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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220097</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220097</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Correlation between Pulse Pressure and Sub-maximal Functional Capacity in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>Gustavo Matas</given-names></name>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Danzmann</surname><given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Kunst</surname><given-names>Leticia</given-names></name>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Binkowski</surname><given-names>Ludmila Limpias Terrazas</given-names></name>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Smiderle</surname><given-names>Carla Alessandra</given-names></name>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo Matas Kern</bold> &#x2022; ULBRA - Rua Coronel Bordini, 1130 apt. 401. Postal Code <postal-code>90440-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gukern94@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>17</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20220097</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction, as well as alterations in ventricular filling and remodelling. This change in diastolic function without reduced ejection fraction is manifested as exercise intolerance, and arterial stiffness, measured by pulse pressure, is considered an independent predictor of functional capacity.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>To evaluate the correlation between sub-maximal functional capacity and pulse pressure (PP) in patients with HFpEF.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Patients with HFpEF performed the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in a 45-meter hallway at the University Hospital. Patients were instructed to walk at a speed consistent with their daily activities. Their vital signs were monitored, and the Borg scale was applied for symptoms such as dyspnea and fatigue. Blood pressure was measured at rest. PP was estimated using the formula PP = systolic blood pressure &#x2212; diastolic blood pressure, with 65 mmHg as the cutoff point.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>We observed a difference of 120.5 &#xB1; 43.97 meters between the mean distances walked during the 6MWT between the groups with increased and normal PP (294.5 &#xB1; 111.3 m versus 415.4 &#xB1; 105.3 m, p = 0.01). Pearson&#x2019;s test demonstrated a slight inverse correlation between PP values and the distance walked by patients during the 6MWT (r = &#x2212;0.4, p = 0.049).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>There was a reduction in sub-maximal capacity in patients with increased PP, as shown by the slight inverse correlation between PP and distance walked during the 6MWT.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
<kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="8"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="27"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a frequent syndrome, and it is one of the main reasons for hospitalization due to cardiovascular causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite advances in therapy, HF remains a serious clinical syndrome with significant risks of hospitalization due to heart decompensation, disease, and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is estimated that, on average, 1% to 3% of the population has HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with a prevalence that significantly increases with advancing age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>HF can be classified according to ejection fraction (reduced, slightly reduced, preserved, or improved), the severity of symptoms (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional classification), and the time and progression of the disease (different stages).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) involves increased left ventricular and blood vessel stiffness. Arterial stiffening correlates with end-diastolic pressure and cardiac output reserve. In the healthy heart, cardiac and vascular reserves maintain efficient ventricular-arterial coupling during exercise. In HFpEF, however, contractile and vascular reserve deficiencies lead to abnormal ventricular-arterial coupling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pulse pressure (PP) is used as an indicator of arterial stiffness, and increased PP has been considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and progression of atherosclerosis in the aorta and carotid arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Several genetic and environmental factors cause structural changes in the arterial wall, leading to a reduction in its compliance and consequent increase in systolic blood pressure (BP), translating to increased PP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Important factors that determine PP include left ventricular ejection volume and velocity, elastic properties of large arteries, and peripheral vascular resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between sub-maximal functional capacity, measured by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and peripheral arterial PP in patients with HFpEF treated at the HF outpatient clinic of the University Hospital of Canoas (HUC, abbreviation in Portuguese), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>Materials and Methods</title>
<p>This is a retrospective observational study, with sample data were collected between the years 2011 and 2012, including patients monitored at the HF outpatient clinic of the HUC, all of whom had HF, according to the 2021 criteria of the European Society of Cardiology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> with ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50% and diastolic dysfunction. Patients with ejection fraction below 50%, congenital heart disease, valve insufficiency with hemodynamic repercussions, pacemaker and/or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator were excluded. Patients with atrial fibrillation were also excluded due to greater difficulty in measuring PP.</p>
<p>The following variables were analyzed: demographic characteristics, NYHA functional class, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension, left ventricular ejection fraction, distance walked during the 6MWT, BP, symptoms during and after the test, and medications in use. Data were collected from a database created through collection instruments.</p>
<p>The subjects of the sample underwent the 6MWT. No changes were made to the prescription of usual medications to perform the test. The 6MWT was performed in a 45-meter-long corridor at the University Hospital of the Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA, abbreviation in Portuguese). Patients were instructed to walk at a comfortable speed, consistent with their daily activities. Words of encouragement were used. Patients were monitored regarding heart rate, respiratory rate, and BP. The Borg scale of predictive value for symptoms such as dyspnea and fatigue was applied.</p>
<p>BP was measured in the right arm, at rest, prior to the 6MWT, with a duly calibrated Missouri manual brachial cuff sphygmomanometer for adults. PP was estimated using the formula PP = systolic BP &#x2013; diastolic BP. The cutoff point used for PP value was 65 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measuring arterial stiffness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> this parameter was not used in this study due to the fact that appropriate equipment was unavailable.</p>
