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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230032</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Rare and Ultra-Rare Diseases as Causes of Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Diane Xavier</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3152-298X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Sandra Marques e</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Raras com Acometimento Cardiovascular</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Raras com Acometimento Cardiovascular - Cardiologia Clínica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal – Cardiologia, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Diane Xavier Avila • Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói - Rua La Salle,12. Postal Code 24020-096, Niterói, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>dianeavilamed@gmail.com</email>, <email>dianeavilamed@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230032</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Several definitions of rare disease have emphasized the low prevalence of genetic diseases that can affect cardiac tissues and cause high psychosocial suffering due to the challenging diagnostic process and the high costs of complementary tests and specific therapies. In addition, there is the need for referral centers with different medical specialists, as well as nurses, social workers, psychologists, physiotherapists, among other professionals. With the rapid advances in genetics and precision medicine, associated with the emergence of specific therapeutic molecules (orphan drugs), many rare diseases are no longer “hidden” in pages’ footnotes, and their diagnoses cannot be neglected. The first step is to understand their physiopathogenesis, clinical signs and symptoms, and complementary diagnosis tools including genotyping. This review aims to present objective and important information to contribute to the investigation of the cardiovascular involvement in some of the rare genetic diseases.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Rare Diseases</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
				<kwd>Mucopolysaccharidoses</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Rare disease is a disorder that occurs with a prevalence of below 1 in 2,000 population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> To date, less than 8,000 different rare diseases have been described. In contrast, an ultra-rare disorder has a much more limited prevalence, corresponding to one-thousandth of rare disorders, so &lt;1:2,000,000, according to the European definition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, it is estimated that nearly 8% of the population have some type of rare disease, <italic>i.e</italic>., 11-15 million cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The phenotype of some diseases develop early in the fetal period or in the first childhood causing high levels of psychosocial distress for the patient and family members, and death at an early age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Most patients do not have access to specific treatment, and the underdiagnosis can be attributed to lack of knowledge by healthcare professionals and unavailability of genotyping analysis in the neonatal period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The formation of study groups, such as the Brazilian Society of Cardiology GEDORAC (<italic>Grupos de Estudos de Doenças Raras Cardiológicas</italic>) and referral centers for rare and ultra-rare disorders is paramount for appropriate identification, diagnosis, management (inter- and multidisciplinary) and treatment of the disease. Advances in precision medicine and the development of a growing number of molecules, the so-called “orphan drugs”, have positively impacted patients’ survival and symptom relief. In this context, while some diseases affect the cardiovascular system alone, others exhibit a multisystemic involvement, as described below.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Rare and ultra-rare diseases that lead to cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>Approximately 80% of rare disorders have a genetic cause, and the others are caused by infections, inflammatory conditions, and autoimmune diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite the small number of individuals affected, altogether, these conditions constitute a public health problem in the world due to high morbidity and mortality, the complexity required to reverse the symptoms and the high costs of supplies and medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>This scenario includes genetic cardiomyopathies (CMPs) such as hypertrophic CMP, amyloidosis, and lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), such as lysosomal glycosphingolipid storage disorders (e.g. the Anderson-Fabry disease), glycogen (e.g. Pompe disease), and mucopolysaccharidoses (MPs). Clinical manifestations are due to impairment of any heart tissue, including changes in wall thickness (hypertrophy, dilatations) and in the conduction system (arrhythmias), and valvular and vascular disorders. Some physical examination findings may be characteristic and suggestive of specific diseases. However, many signs and symptoms are common to different diseases, making the diagnosis challenging for healthcare professionals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). It is worth highlighting the importance of the cascade screening of family members, including the collection of data of the index case, pathological history of family members distributed across three or more generations. This allows the establishment of a transmission standard and the identification of possible carriers of genetic variants who do not develop the genotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Rare myocardiopathies: diagnosis, causes and phenotypes.