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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230023</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Genetic Counseling and Pedigree in Cardiomyopathies – the Role of the Clinical Geneticist</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila</surname>
						<given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes</surname>
						<given-names>Frank</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Germer</surname>
						<given-names>Raquel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7935-7966</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torbey</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Flávia Malheiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital César Leite</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Manhuaçu</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital César Leite, Manhuaçu, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Diane Xavier de Ávila • Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói - Rua La Salle,12. Postal Code 24020-096, Niterói, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>dianeavilamed@gmail.com</email>, <email>dianeavilamed@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230023</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Genetic Testing</kwd>
				<kwd>Genetics</kwd>
				<kwd>Genetic Counseling</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Twenty years ago, the Human Genome Project made history by announcing the sequencing of 92% of the human genome through the development of modern genetic sequencing techniques. In 2022, the complete sequencing of human DNA was announced. This knowledge made it possible to better understand how genetics influences the functioning of the human body and, at the same time, facilitated the identification of genetic variants that can cause diseases.</p>
			<p>In the field of cardiology, genetic study assists the assessment of aortopathy, familial hypercholesterolemia, channelopathies, and especially cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetic cardiomyopathies</title>
				<p>The main phenotypic presentations of a genetic cardiomyopathy are hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, arrhythmogenic, and noncompaction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The majority have a Mendelian autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with variable expressivity and penetrance, which are often influenced by environmental factors. However, autosomal recessive, mitochondrial, and X-linked diseases may also occur.</p>
				<p>When evaluating a patient with suspected genetic cardiomyopathy, the first step is to exclude other etiologies, such as ischemic, hypertensive, valvular, congenital malformation, infectious, or related to medications such as anthracyclines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Factors such as early age at presentation, severe cardiomyopathy with no apparent etiological explanation, low voltage on the electrocardiogram, positive family history for cardiomyopathy, and extracardiac manifestations such as skeletal neuromuscular disease and dysautonomia are warning signs for possible genetic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Currently, due to the easy of access to next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels for the diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, in addition to their advantages, it has become attractive for cardiologists to request these tests. Collaboration with a geneticist is essential for these interpretations, in addition to other specialties in the systemic follow-up of patients with genetic disease, providing guidance for appropriate treatment, further sources of clinical research, and gene therapies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). However, when requested, it is fundamental that the possible results are explained, in addition to the consequences for the family. This takes place during genetic counseling, with a qualified professional. Depending on the patient’s clinical presentation, such as the presence of dysmorphisms and systemic alterations, other tests may be necessary, such as karyotyping and exome sequencing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The advantages and limitations of genetic testing are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>. The interpretation of the genetic test result may need to be revised by the geneticist, due to a relatively low positivity rates, namely, 30% to 50% in cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 20% to 30% in dilated cardiomyopathy, and 50% in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, in addition to the high rate of variants of uncertain significance (VUS), which may influence correct diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Implications of genetic testing.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230023-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Advantages and limitations of genetic testing.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230023-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetic counseling</title>
				<p>Genetic counseling is a necessary process to assist patients in understanding and adapting to the medical and psychological implications and genetic contributions of certain diseases. It is fundamental to integrate personal and family medical history in order to assess the chance of occurrence or recurrence of a disease, patterns of inheritance, management of genetic tests, prevention of pathologies, and promotion of choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.</p>
				<p>Training of professionals for genetic counseling is necessary for adequate support to individuals and their families. All patients with hereditary cardiomyopathy should be consulted by a medical geneticist for guidance. Not all detected genetic variants are clinically significant, and caution should be exercised in their interpretation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetic counseling involves the following aspects:</title>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Collection of personal and family medical history to construct the pedigree.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Before the genetic test, it is essential to choose the appropriate type of test and explain the family members who will be involved and the possible results, including positive, negative, and uncertain (VUS), for guidance on diagnostic limitations.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>After the genetic test, guidance on test results, risk estimation, communication, and support for the patient and the family members involved.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>It is important to emphasize the basic principles of genetic counseling. The priority is for patients to maintain their autonomy in decision making, even though the name “counseling” might suggest giving advice. The consultation should always be non-directive, that is, without standard protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is also essential to maintain patients’ right to privacy, even among their family members, regarding the results obtained from molecular tests, which can often create conflicts.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>The importance of a pedigree</title>
