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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230044</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tachycardiomyopathies</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Biolo</surname>
						<given-names>Andreia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Serviço de Cardiologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">HCPA</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Luís Beck-da-Silva e Andreia Biolo • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email>, <email>abiolo@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230044</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Tachycardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Arrhythmia</kwd>
				<kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
				<kwd>Supraventricular Tachycardia</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>What are tachycardiomyopathies?</title>
			<p>Tachycardiomyopathy is a relatively uncommon heart condition in which the myocardium develops ventricular dysfunction as a consequence of a persistently abnormal heart rhythm. One of the characteristics of this condition is that it is partially or completely reversible, once the arrhythmia has been controlled, making it crucial to recognize adequately in order to make recovery of ventricular function possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In fact, the term “arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy” has emerged because tachycardiomyopathy results not only from prolonged and uncontrolled atrial or ventricular tachycardia, but also from atrial and/or ventricular ectopy leading to dyssynchrony.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Both conditions can lead to chronic myocardial overload, resulting in ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.</p>
			<p>Tachycardiomyopathies can be classified into two groups: in the first, arrhythmia is the only identified cause of ventricular dysfunction (arrhythmia-induced); in the second, the arrhythmia may aggravate ventricular dysfunction or worsen heart failure in a patient with pre-existing heart disease (arrhythmia-mediated).</p>
			<p>The prevalence and incidence of tachycardiomyopathy are not very well known, and it is believed that this condition is still underrecognized. The incidence of tachycardiomyopathy in patients with atrial tachycardias is around 8% to 10%. in patients with frequent ventricular extrasystoles and/or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, it can reach more than 30%. Regarding atrial fibrillation, its relationship with heart failure is complex. Up to 50% of patients with heart failure have atrial fibrillation and may have worsened symptoms and ventricular function due to the arrhythmia itself and/or to poorly controlled ventricular response; it is believed that approximately 40% of patients with either heart failure or atrial fibrillation will develop the other condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As tachycardiomyopathy is properly recognized, its prevalence as a cause of heart failure increases, reaching 9% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>When should we consider tachycardiomyopathy as an etiology of heart failure and how should we diagnose it?</title>
				<p>There are no established diagnostic criteria for tachycardiomyopathy, but early diagnosis is essential for greater potential recovery with appropriate treatment. Accordingly, suspicion should begin with clinical presentation in patients with heart failure or new ventricular dysfunction and chronic or recurrent tachycardia, or with the identification of frequent ventricular extrasystoles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In this condition, the diagnosis of tachycardiomyopathy can be reinforced by the following findings:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>- exclusion of other identified obvious causes (ischemic, hypertensive, valvular, or toxic heart disease, among others) or dysfunction disproportionate to that resulting from these comorbidities;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- absence of significant structural alterations (marked ventricular hypertrophy and dilation);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- recovery of ventricular function after arrhythmia control (generally within 1 to 6 months) and/or worsening of ventricular function after recurrence of previously controlled arrhythmia;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- prior record of preserved ventricular function may further reinforce the diagnosis.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>There is no known precise heart rate that results in tachycardiomyopathy, but it is believed that chronic tachycardia (&gt;100 beats per minute) that occurs during more than 10% to 15% of the day can result in tachycardiomyopathy. Furthermore, resting heart rate may not be a good indicator of mean heart rate, and prolonged monitoring (with 24-hour Holter, for example) is very important for this diagnosis.</p>
