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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230026</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Precision Medicine in Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9268-286X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Giugni</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Rabioglio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5464-1792</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Krieger</surname>
						<given-names>José Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">CARDIOGEN</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">InCor</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Medicina de Precisão em Cardiologia (CARDIOGEN), Instituto do Coração (InCor), HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Jose Eduardo Krieger • Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44, 10º andar. Postal Code 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>j.krieger@hc.fm.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230026</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Precision Medicine is an innovative clinical approach that uses a wide range of data to assess patients, including genetic and molecular information. Thanks to technological advances and cost reductions, new technologies have been incorporated into clinical practice, such as next-generation sequencing methods. Recently, clinical guidelines have recommended the use of genetic tests in patients with cardiomyopathies, which can have a major impact on etiological diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and family screening. Furthermore, biomarkers obtained by means of imaging tests, wearables, and omics are becoming increasingly relevant in clinical practice, bringing significant benefits to patients with cardiomyopathies. Promising prospects for new treatments using RNA interference, pluripotent cells, and gene editing should be part of the therapeutic arsenal in the coming decades. However, there are still challenges to be overcome, such as the need for professional training, the implementation of adequate flows in the health system, and the cost of technologies. Based on this context, this review aims to address different aspects of Precision Medicine and its relevance to the field of cardiomyopathies.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Precision Medicine</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
				<kwd>Genetic Testing</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="33"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Central Illustration</label>
				<caption>
					<title>: Precision Medicine in Cardiomyopathies</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230026-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Precision Medicine represents an innovative clinical approach that aims to acquire and incorporate a vast amount of patient information, including genetic, molecular, physiological, environmental, and imaging data, to allow for more individualized and accurate diagnosis and treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thanks to the development of sequencing techniques, omics sciences, and computational tools for storing and analyzing data, it has become possible to obtain this information on a large scale. Cardiology is one of the areas that has benefited from this revolution, with the increasing incorporation of new tools in both research and care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In particular, the area of cardiomyopathies is one that has benefited most, with significant advances in etiologic diagnosis, family screening, risk stratification, and targeted therapies. Many of these approaches have already been incorporated into care guidelines, while others are still in the process of being translated.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetic testing</title>
				<p>Genetic tests are increasingly relevant in the assessment of patients with cardiomyopathies, and cost reduction and increased availability of next-generation sequencing methods have made it possible to expand their indications. It is essential that the tests performed include evaluation of all genes associated with the identified phenotype in customized panels or in more comprehensive tests, such as whole exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A 2022 consensus produced by arrhythmology societies in Europe, Asia, and Latin America recommends (class I) genetic testing in probands with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, as well as cascade screening of family members.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The same document suggests (class II) testing for probands with restrictive cardiomyopathy and non-compaction cardiomyopathy and screening of family members. Previous guidelines and consensus from the United States also recommend genetic testing for probands with cardiomyopathies and their relatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Genetic testing is essential to identify phenocopies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which are diseases with a similar phenotype, but with distinct pathophysiology and, eventually, specific treatments. Examples of phenocopies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy include Fabry disease, PRKAG2 syndrome, and Pompe disease, in which there are deposits of other substances inside cardiomyocytes. Another group of diseases that can also manifest as phenocopies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is RASopathies, pathologies resulting from alterations in the RAS/MAPK cellular signaling pathway, which manifest syndromic extracardiac alterations in association with myocardial hypertrophy. On the other hand, identification by genetic testing of variants associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy confirms the clinical diagnosis and allows better risk assessment with more appropriate use of new therapies such as mavacamten.