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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230028</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Viewpoint</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rêgo</surname>
						<given-names>Luma Ornelas Sousa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0321-4544</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vilas-Boas</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo Sampaio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Durães</surname>
						<given-names>André Rodrigues</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: André Rodrigues Durães • Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Alberto Silva, 439. Postal Code 41815-000, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: <email>andreduraes@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230028</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a restrictive cardiomyopathy of unknown origin, affecting mainly young people from tropical countries. EMF is considered to be the most restrictive cardiomyopathy in the world. The main risk factors for EMF appear to be age, gender, ethnicity, social vulnerability, and eosinophilia. The deposition of fibrotic tissue in the endocardium, myocardium, and heart valves leads to a decrease in the ventricular cavity and dysfunction in the diastolic filling of the ventricles. In this article we will express our point of view on this pathology, which is relatively unknown and with limited treatment options.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Endomyocardial</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricles</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a restrictive cardiomyopathy of unknown origin, affecting mainly young people from tropical countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This condition was first described in Uganda, in 1947, by the pathologist Jack N. P. Davies, who also give this disease the name of Davies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>EMF is considered to be the most restrictive cardiomyopathy in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the doubt surrounding all cases of EMF having the same root cause continues to be one of the greatest mysteries in cardiology, even more than 70 years after its first description.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Efforts to understand their mechanisms are hindered by the incapacity to detect EMF in its initial stages in endemic areas, mainly due to health professionals’ lack of knowledge and to a general lack of access to health systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> For this reason, to date, no provenly effective therapy has been discovered for this condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Epidemiology</title>
				<p>The main risk factors for EMF appear to be age, gender, ethnicity, social vulnerability, and eosinophilia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is a disease that appears markedly in developing countries in both tropical and subtropical regions. Half of the described cases come from Sub-Saharan Africa, with one fourth of these coming from Uganda alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> One echocardiographic study showed a prevalence of nearly 20% in one rural community in Mozambique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition, a high prevalence of EMF has been documented in India and China. In South America, EMF has been reported mainly in Brazil and Colombia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In Uganda, a bimodal pattern of the disease was registered, with peaks in the age group of 10 to 30 years. In this country, a two-fold greater prevalence was documented in women, although this pattern has not been repeated in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Etiopatogenesis</title>
				<p>The etiopathogenesis behind the emergence of EMF is still relatively unknown. However, many theories have been postulated concerning the theme. The concentration of the disease in the tropics has led to a search for environmental, nutritional, and infectious causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The etiopathogenesis of EMF is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Physiopathological mechanisms of endomyocardial fibrosis.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230028-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The main thesis deals with a possible relation with a hypereosinophilic syndrome. This theory is corroborated by the observation that EMF is similar to the late stage of Loeffler’s syndrome, both characterized by a fibrotic state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, also linked to this theory is the fact that the eosinophilia is limited to the initial stages of EMF, in addition to the geographic inconsistencies in the prevalence of parasitic infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The investigation of nutritional factors has been focused on in a possible connection with toxicity stemming from the excessive consumption of cassava root. Cassava is a tuber widely consumed as the main nutritional staple of developing countries, and contains a toxic cyanogenic glycoside. A diet poor in proteins can compromise the detoxification of this metabolite, resulting in an accumulation of cyanide, which is toxic to heart tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>One genetic predisposition has also been proposed as an attempt to explain the high prevalence of EMF in specific areas. One association in families has been described in some studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, it is not clear if this is due to the environmental factors that they share, to genetic causes, or to both.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Physiopathology</title>
				<p>The deposition of fibrotic tissue in the endocardium, myocardium, and heart valves leads to a decrease in the ventricular cavity and dysfunction in the diastolic filling of the ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In addition, a serious valvular insufficiency is also developed, mainly in the tricuspid valve. Healing of the endocardium also compromises the systolic function, in variable degrees. With this, a medical condition of heart failure is also generated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Consequently, there is an important dilation in the atrial cavities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This atrial increase can lead to the development of arrythmias, as well as the formation of thrombi and a predisposition to pulmonary thromboembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical picture</title>