				<p>Another important issue is the recognition of arrhythmia-mediated tachycardiomyopathy, where the patient may have previous ventricular dysfunction and deteriorate due to the arrhythmia. These conditions can be challenging, and complementary tests, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, play a very important role in these scenarios. Cardiac magnetic resonance can help identify the etiology of heart failure and unrecognized structural disease; moreover, findings such as the presence of delayed enhancement can also assist evaluation of prognosis and the likelihood of recovering ventricular function after intervention, such as ablative therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Accordingly, marked clinical improvement and a decrease in natriuretic peptides are also indicative of tachycardiomyopathy, rather than the presence of non-reversible cardiomyopathies. Specifically regarding natriuretic peptides, reductions 1 or 4 weeks after cardioversion seem to differentiate patients with tachycardiomyopathy from those with structural heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Therefore, various elements are necessary for the proper diagnosis of tachycardiomyopathy, including attention to clinical presentation, active search for arrhythmias, use of complementary tests to characterize the structural phenotype, and evaluation of response to therapies. Attention and early identification are crucial to adequate therapeutic approach and better recovery from ventricular dysfunction.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment</title>
				<p>Treatment of tachycardiomyopathy involves both controlling heart rate and treating the underlying cause of the tachycardia. Therapeutic options for tachycardiomyopathy include the following.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Heart rate control</title>
					<p>The goal is to keep the heart rate within a normal range in order to reduce the load on the heart. This can be achieved through medications such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin. Clinical management of tachycardiomyopathy may differ depending on the rhythm causing the tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The rhythms frequently associated with tachycardiomyopathies are atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardias, and ventricular extrasystoles.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Flowchart for management of tachycardiomyopathies. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF: atrial fibrillation; ARNI: angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; AV: atrioventricular; HF: heart failure; HR: heart rate; LV: left ventricular; PM: pacemaker; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; TCMP: tachycardiomyopathy; VES: ventricular extrasystole.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230044-gf01.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Atrial fibrillation</title>
					<p>In atrial fibrillation, heart rate can be controlled pharmacologically or reverted to sinus rhythm. These two strategies, rhythm control versus rate control, were duly compared in a randomized, multicenter clinical trial with more than 4000 patients, which showed that the strategy of rhythm control did not promote a survival advantage in relation to rate control, and there was a lower risk of adverse drug effects with the strategy of rate control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> When this study design was repeated in a population of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), in the AF-CHF Trial, the findings were superimposable on the findings in patients without HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The main medications used to control the frequency of patients with HFrEF were beta blockers and digoxin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In contrast to the studies in which rhythm control was based on electrical cardioversion, the CASTLE-HF study provided evidence that, when patients with atrial fibrillation and HFrEF were treated with atrial fibrillation ablation, the result was a 47% reduction in overall 5-year mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The CABANA clinical trial failed to demonstrate a benefit on mortality alone, but demonstrated a benefit on the composite endpoint of mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization of approximately 17%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Subsequently, a meta-analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials, including data from the CASTLE-HF, concluded that catheter ablation is superior to medical treatment for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure, resulting in improved left ventricular ejection fraction, quality of life, functional status, and survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Atrial fibrillation ablation by pulmonary-vein isolation was compared to the alternative of atrioventricular-node ablation with pacemaker implantation in a study including 41 patients with HFrEF and symptomatic, drug resistant atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation ablation was superior in intermediate outcomes, such as improved ejection fraction and 6-minute walk test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Supraventricular tachycardias</title>
					<p>Incessant atrial tachycardias can lead to tachycardiomyopathy in up to 10% of cases. Case series of patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of the focus of atrial arrhythmia have demonstrated that, after successful ablation, left ventricular function was restored in 97% of patients within a mean of 3 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ventricular extrasystoles</title>