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In dilated cardiomyopathy, genetic testing has prognostic importance. The identification of pathogenic variants in genes that are more associated with arrhythmias and sudden death, such as FLNC, LMNA, and PLN, confers greater risk to these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The most current recommendations indicate earlier implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The interface between dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is important, especially in the biventricular or left ventricular form, and genetic testing helps fulfill the diagnostic criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Genetic testing is also relevant for identifying patients with transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) in restrictive cardiomyopathy, a disease with several effective treatment options, especially in earlier stages of its natural history.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In non-compaction cardiomyopathy, the benefits are less established, and there is an important intersection with other cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In addition to the benefits of genetic testing for probands, there are also impacts for family members, who may be genetically screened and receive diagnoses in subclinical stages of the disease. Guidelines are unanimous in recommending cascade screening for family members of probands with a positive genetic test, starting with the first-degree and progressing to the second and third, depending on the results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Anticipative strategies, in which individuals at risk are identified even before the actual manifestation of the disease, are fundamental in health systems, as they allow prioritization and rationalization of resources.</p>
				<p>The identification of new genes associated with phenotypes makes it possible to improve the diagnostic accuracy of tests and explore new molecular mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of diseases, with new potential therapeutic targets. Improving the accuracy of genetic tests involves improving the classification of the variants found, thus allowing an ever smaller number to be classified as variants of uncertain significance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> This effort depends greatly on the establishment of large databases including healthy and affected individuals, in diverse populations, with strategies for segregating the variants in affected families, as well as functional studies in cellular and animal models to comprehend the repercussion of genetic variants.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Biomarkers</title>
				<p>Precision Medicine involves several strategies, one of which is the identification of new biomarkers for cardiomyopathies that have a favorable correlation with prognosis and allow therapeutic monitoring. These biomarkers can be of different natures, and diagnostic imaging tools have played a prominent role in this field. New magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, and nuclear medicine techniques have allowed more accurate assessment of cardiomyopathies. Examples include the quantification and topography of fibrosis by delayed enhancement, the evaluation of myocardial composition and extracellular volume by T1 mapping in magnetic resonance imaging, earlier detection of alterations in systolic function with longitudinal strain in echocardiography, and the development of new radiopharmaceuticals with potential in nuclear medicine, such as fibroblast activation proteins, which have demonstrated potential in the assessment of myocardial fibrosis formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In addition, wearables, such as smartwatches, adhesive patches, and other implantable devices, have gained importance as biomarkers, as they allow real-time assessment of several markers of physiological functions, such as cardiac rhythm, heart rate, blood pressure, plethysmography, oximetry, temperature, and others. They also make it possible to analyze patient behavior in an integrated manner over a long period of time. These devices, combined with artificial intelligence tools, allow earlier diagnosis of acute events and more precise interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Recent examples range from the Apple Watch to more complex devices such as CardioMEMS and ZOLL HFMS, which have shown benefits in prospective clinical studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Another promising group of biomarkers is derived from multiomic assessment of patients. These strategies, which use next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry, make it possible to assess an immense number of molecules in different biological materials, such as serum and tissues. These data, analyzed using bioinformatics tools, can assist in understanding the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies and establish new therapeutic targets and useful biomarkers in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> An example of this type of biomarker is the MasSpec Pen, developed by a Brazilian researcher, which assists tissue assessment in different types of tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Therapies</title>