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Amyloidosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) is a systemic disease whose incidence is higher between 60 and 70 years of age, caused by deposition of amyloid proteins. The most frequent and commonly described are light chain (AL) and transthyretin (TTR) – wild-type TTR (wTTR) or variant / hereditary TTR (vTTR). In both conditions, orthopedic manifestations including bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome are commonly seen five to ten years before amyloid CMP develops. Dysautonomic symptoms and peripheral polyneuropathy are more common in AL and vTTR; in the former, the intensity of manifestations depends on gene mutation and penetrance. Dyspnea on exertion is the most common clinical manifestation and is classified as heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction. Ventricular systolic dysfunction occurs at later stages and its manifestations include edema, jugular venous distention, hepatomegaly and ascites, and also symptoms of low cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> CMP may show variable severity, with left and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickness greater than 12mm), biatrial dilatation, pleural effusion and echocardiographic global longitudinal strain with an apical sparing (cherry on top) pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). These findings diverge from the electrocardiographic parameters found in up to 80% of the cases, i.e., low-voltage QRS complex in peripheral leads and absence of R wave progression in the precordial leads, suggesting electrically inactive area (pseudoinfarcts) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) reveals increased diffuse subendocardial enhancement by T1 mapping.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Electrocardiogram of a patient with ATTR amyloidosis showing low voltage in peripheral leads and changes in the R-wave progression and anteroseptal wall (pseudoinfarct); B) Echocardiographic image from a parasternal longitudinal view showing left atrial dilatation, increased left ventricular wall thickness, interatrial septal and mitral valve leaflet thickening and massive pleural effusion; C) Apical sparing of the global longitudinal strain (bull´s-eye map) (Source: author’s database. The patient consented to the publication of the images; reproduction of images is prohibited).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Anderson Fabry disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>) is a multisystem and LSD, linked to the X-chromosome. Deficiency of the α-galactosidase A enzyme (α-Gal A) results in the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-GL-3) in the fetus. The symptoms may start either during childhood, known as “classic” Fabry disease, or at adult age (late onset), with predominantly cardiac or renal involvement. The most common manifestations are chronic neuropathic pain, angiokeratoma, cornea verticillate, gastrointestinal disturbances, and renal (proteinuria and renal failure) and central nervous system dysfunction (ischemia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> From the cardiovascular point of view, ventricular and supraventricular arrythmias, angina due to microvascular disease, and HF symptoms (dyspnea) with preserved systolic function may occur. On electrocardiogram, there is short PR interval and signs of left ventricular overload, which differs it from amyloidosis. On echocardiogram the earliest finding is diastolic relaxation dysfunction not explained by other causes. Hypertrophy with different morphologies, endocardial hyper-refringence (binary signal), valvular dysfunction, and aortic root ectasia. The global longitudinal strain is reduced at the expense of a decreased regional strain in the inferoposterior wall. At this same region, it is also common the presence of fibrosis on late-gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging, which usually precedes the development of hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Electrocardiogram of a patient with Anderson Fabry disease, pathogenic variant Arg356Trp of late manifestation and predominance of cardiac involvement, with a short PR interval and signs of left ventricular overload; B) Echocardiographic image from a parasternal longitudinal view showing increased left ventricular wall thickness and hyper-refringence of left ventricular endocardium (binary signal); C) Representation of a reduced global longitudinal strain (bull´s-eye map) at the expense of a decreased longitudinal strain in the septal and inferior walls (Source: author’s database. The patient consented to the publication of the images; reproduction of images is prohibited).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Pompe disease is another LSD caused by glycogen accumulation due to a deficiency of α-1,4-glucosidase, that has three forms of presentation: infantile (classic), juvenile, and adult. If not diagnosed and treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human alglucosidase alfa, patients with classic infantile-onset Pompe disease die before one year of age due to cardiorespiratory insufficiency, and musculoskeletal and liver dysfunctions. The adult form of the disease has a more slowly progression due to a partial enzyme deficiency and hence less cardiac manifestations. However, it is marked by generalized proximal myopathy, and symptom of dyspnea caused by diaphragm dysfunction and accessory respiratory muscle weakness. The juvenile-onset type is considered an intermediate form between the two forms described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>MPs are LSDs due to the absence of enzymes that degrade