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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230029</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Advances in Clinical Practice, Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Chagas’ Heart Disease</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Sílvia Marinho Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7027-2330</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara Mariana dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1386-2042</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>Esthefany Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8681-3285</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Medeiros</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina de Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3653-7670</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5315-5231</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
						<given-names>Maria da Glória Aureliano de Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8021-541X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Assunção</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0663-236X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lorena</surname>
						<given-names>Virginia Maria Barros de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2608-7605</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
						<given-names>Afonso Luiz Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1614-7732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lucena</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Amorim de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-8880-5769</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Clodoval de Barros</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9176-6938</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Reis da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2747-3540</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrazzone</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina de Fátima Velloso</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0178-5589</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Wilson de</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">PROCAPE</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca – Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia – Faculdade de Medicina – USP, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Graças</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Graças (FENSG) – Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Aggeu Magalhães</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">FIOCRUZ</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Aggeu Magalhães – IAM / FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Sílvia Marinho Martins Alves • Pronto Socorro Cardiologico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) – Ambulatorio de doenca de chagas e Insuficiência Cardiaca – Rua Alvares de Azevedo, XXX. Postal Code 50100-040, Recife, PE – Brazil E-mail: <email>s.m.martins@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230029</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Chagas disease has become globalized as a result of the migratory process of infected patients to non-endemic areas. With the considerable number of individuals affected by the disease, detection and treatment of its chronic manifestations is a relevant and necessary issue. Growing attention has been paid to chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), which includes heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, conduction disturbances and thromboembolic events. Many pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for CCC are still extrapolations of existing evidence on the treatment of other clinical conditions, highlighting the need of including this group of patients in future studies. In this review, we will discuss the most recent data from the literature and clinical practice on the diagnosis and treatment of CCC.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Chagas disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Treatment</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="76"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdution</title>
			<p>Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease that affects socially vulnerable individuals that experience stigma, discrimination and high morbidity and mortality, especially those with the cardiac form of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Changes in the epidemiological landscape of CD have been described worldwide.</p>
			<p>With the migratory phenomenon, CD has become globalized. Especially coming from the Latin America, CD patients have moved to developed countries for better life conditions. For the time being, it is estimated that 6-7 million people in the world have CD, and approximately 100 million are at risk of contracting the disease ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Estimated number of immigrants infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in non-endemic countries; data-based estimates for the United States (2007), Canada (2006), Europe (2008–2011), Japan (2007), Australia (2011) and New Zealand (2006)+3</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230029-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The number of Latin-Americans living in peripheral urban agglomerations has drastically increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Parallel to the trends of population and urbanization growth, there have been increasing reports of events related to emerging infectious diseases, in which the presence of insect vectors has contributed to dissemination and transmission of zoonoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Estimates have shown that there are 400,000 Latin-Americans with CD living in other continents, especially in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia and Japan. Although becoming citizens of the world, these individuals still live in poor socioeconomic conditions and limited access to health systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In Brazil, it is estimated that at least one million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In the last 15 years, systematic occurrence of acute cases of CD, outbreaks related either to oral transmission by the ingestion of contaminated foods, mainly in the Amazon region, or to vectorial transmission due to accidental exposure to the wild cycle of the etiologic agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> CD has become an urban condition in the 80’s, with the rural-urban migration, with a high number of patients currently living in the periphery of large cities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Considering the high uncertainty of the Brazilian numbers, a giant step has been taken with the compulsory notification of the cases since 2020 (decree number 1061 of May 18, 2020); however, unfortunately, very little progress has been seen since then, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the weakening of programs for the care of CD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>With the increase in life expectancy of the general population, the number of CD patients at older ages and with more comorbidities has dramatically increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Approximately 25-30% of patients infected with <italic>T. cruzi</italic> develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which may lead to arrythmias, heart failure (HF), thromboembolic phenomena, and changes in the myocardial wall ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). The mortality rate of patients seen in outpatient care is estimated at 4% a year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Clinical presentations in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; LV: left ventricular.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230029-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In light of the growing number of patients infected with T. cruzi or at risk for CD, and consequently at higher risk of CCC, the understanding of the latest information about the diagnosis and management of these patients is essential for the clinical practice. This will be the focus of our discussion.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnosis</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Laboratory</title>
					<p>The diagnosis of T. cruzi infection is established by different laboratory techniques, depending on the stage of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the acute phase, because of parasitemia, it is recommended the direct detection of the parasite in the blood. Although it has a specificity of 100%, sensitivity may vary between the tests. Besides, the continuous training of microscopists should be considered for a positive impact on resource performance.</p>
					<p>In the chronic phase, with the reduction of parasites in the blood, a serological diagnosis is required, by applying two tests for the presence of anti-T. cruzi IgG antibodies. The most used methods are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay, indirect hemagglutination, and indirect immunofluorescence reaction. In case of disagreement, a third test is used for definition of a suspected case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Conflicting results may be explained by an insufficient antibody production, and, in these cases, molecular methods for detection of T. cruzi DNA have been used as an excellent alternative for these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Immunochromatography (rapid test) has been used for point-of-care testing of T-cruzi infection among family members of patients in field works or at outpatient clinics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Serological tests are subsequently performed to confirm.</p>
