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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230070</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230070</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Should Combination of Diuretics Always Be Early after the ADVOR and CLOROTIC Trials?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7906-2233</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kobbaz</surname><given-names>Nara</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual contente</role>
<role>Creation of figures</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Monferdini</surname><given-names>Luana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual contente</role>
<role>Creation of figures</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Andrade</surname><given-names>Fernanda Almeida</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual contente</role>
<role>Creation of figures</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Aguinaldo F.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual contente</role>
<role>Creation of figures</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Paulo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">PUC-Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">PUC-Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Aguinaldo F. Freitas Jr</bold> • Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás – 1ª Avenida, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>74605-020</postal-code>, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO – Brazil E-mail: <email>afreitasjr@msn.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230070</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>25</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
<kwd>Drug Utilization</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="11"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>There has been remarkable progress in the treatment of heart failure (HF) over the past years. Medications such as angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), often referred to as the &quot;fantastic four,&quot; have been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalization, in addition to improving patients’ quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>The natural history of the disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of decompensation and hospital admission linked to pulmonary and/or systemic congestion. Although diuretics doesn&apos;t reduce mortality, they are universally recommended for congestive symptoms relief in all phenotypes of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Even though normovolemia has been established as a clear therapeutic target and the persistence of congestion is associated with high rates of rehospitalization and mortality after discharge, research indicates that approximately 50% of hospitalized patients are discharged from the hospital with residual congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Achieving normovolemia can be a challenge, especially when congestion is subtle, largely due to diuretic resistance, which is characterized by a diminished renal response to diuretics, resulting in reduced natriuresis and diuresis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The mechanisms behind diuretic resistance in acute HF are intricate, mostly centered around renal adaptation with distal nephron hypertrophy and subsequent sodium retention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The first approach frequently adopted to overcome this resistance is to intensify the dose of loop diuretics, with controversial benefits regarding different continuous and intermittent infusion strategies. In theory, the combination of different diuretics could also address the mechanisms underlying resistance. However, studies are limited, and questions such as the best approach, the ideal time to introduce the combination, and whether it will translate into clinical benefits are still uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>To clarify these answers, two clinical trials were published in 2022, seeking to determine whether a combination of different diuretics could offer faster and more effective decongestion.</p>
<p>ADVOR (Acetazolamide in Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload) was a prospective, multicenter, double-blind trial that evaluated the early addition of intravenous acetazolamide to standard loop diuretic therapy in patients with decompensated HF and evident signs of volume overload. Regardless of ejection fraction, this combination of diuretics achieved the primary outcome, defined as successful decongestion within 3 days, without the need for treatment escalation, and reduced clinical signs of overload, such as edema, pleural effusion, and ascites, and it was associated with greater natriuresis and increased urinary output. It is crucial to highlight that there was no significant increase in adverse events, such as metabolic acidosis, worsening renal function, hypokalemia, or hypotension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>On the other hand, the CLOROTIC (Combining loop with thiazide diuretics for decompensated HF) study, which was also multicenter, randomized, and double-blind, evaluated the combination of hydrochlorothiazide and standard loop diuretic therapy in patients hospitalized for acute HF. Patients must have been using oral loop diuretics at doses of 80 to 240 mg for at least 1 month, which was higher than the dose used by patients in the ADVOR study. The main finding was greater weight loss in 72 hours compared to placebo (mean −2.3 kg versus −1.5 kg; p = 0.002), with no improvement in dyspnea reported by the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>These studies have made it evident that the combination of different diuretic classes enhances the diuretic effect, providing more effective decongestion in patients hospitalized due to decompensated HF. It is important to highlight that, in both studies, randomization occurred early, within the first 24 hours of admission, convincingly showing an acceptable safety profile. This management differs from common practice, where the combination of a second diuretic is used only as rescue therapy for inadequate response to the initial treatment.</p>