glycosaminoglycans. It has a multisystemic involvement and different phenotypes, and is characterized, from the cardiovascular standpoint, by the presence of types I, II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>) and VI heart valve diseases determined by varied phenotypes. In addition, MP patients manifest facial changes, corneal opacity repeated respiratory infections, hepatosplenomegaly, and musculoskeletal change. Specific treatment with ERT is effective in the I, II, IV and VI types, in improving clinical manifestations and long-term morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Electrocardiogram of a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type II showing signs of left ventricular overload associated with secondary changes of ventricular repolarization; B) Transthoracic echocardiographic image from a parasternal longitudinal showing mitral valve thickening; C) Transthoracic echocardiographic image from a cross-sectional view at the mitral valve showing thickening of the leaflets; D) Transthoracic echocardiographic image from the apical five-chamber view showing aortic leaflet thickening; E) Transthoracic echocardiographic image using continuous-wave Doppler showing moderate aortic insufficiency (PHT = 453 ms); F) Representation of a reduced global longitudinal strain (bull´s-eye map) at the expense of a decreased longitudinal strain in the septal and inferior walls (Source: author’s database. The patient consented to the publication of the images; reproduction of images is prohibited)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Danon disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>) is not caused by an enzyme deficiency, but by a membrane protein (LAMP2) defect, causing a glycogen storage disease type 2. It is an X-linked inherited disease, with multisystemic involvement, including musculoskeletal and retinal manifestations, and different degrees of cognitive impairment. It usually occurs earlier in men, who present concentric hypertrophic CMP that starts in childhood and rarely progresses to other forms. Cardiac conduction abnormalities (preexcitation) are common findings, with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The diagnosis of Danon disease is made based on the phenotype associated with either a pathological homozygotic variant (in men) or heterozygotic (in women) of the LAMP2 gene, detected by a molecular genetic test. The hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patient without a suggestive family history exhibits an extensive myocardial fibrosis, but with no involvement of the basal mid-septum. The lack of specific therapy makes cardiac transplantation the therapeutic option for those with unfavorable prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Electrocardiogram of a patient with Danon disease, pathogenic variant Val64Asnfs*11 of late manifestation and predominance of cardiac involvement, with signs of left ventricular overload with strain; B) Echocardiographic image from a parasternal longitudinal view showing increased thickness and hyper-refringence of left ventricular wall and mitral valve leaflets; C) Representation of a reduced global longitudinal strain (bull´s-eye map) at the expense of a decreased longitudinal strain in the septal and inferior walls (Source: author’s database. The patient consented to the publication of the images; reproduction of images is prohibited)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder, potentially systemic, that results from the overproduction of endogenous oxalate, leading to urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and eventually kidney failure requiring transplant. In the heart, it manifests as infiltrative CMP, with secondary HF and severe mitral regurgitation and need for surgery. There are promising available therapies based on RNA interference that may change the natural course of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are also among the rare and ultra-rare conditions that may cause MCPs. For example, giant cell myositis is an ultra-rare, acquired inflammatory disease that affects the skeletal muscle, causes ventricular arrhythmias, rapidly leads to HF or sudden death, and the combination of myositis with myocarditis may be fulminant and fatal. Its diagnosis depends on endomyocardial biopsy, presence of diffuse giant cells without granuloma formation. For suspected cases, immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids is always indicated, with a generally good response and recurrence prevention. Thymoma and orbital myositis may be associated myopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Chronic inflammatory myopathy, associated with antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) with severe cardiac involvement, is a rare heterogeneous immune-mediated disease. It should always be considered in patients with myositis or inflammatory myopathy and history of severe cardiac arrhythmias, mainly in the absence of myositis-specific antibodies (polymyositis, dermatomyositis and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies). Similarly, if AMA are detected in patients with inflammatory myopathy, screening and monitoring of cardiac disease should be performed. The diagnosis is confirmed by imaging-guided endomyocardial biopsy that may also be performed during ventricular assist device implantation; late gadolinium enhancement CMR and Positron emission tomography 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose also help in the diagnosis. Immunosuppressive therapy is a promising approach, and hence the correct recognition of this pathological entity is important for better prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, formerly called Churg–Strauss syndrome, is another rare inflammatory condition that exhibits eosinophilic or vasculitic