²; sem suporte circulatório ou &lt; 2,2 L/min/m²; em uso de suporte circulatório e pressões de enchimento aumentadas (pressão diastólica final do VE &gt; 18 mmHg ou pressão diastólica final do entrículo direito &gt; 10-15 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Com o passar do tempo e o entendimento da complexidade do conceito e manejo do choque cardiogênico, outras classificações mais pormenorizadas se tornaram necessárias para um melhor entendimento da gravidade e do prognóstico de pacientes, norteando assim a terapêutica. A classificação SCAI Shock gradua o choque cardiogênico em cinco estágios: estágio A são pacientes em condições cardíacas agudas que demonstram risco de evolução para choque; estágio B é conhecido como pré-choque, e engloba pacientes com perfusão tecidual intacta, porém com sinais de instabilidade hemodinâmica, como taquicardia compensatória ou hipotensão. Estágio C se trata de pacientes em franco choque cardiogênico, com sinais de hipoperfusão tecidual (como aumento de lactatemia) e necessidade de suporte circulatório farmacológico ou mecânico. Estágio D se refere a pacientes em elevação de doses de drogas vasoativas ou suporte circulatório mecânico e estágio E se traduz em pacientes refratários a todas essas medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>O choque cardiogênico em decorrência de síndrome coronariana aguda pode apresentar um quadro clínico dramático com rápido declínio da perfusão tissular e consequente disfunção renal, hepática e rebaixamento do nível de consciência. No estado de pré-choque o organismo pode lançar mão de mecanismos compensatórios para manter o débito adequado, a exemplo da taquicardia e vasoconstricção periférica gerando PA normal ou até aumentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na paciente relatada observamos que o choque cardiogênico ocorreu de maneira súbita, e que ela se encontrava no estágio C da classificação SCAI, já que apresentava sinais clínicos e laboratoriais de hipoperfusão tecidual (lactato arterial acima de 2 mmol/L), apesar de PA elevada. Este fato chama a atenção para a importância da investigação de sinais incipientes de choque cardiogênico nos pacientes sob risco, mesmo com sinais vitais aparentemente &quot;estáveis&quot; já que estudos com aplicação do SCAI Shock evidenciam uma maior taxa de desfechos negativos em pacientes com hipoperfusão tecidual sem hipotensão quando comparados a pacientes hipotensos sem hipoperfusão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diante da possibilidade real do diagnóstico de choque cardiogênico sem hipotensão, os pacientes sob risco de choque, isto é, aqueles graduados como SCAI estágio A, precisam de uma visão atenta e alto grau de suspeição para evolução a estágios mais avançados da doença, já que há evidência de que este perfil de pacientes tem maior demora no diagnóstico e na transferência a serviços especializados. O reconhecimento do estágio de choque correto nesses casos pode significar maior possibilidade de definição da estratégia terapêutica, já que pacientes com choque e normotensão ou hipertensão demoram mais tempo para deterioração clínica em comparação aos hipotensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em portadores de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada prévia, o choque cardiogênico pode ter apresentações clínicas mais indolentes, como no perfil hemodinâmico &quot;frio e úmido&quot;, em que há sinais de baixo débito e aumento das pressões de enchimento cardíacas por sobrecarga de volume, e no perfil &quot;frio e seco&quot; com volume intravascular reduzido. Em ambas as situações por um estado de compensação os pacientes podem manter PAS acima de 90 mmHg. Cerca de 5% dos pacientes neste perfil apresentam choque cardiogênico com normotensão arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diante de um espectro amplo de apresentações do choque cardiogênico se faz necessário, além de minuciosa anamnese e exame físico, uso de monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva para exato diagnóstico, principalmente pelo cálculo do IC, DC e CPO, este obtido pelo cálculo DC X PAM/451, que reflete a capacidade de bombeamento hidráulico cardíaco, com alta acurácia na aferição da função do VE e correlação prognóstica com mortalidade intra-hospitalar conforme SHOCK Trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O cálculo da PAPi (Pulmonary Arterial Pulsatility index) através da razão entre a pressão de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar e pressão do átrio direito é capaz de estimar a função ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O diagnóstico precoce auxilia na escolha rápida do melhor suporte circulatório, seja por meio de drogas vasoativas ou dispositivos de assistência ventricular, revascularização em casos de infarto agudo do miocárdio, elevando a probabilidade de reversibilidade do estado de choque, apesar de estudos como FRENSHOCK mostrarem que não há diferença nos desfechos quando são comparados pacientes com choque cardiogênico com hipotensão ou PA normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>