<p>Data were processed using SPSS software, version 19.0. Categorical variables were analyzed as percentages. Based on the continuous variables, the mean and standard deviation were calculated. The association between the distance walked and PP was evaluated using Pearson&#x2019;s correlation coefficient. Student&#x2019;s t test for independent samples was used to evaluate the difference in the distance walked between patients with normal and altered PP. P values &#x3C; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
<p>The collection instruments used in this study had previously received approval from the ULBRA Research Ethics Committee (2010/207 H) under an umbrella project for vascular investigation in HF entitled &#x201C;Association between heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and the ankle-brachial index&#x201D;. All patients in the sample signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>A total of 25 participants were allocated; all patients were from the HUC HF outpatient clinic. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, the majority of the patients in the study population were women (84%), with a mean age of 65 &#xB1; 12.7 years, and the majority had obesity. All participants had ejection fraction &#x3E; 50%, with a mean of 66.7% &#xB1; 8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Regarding the etiology of HF, 56% had HF with no history of ischemic events. The main medications in use were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (92%), diuretics (80%), beta-blockers (56%), calcium channel antagonists (48%), vasodilators (32%), and spironolactone (16%). None of the patients in the sample were using digitalis or antiarrhythmics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), keeping in mind that the study was carried out between 2011 and 2012.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Sample characteristics (categorical variables)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Female sex</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">84.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">White ethnicity</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">92.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">96.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">History of tobacco use</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA I or II</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA III or IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Increased pulse pressure</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Non-ischemic etiology</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Sample characteristics (continuous variables)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean &#xB1; standard deviation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ejection fraction</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">66.7 &#xB1; 8.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65 &#xB1; 12.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Body mass index</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33.26 &#xB1; 5.24</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Distance walked on the 6MWT</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">367 &#xB1; 121.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">138.8 &#xB1; 17.1</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">79.6 &#xB1; 11.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>6MWT: 6-minute walk test.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Antihypertensive medications used by the sample</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Beta blocker</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ACEI/ARB</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">92.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diuretics</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Spironolactone</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vasodilators</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32.0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium channel antagonists</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Regarding symptomatology of HF, 5 patients (20%) were in NYHA functional class I; 15 (60%) were in class II; 3 (12%) were in class III, and only 2 patients (8%) were in class IV. Regarding lifestyle, the majority of the sample was sedentary (80%) and non-smokers (64%). In relation to the comorbidities studied, almost all patients had systemic arterial hypertension (96%), and nearly half of the sample had diabetes mellitus (44%).</p>
<p>The average distance walked during the 6MWT was 367 &#xB1; 121.5 meters. In relation to BP, mean resting systolic and diastolic pressures were 138.8 &#xB1; 17.1 mmHg and 79.6 &#xB1; 11.5 mmHg, respectively. PP was above the cutoff point (&#x3E; 65 mmHg) in 40% of the patients.</p>
<p>During the 6MWT, only 8 patients required a break; dyspnea was the main reason (68.5%), followed by fatigue (37.5%), chest burning (12.5%), palpitation (12.5%), and pain in lower limbs (12.5%). After the test, including patients who did not pause during the test, the main complaints were hip, leg, or calf pain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Description of symptoms during and after the 6-minute walk test</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Category</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Break</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (68%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Reason for the break</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Chest burning</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (12.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (62.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower limb pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (12.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Fatigue</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (37.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Palpitation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (12.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Symptoms after 6MWT</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">None</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (36%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Chest pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hip, leg, or calf pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (36%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (20%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Others</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (8%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4"><p>6MWT: 6-minute walk test.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>In relation to the distances walked during the 6MWT, a difference was observed between the groups with increased and normal PP (294.5 &#xB1; 111.3 m versus 415.4 &#xB1; 105.3 m, p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Additionally, Pearson&#x2019;s test showed a slight statistically significant inverse correlation between PP values and the distance walked, in meters, by patients during the 6MWT (r = &#x2212;0.4, p = 0.049) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Mean distance walked during the 6-minute walk test according to pulse pressure. PP: pulse pressure.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20220097-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Pearson&#x2019;s correlation between pulse pressure and distance walked during the 6-minute walk test [P1].</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20220097-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>This study has demonstrated a slight, statistically significant, inverse correlation between the PP value and the functional capacity of patients with HFpEF, based on the distance walked during the 6MWT. A difference of 120.9 meters was observed between participants with HFpEF and increased PP, compared to the group without increased PP. This has provided evidence that there is an inversely proportional correlation between PP and distance walked.</p>
