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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230030</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Conduction Disturbances Leading to Heart Failure – What Clinicians Need to Know</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5420-2482</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Estêvão Lanna</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6561-1818</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes</surname>
						<given-names>Frank</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6387-7924</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-1770-9306</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maia</surname>
						<given-names>Kleisson Antônio Pontes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1451-1843</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carmo</surname>
						<given-names>André Assis Lopes do</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Orizonti</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cesar Leite</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Manhuaçu</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Cesar Leite, Manhuaçu, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Estevão Lanna Figueiredo • Instituto Orizonti – Avenida José do Patrocínio Pontes, 1355. Postal Code 30210-090, Mangabeiras, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil E-mail: <email>estevao@cardiol.br</email> , <email>estevaolanna1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230030</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Recently, pre-excitation syndromes, left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right ventricular pacing have been recognized as causes of cardiomyopathies (CMs). They all have abnormal ventricular activation, that results in what is known as left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony. These three entities show a common feature of wide QRS and LBBB pattern on the electrocardiogram. The term abnormal conduction-induced CM was, then, proposed. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these CMs will possibly improve LV ejection fraction, LV functional capacity and reduce morbidity and mortality. In this article we will briefly review these three clinical conditions, aiming to help clinicians to recognize them, manage and refer patients at risk.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiomiopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Left Bundle Branch Block</kwd>
				<kwd>Left Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
				<kwd>Pre-excitation Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Righy Ventricle Pacing</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Former definitions and classifications of cardiomiopathies (CM) of the American Heart Association<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and the European Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> included genetic diseases and tachycardia-induced CMs as possible causes of heart failure (HF). Recently, pre-excitation syndromes, left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right ventricular pacing (RVP) have been recognized as additional etiologies of CM. They all have abnormal ventricular activation, that results in what is known as left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony. Although the identification of dyssynchrony requires cardiac imaging, the three entities mentioned show a common feature of wide QRS and LBBB pattern on the electrocardiogram (ECG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The term abnormal conduction-induced CM was, then, proposed. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these CM will possibly improve LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and functional capacity and reduce morbidity and mortality. In this article, we will briefly review these three clinical conditions ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ), aiming to help clinicians to recognize them, manage and refer patients at risk.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Types and mechanisms of development of abnormal conduction disturbances that lead to cardiomyopathies; RVP: right ventricular pacing. LV: left ventricular; LBBB: left bundle branch block; CM: cardiomyopathy.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230030-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>RVP-induced CM</title>
				<p>Permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation is the best therapeutic choice for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. However, apical RVP, or “conventional” artificial cardiac pacing, may induce inter and intraventricular dyssynchrony, increase sympathetic activation, cause abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and endothelial function, worsening cardiac output and leading to HF. This may occur in 10% to 20% of RVP patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> An altered activation pattern similar to LBBB is observed, with electrical activation beginning at the septum and considerably delayed activation of the LV free wall, as the electrical impulse crosses from myocardial cell-to-cell rather than through the fast Purkinje system, prolonging the QRS duration. This results in an inefficient contraction pattern with ventricular dyssynchrony and loss of myocardial work that may lead to LV dilation, systolic dysfunction, and clinical HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is likely that the development of CM depends on the degree of LV dyssynchrony, which can vary significantly based on location of RVP lead or atrial pacemaker implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In a Danish Nationwide registry, 27,704 patients, with no history of HF had a PM implanted with an RVP lead between 2000 and 2014 were evaluated