<p>It is, thus, understood that the use of intravenous furosemide may not be sufficient to treat congestion in a scenario of HF decompensation, and the combination of different diuretic classes has a beneficial and safe effect. Nevertheless, questions remain about which combination is most appropriate and whether the initial administration is ideal for all patients who are hospitalized for acute HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>In our view, the early combination of different diuretic classes can bring benefits; however, individual analysis is essential to decision-making. It is important to highlight that the ADVOR and CLOROTIC studies did not include patients who had never used diuretics or those with daily doses of less than 40 mg of furosemide for at least 1 month before randomization. Accordingly, combination of diuretics should not be the first choice for patients on lower doses of loop diuretics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>The benefits shown in ADVOR did not have a long-term impact on major outcomes such as death and readmission due to HF, although the study was not designed for this purpose. It is important to mention that the patients were not using SGLT2i; therefore, its concomitant use with acetazolamide was not evaluated. However, considering that SGLT2i are responsible for only 5% of sodium uptake in the proximal convoluted tubule, with no significant increase in natriuresis, there is no solid physiological basis to suppose that the effect of acetazolamide would be affected by the presence of SGLT2i, or that there would be any risk associated with the simultaneous use of both agents. We emphasize that acetazolamide should be considered as a diuretic for temporary use in the treatment of volume overload, while SGLT2i are disease-modifying medications intended for chronic use, and they should be started within 3 days after admission for decompensated HF or maintained in the event of prior use.</p>
<p>For patients hospitalized with decompensated HF who are already using high-dose diuretics or patients with evidence of diuretic resistance (reflected by the dosage and duration of diuretic use in the outpatient setting and baseline renal function), it is recommended to administer an initial loading dose of a loop diuretic (at least double the outpatient dose). The diuretic response in these patients must be rapidly assessed, either by urine sodium concentration or by 6-hour urine volume. Patients who do not demonstrate an adequate response may be candidates for earlier introduction of a combination of diuretics, rather than only escalation of the loop diuretic.</p>
<p>Once the choice has been made to combine diuretics, considering the benefits observed with both acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide, we believe that an individualized approach will guide the best strategy. A subanalysis of the ADVOR study revealed that, due to the medication&apos;s mechanism of action, patients with serum bicarbonate ≥ 27 mmol/L had a more pronounced diuretic and natriuretic response with acetazolamide. In contrast, hydrochlorothiazide was associated with major electrolyte disturbances, such as hyponatremia and hypokalemia, as well as a greater propensity for arterial hypotension; thus, it is not the first choice for patients with these disorders or with hypotension (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). It is important to note that the results of the ADVOR study refer to the intravenous use of acetazolamide, and this formula is not available in Brazil. Therefore, the findings are extrapolated to the oral use of acetazolamide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Flowchart for initial treatment of congestion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230070-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Flowchart for treatment of congestion refractory to initial diuretic therapy</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230070-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In hospitalized patients with decompensated HF who show clear signs of congestion, the primary therapeutic focus is to achieve decongestion quickly and aggressively. Within this context, the addition of acetazolamide or thiazide diuretics to loop diuretics, aiming for sequential action in the nephron, has been shown to be both safe and effective. However, it is imperative to conduct further studies, including patients using SGLT2i, in order to confirm these findings and clarify the best diuretic approach (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Proposal for managing congestion during hospital admission and after hospital discharge, including standard treatment of heart failure. Adapted from Mullens et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> HF: heart failure; IV: intravenous; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230070-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Associação de Diuréticos Sempre Deve Ser Precoce após ADVOR e CLOROTIC?