<p>Elevated PP is an established marker of adverse outcomes in healthy individuals, as well as in patients with certain types of cardiovascular disease, especially those with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> More recently, lower PP has emerged as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with HF; this has been demonstrated in patients across the spectrum of symptom severity and in patients with acute and chronic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Furthermore, patients with HFpEF more frequently have a history of hypertension than patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction; therefore, they more frequently have elevated PP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The impact of PP in patients with HFpEF is not as well established as in cases of HF with reduced ejection fraction; however, Wei et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> underscore that, in patients with HFpEF, PP can assist in further investigation of the development of HFpEF, supporting preventive strategies aimed at controlling pulsatility and BP.</p>
<p>Ferreira et al. demonstrated the impact of sub-maximal functional capacity on the prognosis of HF. In their study, approximately 80% of deaths were correlated with the distance walked during the test, moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, age, and ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> According to the results, increased risk of death was observed mainly in patients unable to walk 200 meters, and distances greater than 200 meters did not seem to provide additional information on mortality risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The study showed that the distance walked during the 6MWT was a reliable prognostic indicator of mortality for patients with HF (p &#x3C; 0.0001).</p>
<p>Studies have shown that the functional capacity of patients with HFpEF during the 6MWT is related to PP. The study by Kang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> showed the existence of a correlation between arterial stiffness and diastolic HF, in which patients with diastolic HF had higher ankle-brachial pulse wave velocity, a reliable marker of this stiffness (1,670.5 cm/s, p &#x3C; 0.01). According to Mottram et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> in patients with diastolic dysfunction, arterial compliance is strongly related to PP (r = &#x2212;0.74, p &#x3C; 0.001), making it an independent parameter in predicting this dysfunction (&#x3B2; = 0.458, p = 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> High PP in patients with HFpEF was correlated with increased pulse wave velocity (the gold standard for measuring arterial stiffness).</p>
<p>Laskey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> evaluated the association between PP and adverse outcomes at one year in patients hospitalized for HF. In patients with HFpEF, there was a significant association between PP and mortality, with risk increasing as PP increased, although the magnitude of risk was significantly affected by systolic BP. The study shows that the association is significant when PP values are above 50 mmHg; when systolic BP &#x3E; 140 mmHg, the association was even more unfavorable (p = 0.0041).</p>
<p>Regarding the relationship between PP values and functional capacity, our data demonstrated that, in patients with PP &#x2265; 65 mmHg, the distance walked during the 6MWT was significantly lower (294.50 &#xB1; 111.339 m versus 415.40 &#xB1; 105.30 m, p = 0.045). In a study observing functional capacity by NYHA classes in HFpEF groups, Tokitsu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> found that PP values in patients with HF in NYHA class II were different from those in NYHA class III/IV. Patients with relatively more severe HFpEF had more extreme PP values, both lower and higher. Patients with PP values lower than 45 mmHg and PP values greater than 75 mmHg had significantly higher frequencies of HF-related symptoms than those with PP values ranging from 45 to 74 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Moreover, this study found that patients with HFpEF with PP values less than 45 mmHg and PP values greater than 75 mmHg had notably higher frequencies of cardiovascular and HF-related events than those with PP values ranging from 45 to 74 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In patients with NYHA III, high PP is related to a worsening of functional capacity. Guazzi et al. demonstrated that severe diastolic dysfunction is related to worsening of exercise capacity in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Elevated PP is associated with advanced age, female sex, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elevated systolic BP, and higher ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Increased arterial stiffness, associated with increased afterload, causes premature return of pulse wave, which increases cardiac work and myocardial oxygen demand. Thus, increased PP leads to cardiac hypertrophy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and greater susceptibility to ischemia, even in the absence of coronary stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> An increase of 10 mmHg in PP leads to a 14% increase in the risk of developing HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>HFpEF is a syndrome characterized by significant changes in ventricular filling and atrioventricular and vascular remodeling. These cardiac and vascular functional alterations correlate with patients&#x2019; common morbidities: essential arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, overweight, and advanced age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The sample was almost entirely composed of patients with hypertension, with a high prevalence of diabetes and advanced age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In these patients, increased arterial stiffness has been reported as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Kawaguchi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> reported that HFpEF is characterized by ventricular and systolic arterial stiffening in addition to that associated with aging and hypertension, resulting in cardiac diastolic dysfunction.</p>
<p>Al Rifai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> based on the pulse pressure stress index (P2SI), showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between change in PP on exertion (measured by P2SI) and the risk of HF and all-cause mortality. That study also suggested that patients with low P2SI should be considered for more aggressive risk factor control in order to reduce the risk of subsequent HF, particularly for patients with stage A disease.</p>