				<p>The patient must undergo a detailed family history of at least three generations, with the construction of a pedigree every time a cardiomyopathy is identified in any of the phenotypes (level of evidence A).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This takes place during the consultation with the clinical geneticist, but cardiologists should become familiar with this preparation.</p>
				<p>The pedigree makes it possible to observe the pattern of inheritance, whether autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked and, thus, identify which individuals are at risk of developing the disease and should undergo clinical investigation in search of the phenotype, in addition to family genetic screening. This approach is important, given that even asymptomatic individuals can develop cardiomyopathy, and, in some cases, the first symptom can be ventricular arrhythmias with a risk of sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The pedigree in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> provides an example of a family where there is possibly an autosomal dominant disease, with a high risk of sudden death, making genetic investigation mandatory. This begins with the patient with symptoms, and, after the positive result, the indication to investigate first-degree relatives is evaluated, in the case below, the patient’s brother.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Pedigree of 38-year-old patient X (arrow) who underwent the panel for cardiomyopathies in general. A heterozygous variant in the filamin C (FLNC) gene was detected. She complained of palpitation with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia documented on 24-hour Holter and resting cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, with extensive foci of delayed enhancement with diffuse mesocardial and subepicardial distribution, compatible with non-ischemic fibrosis. As important family history, her father died suddenly at 34 years of age and her grandfather at age 50. In addition, her brother had similar complaints. CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; SD: sudden death.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230023-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>With recent advances in cardiogenetics, clinical geneticists participate in the management of patients with cardiomyopathies, collaborating directly with cardiologists. It is important for cardiologists to become accustomed to constructing pedigrees, and it is essential for genetic counseling to be carried out by a medical geneticist before requesting tests. Properly conducted genetic counseling and pedigree can determine early treatment and, consequently, better outcomes for each family.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Aconselhamento Genético e Heredograma nas Miocardiopatias – o Papel do Geneticista Clínico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila</surname>
						<given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes</surname>
						<given-names>Frank</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Germer</surname>
						<given-names>Raquel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7935-7966</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torbey</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Flávia Malheiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital César Leite, Manhuaçu, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Diane Xavier de Ávila • Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói - Rua La Salle,12. CEP 24020-096, Niterói, RJ - Brasil E-mail: dianeavilamed@gmail.com, dianeavilamed@cardiol.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Teste Genético</kwd>
				<kwd>Genética</kwd>
				<kwd>Aconselhamento Genético</kwd>
				<kwd>Miocardiopatias</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Há 20 anos o Projeto Genoma Humano fez história ao anunciar o sequenciamento de 92% do genoma humano através do desenvolvimento de técnicas modernas de sequenciamento genético. Em 2022, foi anunciado o completo sequenciamento do DNA humano. Esse conhecimento permitiu entender melhor como a genética influencia o funcionamento do corpo humano e ao mesmo tempo facilitou a identificação de variantes genéticas que podem causar doenças.</p>
				<p>No campo da cardiologia, o estudo genético auxilia na avaliação de aortopatias, hipercolesterolemia familiar, canalopatias e principalmente miocardiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Miocardiopatias genéticas</title>
					<p>As principais apresentações fenotípicas de uma miocardiopatia genética são: hipertrófica, dilatada, restritiva, arritmogênica e não compactada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em sua maioria são de herança mendeliana, autossômica dominante e de expressividade e penetrância variável, muitas vezes influenciada por fatores ambientais. Entretanto doenças autossômicas recessivas, mitocondriais e ligadas ao X também podem ocorrer.</p>
