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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230038</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230038</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Surgical Treatment of Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cardoso</surname><given-names>Lucas F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <role>Acquisition of data</role> <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role> <role>Writing of the manuscript</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-2305</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Steffen</surname><given-names>Samuel P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/> <role>Writing of the manuscript</role> <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Gaiotto</surname><given-names>Fabio A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <role>Conception</role> <role>design of the research</role> <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Samuel P. Steffen</bold> &#x2022; Av. Dr. En&#xE9;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#xE9;sar, SP &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>samuel.padovani.steffen@gmail.com</email>, <email>samuel.steffen@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>17</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230038</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>25</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>08</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>08</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Surgery</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="26"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<p>Heart failure is a syndrome that encompasses different etiologies, but all of them result in a cardiac functional disorder that impacts the filling or ejection capacity of the ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Drug treatment has made notable progress in recent years, generating a significant improvement in patient&#x27;s quality of life, in addition to a decrease in mortality and hospital admissions. Despite this, surgical treatment remains fundamental in managing different cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>The main objective of any modality of surgical treatment in the context of heart failure is the improvement of cardiac output, either by removing the primary insult, thus allowing ventricular recovery, or by correcting structural changes that contribute unfavorably to ventricular remodeling.</p>
<sec>
<title>Ischemic Cardiomyopathy</title>
<p>Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause, and at the same time, it is the main isolated risk factor that favors the increased incidence of heart failure in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Several improvements incorporated in coronary artery bypass graft surgery have made the procedure safer and more effective, so patients who were previously candidates for heart transplants are now frequently revascularized. Hausmann et al. showed that, with the more comprehensive indication of myocardial revascularization in this scenario, patients with advanced heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy now represent 29.3% of recipients who are candidates for transplantation in the studied center, in comparison with data from the same period by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation, which indicated that 47.2% of recipients had an ischemic etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Those individuals with coronary artery disease and ventricular dysfunction with adequate distal coronary beds benefit from myocardial revascularization and have superior survival compared to those with optimized clinical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In these patients, the myocardial viability study did not prove to have a significant interaction with the effect of surgical treatment on the survival outcome, so the viability result should not be considered in isolation for indicating or not surgery. It is important to emphasize that the beneficial effect of myocardial revascularization does not only translate into improving the left ventricular ejection fraction since the mechanism that favors its result is, above all, the protective effect against fatal myocardial infarction and sudden death secondary to coronary events. Therefore, the objective of treatment goes beyond improving ventricular function, also adding to the prevention of cumulative damage to the myocardium. Thus, the assessment regarding the anatomical extent of coronary disease and the possibility of performing successful revascularization should guide decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In addition to improving the survival of patients with ventricular dysfunction undergoing myocardial revascularization, the STICH study also demonstrated better results from this procedure in association with left ventricular reconstruction in a selected group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The rationale for the technique resides in correcting the remodeling of the left ventricle by reducing its size, readjusting the elliptical shape, and removing areas of myocardial fibrosis. When there is evidence of absence of myocardial viability, dyskinesia of more than 35% of the anterior wall, and left ventricular indexed systolic volume greater than 60 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, this procedure is associated with improved contractility and decreased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Secondary Mitral Insufficiency</title>
