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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230020</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Peripartum Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila</surname>
						<given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Secretária da Saúde do Estado do Ceará</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza Secretária da Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SESA), Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Walkiria Samuel Ávila • Rua Martiniano de Carvalho 864 Cj 1107. Postal Code 01321-000, Bela Vista, SP - Brazil Email <email>walkiria@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230020</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a low frequent, but potentially fatal disease, that manifests with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, with no other identified cause, and related to the puerperal pregnancy cycle. It is a global disease with different clinical manifestations and prognosis. Known risks include preeclampsia, advanced maternal age, multifetal gestation, and African ascendence. Genetic tests have shown that up to 20% of women with PPCM have an identifiable variant of cardiomyopathy. The etiopathogenesis of PPCM, although still unclear, is characterized by endothelial dysfunction caused by anti-angiogenic agents in the placenta, and prolactin degradation products. Clinical manifestation of PPCM does not differ from that of heart failure in other cardiomyopathies, with symptoms varying from mild to cardiogenic shock. Mortality rates in PPCM patients vary widely, and are related to cardiogenic shock, thromboembolism, and complex arrhythmias. The disease may progress rapidly to severe HF, with indication for mechanical circulatory support or cardiac transplant. The treatment of PPCM during gestation is distinct due to potential adverse effects of drugs to pregnancy. However, a careful selection of beta-blockers, diuretics and vasodilators has achieved therapeutic success for the mother and the fetus. Although the treatment meets traditional guidelines developed for nonpregnant adults, the use of bromocriptine (ergot alkaloid) and cabergoline (dopamine D2 receptor agonist) has shown favorable results in ventricular recovery in patients with LVEF &lt; 35% when treated with optimized treatment for heart failure.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
				<kwd>Maternal mortality</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="51"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a low frequent, but potentially fatal disease, that manifests with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with no other identified cause, and related to the puerperal pregnancy cycle. So far, there is no specific biomarker for PPCM, and hence its diagnosis has been challenging, and made by exclusion, based on similarity of common symptoms at the end of pregnancy and HF symptoms. Silwa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> proposed a diagram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ) highlighting particularities of PPCM that will be discussed in this paper.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Highlights of peripartum cardiomyopathy (CM); HF: heart failure.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Definition</title>
				<p>According to the updated definition, PPCM is defined as a cardiomyopathy presenting with HFrEF≤ 45% (in some cases, a left ventricular ejection fraction between 45% and 50%), during the final month of pregnancy through the months after delivery without any other known cause of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Epidemiology</title>
				<p>Ambiguity in the diagnosis and variability among notification standards are limiting factors for determining the epidemiology of PPCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In Nigeria, for example, the incidence is estimated to be 1 in 102 deliveries, and in Japan, 1 in 15,000 deliveries. In the USA, the estimated incidence of PPCM is 1 in 938 deliveries; according to the inpatient registry, the number of patients in the age range 36 to 54 years was more than twice that of patients in the age range 15-35 years, and the prevalence of PPCM in black patients was three times higher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Advanced maternal age, African-American race, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and multiple pregnancies are among the main risk factors for PPCM. The most common comorbidities were arterial hypertension (36.2%), deficiency anemia (23.65), obesity (17.6%), smoking (17.2%), chronic pulmonary disease (11.8%), diabetes mellitus (6.3%), and abuse of illicit drugs (3.9%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Global registries of cohorts of patients with PPCM, such as the IPAC (Investigations of Pregnancy Associated Cardiomyopathy)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and the EURObservational Research Programme in conjunction with the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Study Group on PPCM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> have shown consistent results on the prevalence and adverse prognosis of PPCM in black people. Disparities in the incidence and prognosis of PPCM in African descendants are explained by multifactorial aspects including pathophysiological mechanisms, genetic substrate and socioeconomic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk factors</title>