mechanisms. It usually starts with asthma and sinusitis, and eight-10 years later, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary infiltrate and HF due to eosinophilia are manifested. More lately, other events resulting from vasculitis, such as glomerulonephritis, palpable purpura and neuropathy can be seen, but these events are variable and may overlap. Thrombotic events have been also described. In this context, CMR is highly sensitive to detect inflammation and fibrosis. Conventional immunosuppressive therapy is not always favorable and, more recently, monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated better survival and relapse prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Another CMP, characterized by ventricular subendocardial fibrosis, is endomyocardial fibrosis. It is a rare condition, with poor prognosis and difficult management, and commonly associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome. The relationship with hypereosinophilic endocarditis in some cases has led to the search for genetic, infectious, autoimmune, and nutritional causes, however, the etiology of endomyocardial fibrosis remains uncertain. Although imaging methods such as echocardiography and CMR are crucial for the initial diagnosis, the definite diagnosis is established by endomyocardial biopsy. Immunosuppressive therapy is useful in the beginning of the disease and is usually ineffective if implemented at later stages, when signs of HF are present. The surgical approach is generally used for palliation only.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Multidisciplinary assessment and care</title>
				<p>Considering the huge diversity of diseases, complexity of clinical manifestations, and the psychosocial distress of patients and family members, the multidisciplinary approach is crucial and should include different medical and healthcare specialties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Cardiologists should not refrain from working together with geneticists, nephrologists, pediatricians, rheumatologists, ophthalmologists, or other specialists. The dialogue among specialties is paramount for a diagnostic definition, by the performance and interpretation of genetic tests, and enables an optimized therapeutic planning aimed not only at alleviating symptoms but also increasing life expectancy.</p>
				<p>Familial screening of at least three consecutive generations and genetic counseling with reproductive/contraceptive instructions requires a trained and specialized personnel in the approach of genetic diseases. Nurses and social workers use auxiliary instruments that may aid in people tracking, personal care and drug storage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Psychological support is fundamental not only for the index case but also for the family members affected and not affected, to overcome difficulties, that range from the delay in the diagnosis to the start of specific treatment, if available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Finally, physiotherapy support contributes to symptom relief, improvement of physical limitations, socialization and prevention of disorders related to overweight and cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Role of study groups, referral centers and patient associations</title>
				<p>In 2014, the Brazilian Ministry of Health instituted the national policy on an integral care of rare diseases, aiming at channeling financial resources to reduce mortality or improve the quality of life of people by actions for the promotion, early detection, timely treatment, reduction of disability and palliative care. This document emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and patient follow-up by different specialties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
				<p>To diagnose and treat diseases is a challenging process for requiring different specialists with different perspectives, and expensive, complex tests that are usually available in large centers and capital cities. The referral centers for rare disease are mostly located in the southeast and south regions of Brazil, making the access of patients specialized care difficult. Besides that, the unavailability of specific drugs capable of changing the natural course of the disease should not hamper the control of symptoms and the use of adjuvant therapies directed at reducing hospitalizations and increasing life expectancy of patients with genetic diseases. Although clinical protocols of some diseases are already available in high-cost drug pharmacies of the Brazilian Unified Health System, most diseases still lack these instruments. Consequently, there is a need for judicialization of drug prescriptions, which implicates an economic impact on health insurance and Brazilian government for the high costs and lack of budget planning for the acquisition of orphan drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Medical societies have united in the support of spreading high-quality, science-based medical information through specific study groups such as the Brazilian Society of Cardiology GEDORAC and the Brazilian Society of Nephrology committee on rare diseases COMDORA. The interchange between these groups and other medical specialty societies has the potential to bring about official positionings aiming at systematizing multidisciplinary care.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>With a better understanding about the molecular basis of monogenic myocardial diseases, further knowledge about rare genetic diseases and their incorporation into the therapeutic horizon of cardiologists has become imperative. Advances in precision medicine with expensive, innovative therapeutic targets have changed the natural course of these entities and increased both time and quality of patient survival.