				<p>The clinical evolution of EMF consists of three stages/forms: active stage (inflammatory), transitory progressive stage, and chronic stage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In the active and initial stage, the EMF is associated with fever, pancarditis, dyspnea, periorbital edema, pruritis, and eosinophilia. Nonetheless, eosinophilia cannot be considered a specific biomarker for EMF, since its occurrence varies from 0 to 70% of the cases. The ECG is unspecific, but in the echocardiography it is possible to observe a pericardial effusion and homogeneous infiltrates on the walls of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The transitory stage of EMF mainly takes place due to the repetition of an active episode, which facilitates the evolutionary path toward the chronic stage of the disease. During evolution, systemic inflammation is not common, nor is the presence of inflammatory markers. Radiology does not normally show specific signs of EMF, but typical linear calcifications on the endocardium can sometime appear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the echocardiogram, by contrast, it is possible to see areas of endocardial scars, due to the regression of myocardial thickness. With these scars, a restrictive heart disease may occur, with atrial dilation and distortion of the heart chamber.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> From this, heart failure develops and the patient begins to present acites and edema.</p>
				<p>The chronic stage tends to present a biventricular involvement, given that this is present in at least 55% of the cases, but, in addition this pathology, right cardiac involvement, and more rarely, left cardiac involvement, are common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the cases of right ventricular dysfunction, a prolonged portal hypertension is generated, evolving with anasarca. By contrast, when biventricular involvement occurs, an acites disproportional to the peripheral edema can be developed. In a general sense, some other signs that can be seen due to heart failure include testicular atrophy, impaired growth, cachexia, and problems in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.</p>
				<p>In radiological studies, one can see pulmonary infundibular dilatation, cardiomegaly, and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. By contrast, echocardiography presents findings of low cardiac output and pulmonary artery hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnosis</title>
				<p>The suspicion of EMF should occur for patients in endemic areas that have suggestive echocardiographic results and symptoms of heart failure. The analysis of cardiac involvement includes the echocardiogram and serum troponin evaluations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The diagnosis can therefore be made using a gravity scoring system, which is separated into greater or lesser criteria, upon agreement from two different cardiologists. To confirm the diagnosis, there should be at least two greater criteria, or one lesser criteria and two greater criteria; these criteria are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Criteria for the diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Greater Criteria</th>
									<th>Score</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Endomyocardial plaques &gt;2 mm in thickness</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Thin Endomyocardial plaques (≤1 mm) affecting more than one ventricular wall</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obliteration of the right or left ventricular apex</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Thrombi or spontaneous contrast with no severe ventricular dysfunction</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Retraction of the right ventricular apex (apical notch of the right ventricle)</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Atrioventricular valve dysfunction due to adherence of the valvular apparatus to the ventricular wall</td>
									<td align="center">1-4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Lesser Criteria</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Thin Endomyocardial plaques located on a ventricular wall</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Restrictive flow pattern through the mitral or tricuspid valves</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diastolic opening of the pulmonary valve</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diffuse thickness of the anterior mitral leaflet</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Increased atrium with normal sized ventricle</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>M movement of the interventricular septum and posterior flat wall</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Increased density of the moderator or other intraventricular bands</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Table adapted from Mocumbi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment</title>
				<p>In general, clinical treatment with diuretics, vasodilators (blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), and betablockers can be tested, evaluating the clinical response in an individualized manner. However, it is common for patients to present the disease in an already advanced stage, and, due to the absence of randomized clinical trials, the benefits of this clinical treatment become uncertain as regards significant outcomes, such as mortality or hospitalization due to heart failure. For individuals who continue in the functional class III/IV, surgical treatment (generally the endocardiectomia with plasty and/or mitral and/or tricuspid valve replacement) can be considered, but there are doubts about its impact on patient survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In patients who present Loeffler’s syndrome with endomyocardial disease (subtype of hypereosinophilic syndrome), the additional therapeutic approach consists of measures that seek to achieve the normalization of peripheral eosinophilia, since the damage to the heart is secondary to the toxicity related to the degranulation of the eosinophils. This objective can be achieved with corticotherapy. Hydroxyurea, interferon-α and imatinib are possible alternatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			<title>References</title>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fibrose Endomiocárdica: Um Ponto de Vista</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rêgo</surname>