					<p>Na avaliação de um paciente com suspeita de miocardiopatia genética, o primeiro passo é a exclusão de outras etiologias como por exemplo: isquêmica, hipertensiva, valvular, de malformação congênita, infecciosa ou relacionada a drogas como antraciclinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Fatores como idade precoce de apresentação, miocardiopatia grave sem explicação etiológica aparente, baixa voltagem ao eletrocardiograma, história familiar positiva para miocardiopatia, manifestações extracardíacas como doença neuromuscular esquelética e disautonomia são sinais de alerta para possível miocardiopatia genética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Atualmente, devido à facilidade de acesso a painéis de sequenciamento de nova geração (NGS) para o diagnóstico das miocardiopatias, somado às suas vantagens, torna-se atrativo para o cardiologista a solicitação desses exames e é fundamental a interação com o geneticista para tais interpretações, além das demais especialidades no seguimento sistêmico do paciente com doença genética, proporcionando o direcionamento ao tratamento adequado, mais fontes de pesquisa clínica e terapias gênicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Entretanto, ao serem solicitados, é essencial que sejam explicados os possíveis resultados, além das consequências para a família, o que é realizado durante o aconselhamento genético, com profissional capacitado para tal. Além disso, dependendo da apresentação clínica do paciente, como presença de dismorfismos e alterações sistêmicas, outros testes podem ser necessários, como o cariótipo e o exoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As vantagens e limitações se encontram na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>. A interpretação do resultado do teste genético pode ter a necessidade de ser revisada pelo geneticista, mediante relativa taxa baixa de positividade - 30% a 50% nos casos de miocardiopatia hipertrófica, 20% a 30% em miocardiopatia dilatada e 50% em miocardiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito e ainda alta taxa de variante de significado indeterminado (VUS), o que pode influenciar no diagnóstico adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Aplicações dos testes genéticos.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230023-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Vantagens e limitações do teste genético.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230023-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aconselhamento genético</title>
					<p>É o processo necessário para auxiliar as pessoas no entendimento e adaptação às implicações médicas, psicológicas e contribuições familiares genéticas para determinadas doenças. É fundamental a integração da história médica pessoal e dos familiares para avaliar a chance de ocorrência ou recorrência de uma doença, padrões de herança, gerenciamento dos testes genéticos, prevenção de patologias e a promoção de escolhas e adaptação ao risco ou condição.</p>
					<p>O treinamento de profissionais para o aconselhamento genético é necessário para o suporte adequado ao indivíduo e sua família. Todos os pacientes com miocardiopatia hereditária devem ser consultados por um médico geneticista para esta orientação. Nem todas variantes genéticas detectadas são clinicamente significativas e deve haver cautela na sua interpretação.</p>
					<p>Os aspectos que envolvem o aconselhamento genético são:</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Coleta da história médica pessoal e familiar para construção do heredograma.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Antes do teste genético, é fundamental a escolha adequada do tipo de exame e explanação dos familiares que vão estar envolvidos e possíveis resultados, incluindo os positivos, negativos e incertos (VUS) para orientação sobre a limitação diagnóstica.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Após o teste genético, a orientação sobre os resultados dos exames, estimação dos riscos, comunicação e suporte ao paciente e sua família envolvida.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>É importante ressaltar os princípios básicos de um aconselhamento genético cuja prioridade é o paciente manter a sua autonomia nas decisões, apesar do nome proveniente do inglês “genetic counseling”. A consulta sempre deverá ser não diretiva, ou seja, sem protocolos padrões.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, é indispensável o direito à privacidade do paciente, mesmo entre seus familiares, dos resultados obtidos com os testes moleculares, que muitas vezes pode criar conflitos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>A importância do heredograma</title>
					<p>O paciente deve ser submetido a uma história familiar detalhada de pelo menos três gerações, com a construção do heredograma toda vez que for identificada uma miocardiopatia em qualquer dos fenótipos (nível de evidência A).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Este é realizado durante a consulta com o geneticista clínico, porém o cardiologista deve se familiarizar com sua elaboração.</p>
					<p>O heredograma permite observar o padrão de herança, se autossômico dominante, recessivo ou ligado ao X e, desta forma, identificar quais os indivíduos estão em risco de desenvolver a doença e deverão ser submetidos à investigação clínica na busca do fenótipo, além do rastreio genético familiar. Esta conduta é importante, pois mesmo indivíduos assintomáticos podem desenvolver miocardiopatia e, em alguns casos, o primeiro sintoma pode ser arritmias ventriculares com risco de morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O heredograma na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> exemplifica uma família onde há possivelmente doença autossômica dominante com elevado risco de morte súbita, sendo mandatória a investigação genética. Esta se inicia pelo paciente com sintomas e após o resultado positivo avalia-se a indicação da investigação dos parentes de primeiro grau, no caso abaixo, seu irmão.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Heredograma de paciente X de 38 anos (seta) que realizou o painel para miocardiopatias em geral e foi detectada uma variante em heterozigose no gene da Filamina C (FLNC). Ela apresentava queixas de palpitação com taquicardia ventricular não sustentada documentada ao Holter de 24 horas e ressonância magnética do coração em repouso com extensos focos de realce tardio de distribuição mesocárdica e subepicárdica difusa, compatíveis com fibrose de padrão não isquêmico. Como histórico familiar importante, o seu pai teve morte súbita aos 34 anos e o seu avô antes dos 50 anos. Além disso, seu irmão apresentava queixas semelhantes. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; MS: morte súbita; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular não sustentada.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230023-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Com os recentes avanços na cardiogenética, geneticistas clínicos participam da abordagem dos pacientes com miocardiopatias, interagindo diretamente com os cardiologistas. É fundamental que o cardiologista se habitue à confecção do heredograma, sendo indispensável a realização do aconselhamento genético antes da solicitação de exames pelo médico geneticista. O aconselhamento genético e o heredograma adequadamente realizados podem determinar tratamento precoce e consequentemente melhores desfechos para cada família.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>