					<p>Recently, one of the largest outbreaks in Brazil has occurred in Pernambuco, and the diagnosis of suspected cases was only possible by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the TcSAT-IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Besides, this method has been suggested to monitor the etiological treatment in the chronic phase,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> since today the criteria for cure of CD is antibody decay analyzed by serological techniques, which may take many years.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Electrocardiogram</title>
					<p>Based on current knowledge of the natural history of CD, electrocardiographic changes precede the occurrence of symptoms, abnormalities on physical examination and chest X-ray.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A positive predictive value of 35% and a negative predictive value of 98% were seen in the diagnosis of systolic ventricular dysfunction in patients with abnormal ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Therefore, ECG is an important diagnostic and prognostic instrument.</p>
					<p>ECG should be performed for suspected or confirmed cases of CD and regularly repeated to assess the emergence or progression of abnormalities. Complete or incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) is one of the most common conduction disorders (10-50% of patients) and is frequently associated with anterior-superior fascicular block (the most common combination in chronic heart disease). Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiac images</title>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Echocardiogram</title>
					<p>Transthoracic echocardiogram is the most commonly used imaging method in the assessment, follow-up and staging of heart diseases. Left ventricular (LV) segmental changes may be present in up to 10% of patients in initial stages and in 50% of patients with ventricular dysfunction and dilation. Abnormal contractility and aneurysms are predictors of LV deterioration and arrythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Apical aneurysms are atypical, and more common in patients with systolic dysfunction; they may be associated with intraventricular mural thrombus, and are considered important risk factors for systemic embolism, including cerebrovascular accident.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Transthoracic echocardiogram is a crucial test for the initial assessment and follow-up of patients with CCC, especially due to its low cost and easy access. New echocardiographic techniques have added gains. Contrast echocardiography may be useful in the detection of aneurysms and ventricular thrombus, for improving echocardiographic endocardial border delineation, influencing physicians’ clinical decision-making about the need of anticoagulation. The use of global longitudinal strain may help in the evaluation of the heterogeneity of systolic contraction, already related to arrhythmic events, regardless of LV the ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Three-dimensional echocardiography allows a more accurate evaluation of LV apex and LF ejection fraction using the Simpson method, including the ventricular geometry, which may be distorted in CCC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
					<p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) may be useful when other imaging techniques are not enlightening. The major advantage of the method is the possibility of evaluating and characterizing the myocardium, identifying areas of myocardial fibrosis (MF). MF may be present in all stages of the disease, affecting up to 68% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The early detection of edema and/or MF is correlated with the risk of disease progression, severity of LV systolic dysfunction and risk of arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Recently, MF mass and MF area have been correlated with all-cause mortality, cardiac transplantation, shock delivered by implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantable and aborted sudden cardiac death; 76% of CCC patients had MF with a mass equal to or superior to 12.3 grams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Treatment</title>
			<p>Clinical management of patients with CCC involves monitoring of disease progression, non-pharmacological interventions, antitrypanosomal therapy in specific subgroups and supporting treatment for the main cardiovascular complications, including HF, malignant arrhythmias, electrical conduction disturbances and pulmonary and systemic thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Non-pharmacological treatment</title>
				<p>The greatest challenge in the treatment of chronic diseases is adherence to treatment, be it pharmacological or not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Several factors are added to the complexity of HF, such as polypharmacy, side effects and systemic repercussions with mobility restrictions. The patient and family members affected by the disease stigma live farther from the big cities, making the access to specialized health care services more difficult. Also, these individuals have limited access to free medications, low purchasing power, low educational attainment; they are hence socially, economically and psychologically vulnerable people that require an integral care, with biopsychosocial approach by a multidisciplinary team.</p>
				<p>In the last decades, advances have been made in the management of myocardiopathies, especially by the change of paradigms towards educational interventions for self-care, which has become as important as pharmacological therapies and implantable devices. Interdisciplinary interventions in the follow-up of HF patients are recommended in self-care, hospitalization and outpatient scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In this context, the multidisciplinary team plays a key role in the integral care, considering each patient individually, helping in the establishment of the most appropriate therapeutic, with few complications and better quality of life for the patients, and capacitate them self-care ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> According to patient needs, accessible technologies should be prioritized, facilitating the understanding of the interventions proposed. In addition, multifaceted approaches, such as those on warning signs of decompensation and anti-alcohol programs have been evaluated.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Integral care of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230029-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Another pillar of CCC treatment is rehabilitation. A randomized, controlled, single blind study with 40 patients demonstrated improvement of functional capacity and quality of life with exercises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Another study correlated physical training with improvement of microvascular function in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Despite their benefits, rehabilitation clinics are not widely available. Remote monitoring (telehealth) has been a support strategy to increase the access to specialized professionals.</p>
				<p>National and international experiences have shown that the formation of associations of patients has played a fundamental role in the recognition of similarities, helping in the elucidation of the disease and its development process. An active role of the patient should be encouraged, to stimulate its critical awareness of their rights and needs, favoring the decision making about health and collectivity. The associations focused on patient well-being try to contribute to a solid identity and citizenship.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Antitrypanosomal therapy</title>
				<p>The main data on antitrypanosomal therapy in patients with CCC derive from the BENEFIT study. This multicenter, randomized, controlled study involving 2854 patients with CCC and mild hemodynamic repercussions, and not including severely ill patients, did not show significant effects of benznidazole in preventing clinical deterioration of patients with established Chagas cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Based on these data, the antitrypanosomal therapy is not performed routinely in this group of patients.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Heart failure treatment</title>
			<p>The treatment of CCC is mostly based on the evidence from the treatment of other conditions that lead to HF with ventricular dysfunction. However, many of the established clinical trials with medications that reduced mortality did not include patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy. The few studies that have evaluated treatment in this population have methodological limitations regarding randomization, blinding, sample size and study closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The routine treatment of CCC includes the combination of beta-blockers (BB), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), digoxin, diuretics, and anticoagulants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> New therapies including angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have shown important results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>ACEI and ARB</title>