				<p>The main risk factors for the development of PPCM are hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, advanced maternal age, multifetal gestation, multiparity, <italic>in-vitro</italic> fertilization, and African ascendence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The marked association between preeclampsia and PPCM suggests a common pathophysiological mechanism. The meta-analysis by Bello et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reported a prevalence of preeclampsia of 22% among women with PPCM, <italic>i.e</italic> ., four times the mean global estimate (5%). In the ESC registry, the prevalence of hypertensive disorders in PPCM patients was 39%, and the frequency of preeclampsia in these cases was 25%. A comparative study of three groups: (i) women without hypertension (PPCM-noHTN); (ii) women with hypertension but without preeclampsia (PPCM-HTN); (iii) women with preeclampsia (PPCM-PE) showed that women with PPCM-PE had more severe symptoms of both PE and HF, including acute lung edema. The study also showed that clinical manifestation of disease occurred predominantly during delivery and for the first 10 days thereafter. However, the PPCM-PE group showed greater likelihood of left ventricular recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetic aspects</title>
				<p>Precision medicine has highlighted the important role of genetics in the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies, showing that up to 20% of women with PPCM has an identifiable variant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Although PPCM is a distinct clinical entity, the overlapping with familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) indicates that a subgroup of patients present the clinical and genetic spectrum of familial DCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The genetic test applied for cardiomyopathies should be offered for PPCM patients, mainly in cases of close relatives, in attempt to anticipate disease prognosis and family screening. Women with a family history of cardiomyopathy may present symptoms of myocardial dysfunction caused by cardiocirculatory and hormonal overload in the end of pregnancy or after or in the postpartum period. In this context, a model called ‘multiple hit’ has been proposed, in which accumulation of risk factors (genetic, environmental, among others), boosted by pregnancy-related stress, lead to the development of PPCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The study by Goli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> provided the first genetic and phenotypic landscape of PPCM and demonstrated that predisposition to HF is an important risk factor for PPCM. This indicates that specific genetic therapies for DCM may also applied to PPCM. Recently, a high proportion of pathogenic variants of the titin (TTN) gene, mostly titin-truncating variants (TTNtvs) has been identified as the key point in the pathogenesis of PPCM and also in DCM. It is believed that 15-20% of DCM patients share the same titin-truncating variants of PPCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The emergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms has confirmed that truncating variants in TTN were the predominant genetic substrate in cohorts of patients with PPCM. Other rarer truncating variant (i.e., frameshift, nonsense, essential splice site) in the sarcomeric TTN and in the <italic>FKTN, RBM20, LMNA</italic> and <italic>DSP</italic> genes were found in patients with PPCM and family members with DMC. The gene <italic>PTHLH rs258415</italic> can affect cardiac function and predispose to PPCM, similar to the <italic>GNB3 c.825C&gt;T</italic> polymorphism, particularly the homozygous TT allele, which is associated with a worse prognosis and is more prevalent in patients of African ethnicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The small heat shock protein 20 (HSP20), also known as HspB6, is a class of molecular chaperones that play a protective role against cellular stress and maintenance of cellular proteostasis. Metabolic and contractile demands of the heart require protein quality control, and the HSPs play and important cardioprotective role in the regulation of cardiac response to stress, as occur in the gestational period. Recent genetic investigations have demonstrated that HSPs are involved in the pathogenesis of PPCM, and HSPB6 mutations seem to induce the lethal form of the disease, with a nearly 100% mortality rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Etiopathogenesis</title>
				<p>The etiopathogenesis of PPCM has not been elucidated yet, and encompasses inflammatory, autoimmune and viral mechanisms, dietary selenium deficiency, excessive salt intake, and heredity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Inflammation and autoimmune reactions seem to have a potential to induce and promote PPCM. In this context, circulating cytokine levels, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), C reactive protein (CRP) and gamma interferon y (INF-γ) have a correlation with the severity of HF in PPCM patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Recent studies have suggested that PPCM is a disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction caused by antiangiogenic agents of placenta, and by prolactin (PRL) degradation products that have two biological roles – the first as a hormone, and the second as an immune system modulator. Experimental studies with female mice in which the transcription factor STAT3 was deleted in cardiomyocytes developed PPCM. The absence of STAT3 led to increased reactive oxygen species, which, by still poorly understood mechanisms, led to the inappropriate secretion from the myocytes of peptidases, mainly cathepsin D, which in turn, cleaves PRL into a 16-KDa-PRL fragment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The 16-KDa fragment is an antiangiogenic agent that causes apoptosis of endothelial cells induces the expression of microRNA (miR)-146a, which is in turn taken up by cardiomyocytes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> leading to vascular damage and HF. This complex process occurs due to changes in the signaling and metabolism of the tyrosine kinase receptor 4 (ErbB4 or HER4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Circulating levels of microRNA146a are dramatically increased, and this molecule may serve not only as a biomarker but also as a therapeutic target in PPCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Inhibition of PRL release by dopamine D2-receptor (D2R) agonists, such as bromocriptine and cabergoline, has shown good results in the recovery of myocardial function in PPCM patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Carbergoline, which has a selective agonistic effect on D2R, seem to have a dual advantage over bromocriptine, due to its higher affinity for D2R (leading to greater PRL inhibition) and a prolonged effect (14-21 days) from the initial use<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Etiopathogenic mechanisms of peripartum cardiomyopathy – role of bromocriptine and cabergoline; sFlt-1: soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prognosis and diagnosis</title>