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7906-2233</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kobbaz</surname><given-names>Nara</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>Criação das figuras</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Monferdini</surname><given-names>Luana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>Criação das figuras</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Andrade</surname><given-names>Fernanda Almeida</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>Criação das figuras</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Aguinaldo F.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>Criação das figuras</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">PUC-Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Aguinaldo F. Freitas Jr</bold> • Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás – 1ª Avenida, S/N. CEP <postal-code>74605-020</postal-code>, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO – Brasil E-mail: <email>afreitasjr@msn.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Diuréticos</kwd>
<kwd>Uso de Medicamentos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>O progresso no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) tem sido notável nos últimos anos. Medicamentos como inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor da angiotensina, betabloqueadores, antagonistas do receptor de mineralocorticoide e inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2 (ISGLT2) — frequentemente referidos como o &quot;quarteto fantástico&quot; — têm demonstrado reduzir a mortalidade e a hospitalização, bem como melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>A história natural da doença é marcada por episódios recorrentes de descompensação e internação hospitalar ligados à congestão pulmonar e/ou sistêmica. Embora os diuréticos não mostrem evidências quanto à redução da mortalidade, são universalmente recomendados para alívio dos sintomas congestivos em todos os fenótipos da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Ainda que a euvolemia seja estabelecida como um claro alvo terapêutico e a persistência da congestão se associe a altas taxas de rehospitalização e mortalidade após a alta, pesquisas indicam que aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes internados são desospitalizados com congestão residual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Alcançar a normovolemia pode ser um desafio, especialmente quando a congestão é sutil, em grande parte devido à resistência diurética, a qual é marcada por uma resposta renal diminuída aos diuréticos, resultando em natriurese e diurese reduzidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os mecanismos por trás da resistência diurética na IC aguda são intrincados, centrando-se majoritariamente na adaptação renal com hipertrofia do néfron distal e subsequente retenção de sódio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A primeira abordagem frequentemente adotada para superar tal resistência é intensificar a dose dos diuréticos de alça, com benefícios controversos no que tange às diferentes estratégias de infusão contínua e intermitente. Em teoria, a combinação de diuréticos distintos poderia também enfrentar os mecanismos subjacentes à resistência. No entanto, estudos são limitados, e questões como a melhor abordagem, o momento ideal de introduzi-la e se essa traduzirá em benefícios clínicos ainda são incertas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Para elucidar essas respostas, dois ensaios clínicos foram publicados em 2022, buscando determinar se a combinação de diferentes diuréticos poderia oferecer descongestão mais rápida e potente.</p>
<p>O estudo ADVOR (Acetazolamide in Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload), prospectivo, multicêntrico e duplo-cego avaliou a associação precoce da acetazolamida endovenosa ao tratamento padrão com diuréticos de alça em pacientes com IC descompensada e sinais evidentes de sobrecarga de volume. Independentemente da fração de ejeção, tal associação diurética atingiu seu desfecho primário definido como adequada descongestão em 3 dias sem necessidade de escalonamento do tratamento e com redução de sinais clínicos de sobrecarga, como edema, derrame pleural e ascite, maior natriurese e aumento do volume urinário. É crucial destacar que não houve aumento significativo em eventos adversos, como acidose metabólica, deterioração da função renal, hipocalemia ou hipotensão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por outro lado, o estudo CLOROTIC (Combining loop with thiazide diuretics for decompensated heart failure) também multicêntrico, randomizado e duplo-cego, avaliou a associação da hidroclorotiazida à terapia padrão com diuréticos de alça em pacientes hospitalizados por IC aguda. Os pacientes deveriam estar em uso, há pelo menos 1 mês, de diurético de alça via oral em dose de 80 a 240 mg, dose esta maior que a utilizada pelos pacientes no estudo ADVOR. O principal achado foi maior perda de peso em 72 horas comparado ao placebo (média −2,3 kg versus −1,5 kg; p = 0,002), sem melhora da dispneia relatada pelo paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Através dos estudos citados torna-se evidente que a associação de diferentes classes diuréticas potencializa o efeito diurético propiciando uma descongestão mais efetiva em pacientes internados devido à IC descompensada. É importante ressaltar que em ambos os estudos a randomização ocorreu precocemente dentro das primeiras 24 horas da admissão, mostrando de forma convincente um perfil de segurança aceitável. Este manejo difere da prática comum onde a associação de um segundo diurético é utilizada apenas como terapia de resgate à resposta inadequada ao tratamento inicial.</p>