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Doenças Raras e Ultra-Raras como Causa de Miocardiopatia</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Diane Xavier</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3152-298X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Sandra Marques e</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Raras com Acometimento Cardiovascular - Cardiologia Clínica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal – Cardiologia, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Diane Xavier Avila • Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói - Rua La Salle,12, CEP 24020-096, Niterói, RJ - Brasil E-mail: dianeavilamed@gmail.com, dianeavilamed@cardiol.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Doenças Raras</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>Mucopolissacaridoses</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Doença rara é aquela que está presente em menos de 1 em 2000 da população em geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo que, até hoje, até 8000 doenças raras foram descritas. Já a doença ultrarrara tem uma prevalência correspondente a um milésimo da de distúrbios raros, portanto &lt;1:2.000.000, ou seja, bem mais limitado, pela definição europeia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, estima-se que cerca de 8% da população apresente algum tipo de doença rara, ou seja, cerca de 11 a 15 milhões de casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Algumas doenças cursam com desenvolvimento de fenótipo precoce no período fetal e na primeira infância e são causa de grande sofrimento psicossocial para o paciente e seus familiares bem como de morte em idades precoces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A maioria não dispõe de tratamento específico e o subdiagnóstico deve-se ao desconhecimento por parte dos agentes de saúde e à indisponibilidade de genotipagem neonatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O desenvolvimento de grupos de estudo, como o Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Raras Cardiológicas (GEDORAC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Centros de Referência em doenças Raras e Ultrarraras são de extrema importância para o reconhecimento das doenças, diagnóstico, manejo interdisciplinar e multidisciplinar e tratamento adequados. Os avanços da medicina de precisão e o desenvolvimento de um número crescente de novas moléculas, as chamadas drogas órfãs, impactaram positivamente a vida dos indivíduos acometidos por tais enfermidades, com aumento da sobrevida e alívio de sintomas. Neste cenário, figuram algumas doenças com acometimento cardiovascular isolado ou num perfil multissistêmico a serem descritas a seguir.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Doenças raras e ultrarraras que cursam com cardiomiopatia</title>
					<p>Cerca de 80% das doenças raras apresentam origem genética enquanto o restante é formado por enfermidades de etiologias infecciosas, inflamatórias, autoimunes e outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar do pequeno número de indivíduos acometidos, em conjunto, essas doenças constituem um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo em função da grande morbimortalidade, da complexidade necessária para a reversão de sintomas e dos custos envolvidos na compra de insumos e medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Neste cenário, estão incluídas cardiomiopatias (CMPs) genéticas tais como a CMP hipertrófica, a amiloidose e as doenças de armazenamento lisossômico (DAL), como nas glicoesfingolipidoses (como a doença de Anderson-Fabry), de glicogênio (doença de Pompe), e as mucopolissacaridoses (MPSs). As manifestações clínicas decorrem do acometimento de quaisquer tecidos do coração, sendo encontradas alterações da espessura da parede (hipertrofias, dilatações), do sistema de condução (arritmias), e distúrbios valvares e vasculares. Alguns achados de exame físico podem ser muito característicos e sugerir doenças específicas. No entanto, muitos sinais e sintomas semelhantes podem estar presentes em diferentes doenças, transformando o diagnóstico em um desafio aos agentes de saúde (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Cabe ressaltar a importância da investigação familiar em cascata, que deve incluir, além da coleta de informações do caso índice, antecedentes patológicos dos familiares distribuídos por, no mínimo, três gerações diferentes. Isso permite a identificação do padrão de transmissão e de possíveis portadores silenciosos (sem fenótipo) da variante genotípica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cardiomiopatias raras: diagnóstico, causas e fenótipos.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A amiloidose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>) é uma doença sistêmica, com maior incidência entre 60 e 70 anos, causada por depósito de proteínas amiloides. As mais frequentes e descritas: cadeias leves (AL) e transtirretina (TTR) – TTR selvagem (TTRw) e TTR variante ou hereditária (TTRv). Ambas possuem acometimento ortopédico prévios como ruptura espontânea de tendões e síndrome do túnel do carpo bilateral, geralmente cinco a 10 anos antes da CMP amiloide. Os sintomas disautonômicos e a polineuropatia periférica são mais frequentes na forma AL e na TTRv, sendo na hereditária a intensidade dependente da mutação e penetrância do gene. A dispneia aos esforços é a manifestação clínica mais comum sendo classificada como insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com fração de ejeção preservada. A disfunção sistólica ventricular é de aparecimento mais tardio e cursa com edema, distensão venosa jugular, hepatomegalia, ascite, e mesmo sintomas de baixo débito cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A CMP possui acometimento variável