						<given-names>Luma Ornelas Sousa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0321-4544</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vilas-Boas</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo Sampaio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Durães</surname>
						<given-names>André Rodrigues</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: André Rodrigues Durães • Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Alberto Silva, 439. CEP 41815-000, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: andreduraes@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A fibrose endomiocárdica (FEM) é uma cardiomiopatia restritiva de origem desconhecida, afetando principalmente pessoas jovens de países tropicais. A FEM é considerada a cardiomiopatia restritiva mais comum no mundo. Os principais fatores de risco para a FEM parecem ser idade, gênero, etnia, vulnerabilidade social e eosinofilia. A deposição de tecido fibrótico em endocárdio, miocárdio e valvas cardíacas acarreta uma diminuição da cavidade ventricular e disfunção no enchimento diastólico dos ventrículos. Neste artigo expressaremos nosso ponto de vista sobre essa patologia ainda pouco conhecida e com tratamento limitado.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
				<kwd>Endomiocárdica</kwd>
				<kwd>Miocardiopatia</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventrículos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A fibrose endomiocárdica (FEM) é uma cardiomiopatia restritiva de origem desconhecida, afetando principalmente pessoas jovens de países tropicais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa condição foi primeiramente descrita em Uganda, no ano de 1947, pelo patologista Jack N. P. Davies, recebendo também, portanto, o nome de doença de Davies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A FEM é considerada a cardiomiopatia restritiva mais comum no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar disso, o questionamento acerca de todos os casos da FEM terem a mesma causa base continua sendo um dos maiores mistérios da cardiologia, mesmo após mais de 70 anos da sua primeira descrição.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esforços para compreender seus mecanismos são dificultados pela incapacidade de detectar a FEM em seus estágios iniciais nas áreas endêmicas, principalmente por conta do desconhecimento por parte dos profissionais de saúde e pela falta de acesso aos sistemas de saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em decorrência disso, ainda não foi descoberta uma terapia comprovadamente efetiva para a condição.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Epidemiologia</title>
					<p>Os principais fatores de risco para a FEM parecem ser idade, gênero, etnia, vulnerabilidade social e eosinofilia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> É uma doença marcadamente de países em desenvolvimento de regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Metade dos casos descritos advém da África subsaariana, sendo um quarto de Uganda apenas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um estudo ecocardiográfico mostrou uma prevalência aproximada de 20% em uma comunidade rural de Moçambique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Além disso, altas prevalências de fibrose endomiocárdica foram documentadas na Índia e na China. Na América do Sul, a FEM tem sido reportada principalmente no Brasil e na Colômbia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em Uganda, foi registrado um padrão bimodal da doença, com picos na idade de 10 e 30 anos. Nesse país, foi documentada uma prevalência duas vezes maior em mulheres, embora esse padrão não tenha sido repetido em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Etiopatogenia</title>
					<p>A etiopatogenia por trás do surgimento da fibrose endomiocárdica ainda é muito desconhecida. No entanto, diversas teorias têm sido postuladas acerca do tema. A concentração da doença nos trópicos levou a uma procura por causas ambientais, nutricionais e infecciosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A etiopatogenia da FEM está resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">figura 1</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Mecanismos fisiopatológicos da fibrose endomiocárdica.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230028-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A principal tese trata sobre a possível relação com uma síndrome hipereosinofílica. Essa teoria é corroborada pela observação de que a FEM se assemelha à fase tardia da doença de Loeffler, ambas caracterizadas por um estado fibrótico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, vão de encontro a essa teoria o fato da eosinofilia se limitar aos estágios iniciais da FEM, além de inconsistências geográficas na prevalência de infecções parasitárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A investigação de fatores nutricionais tem sido focada em uma possível conexão com a toxicidade decorrente do consumo excessivo de mandioca. A mandioca é um tubérculo amplamente consumido como principal fonte nutricional de países em desenvolvimento, e contém um glicosídeo cianogênico tóxico. Uma dieta pobre em proteínas pode comprometer a detoxificação desse metabólito, resultando em um acúmulo de cianeto, tóxico para o tecido cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Uma predisposição genética também tem sido proposta como tentativa de explicar a alta prevalência de fibrose endomiocárdica em áreas específicas. Uma associação em famílias tem sido descrita em alguns estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entretanto, não se sabe se isso é devido a fatores ambientais que se compartilham, a causas genéticas, ou a ambos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fisiopatologia</title>
					<p>A deposição de tecido fibrótico em endocárdio, miocárdio e valvas cardíacas acarreta uma diminuição da cavidade ventricular e disfunção no enchimento diastólico dos ventrículos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Além disso, é desenvolvida uma insuficiência valvar importante, principalmente na valva tricúspide. A cicatrização do endocárdio também compromete a função sistólica, em graus variáveis. Com isso, é gerado um quadro de insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Consequentemente, há uma importante dilatação nas cavidades atriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esse aumento atrial pode acarretar o desenvolvimento de arritmias, além da formação de trombos e predisposição a tromboembolismo pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Quadro clínico</title>