				<p>The ACEIs have been the basis of treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) for more than two decades, since enalapril demonstrated a reduction in the risk of death in symptomatic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> A double-blind, controlled study with 42 CD patients also showed the benefits of using ACEIs, even before the introduction of BB, showing improvement of the functional class and reduction of brain natriuretic peptide levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> These studies have supported the use of ACEI in CCC, but with an important caveat regarding the fact that these patients have more borderline blood pressure levels and may become symptomatic with the use of these drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> ACEIs are also recommended for patients with CCC who have segmental involvement of the ventricular wall, even in the absence of LV dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The effects of ARB on mortality have been inconsistent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> This class of drugs is indicated in case of intolerance to ACEIs only.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Beta-blockers</title>
				<p>Patients with CCC frequently have autonomic dysfunction, bradycardia and blocks. Based on this, greater attention has been given to the efficacy and safety of sympathetic blockade by the use of these drugs in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> With clinical practice, the use and importance of BB in HFrEF has increased over the years, and subanalyses have shown their safety and benefits in the treatment of CCC.</p>
				<p>Important studies involving BB have shown a reduction in mortality both in patients with mild to moderate symptoms of HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> and in patients with severe symptoms, reducing the combined relative risk of death and hospitalization by 31%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 42 patients with CCC, the use of carvedilol was well tolerated, and not associated with symptomatic bradycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> An observational study showed an association between BB and increased survival of CCC patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> This result was also reported in a subanalysis of the REMADHE trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Although large studies on BB have not included CD patients in the baseline, there is no biological plausibility to question the benefits of this class of drugs in the treatment of this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists</title>
				<p>The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES), published in 1999, evaluated the use of spironolactone (25-50 mg daily) or placebo by patients with HFrEF (≤35%) and functional class III-IV. The trial was discontinued early after an analysis determined satisfactory results in mortality, with a relative risk reduction of 35%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> Although patients with CCC have been poorly represented, there has been no evidence against the use of spironolactone in this population.</p>
				<p>Aldosterone receptor antagonists appear to be safe in Chagas cardiomyopathy and should be added to patients already taking ACEI and BB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sacubitril / Valsartana</title>
				<p>In 2014, the PARADIGM-HF was published. The study validated the use of ARNI and compared it with ACEI (enalapril) in the treatment of HFrEF, showing a reduction in the relative risk of the combined outcome of hospitalizations for HF and cardiovascular mortality by 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> A post-hoc analysis of a subgroup of 113 CCC patients taking angiotensin-receptor antagonists (n=58) showed a lower risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalizations for HF, in either analysis of the composite outcome or by the analysis of the outcomes alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> Despite the low representativeness of patients with Chagas’ heart disease in these studies, this class of medications is a valid alternative, already incorporated in the clinical treatment of CCC paitents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Sacubitril/valsartan is currently being investigated in the PARACHUTE study, an ongoing study designed to compare the effectiveness and safety of these drugs with enalapril, by analysis of morbidity, mortality, and variation of NT-proBNP levels in patients with CCC. We believe that these data focusing on CCC patients may help in establishing more fundamental practices in the clinical management of these patients.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>SGLT2 inhibitors</title>
				<p>The DAPA-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> and the EMPEROR-Reduced<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> are the main studies so far published on SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF. The studies evaluated the use of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, respectively, against placebo, in patients with ventricular dysfunction. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF. The results showed a reduction in the risk of the composite outcome and in all-cause mortality as compared with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> A sub-study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> of the DAPA-HF evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin according to etiology of HF (ischemic or non-ischemic) and found similar results regardless of the etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
				<p>CCC patients have not been represented in these large clinical trials on SGLT-2 inhibitors. However, there are no known interaction mechanisms that may affect the efficacy of this therapy in this group. SGLT2 inhibitors have been part of the therapeutic armamentarium in CCC, with good results, and already incorporated in current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Other drugs used in CCC</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Digoxin</title>
				<p>There are few studies on the safety and efficacy of digoxin in patients with CCC. There are, however, indirect clinical evidence of symptom improvement and reduction of hospitalizations in patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> In clinical practice, digoxin has been used selectively in patients with persistent functional class III or IV despite optimized clinical treatment, as well as in patients with atrial fibrillation and increased ventricular response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ivabradine</title>
				<p>In 2020, the SHIFT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> study showed the effects of ivabradine on outcomes in patients with HFrEF, heart rate 70 beats per min or higher and in sinus rhythm. The study showed a relative reduction in hospitalizations for heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Years later, a post-hoc analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> of this study was conducted aiming to evaluate the effects of ivabradine in patients with CCC, and showed that the drug was also effective in reducing heart rate and improving functional class of this group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> These results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size of patients with this nosologic entity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Nitrate and Hydralazine</title>
				<p>Evidence of the clinical benefits of the combined therapy of nitrate and hydralazine comes from studies conducted before the eighties, when drug treatment for HF was focused on symptom control, with no effect on mortality. Two main studies have grounded this combined therapy – in 1986, a beneficial, but not significant effect was shown on mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup> and in 1991 additional survival was seen in patients receiving enalapril (18%) versus hydralazine and nitrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
				<p>However, physiological outcomes have suggested that the vasodilator effects of enalapril and the combination of hydralazine and nitrate may be complementary,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> benefiting patients with congestion, renal dysfunction, or hyperkalemia, which limits the use of ACEI. Nevertheless, there are challenges regarding posology, since the fixed-dose combination medication is not available in Brazil.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Diuretics</title>
			<p>Diuretics act primarily by relieving of congestive symptoms in HF patients. There is no evidence of their association with mortality reduction. Diuretics are recommended to improve the quality of life of patients with CCC, reduced ejection fraction and congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Treatment of arrhythmias and conduction disturbances</title>
			<p>Chagas cardiomyopathy is characterized by a significant involvement of the myocardium and the conduction system and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality of individuals during their working lifetime. RBBB is frequently associated with anterior-superior fascicular block, and LBBB has a worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Atrioventricular block (AVB) is common; it may be present in different degrees and be the first manifestation of the disease. Advanced complete AVB and AVB may occur, requiring a permanent pacemaker implantation due to increased risk of sudden death for asystole. Sinus node dysfunction may be manifested with sinus bradycardia and pauses secondary to sinoatrial block. Atrial fibrillation (5% of ECGs) is usually associated with more pronounced and extensive myocardial damage and is a predictor of worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cardiac sudden death is the main cause of death (55-65% of patients) and is often associated with manifestations of HF. The main mechanisms are complex arrythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes CD-related arrythmias that are predictors of sudden death and their respective treatments.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Chagas disease-related arrythmias, predictors of sudden death, and their respective treatments</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Arrythmia</th>