				<p>The prognosis of PPCM depends on the recovery of ventricular function, which is related not only to genetic, ethnic and environmental factors, but also to early diagnosis, and immediate, optimized treatment of HF. Possible predictive variables of ventricular function recovery (or not) have been investigated, notably black ethnicity, advanced age, and echocardiographic and natriuretic peptide measurements during the acute phase of the disease ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Mortality rates in patients with PPCM have varied widely, from 7% to 50%, and been related to cardiogenic shock, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Analysis of predictors of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in peripartum cardiomyopathy</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="3" scope="col">Univariate analysis</th>
									<th colspan="3" scope="col">Multivariate analysis</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="3" scope="col">
										<hr/>
									</th>
									<th colspan="3" scope="col">
										<hr/>
									</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
									<th scope="col">HR</th>
									<th scope="col">95% CI</th>
									<th scope="col">p</th>
									<th scope="col">HR</th>
									<th scope="col">95% CI</th>
									<th scope="col">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEF&lt; 34%</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">2.34-10.68</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">3.17</td>
									<td align="center">1.38-7.30</td>
									<td align="center">0.007</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FS&lt;16%</td>
									<td align="center">3.31</td>
									<td align="center">1.61-6.80</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.57</td>
									<td align="center">0.15-2.09</td>
									<td align="center">0.396</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEDD&gt;64mm</td>
									<td align="center">3.82</td>
									<td align="center">1.86-7.85</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">1.394</td>
									<td align="center">0.586-3.316</td>
									<td align="center">0.452</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BNP&gt;1860 pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">4.74</td>
									<td align="center">2.11-10.63</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">2.87</td>
									<td align="center">1.18-6.99</td>
									<td align="center">0.020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CRP&gt;21 pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">1.88</td>
									<td align="center">0.86-4.08</td>
									<td align="center">0.113</td>
									<td align="center">0.792</td>
									<td align="center">0.326-1.927</td>
									<td align="center">0.608</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; FS: fractional shortening; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP: C- reactive protein. Li et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Clinical manifestation of PPCM is not different than that of HFrEF in other cardiomyopathies, varying from mild symptoms to cardiogenic shock, which occurs in less than 5% of patients. The disease may progress rapidly to severe HF, with indication for mechanical circulatory support or cardiac transplant. More severe cases require intensive therapy in intensive care units (ICUs), and the association with PE indicates greater severity and high readmission rates with severe clinical conditions in the postpartum. The differential diagnosis from other cardiomyopathies that present with HF during pregnancy are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathies. HF: heart failure; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; ECHO: echocardiogram.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Complementary tests</title>
				<p>The diagnosis of PPCM should follow the traditional steps consisting of personal and family history, clinical features of HF, measurement of natriuretic peptide levels – B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) – and transthoracic echocardiogram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Diagnostic steps in peripartum cardiomyopathy; ECG: electrocardiogram; HF: heart failure; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. adapted from Avila et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) is usually abnormal, with findings of sinus tachycardia, ventricular repolarization, QT interval prolongation, and left ventricular overload. The EURObservational Research Programme showed that sinus tachycardia, left ventricular hypertrophy, QRS width greater 120 ms and left bundle branch block were more common in patients with LVEF &lt; 35% (59.0% vs. 43.8% - p = 0.005).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Chest x-ray reveals increased heart area and/or pleural effusion and diffuse pulmonary infiltration.</p>