<p>Dhakal et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> when performing maximum incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing with invasive hemodynamic monitoring in 104 patients with symptomatic NYHA II to IV HF, concluded that impaired peripheral oxygen extraction, which reflects intrinsic abnormalities in skeletal muscle or peripheral microvascular function, was the predominant limiting factor to exercise capacity in 40% of patients with HFpEF. They also observed a close relationship between these findings and the increase in systemic BP during exercise.</p>
<p>In patients with HF, with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction, there is evidence that arterial stiffness is related to changes in functional capacity. This occurs through a decrease in cardiac reserve, leading to an exaggerated increase in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The Aldo-DHF study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> demonstrated an independent association between increased left ventricular filling pressure, assessed using the E/E&#x2019; index, and increased PP.</p>
<p>In agreement with these data, the analyses of this study demonstrated the existence of an inverse correlation between the distance walked during the 6MWT and PP, used as an index of systemic arterial stiffness, in the patients of the sample. This result strongly suggests that the process of increased left ventricular afterload leads to a change in the function of anterograde ventricular filling and emptying, which can also be considered an alteration in functional ventricular-arterial coupling. In other words, patients with greater arterial stiffness would have difficulty adapting cardiac output to situations of greater demand and, therefore, a lower functional capacity. Although no correlation was found between left ventricular ejection fraction and 6MWT distance, it was possible to observe a correlation between the exercise measurements examined with estimates of left ventricular filling pressures. Taken together, these observations suggest that the 6MWT is a valid exercise testing modality to objectively assess clinical status and degree of exercise limitation.</p>
<p>The main limitation of this study is related to the small number of participants. Thus, it is not possible to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between PP and distance walked, making PP only a marker of severity and not the cause of the shorter distance walked. For the same reason, it was not possible to make a statistically significant comparison between HFpEF subgroups with ejection fraction from 50% to 60% and ejection fraction &#x3E; 60%, since both ranges have pathophysiological differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Regarding the differences in our sample in relation to contemporary treatment of HFpEF, it should be noted that, when the study was conducted, no evidence had been published on the efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan or SGLT2 inhibitors in the population with HFpEF.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>In a sample of patients with HFpEF, we observed a significantly lower sub-maximal capacity in patients with PP &#x2265; 65 mmHg. Furthermore, we found a slight inverse correlation between PP and distance walked during the 6MWT.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre a Press&#xE3;o de Pulso e a Capacidade Funcional Subm&#xE1;xima em Pacientes com Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>Gustavo Matas</given-names></name>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito e Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Danzmann</surname><given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica e Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito e Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Kunst</surname><given-names>Leticia</given-names></name>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito e Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Binkowski</surname><given-names>Ludmila Limpias Terrazas</given-names></name>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito e Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Smiderle</surname><given-names>Carla Alessandra</given-names></name>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito e Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Gustavo Matas Kern</bold> &#x2022; ULBRA - Rua Coronel Bordini, 1130 apt. 401. CEP <postal-code>90440-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>gukern94@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMO</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEp) caracteriza-se por disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica, al&#xE9;m de altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o no enchimento ventricular e remodelamento. Esta altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica, sem redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o, tem como manifesta&#xE7;&#xE3;o a intoler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio, tendo a rigidez arterial, mensurada pela press&#xE3;o de pulso, considerada preditora independente da capacidade funcional.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>Avaliar a correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre capacidade funcional subm&#xE1;xima e a press&#xE3;o de pulso (PP) em pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#xE9;todos:</title>
<p>Foi realizado o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) em pacientes com ICFEp, em um corredor com 45 metros de comprimento no Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio. Os pacientes foram instru&#xED;dos a caminhar em velocidade condizente com suas atividades di&#xE1;rias, foram monitorados quanto aos sinais vitais e foi aplicada a escala de Borg de valor preditivo quanto aos sintomas como dispneia e fadiga. A press&#xE3;o arterial (PA) foi aferida em repouso. A PP foi estimada atrav&#xE9;s da f&#xF3;rmula PP = PA sist&#xF3;lica &#x2212; PA diast&#xF3;lica, sendo 65 mmHg o ponto de corte.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Observamos uma diferen&#xE7;a de 120,5 &#xB1; 43,97 metros entre as dist&#xE2;ncias m&#xE9;dias percorridas no TC6M entre os grupos com PP aumentada e normal (294,5 &#xB1; 111,3 m versus 415,4 &#xB1; 105,3 m, p = 0,01). O teste de Pearson demonstrou correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversa de grau leve entre os valores da PP e da dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida pelos pacientes no TC6M (r = &#x2212;0,4, p = 0,049).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o:</title>
<p>Houve uma redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da capacidade subm&#xE1;xima em pacientes com PP aumentada, comprovada por uma correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversa de grau leve entre a PP e a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Rigidez Arterial</kwd>