								<th>General characteristics</th>
								<th>Drug treatment</th>
								<th>Intensive therapy ICD and/or RF ablation</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">Ventricular extrasystole (VE)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– 86-88% of patients without HF and in almost all patients with HF</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– High density: &gt;1000VEs/hour in 45-89% of patients (according to the EF)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– Symptomatic in the absence of ventricular dysfunction <list list-type="simple">
													<list-item>
														<p>Beta-blockers (nadolol, sotalol or propafenone) may be used</p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– If HFrEF <list list-type="simple">
													<list-item>
														<p>Amiodarone (200-600mg/day) due to its higher efficacy in reducing VE density</p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– Not indicated</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– 40% dos patients</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Independent predictor of arrhythmic and global and editor, mainly in patients with a high Rassi score</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– It increases mortality by up to 15 times in HF</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– Without ventricular dysfunction <list list-type="simple">
													<list-item>
														<p>Similar approach to that of patients with VE</p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– If HFrEF <list list-type="simple">
													<list-item>
														<p>Beta-blocker</p>
													</list-item>
													<list-item>
														<p>Amiodarone (RCT using amiodarone: GESICA and EPAMSA)</p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>–If symptoms <list list-type="simple">
													<list-item>
														<p>Antiarrhythmics: beta-blockers, sotalol, amiodarone (LV dysfunction and/or fibrosis)</p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– Primary prevention in chronic Chagas disease in case of NSVT, LVEF &lt; 35% and optimized treatment (CR II b LE C)**</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Awaiting for conclusions of the Brazilian multicentric RCT CHAGASICS, comparing amiodarone vs. ICD in reducing global mortality (primary prevention)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">Sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– Worse prognosis</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Found in 80 - 85% of electrophysiologic studies (EPSs)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– Based on observational studies comparing amiodarone vs. ICD in Chagas heart disease and on extrapolation of data from RCTs on other heart diseases</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Indication for the use of amiodarone according to current guidelines (weighted RL)*: <list list-type="simple">
													<list-item>
														<p>Stable SVT with EF &gt;40% (LE B) SVT with syncope and EF&gt;40% (LE B)</p>
													</list-item>
													<list-item>
														<p>Syncope associated with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia induced in an EPS and EF&gt;40% (LE B)</p>
													</list-item>
													<list-item>
														<p>Treatment of spontaneous SVT or symptomatic NSVT with induction of SVT during EPS (LE B)</p>
													</list-item>
													<list-item>
														<p>Patients with strong recommendation of ICD and limited life expectancy or without access to ICD (LE C)</p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="left" valign="top">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>– No evidence of indication of ICD for primary prevention of sudden death</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Stable SVT with LVEF &lt;35% and optimized treatment (RL I; LE C)**</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Stable SVT with LVEF &gt;35% and optimized treatment (RL IIa; LE C)**</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Radiofrequency ablation for recurrent SVT irrespective of optimized treatment, to reduce shocks or arrhythmia storms</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>– Autonomous modulation may be used when ablation is contraindicated (bilateral cervicothoracic sympathectomy)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>(*) Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of patients with Chagas disease cardiomyopathy. (**) 2023 Brazilian guidelines on cardiac implantable electronic devices. ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; RF: radiofrequency; CR: class of recommendation; RCT: randomized clinical trial; EF: ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RL: recommendation level; HF: heart failure; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LE: level of evidence; LV: left ventricular.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Antithrombotic therapy</title>
				<p>The incidence of thromboembolic phenomena in patients with Chagas’ heart disease is higher in those with ventricular dysfunction, apical aneurysm, left ventricular mural thrombosis and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Anticoagulation is recommended for CCC patients with permanent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, previous thromboembolic events or cardiac thrombus detected by imaging tests. It may also be indicated in cases of apical aneurysm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> So far, there is no scientific evidence for the use of antiplatelet agents to prevent thromboembolic events in CD, although aspirin can be used for stroke prevention in patients at high risk of bleeding.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiac transplantation</title>
				<p>Cardiac transplantation has become an option for patients with advanced CCC, who are refractory to optimized drug treatment. The selection criteria are no different from those of patients with other etiologies, except for the presence of gastrointestinal disturbances (megaesophagus and/or megacolon) which are relative contraindications to the procedure. Short-term and long-term outcomes of cardiac transplantation in this population have been described as better survival outcomes when compared with other groups of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Immunosuppressive therapy may increase the likelihood of CD reactivation. The immunosuppressive regimen with lower doses has been associated with lower reactivation rates and better outcomes, without increasing the risk of graft rejection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> Despite the risk of CD reactivation, prophylaxis with antitrypanosomal therapy before the transplantation is not recommended, although the therapeutic response to benznidazole has been satisfactory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>CD persists as a neglected disease, with an unfavorable course in patients with CCC, considering the high mortality rate and significant impairment of the quality of life. Over the last years, due to emigration of individuals from endemic to non-endemic countries, the disease has taken on global proportions, and become a problem not exclusive to Latin America.</p>
			<p>A multidisciplinary support is essential to deliver holistic care to patients. Non-pharmacological measures should be reinforced at every visit, highlighting the active role and involvement of the patient in the therapies proposed. An appropriate pharmacological management is still hampered by the interests of big pharmaceutical companies. For this reason, much of what we have performed in clinical practice derive from large clinical trials on other conditions that also lead to HF.</p>
			<p>The timely detection, integral care, notification, and epidemiological surveillance of individuals with CD should be reinforced not only by the increase of resources but also by capacitation of professionals at all levels of care. Therefore, primary attention seems to play the main role in the progress and control of notification of CD cases, which would contribute to better results in the care of these patients.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Higuchi</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heart Transplantation for Chronic Chagas’ Heart Disease</article-title>
					<source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
					<year>1996</year>
					<volume>61</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1727</fpage>
					<lpage>1733</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0003-4975(96)00141-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Avanços na Prática Clínica no Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Cardiopatia Chagásica Crônica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Sílvia Marinho Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7027-2330</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara Mariana dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1386-2042</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>Esthefany Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8681-3285</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Medeiros</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina de Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3653-7670</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5315-5231</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
						<given-names>Maria da Glória Aureliano de Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8021-541X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Assunção</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0663-236X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lorena</surname>
