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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230076</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Urgent Right Heart Catheterization in Cardiogenic Shock: Let us Spread this Idea</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9049-1805</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Savaris</surname>
						<given-names>Simone L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5712-9345</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Suellen R. R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8684-9010</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Ivna G. C. V.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Luiz – Rede D’Or</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Luiz – Rede D’Or, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Simone L. Savaris</bold> • Hospital São Luiz – Rede D’Or – Avenida Santo Amaro, 734. Postal Code 04544-000 Sao Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: <email>simo.louise@gmail.com</email>, <email>contato@simonesavaris.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230076</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Swan Ganz Catheterization</kwd>
				<kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) is defined by the presence of signs and symptoms of low tissue perfusion associated with systolic blood pressure (BP) &lt; 90mmHg, according to the European Society of Cardiology. Within the different types of shock - cardiogenic, distributive, hypovolemic, and mixed - CS is responsible for up to 66% of shock cases in intensive care units and occurs due to poor perfusion secondary to low cardiac output. The most prevalent etiology is ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); other causes include acute chronic heart failure, valvular diseases, and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In-hospital mortality from CS associated with STEMI can reach 36% in cases not associated with a heart attack, 31%. Furthermore, effective treatment is related to understanding the disease mechanism and classifying the patient into phenotypes, which will impact the implemented therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The patient must be monitored using the maximum available parameters, including clinical perfusion assessment with micro and macro hemodynamic parameters, control of urine output, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram. Invasive monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) can provide even more precise data, such as cardiac output, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance, and pressures in the right and left chambers, assisting in therapeutic decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– <italic>Phenotypes of cardiogenic shock and suggested therapy in patients with cardiogenic shock. SVC: systemic vascular resistance.</italic></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230076-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Pulmonary artery catheter and cardiogenic shock</title>
			<p>CS can be divided into four phenotypes according to blood volume and peripheral perfusion, and PAC data are essential for adequately characterizing the phenotype and institution of treatment. The wet profile is when the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) is &gt; 18 mmHg, and the dry profile is when the PAOP is &lt; 18 mmHg. Regarding perfusion, we classify the patient as hot if a cardiac index (CI) &gt;2.5 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> is identified or cold when the CI is &lt; 2.5 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Hemodynamic profiles based on PAC. Source: Adapted from Forrest, Diamond and Swan et al.<sup><italic>11</italic></sup> CI: cardiac index; PAOP: pulmonary artery occlusion pressure.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230076-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Contemporary clinical trials have debated the role of PAC as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in patients with CS.</p>
			<p>In 2005, the ESCAPE Trial was published, which showed no difference in mortality with the use of PAC. However, the patients included in the study were not in CS (profile C), which most likely influenced the results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>More recently, experts strongly advocate using PAC, as contemporary evidence suggests that invasive hemodynamic assessment assisting in decision-making by the shock team has translated into lower mortality in CS, which currently reaches 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The evolution of ventricular assist devices (VAD) and the improvement in expertise in their management have brought a new perspective to the use of PAC. A study with 1,414 patients with CHD showed lower in-hospital mortality with PAC when data on complete hemodynamic parameters such as right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary artery systolic, and diastolic pressure (PSAP and PDAP, respectively) were available. PAOP, pulmonary arterial saturation, and cardiac output (CO). The study showed that better pre-implantation hemodynamic assessment of the VAD improved patient survival. Invasive hemodynamic parameters are fundamental for choosing the best VAD or combination of them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Mohammed Osman et al. reinforce the benefit of using PAC in 2021. The study showed that patients with CS who underwent invasive monitoring had better in-hospital survival, more implanted devices, and a greater chance of progressing to heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Despite attempts to develop less invasive monitors, no alternative device provides such a comprehensive assessment of circulatory performance as the PAC. This was evidenced in a meta-analysis by Peyton and Chong, which demonstrated low agreement between the PAC and four other less invasive CO monitoring devices. Using the pulmonary artery catheter, it is possible to estimate preload, avoid volume overload, and measure CO, guiding the use of inotropes. Estimating vasomotor tone by calculating vascular resistance and titrating the need for vasoactive drugs is also possible. Furthermore, this catheter allows the measurement of pulmonary pressures, which undoubtedly helps manage right ventricular heart failure, a condition associated with high mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Clinical trials and perspectives</title>