<p>Dilated cardiomyopathy is often accompanied by secondary mitral regurgitation. The mechanisms involved include the apical traction of the chordae tendineae and the dilation of the mitral annulus, resulting from the dilation and remodeling of the left ventricle, without, therefore, structural alteration of the valve apparatus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The onset of mitral regurgitation in this context is a marker of poor prognosis, associated with worse quality of life, increased hospitalizations due to heart failure, and increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, few of these patients receive any surgical intervention because of the high mortality of those undergoing valve replacement and the controversial results of conservative techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the first case, valve replacement with preservation of the chordae tendineae (which may be associated with fixation of the papillary muscles) maintains ventricular geometry and annulopapillary continuity in order to favor remodeling and counterbalance the acute worsening of cardiac function in the postoperative period and its impact on mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In the second, the reduction annuloplasty alone has demonstrated a high incidence of recurrence of mitral regurgitation of up to 60% after 3 to 5 years, being recommended the combination of techniques that address the subvalvular apparatus, mainly through the repositioning of the papillary muscles, which by turn makes this procedure complex and less reproducible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cardiac resynchronization</title>
<p>With the evolution of cardiac dysfunction, ventricular desynchronization may occur, negatively impacting cardiac output. Ventricular resynchronization therapy in these patients is known to improve functional class, decrease the frequency of hospitalizations and contribute to ventricular remodeling.</p>
<p>Classically, the indications are effective in patients with refractory heart failure with optimized drug therapy, functional class III or IV, left ventricular ejection fraction less than 35%, in sinus rhythm, and with QRS greater than 150 ms<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>The expansion of these indication criteria has been the object of several studies currently, mainly for less symptomatic patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Heart transplantation and circulatory assist devices</title>
<p>Orthotopic heart transplantation remains the therapy of choice for advanced heart failure refractory to optimized clinical treatment. Its technique is well established, and its short and medium-term results are quite satisfactory, with a 1-year survival of around 81%, with a mortality rate of 5% per year, mainly related to vascular disease of the graft.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>One of its main limitations relates to the scarcity of donors, which throughout history has encouraged the development of alternative techniques for the surgical treatment of heart failure. Procedures such as cardiomyoplasty and partial left ventriculotomy aimed to reduce the tension exerted on the ventricle wall, according to Laplace&#x27;s Law. However, the lack of consistent results and the high perioperative mortality meant that these techniques were less and less used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Left ventricular assist devices(LVAD) have evolved to provide long-term circulatory assistance as a bridge to transplantation or destination therapy. Its effectiveness in improving survival and quality of life has been proven, but adverse events related to bleeding, infection, and increased risk of stroke are also relevant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>The REMATCH study evaluated patients with advanced HF who were not heart transplant candidates undergoing continuous axial flow assist device implantation compared to optimized medical treatment. There was a significant improvement in survival and quality of life in the group that received the device implantation in the first two years, proving an acceptable alternative in patients not eligible for transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Subsequently, the new generation of magnetic levitation centrifugal flow pump proved superior to the previous generation, as it presented better outcomes in terms of survival free of disabling stroke and reoperation due to device malfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Surgical treatment of cardiomyopathies can reverse and/or improve ventricular dysfunction. Approaches aimed at restoring ventricular remodeling, when treating the primary cause is not feasible, have lower success rates, with heart transplantation being the therapy of choice for refractory cases, with excellent long-term results. In this context, mechanical circulatory assistance also plays an important role as a safe and effective therapeutic option, although it still has limitations mainly related to its high cost in our setting.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn></fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tratamento Cir&#xFA;rgico da Cardiomiopatia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cardoso</surname><given-names>Lucas F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-2305</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Steffen</surname><given-names>Samuel P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/> <role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Gaiotto</surname><given-names>Fabio A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o</role> <role>desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Samuel P. Steffen</bold> &#x2022; Av. Dr. En&#xE9;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#xE9;sar, SP &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>samuel.padovani.steffen@gmail.com</email>, <email>samuel.steffen@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Cardiaca</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