				<p>The treatment of cardiomyopathies has been advancing with the development of new molecular technologies and targeted therapies. A notable example is patisiran, a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based treatment approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018 to treat ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In the 1990s, Fire and Mello described RNA interference, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2006, but it was only in 2018 that patisiran, the first drug of its kind, was approved by the FDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Although translating these new technologies into concrete clinical benefits is a challenge that requires time and investment, these advances emphasize the potential of new therapeutic methodologies. Other targeted treatments already approved for clinical use include mavacamten, an allosteric cardiac myosin inhibitor for patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A promising therapeutic technology is cell therapy, which has already shown benefits in preliminary clinical studies in patients with ischemic heart disease, using mesenchymal stem cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The improvement of cell expansion and differentiation techniques may allow for more widespread use of these technologies. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are a possibility that may benefit patients with cardiomyopathies with heart failure, given that low rates of cell regeneration of adult cardiomyocytes prevent repopulation in areas of myocardial fibrosis, leading to contractile dysfunction and arrhythmogenic substrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has made gene editing feasible and controlled in cell and animal models, as demonstrated by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Given the important genetic substrate of most cardiomyopathies, gene therapy may have curative potential, especially if used in the preclinical phases of the diseases. In 2023, the FDA approved the first treatment based on CRISPR-Cas9, exagamglogene autotemcel, indicated for patients with sickle cell anemia, paving the way for the development of this technique in several areas of medicine, as occurred with siRNA.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Barriers</title>
				<p>Precision Medicine is a promising approach in medical practice, but its incorporation into the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, acronym in Portuguese) faces several barriers. One of the main difficulties is the high cost of genetic tests, molecular phenotyping strategies, and new targeted treatments. Although there are prospects for reducing some of these costs, as has been the case with next-generation sequencing, large-scale studies are still required to demonstrate their effectiveness and cost-benefit ratio.</p>
				<p>In Brazil, Precision Medicine strategies are still restricted to highly specialized centers, with a strong academic-scientific bias. Moreover, professional training is another important barrier to its dissemination. Many health professionals have not received adequate training to handle genetic and molecular tools, and considerable effort in continuing education is needed to disseminate knowledge about the technology.</p>
				<p>Another important difficulty is logistics. Brazil faces significant regional inequalities in the distribution of resources, which makes it difficult to incorporate Precision Medicine strategies within the scope of the SUS. It is necessary to establish well-defined flows to conduct family genetic screening in healthy individuals who are in primary care. Pilot projects can help identify these logistical barriers and propose viable and sustainable solutions.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perspectives</title>
				<p>There are exciting prospects for advancing Precision Medicine in the treatment of cardiomyopathies. With the growing integration of techniques and tools in clinical practice, it is believed that the resources already available, such as genetic testing, will become increasingly widespread, while other technologies in the process of translation become more accessible.</p>