			<p>Multiple prospective randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews have not shown overall mortality benefits related to any ICU monitoring device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, retrospective studies that used large databases have shown a benefit in monitoring with PAC. A recently published meta-analysis included 12 studies and showed lower in-hospital mortality in patients with CHD and decompensated HF as the etiology of shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Despite the absence of robust studies with greater statistical power, these diagnostic monitoring techniques continue to be routinely used in clinical practice. Compared to other monitors (such as POCUS, pulse oximetry, and invasive BP), the PAC has already been thoroughly evaluated, and the negative result of the ESCAPE Trial does not diminish its usefulness as a diagnostic and monitoring tool, especially in the context of CS.</p>
			<p>Due to greater access to VADs, the use of algorithms with hemodynamic parameters has grown, and the elucidation of the shock subtype helps in patient management and the best choice of ventricular assist device. With PAC, evaluating the right ventricle with the pulmonary artery pulsatility index is possible, which helps prognosticate RV failure during VAD implantation.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Possible explanations for the results found</title>
			<p>The results found in previous clinical trials can be explained by three main hypotheses: first, the use of PAC may not lead to changes in therapies (without influence on treatment, there are no changes in outcomes); second, treatment changes did not result in better outcomes due to the severity of the patients; or third, the included patients did not meet criteria to be classified as having CS.</p>
			<p>As we have seen, recent observational studies suggest that when we carry out interventions guided by the PAC and with shock teams, especially in patients with more severe stages (SCAI D and E), there is a significant difference in mortality (28.4% vs. 35%, aOR 0.79, p = 0.017).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> From these observations, we can infer that an intervention guided by PAC in appropriate patients and with good use of information impacts relevant clinical results.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Contemporary evidence supports the use of PAC in patients with CS, which is still the best monitoring strategy and diagnostic tool currently available for patients with CS, especially in more severe ones, in cases of right ventricular dysfunction, and in patients undergoing ventricular assist devices.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cateterismo Cardíaco Direito de Urgência no Choque Cardiogênico: Vamos Disseminar essa Ideia</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9049-1805</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Savaris</surname>
						<given-names>Simone L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5712-9345</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Suellen R. R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8684-9010</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Ivna G. C. V.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Luiz – Rede D’Or, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"><bold>Correspondência: Simone L. Savaris</bold> • Hospital São Luiz – Rede D’Or - Avenida Santo Amaro, 734. CEP 04544-000 Sao Paulo, SP – Brasil. E-mail: simo.louise@gmail.com, contato@simonesavaris.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cateterismo de Swan-Ganz</kwd>
				<kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O choque cardiogênico (CC) é definido pela presença de sinais e sintomas de baixa perfusão tecidual associado a pressão arterial sistólica &lt; 90mmHg, segundo a sociedade europeia de cardiologia. Dentro dos diferentes tipos de choque – cardiogênico, distributivo, hipovolêmico e misto -, o CC é responsável por até 66% dos casos de choque em unidades de terapia intensiva e ocorre devido a má perfusão secundária ao baixo débito cardíaco (DC). A etiologia mais prevalente é o infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST), outras causas incluem insuficiência cardíaca crônica agudizada, doenças valvares e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A mortalidade intra-hospitalar do CC associado ao IAMCSST pode chegar a 36% e, nos casos não associados à infarto, 31% e o tratamento efetivo está relacionado a compreensão do mecanismo da doença e à classificação do paciente em fenótipos, que irá impactar na terapia implementada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O paciente deve ser monitorizado utilizando-se o máximo de parâmetros disponíveis, que inclui avaliação clínica da perfusão com parâmetros micro e macro hemodinâmicos, controle do débito urinário, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. A monitorização invasiva com cateter de artéria pulmonar (CAP) é capaz de nos fornecer dados ainda mais precisos como DC, resistência vascular pulmonar e sistêmica e pressões das câmaras direita e esquerda, auxiliando na tomada de decisão terapêutica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Fenótipos do choque cardiogênico e sugestão de terapia em pacientes em choque cardiogênico. PAM: pressão arterial média; DC: débito cardíaco; IC: índice cardíaco; PVC: pressão venosa central; RVS: resistência vascular sistêmica.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230076-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Cateter de artéria pulmonar e choque cardiogênico</title>