retrospectively. For each case, five age- and sex-matched controls were identified (n = 138,520). At two years of follow-up, PM with a RVP lead was strongly associated with risk of HF, specifically in the first six months. Patients with history of myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease had substantially increased risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ahmed et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> demonstrated, in a prospective study, that in patients with normal baseline LVEF, mechanical dyssynchrony observed early after interposition of high-dose RVP was associated with later LVEF decline. They performed transthoracic echocardiograms early (median four months) and late (median 28 months) after implantation of the pacing system, with a significant decline in EF between these studies defined as &gt;5%. Speckle-tracking longitudinal strain analysis of the early echocardiogram was performed to quantify dyssynchrony. In addition to standard dyssynchrony indices, a novel index was used. The authors calculated apex-to-base dyssynchrony using the six segments from the apical four-chamber view, named “mechanical propagation delay” (MPD). MPD was the average difference in time to peak strain between adjacent segments. MPD of the septum correlated with a significant decline in EF, irrespective of all other dyssynchrony, clinical, or pacing variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Safak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">7</xref></sup> analyzed the data of 170 patients who were submitted to PPM at the RV apex, in the absence of structural heart disease and a preserved LVEF (&gt; 45%) at the time of PPM. At a median echocardiographic follow-up of 24.5 months there was a non-negligible 6% rate of new-onset RVP-induced CM. The presence of sick sinus syndrome as a primary indication for PPM was inversely and independently related to CM ocurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Most acceptable definitions for pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy (PICM) are LVEF &lt;50%, absolute decline of LVEF by ≥10% and/or new-onset heart failure (HF) symptoms after PPM implantation. HF hospitalization due to systolic or diastolic dysfunction and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) should also be considered. Mean time between PPM implantation and the first RVP-related HF event in patients with previously normal LVEF was 2-5 years. Male sex, advanced age, high RVP burden (greater than 20%), coronary artery disease, pre-existing AF, baseline prolonged QRS duration, baseline low LVEF and prolonged paced QRS duration are the risk factors for the development of PICM. Most authors recommend that patients with RVP should undergo a baseline echocardiogram; the test should be repeated annually for patients with reduced LVEF (&lt; 50%) and high rates of RVP (≥ 40%) and every two years for patients with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As mentioned, PICM has been viewed as a form of HF with reduced EF, and most studies reporting the incidence of PICM include impaired LVEF in the diagnostic criteria. However, many patients who experience detrimental effects from RVP may still have a preserved EF and may not meet traditional criteria for PICM. On the other hand, some questions need to be addressed. Is RVP the cause of new-onset HF or is the need for PPM implantation a presage of an underlying disease that would have resulted in HF independently of the PM? Is the relationship between PPM and HF an association or causation?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In the Mode Selection Trial (MOST), the authors analyzed patients with sinus node dysfunction, and randomly compared 707 patients with dual-chamber rate-modulated (DDDR) pacing with 632 with single-chamber ventricular rate-modulated (VVIR) pacing. It was shown that, after a mean follow-up of 33.1 months, the risk of hospitalizations for HF and AF was directly correlated with RVP burden, irrespective of pacing mode (single- or dual-chamber). Ventricular desynchronization caused by right ventricular apical pacing in the DDDR mode may increase the risk of HF and AF, particularly when imposed on the failing left ventricle. Such risks may be reduced by minimal ventricular pacing strategies that preserve the normal ventricular activation sequence as much as possible. Ventricular pacing &gt; 40% was associated with a 2.9 increase in HF hospitalization and a 1.36 increase in the risk of AF. For single-chamber pacing, these numbers were similarly alarming: pacing &gt; 80% was associated with a 2.56 increase in HF hospitalization, and the risk of AF increased 1.21 times with every 25% increase in RVP burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> High RVP burden is commonly seen in patients with the following: 1) DDD pacing mode if the atrioventricular (AV) delay is programmed shorter than intrinsic AV conduction; or 2) VVI pacing mode with intrinsic rate below the programmed lower rate limit. In addition, the PM’s features may inadvertently increase RVP (e.g., mode switch for AF with higher lower rate limit, and rate smoothing algorithms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A prospective study including patients with complete AV block showed that paced QRS duration &lt;160 ms, 160 to 189 ms, and &gt;190 ms had a three-year HF incidence of 9.4%, 27.8%, and 56.8%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Also, a reduction in LVEF was correlated directly with the paced QRS duration (relative risk: 0.423). A paced QRS duration &gt;165 ms was a predictor for long-term risk of HF events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Not all patients develop PICM during follow-up. and identifying the predisposing</title>