<kwd>Press&#xE3;o sangu&#xED;nea</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC) &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome frequente e um dos principais motivos de interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por causa cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#xE7;os na terap&#xEA;utica, a IC mant&#xE9;m-se como uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica grave com riscos significativos de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por descompensa&#xE7;&#xE3;o da doen&#xE7;a e de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estima-se que, em m&#xE9;dia, 1% a 3% da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o apresente IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> com preval&#xEA;ncia que aumenta de forma significativa conforme o avan&#xE7;ar da faixa et&#xE1;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Podemos classificar a IC de acordo com a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (reduzida, levemente reduzida, preservada e melhorada), a gravidade dos sintomas (classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o funcional da New York Heart Association &#x2013; NYHA) e o tempo e progress&#xE3;o da doen&#xE7;a (diferentes est&#xE1;gios).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A fisiopatologia da insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEp) envolve o aumento da rigidez do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE) e de vasos sangu&#xED;neos. O enrijecimento arterial se correlaciona com a press&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica final e a reserva de d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco. No cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal, as reservas card&#xED;aca e vascular mant&#xEA;m um acoplamento ventricular-arterial eficiente durante o exerc&#xED;cio. Na ICFEp, no entanto, defici&#xEA;ncias contr&#xE1;teis e de reserva vascular levam a um acoplamento ventricular-arterial anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>A press&#xE3;o de pulso (PP) &#xE9; utilizada como indicador da rigidez arterial e seu aumento tem sido considerado fator de risco independente para eventos cardiovasculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e progress&#xE3;o de aterosclerose na aorta e car&#xF3;tidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> V&#xE1;rios fatores gen&#xE9;ticos e ambientais levam a altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es estruturais na parede arterial, determinando redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da sua complac&#xEA;ncia e o consequente aumento da press&#xE3;o arterial (PA) sist&#xF3;lica, traduzindo-se no aumento da PP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Fatores importantes que determinam a PP s&#xE3;o o volume e a velocidade de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE, propriedades el&#xE1;sticas das art&#xE9;rias de grande calibre e a resist&#xEA;ncia vascular perif&#xE9;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre capacidade funcional subm&#xE1;xima, medida pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M), e a PP arterial perif&#xE9;rica em pacientes com ICFEp atendidos no ambulat&#xF3;rio de IC do Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio de Canoas (HUC).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>Materiais e m&#xE9;todos</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional retrospectivo, cujos dados da amostra foram coletados entre os anos de 2011 e 2012, composto por pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#xF3;rio de IC do HUC, sendo todos portadores de IC, de acordo com os crit&#xE9;rios da European Society of Cardiology de 2021,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o superior ou igual a 50% e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica. Foram exclu&#xED;dos os pacientes com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o menor que 50%, cardiopatia cong&#xEA;nita, insufici&#xEA;ncia valvar com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica, marca-passo e/ou cardiodesfibrilador implant&#xE1;vel. Os pacientes com fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial tamb&#xE9;m foram exclu&#xED;dos por maior dificuldade de se mensurar a PP.</p>
<p>As vari&#xE1;veis analisadas foram caracter&#xED;sticas demogr&#xE1;ficas, classe funcional de acordo com a NYHA, estilo de vida sedent&#xE1;rio, tabagismo, diagn&#xF3;stico de diabetes mellitus e de hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica, fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE, dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M, PA, sintomas durante e ap&#xF3;s a execu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do teste e medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es em uso. Os dados foram coletados de um banco de dados criado atrav&#xE9;s de instrumentos de coleta.</p>
<p>Os sujeitos da amostra foram submetidos ao TC6M. N&#xE3;o houve altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o na prescri&#xE7;&#xE3;o da medica&#xE7;&#xE3;o usual para realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do teste. O TC6M foi realizado em um corredor com 45 metros de comprimento no Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio da Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA). Os pacientes foram orientados a caminhar em velocidade confort&#xE1;vel, condizente com as suas atividades di&#xE1;rias. Foram utilizadas palavras de incentivo. Os pacientes foram monitorados quanto &#xE0; frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, frequ&#xEA;ncia respirat&#xF3;ria e PA, al&#xE9;m de ser aplicada a escala de Borg de valor preditivo quanto a sintomas como dispneia e fadiga.</p>
<p>A PA foi aferida no bra&#xE7;o direito, em repouso, previamente ao TC6M, com esfigmoman&#xF4;metro de manguito braquial manual adulto da marca Missouri, devidamente calibrado. A PP foi estimada atrav&#xE9;s da f&#xF3;rmula PP = PA sist&#xF3;lica &#x2013; PA diast&#xF3;lica. O ponto de corte utilizado para o valor da PP foi 65 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apesar da velocidade de onda de pulso ser considerada o padr&#xE3;o-ouro para mensura&#xE7;&#xE3;o da rigidez arterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> este par&#xE2;metro n&#xE3;o foi utilizado no presente estudo devido &#xE0; indisponibilidade do equipamento apropriado.</p>
<p>Os dados foram processados com o aux&#xED;lio do software SPSS, vers&#xE3;o 19.0. As vari&#xE1;veis categ&#xF3;ricas foram analisadas em porcentagem. A partir das vari&#xE1;veis cont&#xED;nuas foi calculada a m&#xE9;dia e o desvio padr&#xE3;o. A associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida e a PP foi avaliada atrav&#xE9;s do coeficiente de correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Pearson. O teste t de Student para amostras independentes avaliou a diferen&#xE7;a na dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida entre pacientes com PP normal e alterada. O valor de signific&#xE2;ncia p &#x3C; 0,05 foi considerado relevante.</p>