				<p>O CC pode ser dividido em quatro fenótipos de acordo com volemia e perfusão periférica e os dados do CAP são essenciais para a caracterização adequada do fenótipo e instituição do tratamento. O perfil úmido é aquele em que a pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) é &gt; 18 mmHg e o seco quando a POAP é &lt; 18 mmHg. Em relação a perfusão, classificamos o paciente no perfil quente se for identificado um índice cardíaco (IC) &gt; 2,5 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ou frio quando o IC é &lt; 2,5 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Perfis hemodinâmicos baseados no CAP. Fonte: Adaptada de Forrest, Diamond e Swan et al.<sup><italic>11</italic></sup> IC: índice cardíaco; PAOP: pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230076-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Ensaios clínicos contemporâneos têm debatido o papel do CAP como ferramenta diagnóstica e de monitorização em pacientes com CC.</p>
				<p>Em 2005 houve a publicação do ESCAPE Trial, que não mostrou diferença de mortalidade com o uso do CAP. Entretanto, os pacientes incluídos no estudo não estavam em CC (perfil C), o que muito provavelmente influenciou nos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Mais recentemente experts advogam fortemente pelo uso do CAP, pois as evidências contemporâneas sugerem que a avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva auxiliando na tomada de decisão pelo time de choque se traduziu em menor mortalidade no CC, que atualmente chega a 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A evolução dos dispositivos de assistência ventricular (DAV) e a melhora da expertise do seu manejo trouxeram uma nova perspectiva para uso do CAP. Um estudo com 1.414 pacientes com CC mostrou menor mortalidade intra-hospitalar com o uso do CAP quando estavam disponíveis dados dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos completos como pressão de átrio direito, pressão sistólica e diastólica da artéria pulmonar, POAP, saturação arterial pulmonar e DC. O estudo mostrou que a melhor avaliação hemodinâmica pré-implante do DAV melhorou a sobrevida do paciente. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos invasivos são fundamentais para a escolha do melhor DAV ou combinação deles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Mohammed Osman et al. reforçam o benefício do uso do CAP em 2021. O estudo mostrou que pacientes com CC que eram submetidos a monitoramento invasivo tinham uma sobrevida intra-hospitalar melhor, implantavam mais dispositivos e tinham mais chance de evoluir para transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar das tentativas de desenvolver monitores menos invasivos, não há dispositivo alternativo que proporcione uma avaliação tão abrangente do desempenho circulatório como o CAP. Isso foi evidenciado em uma metanálise de Peyton e Chong, que demonstrou baixa concordância entre o CAP e outros quatro dispositivos de monitorização menos invasiva do DC. Através do CAP é possível estimar a pré-carga, evitando sobrecarga volêmica, assim como medir o DC, guiando quanto ao uso de inotrópicos. Também é possível estimar o tônus vasomotor através dos cálculos das resistências vasculares e titular a necessidade de drogas vasoativas. Ademais, este cateter permite a mensuração das pressões pulmonares, que indiscutivelmente auxiliam no manejo da insuficiência cardíaca de ventrículo direito, condição essa associada a alta mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ensaios clínicos e perspectivas</title>
				<p>Múltiplos ensaios clínicos prospectivos randomizados e revisões sistemáticas não mostraram benefícios na mortalidade geral relacionados a nenhum dispositivo de monitoramento em UTI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos retrospectivos que usaram grandes bancos de dados, mostraram benefício no monitoramento com CAP. Uma metanálise recentemente publicada incluiu 12 estudos e mostrou menor mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes com CC e insuficiência cardíaca descompensada como etiologia do choque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar da ausência de estudos robustos com maior poder estatístico, essas técnicas diagnósticas de monitorização continuam sendo rotineiramente utilizadas na prática clínica. Em comparação com outros monitores (como POCUS, oximetria de pulso e pressão arterial invasiva), o CAP já foi detalhadamente avaliado e o resultado negativo do ESCAPE Trial não diminui sua utilidade como ferramenta diagnóstica e de monitoramento, especialmente no contexto do CC.</p>
				<p>Devido ao maior acesso aos DAV, o uso de algoritmos com parâmetros hemodinâmicos tem crescido e a elucidação do subtipo de choque auxilia no manejo do paciente e na melhor escolha do dispositivo de assistência ventricular. Com o CAP também é possível avaliar o ventrículo direito com o índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar, que auxilia na avaliação prognóstica para falha de ventrículo direito no implante do DAV.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Possíveis explicações para os resultados encontrados</title>
				<p>Os resultados encontrados nos ensaios clínicos anteriores podem ser explicados por três hipóteses principais: primeiro, o uso de CAP pode não levar a mudanças nas terapias (sem influência no tratamento não existem mudanças de desfechos); segundo, as mudanças dos tratamentos não resultaram em melhores desfechos devido a gravidade dos pacientes; ou terceiro, os pacientes incluídos não preenchiam critérios para serem classificados como CC.</p>
				<p>Como temos visto, estudos observacionais recentes sugerem que quando fazemos intervenções guiadas pelo CAP e com times de choque, principalmente em pacientes com estágios mais graves (SCAI D e E), há uma diferença significativa em mortalidade (28,4% vs 35%, OR 0,79, p = 0,017).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A partir dessas observações podemos inferir que uma intervenção guiada por CAP, nos pacientes adequados e com o bom uso da informação há sim interferência nos resultados clínicos relevantes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>As evidências contemporâneas suportam o uso de CAP em pacientes com CC, sendo este ainda a melhor estratégia de monitorização e ferramenta diagnóstica disponível atualmente para pacientes com CC, principalmente naqueles mais graves, nos casos de disfunção de ventrículo direito e em paciente em uso de DAV.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>