					<p>A evolução clínica da fibrose endomiocárdica é composta por 3 fases/formas: fase ativa (inflamatória), fase progressiva transitória e fase crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na fase ativa e inicial, a FEM cursa com febre, pancardite, dispneia, edema periorbital, prurido e eosinofilia. Apesar disso, a eosinofilia não pode ser considerada um biomarcador específico para a FEM, uma vez que sua ocorrência varia de 0 até 70% dos casos. O ECG é inespecífico, mas, por outro lado, na ecocardiografia é possível visualizar efusão pericárdica e infiltrados homogêneos nas paredes do coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A fase transitória da fibrose endomiocárdica acontece principalmente por conta da repetição de episódios ativos, que facilita o caminho da evolução para a fase crônica da doença. Durante a evolução, a inflamação sistêmica não é tão comum, bem como a presença dos marcadores inflamatórios. A radiologia geralmente não demonstra sinais específicos da FEM, mas raramente podem aparecer as típicas calcificações lineares no endocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Já na ecocardiografia é possível visualizar áreas de cicatriz endocárdica, devido à regressão da espessura do miocárdio. Com essas cicatrizes pode ocorrer uma patologia cardíaca restritiva, com dilatação atrial e distorção de câmara cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A partir disso, se desenvolve uma insuficiência cardíaca e o paciente passa a apresentar ascite e edema.</p>
					<p>Na fase crônica costuma haver o acometimento biventricular, sendo que esse é presente em pelo menos 55% dos casos, mas, além dessa patologia, é comum também o acometimento cardíaco direito e, mais raramente, o acometimento cardíaco esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nos casos da disfunção ventricular direta, é gerada uma hipertensão portal prolongada, evoluindo com anasarca. Por outro lado, quando há o acometimento biventricular, pode ser desenvolvida uma ascite desproporcional ao edema periférico. De maneira geral, alguns outros sinais que podem ser vistos por conta da insuficiência cardíaca são atrofia testicular, atraso no crescimento, caquexia e problemas no desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secundários masculinos.</p>
					<p>Na pesquisa radiológica, podem ser visualizadas dilatação infundibular pulmonar, cardiomegalia e hipertensão pulmonar pós-capilares. Já a ecocardiografia apresenta como achados o baixo débito cardíaco e hipertensão da artéria pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Diagnóstico</title>
					<p>A suspeita de fibrose endomiocárdica deve acontecer para pacientes em área endêmica que tenham também achados ecocardiográficos sugestivos e sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca. A análise do envolvimento cardíaco engloba avaliação do ecocardiograma e troponina sérica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O diagnóstico, então, pode ser feito utilizando um sistema de pontuação de gravidade, que é separado em critérios maiores e critérios menores, com a concordância de dois cardiologistas diferentes. Para fechar o diagnóstico, devem existir pelo menos dois critérios maiores, ou um critério maior e dois critérios menores, e esses critérios estão descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Critérios para diagnóstico de fibrose endomiocárdica</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="50%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Critérios Maiores</th>
										<th>Pontuação</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Placas endomiocárdicas &gt;2 mm de espessura</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Placas endomiocárdicas finas (≤1 mm) afetando mais de uma parede ventricular</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Obliteração do ápice ventricular direito ou esquerdo</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Trombos ou contraste espontâneo sem disfunção ventricular grave</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Retração do ápice do ventrículo direito (incisura apical do ventrículo direito)</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Disfunção da válvula atrioventricular devido à adesão do aparelho valvular à parede ventricular</td>
										<td align="center">1-4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Critérios Menores</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Placas endomiocárdicas finas localizadas em uma parede ventricular</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Padrão de fluxo restritivo através das válvulas mitral ou tricúspide</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Abertura diastólica da válvula pulmonar</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Espessamento difuso do folheto mitral anterior</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Átrio aumentado com ventrículo de tamanho normal</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Movimento M do septo interventricular e parede posterior plana</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Densidade aumentada do moderador ou outras bandas intraventriculares</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>Tabela adaptada de Mocumbi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento</title>
					<p>Em geral, o tratamento clínico com diuréticos, vasodilatadores (bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona), e betabloqueadores podem ser testados, avaliando-se a resposta clínica de forma individualizada. Entretanto, é comum os pacientes já apresentarem uma doença em fase mais avançada, e, pela ausência de ensaios clínicos randomizados, torna-se incerto o benefício quanto a desfechos significativos como mortalidade ou internação por insuficiência cardíaca. Para indivíduos que persistam em classe funcional III/IV pode-se considerar o tratamento cirúrgico (geralmente a endocardiectomia com plastia e/ou troca valvar mitral e/ou tricúspide), mas há dúvidas sobre o seu impacto na sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em pacientes que apresentem síndrome de Loeffler com doença endomiocárdica (subtipo da síndrome hipereosinofílica), a abordagem terapêutica adicional consiste em medidas que visam a normalização da eosinofilia periférica, já que o dano cardíaco é secundário à toxicidade relacionada à desgranulaçao dos eosinófilos. Esse objetivo pode ser alcançado com a corticoterapia. A hidroxiureia, interferon-α e o imatinib podem ser alternativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>