					<p>Burden of ventricular extrasystoles is a predictor of tachycardiomyopathy. It is considered relevant if &gt; 10% of ventricular extrasystoles/day or &gt; 10,000 ventricular extrasystoles/day. Elimination of marked burdens of ventricular extrasystoles with ablation results in structural recovery of the left ventricle<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and improves the effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in non-responders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The medications most commonly used to reduce the burden of ventricular extrasystoles in patients with tachycardiomyopathy are beta blockers, preferably those approved for the treatment of heart failure, such as amiodarone and sotalol.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Treatment of the underlying cause</title>
					<p>It is important to treat the underlying cause of the tachycardia, which may include correcting a hormonal disorder, removing a tumor, or treating a psychological disorder. Heart rate control can often be facilitated, or the effects of an arrhythmia can be minimized by appropriately treating heart failure, if present. Sometimes surgical intervention is needed to correct the underlying cause of the tachycardia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Supportive treatment</title>
					<p>In severe cases, hospitalization for supportive care may be necessary. This may include oxygen, diuretics, and careful monitoring of heart function. In very severe cases, mechanical circulatory assistance (such as an intra-aortic balloon pump or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) or even heart transplantation may be necessary.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prognosis</title>
					<p>The prognosis of patients with tachycardiomyopathy may depend on multiple factors. It certainly depends on the underlying cause of the tachycardia, the duration of the tachycardia, and the consequent degree of ventricular function impairment, in addition to factors such as the patient’s age and comorbidities.</p>
					<p>If tachycardiomyopathy is diagnosed and treated early, and if the cause of ventricular dysfunction is indeed tachycardia, prognosis is generally favorable, with significant recovery of ventricular function, improved symptoms, and reduced risk of disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In cases where ventricular function does not improve after correction of tachycardia, the diagnosis of tachycardiomyopathy is questioned.</p>
					<p>On the other hand, if tachycardiomyopathy is left untreated, it can lead to the progression of heart failure, with all its repercussions.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The possible treatments and the potential reversibility make tachycardiomyopathy a diagnosis that must be pursued, and tachycardia is a relevant therapeutic target with potential benefits regarding the natural history of the disease.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Luís Beck-da-Silva e Andreia Biolo • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: lbneto@hcpa.edu.br, abiolo@hcpa.edu.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Taquicardiomiopatia</kwd>
				<kwd>Arritmia</kwd>
				<kwd>Fibrilação Atrial</kwd>
				<kwd>Taquicardia Supraventricular</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>O que é taquicardiomiopatia?</title>
				<p>Taquicardiomiopatia é uma condição cardíaca relativamente incomum em que o miocárdio desenvolve disfunção ventricular como consequência de um ritmo cardíaco persistentemente anormal. Uma das características desta condição é a reversibilidade, parcial ou completa, após o controle da arritmia, fazendo com que seu adequado reconhecimento seja crucial para possibilitar a recuperação da função ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na verdade, o termo “miocardiopatia induzida por arritmia” tem surgido em função da taquicardiomiopatia não ser resultante apenas de taquicardia atrial ou ventricular prolongada e não controlada, mas também de ectopias atriais e/ou ventriculares levando à dissincronia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ambas as condições podem levar a uma sobrecarga crônica no miocárdio, resultando em disfunção ventricular e insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
				<p>A taquicardiomiopatia pode ser classificada em dois grupos: no primeiro, a arritmia é a única causa identificada para a disfunção ventricular (arritmia induzida); no segundo, a arritmia pode agravar a disfunção ventricular ou piorar a insuficiência cardíaca em paciente com doença cardíaca já existente (arritmia mediada).</p>
				<p>A prevalência e a incidência da taquicardiomiopatia não são muito bem conhecidas, e acredita-se que esta condição seja ainda pouco reconhecida. A incidência de taquicardiomiopatia em pacientes com taquicardias atriais fica em torno de 8% a 10%, e em pacientes com extrassístoles ventriculares (ESV) frequentes e/ou taquicardia ventricular não-sustentada, pode chegar a mais de 30%. Quanto à fibrilação atrial, sua relação com a insuficiência cardíaca é complexa: até 50% dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca têm fibrilação atrial e podem ter sintomas e função ventricular piorados pela própria arritmia e/ou por resposta ventricular pouco controlada; acredita-se que cerca de 40% dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca ou fibrilação atrial irão desenvolver a outra condição.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> À medida que a taquicardiomiopatia é adequadamente reconhecida, sua prevalência como causa da insuficiência cardíaca aumenta, chegando a 9% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Quando devemos pensar em taquicardiomiopatia como etiologia da insuficiência cardíaca e como fazer o diagnóstico?</title>