com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e direita (espessura superior a 12mm), dilatação biatrial, derrame pleural e padrão de “<italic>apical sparing</italic>” ou “cereja do bolo” ao <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>) observados ao ecocardiograma. Esses achados divergem com os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos vistos em até 80% dos casos, de baixa voltagem do complexo QRS em derivações periféricas e ausência de progressão da onda R em derivações precordiais, indicando provável zona elétrica inativa (pseudoinfartos) ântero septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). A ressonância magnética cardíaca com realce tardio com gadolínio mostra padrão de distribuição difusa subendocárdica aumentada no mapa T1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– A) Eletrocardiograma de paciente com amiloidose ATTR exibindo baixa voltagem em derivações periféricas e alterações na progressão da onda R em parede anterosseptal (pseudoinfarto). B) Imagem ecocardiográfica em corte paraesternal longitudinal exibindo dilatação de átrio esquerdo, aumento da espessura das paredes do ventrículo esquerdo, espessamento de septo interatrial e dos folhetos da válvula mitral e derrame pleural volumoso. C) Representação do strain global longitudinal (mapa de bull´s-eye) com aspecto de Apical Sparing. (Fonte: Banco de dados da autora. Divulgação das imagens autorizadas pelo paciente. Proibida reprodução).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A doença de Anderson Fabry (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>) é uma DAL, ligada ao cromossomo X e de acometimento multissistêmico. A deficiência da enzima α-galactosidase A (a-Gal A) gera acúmulo de globotriaosilceramida e de globotriaosilesfingosina (liso-Gb3) no feto. Os sintomas podem surgir ainda na infância na forma dita clássica; ou na idade adulta nas formas ditas tardias (<italic>late onset</italic>) ou de acometimento predominante cardíaco ou renal. As manifestações mais comuns são a neuropatia dolorosa de extremidades, o angioqueratoma, a córnea verticilata, as alterações de trânsito intestinal, disfunção renal (proteinúria e insuficiência renal) e do sistema nervoso central (isquemias).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista cardiovascular, podem existir arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares, angina por doença microvascular, e sintomas de IC (dispneia) com função sistólica preservada. Ao eletrocardiograma, há intervalo PR curto e sinais de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, achados que a diferenciam da amiloidose. Ao ecocardiograma o achado mais precoce é de disfunção diastólica do relaxamento não justificado por outras causas. Além disto, são frequentes a hipertrofia de morfologias variadas, a hiperrefringência do endocárdio (sinal binário), disfunções valvulares e ectasia de raiz da aorta. O <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal encontra-se diminuído às custas de diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> regional em parede ínfero-posterior (basal). Nesta mesma região é frequente a presença de fibrose pela ressonância nuclear magnética com realce tardio com gadolíneo, sendo que em mulheres este achado pode preceder o aparecimento da hipertrofia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– A) Eletrocardiograma de paciente com Doença de Anderson Fabry, variante patogênica Arg356Trp de manifestação tardia e predomínio de acometimento cardíaco exibindo intervalo PR curto e sinais de sobrecarga de ventrículo esquerdo B) Imagem ecocardiográfica em corte paraesternal longitudinal exibindo aumento da espessura das paredes do ventrículo esquerdo, hiperrefringência do endocárdio ventricular esquerdo (Sinal Binário). C) Representação do strain global longitudinal (mapa de bull´s-eye) com diminuído às custas de redução do strain longitudinal de porção basal de parede ínfero posterior. (Fonte: Banco de dados da autora. Divulgação das imagens autorizadas pelo paciente. Proibida reprodução).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A doença de Pompe é outra DAL decorrente do acúmulo de glicogênio pela deficiência da alfa-1,4-glicosidase, com três formas de apresentação: infantil (clássica), juvenil e adulta. A forma clássica, se não diagnosticada e tratada com terapia de reposição enzimática (TRE) com alfa-alglicosidase recombinante humana, leva ao óbito ainda no primeiro ano de vida por insuficiência cardiorrespiratória além das disfunções musculoesquelética e hepática. A forma adulta da doença, de evolução mais lenta em função da deficiência enzimática parcial, cursa com menor acometimento cardíaco, mas com miopatia generalizada de predomínio proximal e disfunção diafragmática e de musculatura respiratória acessória com sintomas de dispneia. A forma juvenil é de manifestação intermediária entre as formas anteriormente descritas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As MPs são doenças lisossomais por deficiência de enzimas que catabolizam glicosaminoglicanos. De acometimento multissistêmico e determinando fenótipos variados, caracteriza-se do ponto de vista cardiovascular pela presença de disfunção valvular nos tipos I, II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>) e VI. A isso somam-se alterações faciais, opacificação de córnea, infecções respiratórias de repetição, hepatoesplenomegalia e alterações musculoesqueléticas. O tratamento específico com TRE pode ser feito nos tipos I, II, IV e VI e demonstrou eficácia na melhora das manifestações clínicas e da morbimortalidade em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– A) Eletrocardiograma de paciente com mucopolissacaridose tipo II, exibindo sinais de sobrecarga de ventrículo esquerdo associados a alterações secundárias da repolarização ventricular. B) Imagem ecocardiográfica transtorácica em corte paraesternal longitudinal exibindo espessamento valvar mitral. C) Imagem ecocardiográfica transtorácica em corte transversal em nível da valva mitral exibindo espessamento dos folhetos. D) Imagem ecocardiográfica transtorácica em corte apical cinco câmaras evidenciando espessamento dos folhetos aórticos. E) Imagem ecocardiográfica transtorácica em avaliação pelo doppler contínuo evidenciando insuficiência aórtica quantificada como moderada (PHT = 453 ms). F) Representação do strain global longitudinal (mapa de bull´s-eye) diminuído às custas de redução do strain longitudinal de porções basais do ventrículo esquerdo. (Fonte: Banco de dados da autora. Divulgação das imagens autorizadas pelo paciente. Proibida reprodução).