				<p>Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is the most used imaging method in the diagnosis of PPMC due to its noninvasiveness and easy use. The test confirms the diagnosis of PPMC by systolic dysfunction with LVEF,45%, or between 45% and 50% in patients with HF of uncertain cause. Although left ventricular systolic dysfunction is the diagnostic criterion for PPCM, it has been hypothesized that LVEF may be preserved in some stages of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> A study on global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) showed that GLS and GCS with cutoffs of 10.6% and 10.1% at presentation, respectively, were associated with unfavorable outcomes including death, heart transplantation, ventricular assist device implantation and persistent left ventricular dysfunction over 12 months after delivery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> It is worth remembering that three-dimensional echocardiography can provide additional information to the identification of intracavitary thrombi in cardiac chambers.</p>
				<p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is superior to echocardiography for cardiac detecting intracavitary thrombi, particularly in case of mural or smaller thrombi. The detection of late gadolinium enhancement by CMR has an important prognostic value in quantifying the presence and the magnitude<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> of myocardial fibrosis, fundamental for the prognosis of PPCM. With respect to the other imaging tests, chest tomography plays a distinct role in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism, which is common in the puerperium.</p>
				<p>Although there is currently no specific marker of PPCM, natriuretic peptides are an excellent laboratory resource in the diagnosis of HF in PPCM. Also, these peptides are predictive of event-free survival and FEVE recovery and hence useful in risk stratification of these patients. NT-proBNP levels are proportionally higher with the severity of HF in PPCM and considered the main predictive factors of death and readmission within one year after delivery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tretament of HF in PPCM during pregnancy</title>
				<p>During pregnancy, the treatment of HF in PPCM differs from that of HFrEF in non-ischemic cardiomyopathies due to the possible adverse effects to the mother and conceptus. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> describes the main characteristics of medications in the treatment of HF during pregnancy and lactation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> The β1-selective beta blockers, bisobolol and metoprolol, do not affect uterine activity; metoprolol succinate has an advantage over metoprolol tartrate because of the fractionated doses (25mg,50mg and 100mg), and carvedilol, although widely used, has not been adequately studied during pregnancy. Diuretics should be used in HF and with caution due to the risk of reducing placental perfusion.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in pregnancy and lactation – peripartum cardiomyopathy</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Drug</th>
									<th>Use during pregnancy</th>
									<th>Possible adverse effects</th>
									<th>Use during lactation</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Loop diuretics (furosemide)</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Hypovolemia and maternal hypotension; uterine hypoperfusion</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed (when in excess, it may reduce milk supply)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Betablockers (β1-selective), Bisobolol, carvedilol, and metoprol</td>
									<td align="center">Not allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Bradycardia and/or hypoglycemia (dose dependent)</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ACEIs and ARBs</td>
									<td align="center">Not allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Renal agenesis, oligoamnion, malformation fetal loss</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed (captopril, enalapril)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists</td>
									<td align="center">Not allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Feminization of male fetus</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sacubitril-valsartan</td>
									<td align="center">Not allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Similar to ACEIs and ARBs</td>
									<td align="center">Unknown</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hydralazine/nitrates</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Uteroplacental hypoperfusion</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ivabradine</td>
									<td align="center">Not allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Unknown</td>
									<td align="center">Unknown</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Digoxin</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Low birthweight</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Heparin (UFH and LMHW)</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Do not cross the placental barrier</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Warfarin</td>
									<td align="center">Avoid – teratogenic risk</td>
									<td align="center">Warfarin embryopathy (skeletal abnormalities intracranial hemorrhage, spontaneous abortion, fetal losses)</td>
									<td align="center">Allowed</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DOACs (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran)</td>
									<td align="center">Not allowed</td>
									<td align="center">Limited data; possible malformations, intrauterine growth restriction</td>
									<td align="center">Unknown</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>ACEIs: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; UFH: unfractionated heparin; LMWH: low-molecular-weight heparin; DOACs: direct oral anticoagulants. Avila et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> e Halpern et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment of HF in PPCM in the puerperium</title>