<p>Os instrumentos de coleta utilizados neste estudo foram previamente aprovados pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica em Pesquisa da ULBRA (2010/207 H) sob o t&#xED;tulo de um projeto guarda-chuva de investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o vascular em IC intitulado &#x201C;Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada e o &#xED;ndice tornozelo-braquial&#x201D;. Todos os pacientes da amostra assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foram alocados 25 participantes, todos pacientes provenientes do ambulat&#xF3;rio de IC do HUC. Conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>, a maioria da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o estudada era composta por mulheres (84%), com uma m&#xE9;dia de idade de 65 &#xB1; 12,7 anos e obesas na sua maioria. Todos os participantes apresentavam fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#x3E; 50%, tendo uma m&#xE9;dia de 66,7% &#xB1; 8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Quanto &#xE0; etiologia da IC, 56% apresentavam IC sem hist&#xF3;ria de eventos isqu&#xEA;micos. As principais medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es em uso foram inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (92%), diur&#xE9;ticos (80%), betabloqueadores (56%), antagonistas do canal de c&#xE1;lcio (48%), vasodilatadores (32%) e espironolactona (16%). Nenhum dos pacientes da amostra fazia uso de digit&#xE1;licos ou antiarr&#xED;tmicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>), tendo em vista que o estudo foi realizado entre os anos de 2011 e 2012.</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracter&#xED;sticas da amostra (vari&#xE1;veis categ&#xF3;ricas)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo feminino</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">84,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Etnia branca</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">92,0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">96,0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentarismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#xF3;ria de tabagismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36,0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA I e II</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA III e IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20,0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#xE3;o de pulso aumentada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Etiologia n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;mica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56,0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5"><p>NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracter&#xED;sticas da amostra (vari&#xE1;veis cont&#xED;nuas)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">M&#xE9;dia &#xB1; desvio-padr&#xE3;o</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">66,7&#xB1;8,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65&#xB1;12,7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IMC</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33,26&#xB1;5,24</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">367&#xB1;121,5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PA sist&#xF3;lica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">138,8&#xB1;17,1</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">PA diast&#xF3;lica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">79,6&#xB1;11,5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN6"><p>IMC: &#xED;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#xE3;o arterial; TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t7">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es anti-hipertensivas em uso pela amostra</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueador</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">IECA/BRA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">92,0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diur&#xE9;ticos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Espironolactona</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vasodilatadores</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32,0</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Antagonistas do canal de c&#xE1;lcio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48,0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN7"><p>IECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Quanto &#xE0; sintomatologia de IC, 5 pacientes (20%) enquadravam-se na classe I da classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da NYHA, 15 (60%) encontravam-se na classe II, 3 (12%) na classe III e somente 2 pacientes (8%) encontravam-se na classe IV. Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao estilo de vida, a maioria da amostra era sedent&#xE1;ria (80%) e n&#xE3;o tabagista (64%). Quanto &#xE0;s comorbidades referidas, a quase totalidade dos pacientes apresentou hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica (96%), e cerca de metade da amostra era portadora de diabetes mellitus (44%).</p>
<p>A m&#xE9;dia da dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M foi de 367 &#xB1; 121,5 metros. Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; PA, a m&#xE9;dia das press&#xF5;es sist&#xF3;licas e diast&#xF3;licas, em situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de repouso, foi de 138,8 &#xB1; 17,1 mmHg e 79,6 &#xB1; 11,5 mmHg, respectivamente. A PP encontrava-se acima do ponto de corte (&#x3E; 65 mmHg) em 40% dos pacientes.</p>
<p>Durante o TC6M, somente 8 pacientes necessitaram de pausa, sendo dispneia o principal motivo (68,5%), seguida por fadiga (37,5%), ard&#xEA;ncia no peito (12,5%), palpita&#xE7;&#xE3;o (12,5%) e dor em membros inferiores (12,5%). Ap&#xF3;s o teste, incluindo os pacientes que n&#xE3;o fizeram pausa durante sua execu&#xE7;&#xE3;o, as principais queixas foram dor no quadril, perna ou panturrilha (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t8">
<label>Tabela 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Descri&#xE7;&#xE3;o da sintomatologia durante e ap&#xF3;s a execu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Categoria</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pausa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">N&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (68%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Motivo da pausa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ard&#xEA;ncia no peito</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (12,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dispneia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (62,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dor em membros inferiores</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (12,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Fadiga</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (37,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Palpita&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (12,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sintomas ap&#xF3;s TC6M</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (36%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dor tor&#xE1;cica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dor no quadril, perna ou panturrilha</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (36%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dispneia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (20%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" />