<kwd>Cirurgia Cardiaca</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome que engloba diferentes etiologias, por&#xE9;m todas resultando em uma desordem funcional card&#xED;aca que impacta na capacidade de enchimento ou eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O tratamento medicamentoso obteve not&#xE1;vel avan&#xE7;o nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, gerando uma melhora importante da qualidade de vida dos pacientes, al&#xE9;m de uma diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mortalidade e das interna&#xE7;&#xF5;es hospitalares. Apesar disso, o tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico possui ainda um papel fundamental no manejo das diferentes cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O objetivo principal de qualquer modalidade de tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico no contexto da insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca &#xE9; a melhora do d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco, seja por meio da remo&#xE7;&#xE3;o do insulto prim&#xE1;rio, permitindo assim a recupera&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular, ou atrav&#xE9;s da corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o de altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es estruturais que contribuam desfavoravelmente para o remodelamento ventricular.</p>
<sec>
<title>Cardiomiopatia Isqu&#xEA;mica</title>
<p>A doen&#xE7;a card&#xED;aca isqu&#xEA;mica &#xE9; a causa mais comum e ao mesmo tempo &#xE9; o principal fator de risco isolado que favorece o aumento da incid&#xEA;ncia da insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>V&#xE1;rias melhorias incorporadas na cirurgia de revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio tornaram o procedimento mais seguro e eficaz, de modo que pacientes que anteriormente eram candidatos apenas ao transplante card&#xED;aco, atualmente s&#xE3;o frequentemente revascularizados. Hausmann et al. mostraram que, com a indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais abrangente da revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio neste cen&#xE1;rio, pacientes com insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca avan&#xE7;ada por miocardiopatia isqu&#xEA;mica passaram a representar 29,3% dos receptores candidatos ao transplante no centro estudado, em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com dados da mesma &#xE9;poca da <italic>International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation,</italic> que apontavam que 47,2% dos receptores eram de etiologia isqu&#xEA;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Aqueles indiv&#xED;duos com doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular que apresentam leitos distais coronarianos adequados s&#xE3;o beneficiados com a revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio e apresentam sobrevida superior em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;queles com tratamento cl&#xED;nico otimizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nestes pacientes, a pesquisa de viabilidade mioc&#xE1;rdica n&#xE3;o provou ter intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa com o efeito do tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico no desfecho de sobrevida, de modo que o resultado de viabilidade n&#xE3;o deve ser considerado de forma isolada para indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou n&#xE3;o da cirurgia. &#xC9; importante salientar que o efeito ben&#xE9;fico da revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio n&#xE3;o se traduz somente na melhora da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, uma vez que o mecanismo que favorece seu resultado &#xE9;, sobretudo, o efeito protetor contra o infarto do mioc&#xE1;rdio fatal e a morte s&#xFA;bita secund&#xE1;ria a eventos coronarianos. Sendo assim, o objetivo do tratamento vai al&#xE9;m da melhora da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular, somando-se tamb&#xE9;m a preven&#xE7;&#xE3;o de danos cumulativos ao mioc&#xE1;rdio. Desse modo, a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o quanto &#xE0; extens&#xE3;o anat&#xF4;mica da doen&#xE7;a coronariana e a possibilidade de realizar uma revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o bem-sucedida deve nortear a tomada de decis&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo STICH, al&#xE9;m de evidenciar uma melhora na sobrevida dos pacientes com disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular submetidos a revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio, tamb&#xE9;m demonstrou melhores resultados deste procedimento em associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo em um grupo selecionado de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O racional da t&#xE9;cnica reside na corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o do remodelamento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, por meio da redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do seu tamanho, readequa&#xE7;&#xE3;o da forma el&#xED;ptica e remo&#xE7;&#xE3;o de &#xE1;reas de fibrose mioc&#xE1;rdica. Quando h&#xE1; evid&#xEA;ncia de aus&#xEA;ncia de viabilidade mioc&#xE1;rdica, discinesia de mais de 35% da parede anterior, volume sist&#xF3;lico indexado do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo maior que 60 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, este procedimento &#xE9; associado a melhora da contratilidade e diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Mitral Secund&#xE1;ria</title>
<p>Frequentemente, a cardiomiopatia dilatada &#xE9; acompanhada pela insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral secund&#xE1;ria. Os mecanismos envolvidos incluem o tracionamento apical das cordas tend&#xED;neas e a dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel mitral, decorrentes da dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o e remodelamento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, sem que haja, portanto, altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o estrutural do aparato valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O surgimento da insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral nesse contexto &#xE9; um marcador de mau progn&#xF3;stico, associado a piora da qualidade de vida, aumento de interna&#xE7;&#xF5;es por insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca e aumento de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>Entretanto, apenas uma pequena parcela destes pacientes recebe alguma interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica, tendo em vista a alta mortalidade daqueles submetidos &#xE0; troca valvar e os resultados controversos das t&#xE9;cnicas conservadoras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No primeiro