				<p>The treatment of HFrEF in the postpartum meet traditional guidelines developed for nonpregnant adults. However, an important difference is the use of dopamine agonists like bromocriptine (ergot alkaloid) and cabergoline (dopamine D2 receptor agonist) that have shown favorable results in ventricular recovery in patients with LVEF &lt; 35% when treated with optimized treatment for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Doses and duration of bromocriptine and cabergoline should be determined based on clinical severity and LVEF values ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Research groups on PPMC have suggested the inclusion of the BOARD (bromocriptine, oral HF drugs, anticoagulants, relaxants, and diuretics)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> regimen to recommendations for treatment of acute HF in PPCM to standardize treatment and obtain more robust results and evidence of a better disease diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Bromocriptine and cabergoline regimen in the treatment of acute heart failure in peripartum cardiomyopathy</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEF ≥ 25%, without cardiogenic shock, without ICU treatment</td>
									<td align="left">
										<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gt01.tif"/>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Bromocriptine 2.5mg/day <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii01.tif"/> 7 days</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p><bold>Or</bold></p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Cabergoline 1 mg</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="left">At least, prophylactic anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">LVEF &lt; 25%, and/or RV dysfunction and/or cardiogenic shock and/or ICU treatment</td>
									<td>
										<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gt02.tif"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Bromocriptine 2.5mg/2x day <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii02.tif"/> 14 days</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Followed by 2,5mg/day <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii03.tif"/> 42 days</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p><bold>Or</bold></p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Cabergoline 1 mg/week <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii04.tif"/> 2 weeks</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Followed by 0.5mg/week <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii05.tif"/> 6 weeks</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>At least, prophylactic anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">ICU treatment, cardiogenic shock with invasive ventilation and/or MCS</td>
									<td>
										<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gt03.tif"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Bromocriptine 2.5mg/2x day, progressively increase to 10-20mg/day</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p><bold>Or</bold></p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Cabergoline 1 mg/week - 4.5mg/week <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii06.tif"/> Until prolactin suppression</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>At least, prophylactic anticoagulation</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Koenig T. et al. Card Fail Rev. 2018: 46. Pfeffer TJ. ESC Heart Fail. 2023: 465. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ICU: intensive care unit, RV: right ventricular; MCS: mechanical circulatory support.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Low-molecular-weight heparin should be indicated at prophylactic dose for patients with severe systolic dysfunction, treated or not with dopamine agonists. The combination of reduced LVEF, prothrombotic activity in the end of pregnancy and puerperium, and the use of bromocriptine/cabergoline leads to a very high risk of thromboembolism, which is considered one of the main causes of death in PPCM. In Brazil, cabergoline was registered and approved by ANVISA, and was included in the periodic review of the Ministry of Health clinical protocols and therapeutic guidelines and covered by the Brazilian unified health system since October 2020.</p>
				<p>In summary, the management of PPCM patients under optimized treatment for HF should consider: 1) Serial Doppler echocardiography every six months; 2) if recovery of left ventricular function, discontinuation of diuretics and continuation of HF drug therapy – beta-blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI); angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and spironolactone in the following six months; 3) discontinuation of spironolactone in six to 12 months of treatment, and continuation of beta-blocker, ACEI/ARB; 4) gradual reduction until permanent discontinuation of ACEI/ARB after 12 months and maintenance of beta-blocker in the following six months; 5) consider discontinuation of beta-blocker beyond the 18 month-period of treatment if ventricular function recovery is confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography and CMR.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment of acute HF in PPCM</title>
				<p>Respiratory assistance and ventricular assist device should be employed as soon as the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock is confirmed, and an emergency cesarean section should be considered. The objective is to restore hemodynamic conditions as early as possible to prevent irreversible damage to the mother and fetus. Pregnant women should be monitored in ICUs and followed according to the ESC protocol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Peripartum cardiomyopathy – risk stratification of heart failure. SBP: systolic blood pressure; HF: heart failure; SpO2: oxygen saturation; ScVO2: central venous oxygen saturation; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MV: mechanical ventilation; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ECG: electrocardiography; ECHO: echocardiography, BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; IV: intravenous.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The following recommendations must be considered: 1) keep oxygen saturation ≥ 95%; if necessary, noninvasive ventilation with final positive expiratory pressure of 5 – 7.5 cmH2O; 2) intravenous diuretic in pulmonary congestion; intravenous nitroglycerin at doses from 10-20 to 200 µg / min when systolic arterial pressure &gt; 110 mmHg; 4) use of inotropic agents (dobutamine and levosimendan) in cases of low cardiac output (hypoperfusion, vasoconstriction, acidosis, renal failure, liver dysfunction, and sensorial impairment), and persistent pulmonary congestion despite administration of vasodilators and/or diuretics. Mechanical circulatory support devices should be early considered as a rescue therapy for patients that persist with hemodynamic instability and, in many cases, as temporary support for left ventricular assist device implantation (HeartMate) or cardiac transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Obstetric care in PPCM</title>