				<p>factors would help in mitigating the potential complication. Besides careful patient selection for PPM implantation, the individualized choice of the device and programming are essential initial measures to reduce PICM incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Periodic assessment of patients with RVP is essential. A comprehensive post implantation follow-up program may help in early diagnosis and better management of patients with PICM. Patients should undergo a baseline echocardiogram; the test should be repeated annually for patients with reduced LVEF (&lt; 50%) and high rates of RVP (≥ 40%) and every two years for patients with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Left bundle branch block-induced CM</title>
				<p>LBBB is often associated with cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure, coronary artery disease and HF. Dilated CM registries report rates of LBBB as high as 31%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Although rare, isolated LBBB (without apparent or suspected heart disease) has been recognized in recent years as a causal factor of a distinct pathological entity: LBBB-induced CM. The epidemiological relevance of this hypothesis is due to the fact that although isolated LBBB has a low prevalence in the general population (&lt;1%), in the elderly population it increases, up to 5% in octogenarians.<sup>17, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Persistent ventricular dyssynchrony, typical in LBBB, could act as a trigger for the development of CM (“dyssynchronopathy” hypothesis). In patients with LBBB, due to loss of conduction through the left-sided fascicles, electrical activation of the ventricles initiates in the right ventricle and then travels to the left ventricle through the myocardial fibers. In the left ventricle, the earliest activation occurs in the ventricular septum and then travels to the lateral free wall. This altered electrical activation of the left ventricle leads to a delay and heterogeneity of the intraventricular and interventricular depolarization and repolarization. Delayed deformation of the LV lateral wall also causes changes in the movement of papillary muscles and in the kinetics of the mitral valve apparatus with a consequent shortening diastolic filling period. Asynchronous ventricular activation leads to a redistribution of circumferential shortening and myocardial blood flow with decreased perfusion in the septum and increased in LV lateral wall. In the long term, electromechanical and perfusional changes cause LV remodeling and impaired systolic and diastolic filling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>LBBB- induced CM should be suspected in patients who develop CM, with history of LBBB with duration longer than five years, and LVEF &gt;50% and no cardiovascular disease at the time of CM diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, in clinical practice, information about duration of conduction disorder, or on previous systolic function is not available for most patients at the time of diagnosis of LBBB-related heart disease. This creates a chicken or the egg causality dilemma, where it becomes a challenge to define the role of LBBB as a cause or consequence of a cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In an attempt to shed light on this difficult diagnostic task, in 2019, Sanna et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> proposed clinical, electrocardiographic and imaging criteria to be red flags of LBBB induced-CM in a patient newly diagnosed with CM and LBBB ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ). It is important to highlight that these proposed criteria have not been validated in cohort studies yet.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Proposed red flags for left bundle branch block-induced cardiomyopathy</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Criteria</th>
									<th align="left">Red flag feature</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>ECG</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Typical LBBB: wide QRS (&gt;140 ms) with notching in lateral leads and QS or rS in V2-V3</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>No pseudonecrosis</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Medical history</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>No family history of DCM</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Exclusion of cardiovascular causes of CM such as coronary artery disease, genetic CMs, inflammatory CM, toxic causes (e.g. alcohol, anthracyclines), tachycardiomyopathy</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Echocardiography</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Usually non severe left ventricular dilatation</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Normal wall thickness</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Visually marked dyssynchrony</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Non-severe diastolic dysfunction</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Mild functional mitral regurgitation</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Mild left atrial dilatation</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Usually normal right ventricular function</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CMR</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>No or non-significant scar or fibrosis – usually no LGE, T1 and T2 mapping within normal limits</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>ECG: electrocardiogram; LBBB: left bundle branch block; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; CM: cardiomyopathy; CMR: cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; ms: milliseconds.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pre-excitation syndrome induced-cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>In ventricular pre-excitation syndrome, AV conduction occurs, partially or totally, through an accessory pathway, which results in earlier activation (pre-excitation) of the ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>It is a relatively common anomaly, estimated to affect 1-3/1,000 live births.