				<p>In order for these technologies to be successfully implemented, it is crucial that scientific progress be accompanied by professional training, optimization of clinical management, and ethical and legal supervision. Only then can we ensure that Precision Medicine reaches its full potential in improving the treatment of cardiomyopathies.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Medicina de Precisão em Cardiologia (CARDIOGEN), Instituto do Coração (InCor), HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Jose Eduardo Krieger • Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44, 10º andar. CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: j.krieger@hc.fm.usp.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A Medicina de Precisão é uma abordagem clínica inovadora que se utiliza de uma ampla gama de dados para avaliar pacientes, incluindo informações genéticas e moleculares. Graças ao avanço tecnológico e à redução de custos, novas tecnologias têm sido incorporadas à prática clínica, como os métodos de sequenciamento de nova geração. Recentemente, as diretrizes clínicas recomendam o uso de testes genéticos em pacientes com cardiomiopatias, o que pode ter um grande impacto no diagnóstico etiológico, prognóstico, tratamento e rastreamento familiar. Além disso, biomarcadores obtidos através de exames de imagem, wearables e ômicas estão se tornando cada vez mais relevantes na prática clínica, trazendo benefícios significativos para pacientes com cardiomiopatias. Perspectivas promissoras para novos tratamentos utilizando RNA de interferência, células pluripotentes e edição gênica devem fazer parte do arsenal terapêutico nas próximas décadas. No entanto, ainda existem desafios a serem superados, como a necessidade de capacitação profissional, a implementação de fluxos adequados no sistema de saúde e o custeamento das tecnologias. Com base nesse contexto, esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar diferentes aspectos da Medicina de Precisão e sua relevância para a área de Cardiomiopatias.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Medicina de Precisão</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>Testes Genéticos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
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		<body>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura Central</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Medicina de Precisão em Cardiomiopatias</title>
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					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230026-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A Medicina de Precisão representa uma abordagem clínica inovadora que visa adquirir e incorporar uma vasta quantidade de informações do paciente, incluindo dados genéticos, moleculares, fisiológicos, ambientais e de imagem, entre outros, para permitir diagnóstico e tratamento mais individualizados e precisos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Graças ao desenvolvimento de técnicas de sequenciamento, ciências ômicas e ferramentas computacionais para armazenar e analisar dados, tornou-se possível obter essas informações em grande escala. A Cardiologia é uma das áreas que tem se beneficiado dessa revolução, com a crescente incorporação de novas ferramentas tanto na pesquisa quanto na assistência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em particular, a cardiomiopatia é uma das áreas que mais tem se beneficiado, com avanços significativos no diagnóstico etiológico, rastreamento familiar, estratificação de risco e terapias-alvo. Muitas dessas abordagens já foram incorporadas nas diretrizes assistenciais, enquanto outras ainda estão em processo de translação.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Teste genético</title>
					<p>Os testes genéticos são cada vez mais relevantes na avaliação de pacientes com cardiomiopatias, sendo que a redução de custos e o aumento da disponibilidade de métodos de sequenciamento de nova geração permitiram a expansão das suas indicações. É essencial que os testes realizados incluam avaliação de todos os genes associados ao fenótipo identificado em painéis customizados ou em testes mais abrangentes, como o sequenciamento de exoma completo (WES) ou do genoma completo (WGS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um consenso produzido em 2022 pelas sociedades de arritmologia da Europa, Ásia e América Latina recomenda (classe I) coleta de teste genético em probandos com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), cardiomiopatia dilatada e cardiomiopatia arritmogênica, bem como rastreamento em cascata de familiares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O mesmo documento sugere (classe II) o teste para probandos com cardiomiopatia restritiva e cardiomiopatia não-compactada e o rastreamento de seus familiares. Diretrizes e consensos estadunidenses anteriores também recomendam teste genético para probandos com cardiomiopatias e seus parentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O teste genético é fundamental para identificar fenocópias da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, que são doenças com fenótipo semelhante, mas com fisiopatologias distintas e, eventualmente, tratamentos específicos. Exemplos de fenocópias da CMH são a doença de Fabry, a síndrome do PRKAG2 e a doença de Pompe, em que há depósito de outras substâncias no interior dos cardiomiócitos. Outro grupo de doenças que também pode se manifestar como fenocópia de CMH é o das RASopatias, patologias decorrentes de alterações na via de sinalização celular RAS/MAPK, que manifestam alterações extracardíacas sindrômicas em associação à hipertrofia miocárdica. A identificação no teste genético, por outro lado, de variantes associadas à CMH ratifica o diagnóstico clínico e permite uma melhor avaliação de risco e o uso mais adequado de novas terapias como o mavacamten.