				<p>In general, the choice of delivery type depends on obstetric indication. However, cesarean delivery should be considered in severe cases only, for unstable patients or with cardiogenic shock. Vaginal delivery is the preferred type in uncomplicated cases, clinically stable patients, and without fetal compromise. Most anesthesiologists prefer general anesthesia due to important pre- and post-load variations consequent to the type of blockage (peripheral, epidural or combined).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Contraception of PPCM women with or without ventricular function should be effective, well accepted, and with no thromboembolic risk. In this regard, contraception prescription should be based on the World Health Organization eligibility criteria, which consider progestogen as the most appropriate contraceptive in PPCM patients (Table 6).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Subsequent pregnancy of patients with PPCM</title>
				<p>The elucidation about genotype-phenotype associations and possible epigenetic alterations implies the implementation of genetic counseling. However, studies are needed to clarify the role of genetic variants identified in the context of PPCM. Left ventricular function seems to be determinant of progression and prognosis for a “new” gestation in women with history of PPCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref> presents a brief proposal of reproductive counseling in family planning of PPCM women and risk stratification for a “new” pregnancy.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Family planning – risk assessment – pregnancy and contraception. WHO: World Health Organization; AH: arterial hypertension; DM: gestational diabetes; CMD: cardiomyopathy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HF: heart failure; PPCM: peripartum cardiomyopathy. DeFilippis et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Final considerations</title>
			<p>PPCM is a not a common disease but has intriguing features. Points that should be considered essential are the prompt diagnosis of the disease, provide optimized treatment as early as possible, and a strict long-term follow-up focusing on cardiac function preservation and recovery in a young, previously healthy woman.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Contraceptive options in peripartum cardiomyopathy</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Progestogens alone – failure &lt; 1% WHO elegibility criteria – Categories 1 and 2 Cardiovascular disease</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Progestogen-only pill (POP)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Desogestrel 75 mcg - Cerazette® norethindrone acetate 0.35mg - Micronor® - indicated during lactation</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Injectable every three months</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Medroxyprogesterone acetate - 150 mg - Depoprovera® Contracep®</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Transdermal implant</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Implanon® - Etonogestrel 68 mg – 3 years</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Intrauterine devices - Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNg-IUS)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mirena® (52mg/20mcg) or Kyllena® (19.5mg) – 5 years</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>WHO: World Health Organization. Avila et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>
							</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardiomiopatia Periparto</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila</surname>
						<given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza Secretária da Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SESA), Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Walkiria Samuel Ávila • Rua Martiniano de Carvalho 864 Cj 1107. CEP 01321-000, Bela Vista, SP - Brasil Email walkiria@incor.usp.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Cardiomiopatia periparto (CMPP) é uma doença pouco frequente e potencialmente fatal que se manifesta por insuficiência cardíaca, sem outra causa determinante, com fração de ejeção reduzida relacionada ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal. É uma doença global com diversidade na manifestação clínica e no prognóstico. Pré-eclampsia, idade materna avançada, gemelaridade e a ascendência africana são fatores de riscos reconhecidos. Os testes genéticos constatam que até 20% das mulheres com CMPP têm uma variante identificável de cardiomiopatia. A etiopatogenia, não esclarecida, sugere que dentre outros mecanismos a CMPP é caracterizada pela disfunção endotelial, provocada por agentes antiangiogênicos da placenta, e de produtos da degradação da prolactina. A manifestação da CMPP não é diferente da clínica da insuficiência cardíaca de outras cardiomiopatias, desde sintomas leves ao choque cardiogênico. As taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com CMPP apresentam uma ampla variação, entre 7% a 50%, e estão relacionadas ao choque cardiogênico, ao tromboembolismo e às arritmias complexas. A progressão da doença pode ser rápida, para um quadro de IC grave, com indicação de assistência circulatória mecânica ou transplante cardíaco. A terapêutica durante a gestação distingue-se pelos efeitos adversos do uso dos fármacos à gravidez. Contudo, a seleção criteriosa de betabloqueadores, diuréticos e vasodilatadores tem alcançado sucesso terapêutico materno-fetal. O tratamento obedece às diretrizes convencionais preconizadas afora da gravidez, não obstante o uso da bromocriptina (alcalóide do ergot) e a cabergolina, (agonista do receptor D2 da dopamina), demonstram resultados favoráveis para recuperação ventricular em pacientes com ICFEr &lt;35% quando adicionados à terapêutica otimizada da insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