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The condition may be asymptomatic or manifest as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia or, even more rarely, as syncope or sudden death due to the rapid conduction of an atrial tachyarrhythmia through the accessory pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Although occasional episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia are generally not associated with the development of ventricular dysfunction, this possibility exists in cases of incessant tachycardia. Additionally, abnormal ventricular activation resulting from early anterograde conduction can cause AV, interventricular, and intraventricular dyssynchrony, as well as CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pre-excitation-inducedCM is defined as LV systolic dysfunction exclusively caused by the presence of a manifest accessory pathway that recovers upon ablation. It should not be confused with tachycardia- or AF-induced CM because these two conditions are not uncommon in patients with manifest accessory pathway. So, in order to diagnose pre-excitation induced-CM, we must exclude both AF and supraventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A causal association between ventricular septal pre-excitation and ventricular dysfunction, or pre-excitation-induced CM, has been reported as a result of the mechanical dyssynchrony induced by the eccentric propagation of the electrical stimulus to the ventricle via the accessory pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> This abnormality, already described in infants, children and young adults, has been especially apparent in patients with ventricular pre-excitation in the right septal or postero-septal region,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which causes early electrical activation of the interventricular septum, inducing a mechanical dyssynchrony of the left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The early detection of the abnormal mechanical motion and morphological degeneration at the basal interventricular septum might lead to early diagnosis of pre-excitation induced-CM. This subgroup is definitively diagnosed when LV function recovers after interventional elimination of antegrade conduction. In these patients, after elimination of the accessory pathway, ventricular dysfunction usually reverses in a time range of one to 17 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment</title>
				<p>As for any diagnosis of HF, guideline-directed medical therapy should be initiated and optimized as soon as possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Since PICM is due to electrical and mechanical disturbances induced by RVP, reducing the pacing burden and/or correcting the dyssynchrony by an alternative pacing modality will ameliorate clinical symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using biventricular pacing is the most used approach for the management of PICM. Several studies have confirmed the ability of biventricular pacing to reverse the LV dilatation and dysfunction along with reduction in the severity of mitral regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In a cohort of 69 PICM patients identified through systematic inclusion and careful screening for alternative causes of CM, CRT upgrade was associated with marked improvement in systolic function, with mean LVEF increasing from 29.3% to 45.2% and more than 70% achieved LVEF &gt;35%. The benefits of CRT upgrade appear to be rapid, and most of LVEF improvement occurs within three months and more gradually over the remainder of the first year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>RVP-induced CM is reversible or partially reversible if RVP can be avoided or eliminated. Proper programming of AV intervals to allow intrinsic conduction can be achieved with a simple interval prolongation or by using device algorithms intended for this purpose. As for VVIR pacing, programming the device at a lower heart rate than intrinsic, when possible, is the only way to try to reduce PICM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>CRT with either biventricular pacing or conduction system pacing, including His-bundle pacing and left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is the indicated procedure to improve LV function in RVP-induced CM and LBBB-induced CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Although biventricular pacing has long been considered the standard treatment for abnormal conduction-induced cardiomyopathy, recent data suggest that conduction system pacing is associated with greater normalization of LVEF (27.6% vs 14.4%; p = 0.005) and better outcomes (death or HF admissions 28% vs 38%; p = 0.01) compared with biventricular pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>All cardiologists and clinicians taking care of patients with these conduction disturbances must be aware of the potential progression to cardiac dysfunction, CM and HF. Since the time to develop HF varies in patients with high rates of RVP, LBBB and pre-excitation, they should undergo clinical evaluation, measurement of biomarkers and serial echocardiograms. Patients at high-risk of developing abnormal conduction-induced CM should be identified and treated to prevent HF. Early detection is important because both CRT and conduction system pacing can reverse LV dysfunction and reduce morbidity and mortality.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Distúrbios de Condução como Causa de Insuficiência Cardíaca – O Que os Médicos Precisam Saber</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5420-2482</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Estêvão Lanna</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6561-1818</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes</surname>