<td align="center" valign="middle">Outros</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (8%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN8"><p>TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;s dist&#xE2;ncias percorridas no TC6M, foi observada uma diferen&#xE7;a entre os grupos com PP aumentada e o normal (294,5 &#xB1; 111,3 m versus 415,4 &#xB1; 105,3 m, p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Adicionalmente, o teste de Pearson demonstrou correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversa, estatisticamente significativa, de grau leve entre os valores da PP e da dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida, em metros, pelos pacientes no TC6M (r = &#x2212;0,4, p = 0,049) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>M&#xE9;dia da dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida em metros no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos de acordo com a press&#xE3;o de pulso. PP: press&#xE3;o de pulso.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20220097-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Pearson entre a press&#xE3;o de pulso e a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos [P1].</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-02-e20220097-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O presente estudo mostra correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversa de grau leve, estatisticamente significativa, entre o valor da PP e a capacidade funcional dos pacientes com ICFEp a partir da dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M. Observou-se uma diferen&#xE7;a de 120,9 m entre os participantes com ICFEp e PP aumentada em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao grupo sem aumento da PP. Isso evidenciou que h&#xE1; uma correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversamente proporcional entre a PP e a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida.</p>
<p>A PP elevada &#xE9; um marcador estabelecido de resultado adverso em indiv&#xED;duos saud&#xE1;veis, bem como em pacientes com certos tipos de doen&#xE7;a cardiovascular, especialmente aqueles com hipertens&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, a PP mais baixa emergiu como um fator independente preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com IC; este foi demonstrado em pacientes em todo o espectro de severidade de sintomas e em pacientes com IC aguda e cr&#xF4;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, pacientes com ICFEp com mais frequ&#xEA;ncia t&#xEA;m hist&#xF3;ria de hipertens&#xE3;o do que os pacientes com IC com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o reduzida e, portanto, &#xE9; mais frequente terem uma elevada PP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O impacto da dimens&#xE3;o da PP em pacientes com ICFEp n&#xE3;o est&#xE1; t&#xE3;o bem estabelecida quanto nos casos de IC com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o reduzida, no entanto, Wei et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> salienta que em pacientes com ICFEp, a PP pode ajudar na investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o adicional no desenvolvimento da ICFEp ajudando em estrat&#xE9;gias preventivas visando o controle da pulsatilidade e da PA.</p>
<p>Ferreira et al. demonstraram o impacto na capacidade funcional subm&#xE1;xima no progn&#xF3;stico da IC. Nesse estudo, aproximadamente 80% das mortes correlacionaram-se com dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida durante o teste, insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral moderada a grave, idade e fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Conforme resultados, o aumento do risco de morte foi observado principalmente em pacientes incapazes de caminhar 200 m e dist&#xE2;ncias superiores a 200 m n&#xE3;o parecem fornecer informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es adicionais sobre risco de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O estudo mostrou que a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida durante o TC6M foi um indicador progn&#xF3;stico confi&#xE1;vel de mortalidade para pacientes com IC (p &#x3C; 0,0001).</p>
<p>Estudos mostram que a capacidade funcional dos pacientes com ICFEp no TC6M apresenta rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a PP. O estudo realizado por Kang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mostra a exist&#xEA;ncia de correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre a rigidez arterial e a IC diast&#xF3;lica, no qual pacientes com IC diast&#xF3;lica apresentaram-se com maior velocidade da onda de pulso tornozelo braquial, marcador fidedigno desta rigidez (1.670,5 cm/s, p &#x3C; 0,01). De acordo com Haykowsky et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> em pacientes com disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica a complac&#xEA;ncia arterial est&#xE1; fortemente relacionada &#xE0; PP (r = &#x2212;0,74, p &#x3C; 0,001), fazendo dela um par&#xE2;metro independente na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o desta disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o (&#x3B2; = 0,458, p = 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A alta PP em pacientes com ICFEp foi correlacionada com o aumento da velocidade da onda de pulso (padr&#xE3;o-ouro para mensura&#xE7;&#xE3;o da rigidez arterial).</p>
<p>Laskey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> avaliou a associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre PP e resultados adversos em um ano em pacientes hospitalizados por IC. Em pacientes com ICFEp, houve associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa entre a PP e a mortalidade, com o aumento do risco &#xE0; medida que a PP aumentou, embora a magnitude do risco tenha sido significativamente afetada pela PA sist&#xF3;lica. O estudo mostra que a associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; significativa quando valores de PP est&#xE3;o acima de 50 mmHg; quando PA sist&#xF3;lica &#x3E; 140 mmHg, a associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o mostrou-se ainda mais desfavor&#xE1;vel (p = 0.0041).</p>
<p>Na rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos valores de PP com capacidade funcional, nossos dados demonstraram que em pacientes com PP &#x2265; 65 mmHg a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M foi significativamente menor (294,50 &#xB1; 111,339 m versus 415,40 &#xB1; 105,30 m, p = 0,045). Em um estudo observando capacidade funcional por classes da NYHA em grupos de ICFEp, Tokitsu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> constatou que os valores de PP em pacientes com IC da classe II da NYHA s&#xE3;o diferentes dos da classe III/IV da NYHA. Pacientes com ICFEp relativamente mais grave apresentaram valores extremos de PP, mais baixos e mais altos. Pacientes com valores de PP inferiores a 45 mmHg e valores de PP superiores a 75 mmHg apresentaram frequ&#xEA;ncias significativamente mais altas de sintomas relacionados &#xE0; IC do que aqueles com valores de PP variando de 45 a 74 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, foi constatado nesse estudo que pacientes com ICFEp com valores de PP menores que 45 mmHg e valores de PP maiores que 75 mmHg tiveram frequ&#xEA;ncias notoriamente maiores de eventos cardiovasculares e relacionados &#xE0; IC do que aqueles com valores de PP variando de 45 a 74 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em pacientes NYHA III, a PP elevada est&#xE1; relacionada a uma piora da capacidade funcional. Guazzi et al. demonstrou que a disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica severa est&#xE1; relacionada &#xE0; piora da capacidade de exerc&#xED;cio em pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>A PP elevada est&#xE1; associada &#xE0; idade avan&#xE7;ada, sexo feminino, hist&#xF3;ria de hipertens&#xE3;o, diabetes mellitus, PA sist&#xF3;lica elevada e maior fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O aumento da rigidez