caso, a troca valvar com preserva&#xE7;&#xE3;o das cordas tend&#xED;neas (podendo-se associar a fixa&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos m&#xFA;sculos papilares) mantem a geometria ventricular e a continuidade anulopapilar, de modo a favorecer o remodelamento e contrabalancear a piora aguda da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca no p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio e seu impacto na mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No segundo, a anuloplastia redutora isoladamente tem demonstrado uma incid&#xEA;ncia elevada de recorr&#xEA;ncia da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral de at&#xE9; 60% ap&#xF3;s 3 a 5 anos, sendo recomend&#xE1;vel a combina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de t&#xE9;cnicas que abordam o aparato subvalvar, principalmente atrav&#xE9;s do reposicionamento dos m&#xFA;sculos papilares, o que por sua vez torna esse procedimento complexo e menos reprodut&#xED;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Ressincroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca</title>
<p>Com a evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca, pode ocorrer o surgimento da dessincroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular, que impacta negativamente no d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco. A terapia de ressincroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular nesses pacientes sabidamente acarreta uma melhora da classe funcional, diminui a frequ&#xEA;ncia de interna&#xE7;&#xF5;es e contribui para o remodelamento ventricular.</p>
<p>Classicamente, as indica&#xE7;&#xF5;es s&#xE3;o efetivas em pacientes com insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca refrat&#xE1;ria com terapia medicamentosa otimizada, classe funcional III ou IV, fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo menor do que 35%, em ritmo sinusal e com QRS maior que 150 ms<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A amplia&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses crit&#xE9;rios de indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o tem sido objeto de v&#xE1;rios estudos atualmente, principalmente para pacientes menos sintom&#xE1;ticos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Transplante card&#xED;aco e dispositivos de assist&#xEA;ncia circulat&#xF3;ria</title>
<p>O transplante card&#xED;aco ortot&#xF3;pico permanece como a terapia de escolha para a insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca avan&#xE7;ada e refrat&#xE1;ria ao tratamento cl&#xED;nico otimizado. Sua t&#xE9;cnica &#xE9; bem estabelecida e seus resultados no curto e m&#xE9;dio prazo s&#xE3;o bastante satisfat&#xF3;rios, apresentando sobrevida em 1 ano em torno de 81%, com taxa de mortalidade de 5% ao ano, relacionada principalmente &#xE0; doen&#xE7;a vascular do enxerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma das suas principais limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es diz respeito &#xE0; escassez do n&#xFA;mero de doadores, o que ao longo da hist&#xF3;ria incentivou o desenvolvimento de de t&#xE9;cnicas alternativas para o tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico da insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca. Procedimentos como a cardiomioplastia e a ventriculectomia parcial esquerda tiveram como objetivo a diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da tens&#xE3;o exercida na parede do ventr&#xED;culo, de acordo com a Lei de Laplace. Entretanto, a aus&#xEA;ncia de resultados consistentes e a alta mortalidade peri-operat&#xF3;ria fizeram que estas t&#xE9;cnicas fossem cada vez menos empregadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os dispositivos de assist&#xEA;ncia ventricular esquerda (DAVE) evolu&#xED;ram no decorrer do tempo sendo capazes de fornecer assist&#xEA;ncia circulat&#xF3;ria de longo prazo, seja como ponte para transplante ou terapia de destino. Provou-se sua efic&#xE1;cia na melhora da sobrevida e qualidade de vida, por&#xE9;m os eventos adversos relacionadas a sangramento, infec&#xE7;&#xE3;o e aumento do risco de ocorr&#xEA;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#xE1;lico tamb&#xE9;m s&#xE3;o relevantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo REMATCH avaliou pacientes com IC avan&#xE7;ada que n&#xE3;o eram candidatos ao transplante card&#xED;aco submetidos ao implante de dispositivo de assist&#xEA;ncia de fluxo axial cont&#xED;nuo em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com o tratamento cl&#xED;nico otimizado. Houve uma melhora significativa na sobrevida e na qualidade de vida do grupo que recebeu o implante do dispositivo nos primeiros dois anos, mostrando ser uma alternativa aceit&#xE1;vel em pacientes n&#xE3;o eleg&#xED;veis para o transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Posteriormente, a nova gera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de bomba de fluxo centr&#xED;fugo por levita&#xE7;&#xE3;o magn&#xE9;tica demonstrou ser superior &#xE0; gera&#xE7;&#xE3;o anterior, por apresentar melhores desfechos em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; sobrevida livre de acidente vascular encef&#xE1;lico incapacitante e de reopera&#xE7;&#xE3;o por mal funcionamento do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico das cardiomiopatias pode reverter e/ou melhorar a disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular. As abordagens direcionadas &#xE0; restaura&#xE7;&#xE3;o do remodelamento ventricular, quando o tratamento da causa prim&#xE1;ria n&#xE3;o &#xE9; fact&#xED;vel, possuem menores taxas de sucesso, sendo o transplante card&#xED;aco a terapia de escolha para os casos refrat&#xE1;rios, com excelentes resultados a longo prazo. Neste contexto, a assist&#xEA;ncia circulat&#xF3;ria mec&#xE2;nica tamb&#xE9;m desempenha um importante papel como uma op&#xE7;&#xE3;o terap&#xEA;utica segura e eficaz, embora ainda apresente limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es relacionadas principalmente ao seu alto custo em nosso meio.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn></fn-group>
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</article>