						<given-names>Frank</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6387-7924</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-1770-9306</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maia</surname>
						<given-names>Kleisson Antônio Pontes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1451-1843</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carmo</surname>
						<given-names>André Assis Lopes do</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Cesar Leite, Manhuaçu, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Estevão Lanna Figueiredo • Instituto Orizonti – Avenida José do Patrocínio Pontes, 1355. CEP 30210-090, Mangabeiras, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil E-mail: estevao@cardiol.br, estevaolanna1@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn id="fn1002">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Recentemente, síndromes de pré-excitação, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) e estimulação ventricular direita foram reconhecidos como causas de cardiomiopatias (CM). Essas condições apresentam ativação ventricular anormal, que resulta em um quadro conhecido como dissincronia do ventrículo esquerdo. Essas três entidades têm como característica comum um QRS largo e um padrão de BRE no eletrocardiograma. O termo CM induzida por condução anormal foi então proposto. O diagnóstico e o tratamento adequados dessas CMs poderão promover melhora da fração de ejeção e capacidade funcional do ventrículo esquerdo, e redução da morbimortalidade. Neste artigo, faremos uma breve revisão dessas três condições clínicas, visando auxiliar os médicos no seu reconhecimento e manejo, e no encaminhamento dos pacientes em risco.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome de Pré-excitação</kwd>
				<kwd>Marca-passo no Ventrículo Direito</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Definições e classificações anteriores das cardiomiopatias (CMs) da American Heart Association<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> incluíam doenças genéticas e CMs induzidas por taquicardia como possíveis causas de Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC). Recentemente, síndromes de pré-excitação cardíaca, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE), e terapia de estimulação ventricular direita (EVD) foram reconhecidos como etiologias adicionais de CM. Todas essas condições são caracterizadas por ativação ventricular anormal, que resulta no que se conhece como dissincronia ventricular esquerdo. Embora a identificação de dissincronia requeira exames de imagem cardíaca, as três entidades mencionadas apresentam uma característica comum de um padrão de QRS largo e BRE no eletrocardiograma (ECG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O termo “CM induzida por condução anormal” foi então proposto. O diagnóstico e o tratamento adequado dessas CMs possivelmente irão promover melhora da capacidade funcional e da Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (FEVE), e redução da morbimortalidade. Neste artigo, faremos uma breve revisão dessas três condições clínicas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ), visando auxiliar os médicos no seu reconhecimento e manejo, e no encaminhamento dos pacientes em risco.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Tipos e mecanismos de desenvolvimento de distúrbios de condução anormal que levam à cardiomiopatia (CM); BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230030-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>CM induzida por terapia de EVD</title>
					<p>O implante de marca-passo permanente (MPP) é a melhor escolha terapêutica para bradiarritmias assintomáticas. Contudo, a estimulação apical do ventrículo direito, ou estimulação cardíaca artificial “convencional”, pode induzir dissincronia interventricular e intraventricular, aumento da ativação simpática, e anormalidades na perfusão miocárdica e na função endotelial, piorando o débito cardíaco e levando à IC. Isso pode ocorrer em 10-20% dos pacientes com EVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Observa-se um padrão alterado de ativação, similar ao BRE, com ativação elétrica iniciando-se no septo e ativação tardia da parede livre do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE), uma vez que o impulso elétrico percorre o miocárdio célula a célula e não pelo rápido sistema de Purkinje, prolongando a duração do QRS. Consequentemente, gera-se um padrão de contração ineficiente, com dissincronia ventricular, e perda do trabalho do miocárdio que pode levar à dilação do VE, disfunção sistólica, e IC clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> É provável que o desenvolvimento de CM dependa do grau de dissincronia do VE, o que pode variar significativamente com o local de inserção do eletrodo de estimulação ou do marca-passo (MP) atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em um registro nacional dinamarquês, 27 704 pacientes sem história de IC, que se submeteram a um implante de um MP com eletrodo para EVD entre 2000 e 2014, foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Para cada caso, cinco controles pareados por idade e sexo foram identificados (n=138 520). Em dois anos de seguimento, a presença de MP com eletrodo para EVD mostrou forte associação com o risco de IC, principalmente nos primeiros seis meses. Os pacientes com história de infarto do miocárdio e doença renal crônica apresentaram risco substancialmente maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Ahmed et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mostraram, em um estudo prospectivo, que em pacientes com FEVE basal normal, a dissincronia mecânica observada logo após a interposição de EVD em altas doses