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A doença de Danon (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref>) decorre não de uma deficiência enzimática, mas de distúrbio em uma proteína de membrana do lisossomo denominada LAMP-2, determinando uma doença de acúmulo de glicogênio do tipo II. Apresenta característica hereditária (ligada ao cromossomo X) com envolvimento multissistêmico, incluindo manifestações no coração, nos músculos esqueléticos, na retina, podendo ainda cursar com graus variados de disfunção cognitiva. É uma doença mais precoce em homens que em mulheres que apresentam CMP hipertrófica concêntrica significativa de início na infância com rara evolução para outras formas. Anormalidades de condução cardíaca (padrão de pré-excitação) é achado frequente, com síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White associado a arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares. O diagnóstico da doença de Danon é estabelecido pelo fenótipo associado a uma variante patogênica hemizigótica (nos homens) ou heterozigótica (nas mulheres) do gene para LAMP2 identificada por teste genético molecular. O padrão de fibrose miocárdica é extenso, mas poupa o septo basal-médio em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrofica com história familiar sugestiva. A indisponibilidade de terapêutica específica torna o transplante cardíaco a opção terapêutica possível para casos com evolução desfavorável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– A) Eletrocardiograma de paciente com Doença de Danon, variante patogênica Val64Asnfs*11 de manifestação tardia e predomínio de acometimento cardíaco exibindo sinais de sobrecarga de ventrículo esquerdo com strain B) Imagem ecocardiográfica em corte paraesternal longitudinal exibindo aumento da espessura e hiperrefringência das paredes do ventrículo esquerdo e dos folhetos da valva mitral. C) Representação do strain longitudinal global (mapa de bull´s-eye) diminuído às custas de redução do strain longitudinal de paredes septal e inferior (Fonte: Banco de dados da autora. Divulgação das imagens autorizada pelo paciente. Proibida reprodução).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230032-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A Hiperoxalúria Primária (HP) é uma doença hereditária autossômica recessiva, potencialmente sistêmica, que resulta da superprodução de oxalato endógeno, com urolitíases, nefrocalcinose e eventualmente insuficiência renal com necessidade de transplante. No coração manifesta-se como CMP infiltrativa, com IC secundária e regurgitação mitral grave com necessidade de abordagem cirúrgica. Há terapias promissoras baseadas em RNA de interferência, já disponíveis, que podem mudar o curso natural da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As doenças autoimunes e inflamatórias estão também entre as causas raras e ultrarraras de miocardiopatias. Por exemplo, a miosite de células gigantes é uma doença inflamatória adquirida ultrarrara, que acomete músculo esquelético, causa arritmias ventriculares, leva rapidamente à IC ou morte súbita, e a combinação de miosite com miocardite pode ser quadro fulminante e fatal. O seu diagnóstico depende de biópsia endomiocárdica, com presença de células gigantes difusas, não formadoras de granulomas. Sempre que suspeito, o tratamento imunossupressor com corticosteroides é necessário, geralmente com boa resposta e prevenção de recaídas. Timoma e miosite orbital podem ser miopatias associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A miopatia inflamatória crônica associada a anticorpos antimitocôndria (AMA) com envolvimento cardíaco grave é uma condição heterogênea imunomediada rara. Deve ser sempre pesquisada em pacientes com miosite ou miopatia inflamatória e história de arritmias cardíacas graves, particularmente na ausência de um anticorpo específico para miosite (polimiosite, dermatomiosite e as miopatias necrotizantes imunomediadas). Da mesma forma, se os AMA forem encontrados em pacientes com miopatia inflamatória, deve-se realizar triagem e monitoramento de doença cardíaca. O diagnóstico é confirmado por biópsia endomiocárdica guiada por imagem, que podem também ser feita durante a implantação de dispositivos de assistência ventricular; a RMC com gadolínio e a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com 18F-fluorodesoxiglicose também auxiliam no diagnóstico. Como o tratamento imunossupressor é promissor, o reconhecimento dessa entidade patológica é de suma importância para melhor prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A granulomatose eosinofílica com poliangiite (anteriormente conhecida como síndrome de Churg Strauss), é outra condição inflamatória rara que possui mecanismos eosinofílicos ou vasculíticos. Geralmente inicia-se com asma e sinusite, e de oito a 10 anos, desenvolvem-se sintomas gastrointestinais, infiltrados pulmonares e IC devido à eosinofilia. Mais tardiamente, observam-se outros eventos decorrentes de vasculite como glomerulonefrite, púrpura palpável e neuropatia, que são variáveis e podem se