						<given-names>Virginia Maria Barros de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2608-7605</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
						<given-names>Afonso Luiz Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1614-7732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lucena</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Amorim de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-8880-5769</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Clodoval de Barros</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9176-6938</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Reis da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2747-3540</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrazzone</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina de Fátima Velloso</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0178-5589</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Wilson de</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco – Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca – Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia – Faculdade de Medicina – USP, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Graças (FENSG) – Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Aggeu Magalhães – IAM / FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Sílvia Marinho Martins Alves • Pronto Socorro Cardiologico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) – Ambulatorio de doenca de chagas e Insuficiência Cardiaca – Rua Alvares de Azevedo, XXX. CEP 50100-040, Recife, PE – Brasil E-mail: s.m.martins@uol.com.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A Doença de Chagas vem passando por um processo de globalização a partir da migração de pacientes infectados para regiões não endêmicas. O número considerável de portadores dessa doença faz com que o reconhecimento e o tratamento de suas manifestações crônicas seja um assunto relevante e necessário. A cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC), envolvendo insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias malignas, distúrbios de condução elétrica e eventos tromboembólicos, tem ganhado destaque. Muitas condutas terapêuticas, farmacológicas e não farmacológicas, ainda são extrapolações do que existe de evidência para o tratamento de outras condições clínicas, o que ressalta a necessidade da incorporação desse grupo de pacientes em estudos futuros. Discutiremos o que temos de mais atual na literatura e na prática clínica sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento na CCC.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Doença de Chagas</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chagásica Crônica</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Tratamento</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A Doença de Chagas (DC), considerada uma doença tropical negligenciada, afeta populações com vulnerabilidade social que sofrem estigma, discriminação e elevada morbimortalidade, especialmente na forma cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Modificações no panorama epidemiológico têm sido registradas em nível mundial.</p>
				<p>Com o fenômeno migratório, houve a globalização da DC. Especialmente oriundos da América Latina, pacientes portadores de DC partem em busca de melhores condições de vida e seguem para regiões desenvolvidas. No momento, estima-se uma média de 6 a 7 milhões de pessoas afetadas no mundo pela DC, com cerca de 100 milhões sob risco de contaminação ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Número estimado de imigrantes com infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi em países não endêmicos; estimativa baseada em dados para os Estados Unidos (2007) e Canadá (2006), Europa (2008–2011), Japão (2007), Austrália (2011) e Nova Zelândia (2006).3</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230029-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A proporção da população latino-americana que vive em grandes aglomerações urbanas periféricas aumentou significativamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Simultaneamente às tendências de crescimento populacional e urbanização, há registros crescentes de eventos relacionados às doenças infecciosas emergentes, nos quais a presença de insetos vetores cria condições para a disseminação e transmissão de zoonoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Estimativas demonstram que 400 000 latino-americanos são portadores de DC residindo em todos os continentes, especialmente em países como Estados Unidos, Canadá, Europa, Austrália e Japão. Apesar de se tornarem cidadãos do mundo desenvolvido, eles persistem vivendo em condições socioeconômicas restritas e com limitado acesso ao sistema de saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No Brasil, atualmente, estima-se pelo menos um milhão de pessoas infectadas por <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nos últimos 15 anos, foram registradas ocorrências sistemáticas de casos agudos, surtos relacionados à transmissão oral pela ingestão de alimentos contaminados, principalmente na região amazônica, bem como à transmissão vetorial extradomiciliar, com a exposição acidental ao ciclo silvestre do agente etiológico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A doença urbanizou-se no Brasil próximo aos anos 80, quando iniciou-se a migração rural-urbana, atualmente com grande número de pacientes vivendo na periferia das grandes cidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Diante da enorme incerteza dos números brasileiros, um salto significativo aconteceu com a notificação compulsória desde 2020 (Portaria nº 1.061 de 18 de maio de 2020); porém, infelizmente, ainda caminha a passos lentos, devido à pandemia de Covid-19, e pelo enfraquecimento de programas de atenção aos portadores da DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população geral, o número de pacientes chagásicos em idades mais avançadas, assim como as comorbidades associadas, cresceram expressivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC) desenvolve-se em aproximadamente 25-30% dos pacientes infectados pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Sua evolução pode levar a quadros de arritmias, insuficiência cardíaca (IC), fenômenos tromboembólicos e alterações da parede miocárdica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ). Estima-se que a taxa geral de mortalidade anual dos pacientes acompanhados ambulatorialmente é cerca de 4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Apresentações clínicas mais frequentes na cardiopatia chagásica crônica. Ve: ventrículo esquerdo; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230029-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Tendo em vista os números crescentes de pacientes infectados ou sob risco de infecção com a DC e, consequentemente, maior risco de CCC, a compreensão do que temos de mais atual para diagnóstico e manejo desse perfil de pacientes é fundamental para a nossa prática clínica, sendo esse o foco da nossa discussão.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Diagnóstico</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Laboratorial</title>
						<p>O diagnóstico da infecção pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic> se estabelece por meio de diferentes técnicas laboratoriais, dependendo da fase da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Durante a fase aguda, devido à alta parasitemia, é indicada a detecção direta do parasita no sangue. Embora a especificidade seja de 100%, a sensibilidade pode variar entre elas. Além disso, a capacitação contínua dos microscopistas deve ser sempre considerada para impactar positivamente no desempenho dos recursos.</p>
						<p>Na fase crônica, devido à redução de parasitas na corrente sanguínea, o diagnóstico deve ser sorológico, com a realização de dois testes para pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgG anti-T.cruzi. As técnicas mais utilizadas são <italic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA),</italic> imunoensaio de micropartículas quimioluminescentes, hemaglutinação indireta e reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Quando os resultados forem discordantes, um terceiro teste é utilizado para a definição de um caso suspeito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Dados conflitantes podem ser explicados pela produção insuficiente de anticorpos. Dessa forma, os métodos moleculares que detectam o DNA do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> têm se mostrado uma excelente alternativa para esses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
						<p>A imunocromatografia (teste rápido) tem sido utilizada como ferramenta “ <italic>point of care</italic> ” de busca ativa em trabalhos de campo ou em ambulatórios para a identificação de infecção entre familiares de um doente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> embora a confirmação por métodos sorológicos deva ser realizada em seguida.</p>
						<p>Recentemente, um dos maiores surtos ocorreu no estado de Pernambuco, e o diagnóstico dos pacientes com suspeita clínica de infecção aguda só foi possível pela utilização do sistema de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) quantitativa TcSAT-IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Além disso, a PCR quantitativa também tem sido sugerida para monitorar o tratamento etiológico na fase crônica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> visto que atualmente o critério de cura é o decaimento dos níveis de anticorpos por técnicas sorológicas, o que pode demorar muitos anos.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