					<p>Não existem critérios diagnósticos estabelecidos para a taquicardiomiopatia, mas seu diagnóstico precoce é essencial para um maior potencial de recuperação com o tratamento apropriado. Dessa forma, a suspeita deve partir da apresentação clínica em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca ou disfunção ventricular nova, e taquicardia crônica ou recorrente, ou com a identificação de ESV frequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nesta condição, o diagnóstico de taquicardiomiopatia pode ser reforçado pelos seguintes achados:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>- exclusão de outras causas óbvias identificadas (cardiopatia isquêmica, hipertensiva, valvular ou tóxica, entre outras) ou disfunção desproporcional àquela decorrente destas comorbidades;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- ausência de alterações estruturais significativas (tanto hipertrofia ventricular como dilatação acentuadas);</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- recuperação da função ventricular após controle da arritmia (geralmente em 1 a 6 meses) e/ou piora da mesma após recorrência de arritmia previamente controlada;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- documentação prévia de função ventricular preservada pode ainda reforçar o diagnóstico.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Não há uma frequência precisa conhecida que resulte em taquicardiomiopatia, mas acredita-se que taquicardia crônica (&gt; 100 batimentos por minuto) que ocorra em mais de 10% a 15% do dia pode resultar em taquicardiomiopatia. Além disso, a frequência cardíaca de repouso pode não ser um bom indicativo da frequência média, e a monitorização prolongada (com Holter de 24 horas, por exemplo) é muito importante para esse diagnóstico.</p>
					<p>Outra questão importante é o reconhecimento da taquicardiomiopatia arritmia mediada, onde o paciente pode apresentar disfunção ventricular prévia e deteriorar em função da arritmia. Estas condições podem ser desafiadoras, e o papel de exames complementares como a ressonância magnética cardíaca é muito importante nestes cenários. A ressonância cardíaca pode auxiliar na identificação da etiologia da insuficiência cardíaca e de doença estrutural não reconhecida; além disso, achados como a presença de realce tardio podem ainda auxiliar na avaliação prognóstica e na probabilidade de recuperação da função ventricular após intervenção como terapias ablativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, melhora clínica acentuada e queda de peptídeos natriuréticos são também indicativos de taquicardiomiopatia e não da presença de miocardiopatias não-reversíveis. Especificamente quanto aos peptídeos natriuréticos, reduções 1 ou 4 semanas após cardioversão parecem discriminar pacientes com taquicardiomiopatia daqueles com doenças cardíacas estruturais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Assim, diversos elementos são necessários para o adequado diagnóstico da taquicardiomiopatia, incluindo atenção à apresentação clínica, procura ativa por arritmias, uso dos exames complementares para caracterização do fenótipo estrutural, e avaliação da resposta às terapias. A atenção e identificação precoce são cruciais para adequada abordagem terapêutica e melhor recuperação da disfunção ventricular.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento</title>
					<p>O tratamento para taquicardiomiopatia envolve tanto o controle da frequência cardíaca quanto o tratamento da causa subjacente da taquicardia. As opções terapêuticas para taquicardiomiopatia incluem:</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Controle da frequência cardíaca</title>
						<p>O objetivo é manter a frequência cardíaca em uma faixa normal para reduzir a carga do coração. Isso pode ser alcançado por meio de medicamentos como betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio ou digoxina. O manejo clínico da taquicardiomiopatia pode diferir na dependência do ritmo que esteja produzindo a taquicardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Os ritmos frequentemente associados às taquicardiomiopatias são: fibrilação atrial, taquicardias supraventriculares (TSV) ou ESV.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f01002">
								<label>Figura 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Algoritmo para manejo das taquicardiomiopatias. ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; AV: atrioventricular; ESV: extrassístole ventricular; FA: fibrilação atrial; FC: frequência cardíaca; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; MP: marcapasso; RS: ritmo sinusal; TCMP: taquicardiomiopatia; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular; TTO: tratamento; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230044-gf01-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Fibrilação atrial</title>