foi associou-se a um declínio mais tardio da FEVE. Os autores realizaram ecocardiograma transtorácico em quatro meses (mediana) e 28 meses (mediana) após o implante do sistema de MP, com declínio significativo na FEVE entre os exames definido como &gt;5%. Análise do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal por <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> do primeiro ecocardiograma foi realizada para quantificação da dissincronia. Além dos índices padrões de dissincronia, um novo índice foi utilizado. Os autores calcularam a dissincronia ápice-base utilizando os seis segmentos em um corte apical de quatro câmaras, denominada “atraso na propagação mecânica”, que correspondeu à diferença média no tempo para o pico do <italic>strain</italic> entre os segmentos adjacentes. O atraso na propagação mecânica correlacionou-se a um declínio significativo na FEVE, independentemente de todas as outras variáveis de dissincronia, estimulação cardíaca ou clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Safak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> analisaram dados de 170 pacientes submetidos ao implante de MPP no ápice do VD, na ausência de doença cardíaca estrutural e com FEVE preservada (&gt;45%) no momento do implante. Em um seguimento mediano de 24,5 meses, houve uma taxa de 6% de CM induzida por EVD. A presença de disfunção do nó sinusal como indicação primária para MPP foi inversamente e independentemente relacionada com ocorrência de MC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A maioria das definições para CM induzida por MP consiste em FEVE &lt; 50%, declínio absoluto ≥ 10% e/ou sintomas de novo episódio de IC após o implante de MPP. A internação por IC por disfunção sistólica ou diastólica e nova Fibrilação Atrial (FA) também devem ser consideradas. O tempo médio entre o implante de MPP e o primeiro evento de IC relacionado à EVD em pacientes com FEVE previamente normal foi de 2-5 anos. Sexo masculino, idade avançada, alta carga de EVD (superior a 20%), doença arterial coronariana, FA pré-existente, duração prolongada do QRS basal, FEVE baixa basal e duração prolongada do QRS estimulado são fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de CM induzida por MP. A maioria dos autores recomendam que pacientes com EVD devem submeter-se a uma ecocardiografia basal. O teste deve ser repetido anualmente para pacientes com FEVE reduzida (&lt;50%) e com altas taxas de EVD (≥40%) e a cada dois anos para pacientes com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Conforme mencionado, a CM induzida por MP tem sido considerada como uma forma de IC com fração de ejeção reduzida, e a maioria dos estudos que relatam a incidência da CM induzida por MP incluem FEVE reduzida no critério diagnóstico. Contudo, muitos pacientes que sofrem dos efeitos deletérios da terapia de EVD podem ainda apresentar fração de ejeção preservada e não preencher os critérios tradicionais para CM induzida por MP. Por outro lado, algumas questões precisam ser levantadas. Seria a EVD causa de novo episódio de IC ou seria a necessidade do implante de um MPP um presságio para uma doença subjacente que resultaria em IC, independentemente do MP? A relação entre MPP e IC é uma associação ou uma relação de causa e efeito?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>No estudo MOST ( <italic>Mode Selection Trial</italic> ), os autores analisaram pacientes com disfunção do nó sinusal e compararam aleatoriamente 707 pacientes com MP de dupla-câmara com resposta de frequência com 632 pacientes com MP de câmara única. Observou-se que, após um período médio de seguimento de 33,1 meses, que o risco de internação por IC e FA foi diretamente correlacionado com a carga de EVD, independentemente do tipo de MP (de câmara única ou dupla). A dissincronia ventricular causada pela estimulação ventricular apical no MP de câmara dupla pode aumentar o risco de IC e FA, particularmente quando imposta no VE deficiente. Tais riscos podem ser reduzidos por estratégias mínimas de estimulação ventricular que preservem, o máximo possível, a sequência normal de ativação ventricular. A estimulação ventricular &gt; 40% associou-se com um aumento em 2,9 vezes de internação por IC e um aumento em 1,36 no risco de FA. Para a estimulação com câmara única, esses números foram igualmente alarmantes: estimulação acima de 80% associou-se com um aumento de 2,56 de vezes na internação por IC, e o risco de FA aumentou 1,21 vezes a cada aumento de 25% na carga de EVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uma carga elevada de EVD é comumente observada nos pacientes que apresentam: 1) estimulação com dupla câmara se o intervalo atrioventricular (AV) estiver programado com um período mais curto que a condução AV intrínseca; ou 2) estimulação com câmara única com frequência cardíaca intrínseca abaixo da frequência inferior programada. Além disso, as características do MP podem causar aumento na EVD [por exemplo, <italic>mode switch</italic> para FA com frequência inferior mais alta, e algoritmos do tipo <italic>rate smoothing</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Um estudo prospectivo incluindo pacientes com bloqueio AV completo mostrou que a duração do QRS estimulado &lt; 160 ms, 160-189 ms, e &gt; 190 ms tiveram incidência de IC de 9,4%, 27,8%, e 56,8%, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). Ainda, uma redução na FEVE teve correlação direta com a duração do QRS estimulado (risco relativo 0,432). Uma duração do QRS estimulado &gt; 165 ms foi um preditor de risco de IC em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Nem todo paciente desenvolve CM induzida por MP durante o acompanhamento, e identificar fatores predisponentes ajudaria a mitigar potenciais complicações. Além de uma seleção cuidadosa para o implante de MPP, a escolha e a programação individualizadas do dispositivo são medidas iniciais essenciais para reduzir a incidência de CM induzida por MP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A avaliação periódica de paciente com EVD é essencial. Um programa de acompanhamento abrangente após o implante ajudaria no diagnóstico precoce e melhor manejo de pacientes com CM induzida por MP. Os pacientes devem submeter-se a uma ecocardiografia basal. O teste deve ser repetido anualmente para pacientes com FEVE reduzida (&lt;50%) e com altas taxas de EVD (≥40%) e a cada dois anos para pacientes com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>CM induzida por BRE</title>