						<p>No conhecimento da história natural da DC, alterações no eletrocardiograma (ECG) precedem o aparecimento de sintomas, anormalidades no exame físico e na radiografia de tórax.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Valor preditivo positivo de 35% e valor preditivo negativo de 98% foram evidenciados no diagnóstico de disfunção ventricular sistólica em pacientes com ECG anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O ECG é, portanto, um importante instrumento diagnóstico e prognóstico.</p>
						<p>O ECG deve ser realizado na suspeita ou confirmação da DC e deve ser repetido regularmente para avaliar o aparecimento ou evolução de anormalidades. O bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) completo ou incompleto é o distúrbio de condução mais comum (10% a 50% dos infectados), estando frequentemente associado ao bloqueio divisional anterossuperior (BDASE) (combinação mais comum na cardiopatia crônica). O bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) é raro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Imagens cardíacas</title>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Ecocardiograma</title>
						<p>O ecocardiograma transtorácico é o método de imagem mais utilizado para avaliação, acompanhamento e estadiamento das patologias cardíacas. As alterações segmentares do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) podem estar presentes em até 10% nas fases iniciais e em 50% naqueles com dilatação e disfunção ventricular. A contratilidade anormal e aneurismas são preditores para deterioração global do VE e arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Os aneurismas apicais são achados típicos, sendo mais frequentes em pacientes com disfunção sistólica; podem estar associados com trombos murais intraventriculares e são considerados importantes fatores de risco para embolias sistêmicas, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Apesar do ecocardiograma transtorácico ser um exame fundamental para a avaliação inicial e seguimento clínico dos portadores de CCC, especialmente devido ao seu baixo custo e fácil acesso, novas técnicas ecocardiográficas também têm agregado ganhos. A ecocardiografia com contraste pode ser útil para detecção de aneurismas e trombos ventriculares, por realçar a borda endocárdica, impactando na decisão do clínico para definir a necessidade de anticoagulação. O uso do <italic>strain longitudinal global</italic> pode auxiliar na avaliação da heterogeneidade da contração sistólica, já relacionada ao risco de eventos arrítmicos, independente da fração de ejeção (FE) do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma tridimensional permite avaliar com maior precisão o ápice do VE e a FE pelo Simpson, por melhor considerar a geometria ventricular, que pode se encontrar distorcida nesta doença.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca</title>
						<p>A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) pode ser útil quando outras técnicas de imagem não forem esclarecedoras. A maior vantagem do método consiste na possibilidade de avaliar e caracterizar o miocárdio, identificando áreas de fibrose miocárdica (FM). A FM pode estar presente em todas as fases da doença, atingindo até 68% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A detecção precoce de edema e/ou FM correlaciona-se com risco de progressão de doença, gravidade de disfunção sistólica do VE e risco de arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Recentemente, o grau e a massa de FM foram correlacionados com mortalidade por todas as causas, transplante cardíaco, choque pelo cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) e morte súbita (MS) abortada; 76,1% dos pacientes com CCC apresentaram FM igual ou superior a 12,3 gramas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tratamento</title>
				<p>O manejo clínico dos pacientes com CCC envolve o monitoramento da progressão da doença, cuidados não farmacológicos, terapia antitripanossômica em subgrupos específicos e o tratamento de suporte das principais complicações cardiovasculares, incluindo a IC, arritmias malignas, distúrbios de condução elétrica e eventos tromboembólicos pulmonares e sistêmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento não farmacológico</title>
					<p>O maior desafio no tratamento das doenças crônicas é a adesão ao tratamento, quer seja farmacológico ou não.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Inúmeros fatores somam-se à complexidade da IC, como a polifarmácia, efeitos colaterais e as repercussões sistêmicas com restrição de mobilidade. O paciente e os familiares afetados pelo estigma da doença moram mais distante dos grandes centros, dificultando o acesso aos serviços especializados de saúde. Esses indivíduos usufruem de menor número de medicações de distribuição gratuita, possuem baixo poder aquisitivo e baixa escolaridade, evidenciando uma massiva vulnerabilidade social, econômica e psicológica, tendo, portanto, a necessidade de um atendimento integral, com abordagem biopsicossocial por equipe multiprofissional.</p>
					<p>Nas últimas décadas, o tratamento das miocardiopatias evoluiu, sobretudo pela mudança de paradigma à importância das intervenções na educação para o autocuidado, comparável à da terapêutica farmacológica e dispositivos implantáveis. As intervenções interdisciplinares no acompanhamento de pacientes com IC são recomendadas em todos os cenários de cuidado, internação ou ambulatorial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Neste contexto, a equipe multiprofissional tem papel fundamental no cuidado integral, considerando a individualidade do paciente para se estabelecer o melhor plano terapêutico com menos complicações e melhor qualidade de vida, e capacitando-o para a atividade do autocuidado ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Conforme as peculiaridades de cada paciente, deve ser priorizado o uso de tecnologias acessíveis, facilitando a compreensão das intervenções propostas. Programas de abordagem multifacetadas, como de orientação sobre sinais de alerta de descompensação e de abandono do etilismo e/ou alcoolismo têm sido avaliados.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Atenção integral ao portador de cardiopatia chagásica crônica.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230029-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Outro pilar do tratamento é a reabilitação. Estudo randomizado, controlado, simples-cego, envolvendo 40 pacientes, demonstrou melhora da capacidade funcional e da qualidade de vida com o exercício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Outra pesquisa correlacionou o treinamento físico com a melhora da função microvascular nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Apesar dos benefícios, as clínicas de reabilitação não têm sido disponíveis em larga escala. Apoio por teleatendimento também tem sido uma estratégia para aumentar o acesso através da orientação de profissionais especializados.</p>
					<p>Experiências nacionais e internacionais têm demonstrado que a união desses pacientes em associações passou a ter um papel fundamental no reconhecimento de similaridades, ajudando a esclarecer e orientar sobre a doença e o processo do adoecimento. A estimulação de uma posição ativa do paciente, elevando sua consciência crítica de direitos e necessidades, favorece a tomada de decisão a respeito de sua saúde e da coletividade. As associações com a missão de buscar o bem-estar da pessoa afetada procuram contribuir para a construção de uma identidade sólida e fortalecimento da cidadania.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Terapia antitripanossômica</title>
					<p>Os melhores dados sobre a terapia antitripanossômica em pacientes com CCC são do estudo BENEFIT. Esse ensaio randomizado, controlado e multicêntrico envolveu 2854 pacientes, incluindo portadores de CCC com leve repercussão hemodinâmica e excluindo pacientes graves, não demonstrou efeitos significativos no uso do benzonidazol na prevenção da progressão da cardiomiopatia chagásica já estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Baseado nesse estudo, o tratamento antiparasitário não é realizado de rotina nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Terapia para insuficiência cardíaca</title>
					<p>O tratamento da CCC baseia-se principalmente no que já existe de evidência para o tratamento de outras condições que levam à IC com disfunção ventricular. Contudo, boa parte dos ensaios clínicos já estabelecidos com medicações modificadoras de mortalidade não incluíram pacientes com cardiomiopatia chagásica. O pequeno número de estudos destinados à análise de tratamento nesta população apresenta limitações metodológicas no que concerne à randomização, cegamento, tamanho de amostra ou finalização do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A rotina clínica de tratamento da CCC inclui o uso combinado de betabloqueadores (BB), inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA), digoxina, diuréticos e anticoagulantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Novas terapias, como o uso de inibidores da neprilisina e de receptores de angiotensina (INRA) e inibidores do co-transportador de sódio glicose (ISGLT-2) vêm demonstrando resultados importantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>IECA e BRA</title>
					<p>Os IECAs têm sido a base do tratamento da IC com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida (ICFER) há mais de duas décadas, desde que o enalapril demonstrou redução do risco de morte em pacientes sintomáticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Um ensaio duplo cego, placebo controlado, com 42 pacientes com DC também comprovou benefício nesse grupo, mesmo antes da introdução do BB, demonstrando melhora da classe funcional e diminuição dos níveis de peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Tais estudos afirmaram o benefício do uso do IECA na CCC, com a necessidade de um adendo em relação à pressão arterial mais limítrofe nessa população, podendo se tornarem sintomáticos após introdução desta medicação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> O IECA também é recomendado para pacientes com CCC que apresentem comprometimento segmentar da parede ventricular, mesmo na ausência de disfunção do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os efeitos do BRA na mortalidade têm sido inconsistentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Essa classe medicamentosa é orientada apenas em casos de intolerância ao IECA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Betabloqueadores</title>