						<p>A fibrilação atrial pode ter sua frequência cardíaca controlada farmacologicamente ou podemos propiciar a reversão deste ritmo para o ritmo sinusal. A comparação dessas duas estratégias, controle do ritmo versus controle da frequência, foi devidamente realizada em ensaio clínico randomizado, multicêntrico, com mais de 4000 pacientes e foi evidenciado que a estratégia de controle do ritmo não ofereceu vantagem de sobrevida em relação à estratégia de controle da frequência, e houve menor risco de efeitos adversos de drogas com a estratégia de controle da frequência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Quando o delineamento desse estudo foi repetido em uma população de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) (AF-CHF Trial), os achados foram superponíveis aos achados evidenciados nos pacientes sem ICFER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As principais drogas empregadas para o controle da frequência dos pacientes com ICFER foram betabloqueadores e digoxina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em certo contraste a esses estudos em que o controle do ritmo foi baseado em cardioversão elétrica, o estudo CASTLE-HF evidenciou que quando pacientes com fibrilação atrial e ICFER foram tratados com ablação da fibrilação atrial, o resultado foi uma redução de 47% na mortalidade total em 5 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O ensaio clínico CABANA falhou em demonstrar benefício sobre a mortalidade isolada, mas demonstrou benefício em desfecho combinado de mortalidade e hospitalização cardiovascular da ordem de 17%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Posteriormente, uma metanálise de 6 ensaios clínicos randomizados, incluindo dados do CASTLE-HF, concluiu que a ablação por cateter é superior ao tratamento clínico para fibrilação atrial em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, resultando em melhora na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, na qualidade de vida, no estado funcional e na sobrevida dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ablação da fibrilação atrial por isolamento de veias pulmonares foi comparada a alternativa de controle de frequência por ablação de nó atrioventricular + implante de marcapasso em estudo com 41 pacientes com ICFER e fibrilação atrial sintomática refratária a controle farmacológico. A ablação da fibrilação atrial foi superior em desfechos intermediários como melhora da fração de ejeção e melhora do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Taquicardias supraventriculares</title>
						<p>Taquicardias atriais incessantes podem levar a taquicardiomiopatia em até 10% dos casos. Series de casos submetidos a ablação por radiofrequência do foco de arritmia atrial demonstram que após a ablação bem-sucedida, a função do ventrículo esquerdo foi restaurada em 97% dos pacientes em uma média de 3 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Extrassístoles ventriculares</title>
						<p>Carga de ESV é preditora de taquicardiomiopatia. Considera-se relevante se &gt; 10% de ESV/dia ou &gt; 10.000 ESV/dia. Eliminação de cargas expressivas de ESV com ablação resulta em recuperação estrutural do ventrículo esquerdo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e melhora a eficácia de terapia de ressincronização cardíaca em não-respondedores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As drogas mais comumente usadas para reduzir a carga de ESV em pacientes com taquicardiomiopatia são os betabloqueadores (preferencialmente os aprovados no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca) amiodarona e sotalol.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Tratamento da causa subjacente</title>
						<p>É importante tratar a causa subjacente da taquicardia, que pode incluir a correção de um distúrbio hormonal, remoção de um tumor ou tratamento de um distúrbio psicológico. O controle da frequência cardíaca pode frequentemente ser facilitado ou os efeitos de uma arritmia minimizados pelo tratamento adequado da insuficiência cardíaca, se esta estiver presente. Às vezes, é necessária uma intervenção cirúrgica para corrigir a causa subjacente da taquicardia.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Tratamento de suporte</title>
						<p>Em casos graves, pode ser necessária a hospitalização para o tratamento de suporte, que pode incluir oxigênio, diuréticos e monitoramento cuidadoso da função cardíaca. Em casos muito graves, pode ser necessária a assistência mecânica circulatória (como um balão intra-aórtico ou ECMO) ou até mesmo um transplante cardíaco.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Prognóstico</title>
						<p>O prognóstico dos pacientes com taquicardiomiopatia pode depender de múltiplos fatores. Certamente, depende da causa subjacente da taquicardia, da duração da taquicardia e do consequente grau de comprometimento da função ventricular e de fatores como idade e comorbidades do paciente.</p>
						<p>Se a taquicardiomiopatia for diagnosticada e tratada precocemente, e se a causa da disfunção ventricular é de fato a taquicardia, o prognóstico em geral é bom, com significativa recuperação da função ventricular, dos sintomas e com redução de risco de progressão da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em casos de não melhora da função ventricular após a correção da taquicardia, questiona-se o diagnóstico de taquicardiomiopatia.</p>
						<p>Por outro lado, se a taquicardiomiopatia for mantida sem tratamento, pode levar à progressão da insuficiência cardíaca com todas as suas repercussões.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>As possibilidades de tratamento e o potencial de reversibilidade, fazem da taquicardiomiopatia um diagnóstico que deve ser perseguido e a taquicardia um alvo terapêutico relevante com potencial benefício sobre a história natural da doença.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>