					<p>O BRE está geralmente associado com doenças cardiovasculares, tais como hipertensão arterial, doença arterial coronariana e IC. Registros de CM dilatada descrevem taxas de BRE de 31%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Embora raro, o BRE isolado (sem suspeita ou confirmação de doença cardíaca), foi reconhecido nos últimos anos como um fator causal de uma entidade patológica distinta: CM induzida por BRE. A importância epidemiológica dessa hipótese deve-se ao fato de que, apesar de o BRE isolado ter baixa prevalência na população geral (&lt;1%), essa prevalência aumenta na população idosa, atingindo até 5% nos octogenários.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A dissincronia ventricular persistente, típica no BRE, poderia agir como um gatilho para o desenvolvimento de CM (hipótese da “dissincronopatia”). Em pacientes com BRE, devido à perda de condução pelos fascículos esquerdos, a ativação elétrica dos ventrículos inicia-se no ventrículo direito e percorre para o VE por fibras do miocárdio. No VE, a ativação mais precoce ocorre no septo ventricular e percorre para a parede livre lateral. A ativação elétrica alterada no VE leva a um atraso e heterogeneidade da despolarização e repolarização intraventricular e interventricular. A deformação tardia da parede lateral do VE também causa mudanças na motilidade dos músculos papilares e na cinética da válvula mitral, com consequente encurtamento no período de enchimento diastólico. A ativação ventricular assíncrona leva a uma redistribuição do encurtamento circunferencial e do fluxo sanguíneo no miocárdio, com redução na perfusão no septo e aumento na parede lateral do VE. Em longo prazo, alterações eletromecânicas e perfusionais causam remodelamento do VE e comprometimento do enchimento sistólico e diastólico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Deve-se suspeitar de CM induzida por BRE em pacientes que desenvolvem CM, com história de BRE com duração maior que cinco anos, e FEVE&gt;50% e ausência de doença cardiovascular antes do diagnóstico da CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, na prática clínica, informações acerca da duração do distúrbio de condução, ou da função sistólica prévia da maioria dos pacientes não estão disponíveis no momento do diagnóstico de doença cardíaca relacionada ao BRE. Tal fato cria um dilema do ovo e da galinha, em que há um desafio de se definir o BRE como causa ou consequência de uma CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na tentativa de se elucidar essa difícil tarefa diagnóstica, em 2019, Sanna et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> propuseram critérios clínicos, eletrocardiográficos e de imagem como sinais de alerta de CM induzida por BRE em uma paciente recém diagnosticado com CM e BRE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ). Vale destacar que esses critérios ainda não foram validados em estudos do tipo coorte.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Sinais de alerta propostos para identificação de cardiomiopatia induzida por bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Critérios</th>
										<th align="left">Características</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>ECG</td>
										<td>
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>BRE típico: QRS largo (&gt;140 ms) e com entalhe nas derivações laterais e QS ou rS em V2-V3</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Ausência de pseudonecrose</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>História clínica</td>
										<td>
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Sem história de CMD</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Exclusão de causas cardiovasculares de CM como doença arterial coronariana, CM, causas tóxicas (p.ex. álcool, antraciclinas), taquicardiomiopatia</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ecocardiografia</td>
										<td>
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Geralmente dilatação ventricular esquerda sem gravidade</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Espessura normal da parede</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Dissincronia visualmente marcante</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Disfunção diastólica sem gravidade</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Regurgitação mitral funcional leve</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Dilatação atrial esquerda leve</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Função ventricular direita geralmente normal</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RMC</td>
										<td>
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Fibrose ou cicatriz ausente ou não significativo – ausência de RTG geralmente, e T1 e T2 com limites normais</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; CMD: cardiomiopatia dilatada; CM: cardiomiopatia; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; RTG: realce tardio por gadolínio; ms: milissegundos.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiomiopatia induzida por síndrome pré-excitação</title>