arterial, associado ao aumento da p&#xF3;s-carga, causa o retorno prematuro da onda de pulso, o que eleva o trabalho card&#xED;aco e a demanda mioc&#xE1;rdica de oxig&#xEA;nio. Sendo assim, o aumento da PP leva &#xE0; hipertrofia card&#xED;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e &#xE0; maior suscetibilidade &#xE0; isquemia, mesmo na aus&#xEA;ncia de estenose coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O aumento de 10 mmHg na PP acarreta em aumento de 14% no risco de desenvolvimento de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ICFEp &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome que se caracteriza por importante altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o no enchimento ventricular, remodelamento atrioventricular e vascular. Estas altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es funcionais card&#xED;acas e vasculares correlacionam-se com as morbidades em comum dos pacientes: hipertens&#xE3;o arterial essencial, diabetes mellitus, sobrepeso, idade avan&#xE7;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A amostra foi composta por indiv&#xED;duos hipertensos quase na totalidade, com grande preval&#xEA;ncia de diabetes e idade avan&#xE7;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nestes pacientes, a rigidez arterial aumentada foi relatada como preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Kawaguchi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> relataram que a ICFEp &#xE9; caracterizada por enrijecimento ventricular e arterial sist&#xF3;lico al&#xE9;m do associado ao envelhecimento e hipertens&#xE3;o, resultando em disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica card&#xED;aca.</p>
<p>Al Rifai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> mostrou, a partir do &#xED;ndice de estresse de press&#xE3;o de pulso (P2SI, sigla em ingl&#xEA;s), que existe uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversa significativa entre mudan&#xE7;a de esfor&#xE7;o na PP (medida pelo P2SI) e o risco de IC e mortalidade por todas as causas. Ainda nesse estudo, foi sugerido que as pessoas com baixo P2SI devem ser consideradas para controle de fator de risco mais agressivo, a fim de reduzir o risco de IC subsequente, particularmente para aqueles com est&#xE1;gio A da doen&#xE7;a.</p>
<p>Dhakal et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> ao realizar teste de exerc&#xED;cio cardiopulmonar incremental m&#xE1;ximo com monitoramento hemodin&#xE2;mico invasivo em 104 pacientes com IC sintom&#xE1;tica de NYHA II a IV, conclu&#xED;ram que a extra&#xE7;&#xE3;o perif&#xE9;rica prejudicada de oxig&#xEA;nio, que reflete em anormalidades intr&#xED;nsecas no m&#xFA;sculo esquel&#xE9;tico ou na fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o microvascular perif&#xE9;rica, foi fator limitante predominante da capacidade de exerc&#xED;cio em 40% dos pacientes com ICFEp. Al&#xE9;m disso, perceberam &#xED;ntima rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre esses achados e a eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o da PA sist&#xEA;mica durante o exerc&#xED;cio.</p>
<p>Em pacientes portadores de IC, tanto com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada quanto com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o reduzida, h&#xE1; evid&#xEA;ncias de que a rigidez arterial est&#xE1; relacionada a altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es da capacidade funcional. Isto ocorre atrav&#xE9;s da diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da reserva card&#xED;aca, levando a um aumento exagerado da press&#xE3;o de enchimento do VE durante o exerc&#xED;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo Aldo-DHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> demonstrou associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o independente entre o aumento da press&#xE3;o de enchimento VE, avaliada atrav&#xE9;s do &#xED;ndice E/E&#x2019;, e o aumento da PP.</p>
<p>Indo ao encontro desses dados, as an&#xE1;lises deste estudo demonstraram a exist&#xEA;ncia de uma correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversa entre a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M e a PP, utilizada como &#xED;ndice de rigidez arterial sist&#xEA;mica, nos pacientes da amostra. Esse resultado sugere fortemente que o processo de aumento da p&#xF3;s carga ao VE determina modifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de enchimento e esvaziamento ventricular anter&#xF3;grado, o qual tamb&#xE9;m pode ser chamado de uma altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o no acoplamento funcional ventr&#xED;culo-arterial. Ou seja, pacientes com maior rigidez arterial apresentariam uma dificuldade de adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o do d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco a situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de maior demanda e, portanto, uma capacidade funcional menor. Apesar de nenhuma correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o ter sido encontrada entre a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo e a dist&#xE2;ncia do TC6M, ela p&#xF4;de ser vista entre as medidas de exerc&#xED;cio examinadas com estimativas das press&#xF5;es de enchimento do VE. Essas observa&#xE7;&#xF5;es em conjunto sugerem que o TC6M &#xE9; uma modalidade de teste de exerc&#xED;cio v&#xE1;lida para avaliar objetivamente o grau de estado cl&#xED;nico e limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o de esfor&#xE7;o.</p>
<p>A principal limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo est&#xE1; relacionada ao n&#xFA;mero pequeno de participantes, n&#xE3;o possibilitando estabelecer rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de causa e efeito entre PP e dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida, fazendo com que esta seja apenas um marcador de gravidade e n&#xE3;o a causa da menor dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida. Por este mesmo motivo, n&#xE3;o foi poss&#xED;vel realizar compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com relev&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica entre subgrupos de ICFEp com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o 50% a 60% e com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#x3E; 60%, visto que as duas faixas possuem diferen&#xE7;as fisiopatol&#xF3;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Quanto &#xE0;s discrep&#xE2;ncias da nossa amostra em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao tratamento contempor&#xE2;neo da ICFEp, &#xE9; preciso salientar que no momento do estudo n&#xE3;o tinham sido publicadas as evid&#xEA;ncias de efic&#xE1;cia do sacubitril/valsartan, nem inibidores da SGLT2 na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o com ICFEp.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>No presente estudo, em uma amostra de pacientes com ICFEp, observamos uma capacidade subm&#xE1;xima significativamente menor em pacientes com PP &#x2265; 65 mmHg. Adicionalmente, constatamos uma correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o inversa e de grau leve entre a PP e a dist&#xE2;ncia percorrida no TC6M.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p>Este &#xE9; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#xED;do sob os termos da licen&#xE7;a de atribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o pelo Creative Commons</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