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na cardiomiopatia dilatada, o teste genético tem importância prognóstica. A identificação de variantes patogênicas em genes mais associados a arritmias e morte súbita, como FLNC, LMNA e PLN, confere maior risco a esses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Recomendações mais atuais indicam implante de cardiodesfibrilador implantável mais precocemente nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A interface entre a cardiomiopatia dilatada e a cardiomiopatia arritmogênica é grande, em especial na forma predominante biventricular ou de ventrículo esquerdo, e o teste genético auxilia no preenchimento dos critérios diagnósticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O teste genético também é relevante para a identificação de pacientes com amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) na cardiomiopatia restritiva, doença com diversas opções de tratamentos efetivos, especialmente em fases mais precoces da sua história natural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Na cardiomiopatia não-compactada, os benefícios são menos estabelecidos e há uma grande intersecção com as demais cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além dos benefícios do teste genético para os probandos, também são impactados os familiares, que poderão ser rastreados geneticamente e receber diagnósticos em fases subclínicas das doenças. As diretrizes são unânimes em recomendar o rastreamento em cascata para familiares de probandos com teste genético positivo, iniciando-se com os de primeiro grau e progredindo para os de segundo e terceiro, conforme os resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estratégias antecipativas, em que são identificados indivíduos sob risco antes mesmo da manifestação propriamente dita da doença, são fundamentais em sistemas de saúde, pois permitem priorização e racionalização dos recursos.</p>
					<p>A identificação de novos genes associados aos fenótipos permite melhorar a acurácia diagnóstica dos testes e explorar novos mecanismos moleculares associados à fisiopatologia das doenças, com novos potenciais alvos terapêuticos. A melhora da acurácia dos testes genéticos passa pelo aprimoramento da classificação das variantes encontradas, permitindo assim que um número cada vez menor seja classificado como variantes de significado incerto (VUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Esse esforço depende tanto do estabelecimento de grandes bancos de dados de indivíduos saudáveis e afetados, em diversas populações, com estratégias de segregação das variantes em famílias afetadas, bem como da realização de estudos funcionais em modelos celulares e animais para compreensão da repercussão das variantes genéticas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Biomarcadores</title>
					<p>A Medicina de Precisão envolve diversas estratégias, uma delas é a identificação de novos biomarcadores para as cardiomiopatias que tenham boa correlação com o prognóstico e permitam a monitorização terapêutica. Esses biomarcadores podem ser de diferentes naturezas e as ferramentas de diagnóstico por imagem têm tido um papel proeminente nesse campo. Novas técnicas de ressonância magnética (RM), ecocardiografia e medicina nuclear têm permitido uma avaliação mais precisa das cardiomiopatias. Exemplos incluem a quantificação e topografia de fibrose por realce tardio, a avaliação da composição miocárdica e do volume extracelular por mapa T1 na RM, a detecção mais precoce de alterações da função sistólica com o strain longitudinal na ecocardiografia e o desenvolvimento de novos radiofármacos com potencial na medicina nuclear, como as proteínas ativadoras de fibroblastos, que demonstraram potencial na avaliação da formação da fibrose miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além disso, os wearables, como smartwatches, adesivos e outros dispositivos implantáveis, têm ganhado importância como biomarcadores, pois permitem avaliar em tempo real diversos marcadores de funções fisiológicas, como ritmo cardíaco, frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial, pletismografia, oximetria, temperatura, entre outros, bem como de analisar de forma integrada seu comportamento ao longo de um tempo prolongado. Esses dispositivos, combinados com ferramentas de inteligência artificial, podem permitir diagnósticos precoces de eventos agudos e intervenções mais precisas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Exemplos recentes incluem desde o Apple Watch até dispositivos mais complexos como o CardioMEMS e o ZOLL HFMS, que mostraram benefícios em estudos clínicos prospectivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Outro grupo promissor de biomarcadores é derivado da avaliação multiômica dos pacientes. Essas estratégias, que utilizam técnicas de sequenciamento de nova geração e espectrometria de massas, permitem avaliar um número imenso de moléculas em diversos materiais biológicos, como soro e tecidos. Esses dados, analisados por ferramentas de bioinformática, podem ajudar a compreender a fisiopatologia das cardiomiopatias e estabelecer novos alvos terapêuticos e biomarcadores úteis na prática clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Um exemplo desse tipo de biomarcador é a MasSpec Pen, desenvolvida por uma pesquisadora brasileira, que auxilia na avaliação tecidual de diversos tipos de tumores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Terapias</title>