sobrepor, além de eventos trombóticos. A RMC é altamente sensível para detectar inflamação e fibrose nestes casos. O tratamento imunossupressor convencional nem sempre é favorável, e mais recentemente, os anticorpos monoclonais vem demonstrando melhor sobrevida e prevenção de recaídas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Outra CMP caracterizada por fibrose do subendocárdio ventricular é a endomiocardiofibrose, que é rara e de mau prognóstico, difícil manejo terapêutico e frequentemente associada à síndrome hipereosinofílica. A relação em alguns casos com endocardite hipereosinofílica tem levado à busca de causas genéticas, infecciosas, autoimunes e nutricionais, mas sua etiologia permanece incerta. Métodos de imagem como ecocardiografia e ressonância magnética cardíaca são essenciais para o diagnóstico inicial, embora a biópsia endomiocárdica estabeleça o diagnóstico definitivo. O tratamento imunossupressor é útil no início da doença e é geralmente ineficaz se instalado tardiamente quando os sinais de IC estão presentes; a abordagem cirúrgica é geralmente usada somente na paliação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação e assistência multidisciplinar</title>
					<p>Diante de tamanha diversidade de patologias, da complexidade do acometimento clínico e do grande sofrimento psicossocial dos indivíduos acometidos e seus familiares, a abordagem multidisciplinar é fundamental e deve incluir diferentes especialidades médicas e de apoio à saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Cardiologistas não devem se furtar ao trabalho conjunto com geneticistas, nefrologistas, neurologistas, pediatras, reumatologistas, oftalmologistas, ou outros especialistas. O diálogo entre as especialidades se faz necessário diante da necessidade de definição diagnóstica pela realização e interpretação de teste genéticos e permite o planejamento terapêutico otimizado cujos objetivos incluem não apenas o alívio dos sintomas, mas também o aumento da expectativa de vida.</p>
					<p>O rastreamento familiar em no mínimo três gerações consecutivas e o aconselhamento genético com orientações reprodutivas/contraceptivas exigem pessoas treinadas e especializadas na abordagem de doenças genéticas. Enfermeiros e assistentes sociais dispõem de instrumentos auxiliares à avaliação médica para localização de pessoas, cuidados pessoais e com o armazenamento de medicações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Suporte psicológico é fundamental não apenas ao caso índice, mas também para familiares acometidos e não acometidos para superação de dificuldades, que vão desde o tempo de demora da definição do diagnóstico até o início do tratamento específico se disponível.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Por fim, suporte da fisioterapia contribui não apenas para o alívio dos sintomas, mas também para a melhora de limitações físicas, socialização e prevenção de distúrbios relacionados ao sobrepeso e fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Papel dos Grupos de Estudo, dos Centros de Referência e das associações de pacientes</title>
					<p>O Ministério da Saúde instituiu, em 2014, a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras, com objetivo de direcionar recursos financeiros para diminuir a mortalidade ou “melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas por meio de ações de promoção, prevenção, detecção precoce, tratamento oportuno, redução de incapacidade e cuidados paliativos”. Esse documento enfatiza o acompanhamento por diversas especialidades e da interdisciplinaridade no tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Diagnosticar e tratar as doenças genéticas é um processo desafiador por exigir médicos de diversas especialidades com olhar diferenciado, além de exames de alto custo e de alta complexidade que geralmente são disponíveis apenas em grandes centros e capitais do Brasil. Os centros de referência em doenças raras estão localizados em sua maioria nas regiões sudeste e sul do Brasil dificultando o acesso dos pacientes a atendimento especializado. Além disso, a indisponibilidade de droga específica capaz de alterar a evolução natural da doença não deve ser entrave ao alívio dos sintomas e ao uso de terapias auxiliares objetivando reduzir hospitalizações e aumentar a expectativa de vida dos pacientes com doenças genéticas. Algumas doenças já possuem protocolos clínicos que já estão disponíveis nas farmácias de alto custo do Sistema Único de Saúde, mas a maioria das doenças ainda carece desse instrumento. Como resultado, há a necessidade de judicialização de prescrições, o que determina grande impacto econômico aos seguros de saúde e ao governo brasileiro pelos altos custos e pela falta de dotação orçamentária previsível para compra de medicações órfãs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As sociedades médicas mobilizaram-se de forma a contribuir com a difusão do conhecimento médico de qualidade e baseado em dados científicos por de grupos de estudo específicos tais como o GEDORAC da SBC e o COMDORA (Comitê de Doenças Raras) da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. O intercâmbio entre esses grupos e sociedades de outras especialidades médicas tem potencial de elaboração de posicionamentos conjuntos com objetivo de sistematizar o atendimento multidisciplinar.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A melhor compreensão das bases moleculares das doenças monogênicas do miocárdio tornou imperativa a necessidade de conhecimento e incorporação de patologias genéticas raras no horizonte terapêutico do cardiologista. Os avanços da medicina de precisão com alvos terapêuticos inovadores de alto custo mudaram a evolução natural destas doenças e são responsáveis pelo aumento da qualidade e do tempo de sobrevida dos pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>