					<p>Os pacientes com CCC apresentam frequentemente disfunção autonômica, bradicardias e bloqueios. A partir disso, maior atenção foi dada à eficácia e segurança do bloqueio simpático pelo uso dessas medicações nessa população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> Ao longo dos anos, com a prática clínica, o uso dos BB ganharam força e importância na ICFER, demonstrando segurança e benefício no tratamento da CCC em subanálises realizadas.</p>
					<p>Importantes estudos envolvendo BB demonstraram redução de mortalidade, tanto em pacientes com sintomas leves a moderados de IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> como também em pacientes com sintomas mais graves, reduzindo o risco relativo combinado de morte e hospitalização em 31%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em estudo randomizado, duplo-cego placebo-controlado, o uso de carvedilol em 42 pacientes com CCC mostrou-se seguro e bem tolerado, sem associação com bradicardia sintomática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Um outro estudo, de base observacional, mostrou que o uso do BB foi associado ao aumento da sobrevida em pacientes com CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> Esse resultado também foi encontrado em uma análise de subgrupo do estudo REMADHE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Apesar de os grandes estudos sobre BB não haverem incluído pacientes chagásicos no basal, não há plausibilidade biológica em se questionar o benefício do uso dessa classe medicamentosa no tratamento desta população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides</title>
					<p>O estudo RALES ( <italic>Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study</italic> ), publicado em 1999, avaliou o uso da espironolactona, em doses de 25-50mg/dia em relação ao placebo, em pacientes com ICFER (&lt; ou igual 35%) e classe funcional III-IV, sendo interrompido precocemente por alcançar desfechos satisfatórios, com análises demonstrando 35% de redução relativa do risco de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> Apesar de pacientes com CCC terem sido pouco representado nesse estudo, não foi estabelecida nenhuma outra evidência contra o seu uso.</p>
					<p>Os antagonistas dos receptores de aldosterona parecem ser seguros na cardiomiopatia chagásica e devem ser adicionados em pacientes que já estejam em uso de IECA e BB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sacubitril-Valsartana</title>
					<p>Em 2014, tivemos a publicação do PARADIGM-HF, estudo que validou o uso do INRA e comparou o uso desta medicação com o IECA (enalapril) no tratamento de pacientes com ICFER, demonstrando redução relativa do risco em 20% para o desfecho combinado de hospitalizações por IC e morte cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Em análise <italic>post hoc</italic> deste estudo, um subgrupo de pacientes com 113 portadores de CCC foi analisado, verificando-se que os pacientes do grupo de tratamento do INRA (58 pacientes) apresentaram menores riscos de mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares ou hospitalizações por IC, seja na análise do desfecho composto ou isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> Apesar da pouca representatividade de pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica nos estudos de avaliação, essa classe medicamentosa é hoje uma alternativa válida e já incorporada na prática clínica de tratamento no paciente com CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Atualmente, encontra-se em andamento o estudo PARACHUTE, exclusivo para avaliação da eficácia e segurança do sacubitril-valsarana em comparação ao enalapril, analisando-se a morbidade, mortalidade e variação do NT-proBNP em pacientes com CCC. Acreditamos que esses dados mais direcionados ao paciente com CCC nos ajudem a esclarecer, à luz da evidência, práticas clínicas mais fundamentadas para esse grupo de pacientes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>ISGLT-2</title>
					<p>O DAPA-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> e o EMPEROR-Reduced<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> foram os principais estudos publicados para avaliação dos ISGLT-2 em pacientes com ICFER. Eles compararam o uso da dapaglifozina e empaglifozina, respectivamente, contra placebo em pacientes com disfunção ventricular. O desfecho primário foi o combinado de morte por causas cardiovasculares e internações por IC. Seus resultados demonstraram redução do risco do desfecho combinado assim como redução do risco de morte por todas as causas, quando comparado ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Um subestudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> do DAPA-HF avaliou a eficácia e segurança da medicação, de acordo com a etiologia da IC, classificada como isquêmica ou não isquêmica, encontrando equivalência dos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os pacientes com CCC também não foram representados nos grandes ensaios clínicos sobre ISGLT-2. Entretanto, não são conhecidos mecanismos de interação que possam modificar a eficácia dessa terapia neste grupo. O seu uso tem feito parte do arsenal terapêutico do tratamento da CCC, apresentando bons resultados, sendo uma classe medicamentosa já incorporada pelas diretrizes atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Outras medicações usadas na CCC</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Digoxina</title>
					<p>Há poucos estudos sobre a segurança e a eficácia da digoxina nos pacientes com CCC. Existem, no entanto, evidências científicas indiretas de melhora sintomática e redução de internações hospitalares, quando usada em pacientes com ICFER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> Na prática clínica, o seu uso é selecionado para os pacientes que persistem com classe funcional III ou IV à despeito da terapia clínica otimizada, assim como em pacientes com fibrilação atrial com elevada resposta ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ivabradina</title>
					<p>Em 2010, o estudo SHIFT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> demonstrou o uso da ivabradina na ICFER em pacientes com frequência cardíaca persistentemente maior que 70 bpm e ritmo sinusal. O estudo demonstrou redução relativa do risco de hospitalizações por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Alguns anos após, uma análise <italic>post hoc</italic> desse estudo foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da ivabradina em pacientes com CCC, e mostrou que a droga também foi eficaz em reduzir a frequência cardíaca e melhorar a classe funcional nesse grupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Esses resultados merecem ser interpretados com cautela em decorrência de uma amostra limitada de pacientes com essa entidade nosológica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Nitrato e Hidralazina</title>
					<p>As evidências sobre o benefício clínico da combinação de hidralazina e nitrato vêm de estudos anteriores à década de 80, quando o tratamento da IC consistia apenas de medicações destinadas ao controle sintomático, sem impacto na mortalidade. Dois estudos principais embasam o uso dessa combinação nos dias de hoje. Em 1986, foi demonstrado benefício não significativo sobre a mortalidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup> e em 1991, adicional de sobrevida nos pacientes do estudo em uso de enalapril (18%) versus hidralazina e nitrato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Entretanto, desfechos fisiológicos sugerem que os efeitos vasodilatadores do enalapril e da combinação de hidralazina e nitrato podem ser complementares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> beneficiando pacientes congestos, com alteração de função renal ou hipercalemia, o que limita o uso do IECA. Em contraponto, existem dificuldades posológicas, não tendo ainda no Brasil o comprimido conjugado.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Diuréticos</title>
					<p>Os diuréticos agem principalmente no alívio dos sintomas congestivos em pacientes com IC. Não há evidências sobre a sua associação com redução de mortalidade. São recomendados em pacientes com CCC e FE reduzida que se apresentam em estado congestivo, com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Terapia para arritmias e distúrbios de condução</title>
				<p>A cardiomiopatia Chagásica caracteriza-se por acometimento significativo do miocárdio e do sistema de condução, sendo causa importante de morbimortalidade em indivíduos em fase produtiva de suas vidas. O BRD está frequentemente associado ao BDASE, já o BRE apresenta pior prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O Bloqueio Atrioventricular (BAV) é comum, apresentando-se em graus variados, podendo ser a primeira manifestação da doença. Podem ocorrer BAV total e BAV avançados com necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo por maior risco de morte súbita por assistolia. A doença do nó sinusal pode se manifestar como bradicardia sinusal e pausas secundárias ao bloqueio sinoatrial. A fibrilação atrial (5% dos ECGs) geralmente associa-se a dano miocárdico mais pronunciado e extenso e é prenuncio de mau prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A morte súbita cardíaca é a principal causa de óbito (55-65% dos pacientes), sendo frequentemente associada a manifestações de IC. O principal mecanismo são arritmias cardíacas complexas como taquicardia ventricular e fibrilação ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> , encontram-se as arritmias na DC preditoras da ocorrência de morte súbita e seus respectivos tratamentos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principais arritmias na Doença de Chagas preditoras de morte súbita e seus respectivos tratamentos</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Arritmia</th>