<p>Entende-se, portanto, que o uso de furosemida endovenosa pode não ser suficiente para o tratamento da congestão em um cenário de descompensação de IC e a associação com diferentes classes diuréticas tem efeito benéfico e seguro. No entanto, as questões sobre qual combinação é a mais adequada e se sua administração inicial é ideal para todos os internados por IC aguda permanecem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em nossa visão, a combinação de diferentes classes de diuréticos precocemente pode trazer benefícios, contudo, é essencial uma análise individual na tomada de decisão. É importante ressaltar que os estudos ADVOR e CLOROTIC não incluíram pacientes que nunca usaram diuréticos ou aqueles com doses diárias inferiores a 40 mg de furosemida por, no mínimo, um mês antes da randomização. Dessa forma, a combinação diurética não deveria ser a primeira escolha para pacientes em doses menores de diurético de alça.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os benefícios evidenciados no ADVOR não tiveram impacto em desfechos maiores como morte e reinternação por IC a longo prazo, embora o estudo não tenha sido desenhado para esse fim. É importante mencionar que os pacientes não estavam em uso de iSGLT2 e, portanto, seu uso concomitante com a acetazolamida não foi avaliado. No entanto, considerando que os iSGLT2 são responsáveis por apenas 5% da captação de sódio no túbulo contorcido proximal, não havendo aumento significativo na natriurese, não há uma base fisiológica sólida para supor que o efeito da acetazolamida seja afetado pela presença de iSGLT2 ou que exista algum risco associado ao uso simultâneo desses dois agentes. Salientamos que a acetazolamida deve ser considerada como um diurético de uso temporário no tratamento da sobrecarga volêmica, enquanto os iSGLT2 são medicamentos modificadores da doença destinados ao uso crônico, devendo ser iniciados dentro de 3 dias após a admissão por IC descompensada ou mantidos em caso de uso prévio.</p>
<p>Para os internados com IC descompensada já em uso de diuréticos em altas doses ou com evidências de resistência diurética — refletida pela dosagem e tempo do diurético em regime ambulatorial e função renal basal —, é recomendado administrar uma dose inicial de ataque de diurético de alça (pelo menos o dobro da dose ambulatorial). A resposta diurética nesses pacientes deve ser avaliada rapidamente, seja pela concentração de sódio na urina ou pelo volume urinário em 6 horas. Aqueles que não demonstram resposta adequada podem ser candidatos a uma introdução antecipada de combinação diurética ao invés de apenas o escalonamento do diurético de alça.</p>
<p>Uma vez optado pela associação diurética e considerando os benefícios observados tanto com acetazolamida quanto hidroclorotiazida, acreditamos que nova individualização direciona à melhor estratégia. Uma subanálise do estudo ADVOR revelou que, devido ao mecanismo de ação da medicação, pacientes com bicarbonato sérico ≥ 27 mmol/L apresentaram resposta diurética e natriurética mais pronunciada com acetazolamida. Em contrapartida, a hidroclorotiazida foi associada a distúrbios eletrolíticos maiores, como hiponatremia e hipocalemia, e a uma propensão maior à hipotensão arterial, não sendo, assim, a primeira escolha para pacientes com esses distúrbios ou hipotensos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref>). É relevante notar que os resultados do estudo ADVOR se referem ao uso intravenoso de acetazolamida, uma formulação não disponível no Brasil, havendo, portanto, uma extrapolação dos achados ao uso da acetazolamida via oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Fluxograma para tratamento inicial da congestão. EV: endovenosa; FC: frequência cardíaca; FR: frequência respiratória; PA: pressão arterial; VO: via oral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230070-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Fluxograma para tratamento da congestão refratária à diureticoterapia inicial. VO: via oral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230070-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Em pacientes hospitalizados com IC descompensada apresentando claros sinais de congestão, o foco terapêutico primordial é obter a descongestão de forma rápida e agressiva. Dentro desse contexto, a junção de acetazolamida ou diuréticos tiazídicos aos diuréticos de alça, visando uma ação sequencial sobre o néfron, demonstrou ser tanto efetiva quanto segura. No entanto, é imperativo que pesquisas subsequentes, englobando pacientes em uso de ISGLT2, sejam realizadas para ratificar esses achados e elucidar a melhor abordagem diurética (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Proposta de manejo da congestão durante a internação hospitalar e depois da alta, incluindo o tratamento padrão da insuficiência cardíaca. Adaptado de Mullens et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> EV: endovenosa; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2; VO: via oral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20230070-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