					<p>O tratamento de cardiomiopatias vem avançando com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias moleculares e terapêuticas-alvo. Um exemplo notável é o patisiran, um tratamento baseado em <italic>small interfering RNA</italic> (siRNA), aprovado pela Administração de Alimentos e Medicamentos dos Estados Unidos (FDA, sigla em inglês) em 2018 para tratar ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O RNA de interferência foi descrito por Fire e Mello na década de 1990, o que lhes rendeu o Prêmio Nobel de Fisiologia e Medicina de 2006, mas foi somente em 2018 que o patisiran, primeira droga do gênero, foi aprovada pela FDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Embora a tradução dessas novas tecnologias em benefícios clínicos concretos seja um desafio que exige tempo e investimentos, esses avanços enfatizam o potencial de novas metodologias terapêuticas. Outros tratamentos-alvo já aprovados para uso clínico incluem o mavacamten, um inibidor alostérico da miosina cardíaca para pacientes com CMH obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Uma tecnologia terapêutica promissora é a terapia celular, que já demonstrou benefícios em estudos clínicos preliminares em pacientes com doença isquêmica do coração, usando células-tronco mesenquimais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de expansão e diferenciação celular pode permitir o uso mais disseminado dessas tecnologias. Os cardiomiócitos derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas são uma possibilidade que pode beneficiar pacientes com cardiomiopatias com insuficiência cardíaca, já que as baixas taxas de regeneração celular de cardiomiócitos adultos impedem o repovoamento em áreas de fibrose miocárdica, levando à disfunção contrátil e ao substrato arritmogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Com o surgimento da tecnologia do CRISPR-Cas9, a edição gênica tornou-se viável e controlada em modelos celulares e animais como demonstrado por Jennifer Doudna e Emmanuelle Charpentier que receberam o Prêmio Nobel em Fisiologia e Medicina em 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Dado o importante substrato genético da maioria das cardiomiopatias, a terapia gênica pode ter potencial curativo, especialmente se utilizada em fases pré-clínicas das doenças. Em 2023, a FDA aprovou o primeiro tratamento baseado em CRISPR-Cas9, o exagamglogene autotemcel, indicado para pacientes com anemia falciforme, abrindo caminho para o desenvolvimento dessa técnica em diversas áreas da Medicina, assim como ocorreu com o siRNA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Barreiras</title>
					<p>A Medicina de Precisão é uma abordagem promissora na prática médica, mas sua incorporação no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) enfrenta diversas barreiras. Uma das principais dificuldades é o alto custo dos testes genéticos, das estratégias moleculares de fenotipagem e dos novos tratamentos-alvo. Embora haja perspectivas de redução de alguns desses custos, como tem ocorrido com o sequenciamento de nova geração, ainda são necessários estudos de larga escala para demonstrar a sua efetividade e custo-benefício.</p>
					<p>No Brasil, as estratégias de Medicina de Precisão ainda estão restritas a centros altamente especializados, com forte viés acadêmico-científico. Além disso, a capacitação profissional é outra importante barreira para a sua disseminação. Muitos profissionais da saúde não receberam treinamento adequado para lidar com ferramentas genéticas e moleculares, e é necessário um esforço considerável em educação continuada para disseminar o conhecimento sobre a tecnologia.</p>
					<p>Outra importante dificuldade é a logística. O Brasil enfrenta desigualdades regionais significativas na distribuição de recursos, o que torna difícil a incorporação das estratégias em Medicina de Precisão no âmbito do SUS. É preciso estabelecer fluxos bem definidos para a realização de rastreamento genético familiar em indivíduos saudáveis que se encontram na atenção primária. Projetos pilotos podem ajudar a identificar essas barreiras logísticas e propor soluções viáveis e sustentáveis.</p>
				</sec>
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					<title>Perspectivas</title>
					<p>Existem perspectivas empolgantes para o avanço da Medicina de Precisão no tratamento de cardiomiopatias. Com a crescente incorporação de técnicas e ferramentas na prática clínica, acredita-se que os recursos já disponíveis, como os testes genéticos, terão seu uso cada vez mais difundido, enquanto outras tecnologias em processo translacional devem se tornar mais acessíveis.</p>
					<p>Para que a implementação dessas tecnologias seja bem sucedida, é crucial que o progresso científico seja acompanhado por capacitação profissional, otimização da gestão clínica e supervisão ética e legal. Somente assim podemos garantir que a Medicina de Precisão alcance todo seu potencial na melhoria do tratamento de cardiomiopatias.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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