									<th>Características gerais</th>
									<th>Tratamento medicamentoso</th>
									<th>Terapia invasiva CDI e/ou Ablação por RF</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">Extrassístoles ventriculares (EVs)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– 86-88% dos pacientes sem IC e em quase todos com IC</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Densidade elevada: &gt;1000EV/hora em 45-89% dos pacientes (a depender da FE)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– Sintomático na ausência de disfunção ventricular: <list list-type="simple">
														<list-item>
															<p>Pode usar: betabloqueadores (nadolol ou sotalol ou propafenona)</p>
														</list-item>
													</list>
												</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Se ICFER <list list-type="simple">
														<list-item>
															<p>Pode usar: amiodarona (200-600mg/dia) por sua maior eficácia em diminuir a densidade de EV</p>
														</list-item>
													</list>
												</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– Não tem indicação</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">Taquicardia Ventricular não sustentada (TVNS)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– 40% dos pacientes</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Preditor independente de mortalidade arrítmica e global, principalmente em pacientes com escore de RASSI elevado</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Na presença de IC, aumenta em até 15 vezes a mortalidade</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– Sem disfunção ventricular <list list-type="simple">
														<list-item>
															<p>Tratar da mesma forma que pacientes com EV</p>
														</list-item>
													</list>
												</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Se ICFER <list list-type="simple">
														<list-item>
															<p>Opções disponíveis</p>
														</list-item>
														<list-item>
															<p>Betabloqueador</p>
														</list-item>
														<list-item>
															<p>Amiodarona (ECR utilizando amiodarona: GESICA e EPAMSA)</p>
														</list-item>
													</list>
												</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Presença de sintomas <list list-type="simple">
														<list-item>
															<p>Antiarrítmicos: betabloqueadores, sotalol, amiodarona (disfunção de VE e/ou fibrose importante)</p>
														</list-item>
													</list>
												</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– Prevenção primária na Cardiopatia Chagásica crônica quando tiver TVNS com FEVE&lt; 35% em tratamento clínico otimizado (CR II b NE C)**</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Aguardando a conclusão do ECR multicêntrico brasileiro (estudo CHAGASICS), comparando amiodarona x CDI na redução de mortalidade total (prevenção primária)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">Taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– Apresenta pior prognóstico</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Reproduzida em aproximadamente 80% a 85% dos estudos eletrofisiológicos (EES)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– Baseado apenas em estudos observacionais comparando a amiodarona x CDI na cardiopatia chagásica e na extrapolação de dados de ECR realizados em outras cardiopatias</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Indicação do uso da amiodarona de acordo com as diretrizes atuais (GR ponderado)*: <list list-type="simple">
														<list-item>
															<p>TVS estável com FE &gt;40% (NE B)</p>
														</list-item>
														<list-item>
															<p>TVS com síncope e FE&gt;40% (NE B)</p>
														</list-item>
														<list-item>
															<p>Síncope associada a TVS monomórfica induzida ao EEF e FE&gt;40% (NE B)</p>
														</list-item>
														<list-item>
															<p>Tratamento de TVS espontânea ou de TVNS sintomática com indução de TVS ao EEF (NE B)</p>
														</list-item>
														<list-item>
															<p>Pacientes com recomendação forte de CDI e com expectativa de vida limitada ou sem acesso ao dispositivo (NE C)</p>
														</list-item>
													</list>
												</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left" valign="top">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>– Sem evidência da indicação de CDI na prevenção primária de Morte Súbita</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– TVS estável com FEVE&lt;35% em tratamento clínico otimizado (CR I; NE C)**</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– TVS estável com FEVE&gt;35% em tratamento clínico otimizado (CR IIa; NE C)**</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Ablação por radiofrequência na recorrência da TVS a despeito de terapia otimizada, na diminuição dos choques ou tempestades arrítmicas</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>– Modulação autonômica pode ser utilizada se houver contraindicação para a ablação (simpatectomia cervicotorácica bilateral)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>(*) Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref> (**) Recomendações da Diretriz Brasileira de Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis de 2023. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implantável; CR: classe de recomendação; ECR: ensaio clínico randomizado; FE: fração de ejeção; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; GR: grau de recomendação; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFER: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; NE: nível de evidência; RF: radiofrequência; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; EEF: estudo eletrofisiológico</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Terapia antitrombótica</title>
					<p>A incidência de fenômenos tromboembólicos em pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica é mais alta naqueles com disfunção ventricular, aneurisma de ponta ou trombose mural do VE e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A anticoagulação é recomendada para pacientes com CCC que apresentam fibrilação atrial permanente ou paroxística, eventos tromboembólicos prévios ou presença de trombo cardíaco detectado por exame de imagem. Também pode ser indicada na presença de aneurismas apicais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Os antiplaquetários não têm, até o momento, evidência científica na prevenção de eventos tromboembólicos na DC, mas a aspirina pode ser usada em pacientes com alto risco de sangramento, na prevenção de acidentes vasculares cerebrais.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Transplante cardíaco</title>
					<p>Em pacientes com CCC avançada, refratários à terapia medicamentosa otimizada, o transplante cardíaco torna-se uma opção. Os critérios de seleção não diferem da avaliação geral dos pacientes com outras etiologias, exceto a presença do acometimento gastrointestinal (megaesôfago e/ou megacólon) que contraindica, de forma relativa, o procedimento. O resultado de transplantes nesta população, a curto e a longo prazo, tem sido descrito com melhores desfechos de sobrevida quando comparados a outros grupos de transplantados cardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O uso da terapia imunossupressora pode aumentar a chance de reativação da DC. O regime de imunossupressão com doses mais baixas têm demonstrado menores taxas de reativações e melhores resultados, sem aumento na rejeição do enxerto associado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> A despeito da possibilidade de reativação da DC, a profilaxia pré-transplante com terapia antitripanossômica não é recomendada, porém a resposta terapêutica ao benzonidazol em pacientes com reativação tem se revelado bastante satisfatória.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A DC persiste como uma doença negligenciada apresentando desfavorável evolução entre os portadores da CCC tendo em vista a alta mortalidade e grave comprometimento na qualidade de vida. Há alguns anos, pelo processo de emigração dos países considerados endêmicos para locais não endêmicos, a doença tomou proporções globais, deixando de ser um problema de saúde pública exclusivo da América Latina.</p>
				<p>O apoio e o suporte da equipe multidisciplinar são importantes para a manutenção do cuidado holístico dos pacientes. Medidas não farmacológicas devem ser reforçadas a cada consulta, valorizando o papel ativo do paciente e seu envolvimento com as intervenções terapêuticas propostas. Um melhor manejo farmacológico ainda esbarra nos interesses de grandes indústrias farmacêuticas. Por isso, muito do que temos de tratamento clínico são ainda extrapolações de grandes ensaios clínicos envolvendo outras doenças que também levam à IC.</p>
				<p>A detecção oportuna, o cuidado integral, a notificação e a vigilância epidemiológica das pessoas com DC devem ser reforçadas não só com ampliação de recursos e especialmente com capacitação adequada dos profissionais em todos os níveis de atendimento. A atenção primária firma-se assim como grande protagonista do progresso do controle e da notificação de casos relacionados à DC, o que contribuiria para melhores resultados no cuidado aos portadores da doença.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>