					<p>Na síndrome de pré-excitação ventricular, ocorre condução AV parcial ou total, por meio de uma via acessória, que resulta em ativação mais precoce (pré-excitação) dos ventrículos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Trata-se de uma anomalia relativamente comum, que afeta 1-3/1000 nascidos vivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A doença pode ser assintomática ou se manifestar como taquicardia supraventricular paroxística ou, ainda mais raro, como síncope ou morte súbita devido à rápida condução de uma taquiarritmia atrial pela via acessória.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Embora episódios ocasionais de taquicardia supraventricular paroxística não estejam geralmente associados com o desenvolvimento de disfunção ventricular, essa pode existir em casos de taquicardia incessante. Ainda, a ativação ventricular anormal resultante de condução anterógrada pode causar dissincronia AV, interventricular, e intraventricular, bem como CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A CM induzida por pré-excitação é definida como disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda causada exclusivamente pela presença de uma via acessória que se recupera com ablação. Não deve ser confundida com CM induzida por taquicardia ou FA, uma vez que essas duas condições não são incomuns em pacientes que apresentam via acessória. Portanto, para se diagnosticar CM induzida por pré-excitação, devemos excluir FA e taquicardia supraventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Uma associação causal entre pré-excitação septal ventricular e disfunção ventricular, ou CM induzida por pré-excitação, foi relatada como resultante de uma dissincronia mecânica induzida pela propagação excêntrica de estímulos elétricos do ventrículo por meio da via acessória.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Essa anormalidade, já descrita em crianças e adultos jovens é mais evidente em pacientes com pré-excitação ventricular na região septal e póstero-septal direita, induzindo uma dissincronia mecânica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A detecção precoce da motilidade mecânica anormal e da degeneração morfológica no septo interventricular basal pode levar a um diagnóstico precoce de CM induzida por pré-excitação. O diagnóstico definitivo desse subgrupo é feito quando há recuperação da função ventricular esquerda após intervenção para eliminação da condução anterógrada. Nesses pacientes, após a eliminação da via acessória, geralmente ocorre reversão da disfunção ventricular em um período de um a 17 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento</title>
					<p>Assim como qualquer diagnóstico de IC, tratamento clínico guiado por diretrizes deve ser iniciado e otimizado o quanto antes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma vez que a CM induzida por estimulação cardíaca é causada por distúrbios elétricos e mecânicos induzidos por EVD, reduzir a carga de estimulação e/ou corrigir a dissincronia por modalidades alternativas de estimulação poderia melhorar sintomas clínicos. A terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC) com estimulação biventricular é a abordagem mais usada para o manejo da CM induzida por estimulação cardíaca. Vários estudos confirmaram a capacidade da estimulação biventricular em reverter a dilatação e a disfunção do VE, além de reduzir a gravidade da regurgitação mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em uma coorte de 69 pacientes com CM induzida por estimulação cardíaca identificados por inclusão sistemática e rastreio cuidadoso de causas alternativas da CM, o upgrade para TRC associou-se com melhora considerável na função sistólica, com aumento na FEVE média de 29,3% para 45,2%, sendo que mais de 70% dos pacientes alcançaram uma FEVE &gt; 35%.Os benefícios do upgrade para TRC parecem ser rápidos, e a maior parte da melhora da FEVE ocorre dentro de três meses, e mais gradualmente no decorrer do mesmo ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A CM induzida por EVD é reversível ou parcialmente reversível se a EVD puder ser evitada ou eliminada. Uma programação adequada dos intervalos interventriculares para viabilizar a condução intrínseca pode ser alcançada por um simples prolongamento do intervalo ou usando-se algoritmos eletrônicos desenvolvidos para esse propósito. Quanto aos MPs de câmara única, programar o dispositivo a uma frequência cardíaca mais baixa que a intrínseca, quando possível, é a única maneira de se tentar reduzir a CM induzida por estimulação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A TRC por meio de estimulação biventricular ou sistema de condução, incluindo estimulação do sistema His-Purkinje e estimulação do ramo esquerdo, é o procedimento indicado para melhorar a função do VE na CM induzida por EVD e na CM induzida por BRE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Embora a estimulação biventricular tem sido considerada o tratamento padrão para CM induzida por condução anormal por muito tempo, dados recentes sugerem que a estimulação do sistema de condução, em comparação à estimulação biventricular, está associada com maior normalização da FEVE (27,6% vs. 14,4%; p = 0,005) e melhores desfechos (morte ou internação por IC 28% vs. 38%; p = 0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Todos os médicos clínicos e cardiologistas tratando pacientes com os distúrbios de condução descritos devem estar cientes de sua potencial progressão para disfunção cardíaca, MC e IC. Uma vez que o tempo para o desenvolvimento de IC varia entre pacientes com altas taxas de EVD, BRE e pré-excitação, esses devem se submeter a uma avaliação clínica, dosagens de biomarcadores e eletrocardiogramas seriados. Pacientes em alto risco de desenvolverem CM induzida por condução anormal devem ser identificados e tratados para prevenir IC. A detecção precoce é importante, uma vez que tanto a TRC como a estimulação do sistema de condução podem reverter a disfunção ventricular esquerda e reduzir morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>