				<kwd>Mortalidade materna</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Cardiomiopatia periparto (CMPP) é uma doença pouco frequente e potencialmente fatal que se manifesta por insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr), relacionada ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal, quando nenhuma outra causa de IC tenha sido identificada. Até o presente, não se dispõe de nenhum marcador específico para a CMPP, por isso o seu diagnóstico que é feito por exclusão, é bastante desafiador, pela similaridade dos sintomas comuns do final de gravidez e puerpério aos sintomas de IC. Sliwa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> propuseram um diagrama ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ) que destaca as particularidades da CMPP que serão discutidos neste artigo.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Destaques da Cardiomiopatia (CM) Periparto; IC: insuficiência cardíaca.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Definição</title>
					<p>A definição atualizada estabelece que CMPP é a cardiomiopatia que se manifesta com ICFEr ≤ 45% (em alguns casos pode ser considerada em FEVE entre 45% e 50%) próximo ao termo da gestação e nos meses subsequentes ao parto, na ausência de uma causa determinante de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Epidemiologia</title>
					<p>A ambiguidade no diagnóstico e a variabilidade nos padrões de notificação são fatores limitadores na determinação da epidemiologia da CMPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na Nigéria, por exemplo, a incidência estimada é de 1 dentre 102 partos, enquanto no Japão é de 1 em 15.000 partos. Nos EUA a incidência estimada da CMPP é 1 em 938 partos; o registro das pacientes internadas mostrou que faixa etária materna entre 36 a 54 anos foi mais que o dobro quando comparada com a faixa entre 15 a 35 anos e a prevalência na raça negra foi três vezes maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dentre os fatores de riscos da CMPP destacaram-se idade materna avançada, raça afro-americana, distúrbios hipertensivos da gravidez e gestações múltiplas. As comorbidades mais frequentes foram hipertensão arterial (36,2%), anemia carencial (23,6%), obesidade (17,6%), tabagismo (17,2%), doença pulmonar crônica (11,8%), diabetes mellitus (6,3%) e abuso de drogas ilícitas (3,9%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os registros globais de coortes de CMPP como o IPAC ( <italic>Investigations of Pregnancy Associated Cardiomyopathy</italic> )<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e <italic>EURObservational Research Programme in conjunction with the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Study Group on PPCM</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> tiveram resultados concordantes sobre a prevalência e o prognóstico adverso da CMPP na raça negra. Disparidades na incidência e prognóstico da CMPP nos afrodescendentes são explicadas por características multifatoriais incluindo mecanismos fisiopatológicos, substrato genético e as condições socioeconômicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fatores de riscos</title>
					<p>Os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de CMPP são distúrbios hipertensivos da gravidez, idade materna avançada, gestações multifetais, multiparidade, a fertilização in vitro, e a ascendência africana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A notória associação entre pré-eclâmpsia (PE) e CMPP sugere um mecanismo fisiopatológico em comum. A meta-análise de Bello et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> demonstrou que a prevalência de PE em mulheres com CMPP foi de 22%, ou seja, quatro vezes maior quando comparada com a estimativa da média global de 5%. No registro da ESC, a prevalência de distúrbios hipertensivos em pacientes com CMPP foi de 39% e a frequência da PE nesses casos foi 25%. O estudo comparativo de três grupos de mulheres: (i) sem hipertensão (CMPP-sem HA), (ii) com hipertensão mas sem PE (CMPP-HA) e (iii) com PE (CMPP-PE) mostrou que o grupo CMPP-PE apresentou maior gravidade clínica tanto da PE como da IC, incluindo edema agudo dos pulmões. O estudo também mostrou que a manifestação da doença predominou durante o parto e ao longo dos primeiros 10 dias após o parto. Não obstante, no grupo CMPP-PE, a função do VE foi menos comprometida e teve maior chance de recuperação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aspectos genéticos</title>
					<p>A medicina de precisão tem reforçado o importante papel da genética na fisiopatologia das cardiomiopatias, e mostram que até 20% das mulheres com CMPP têm uma variante identificável na doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Embora a CMPP seja uma entidade clínica distinta, as observações de sobreposição com a cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) familiar indicam que um subgrupo de pacientes apresenta o espectro clínico e genético da CMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O teste genético aplicado para cardiomiopatias, principalmente nos casos de familiares próximos, deve ser oferecido para pacientes com CMPP, para se presumir o prognóstico da doença e de rastreamento familiar. Mulheres com história familiar de cardiomiopatia, podem manifestar sintomas da disfunção miocárdica, em decorrência da sobrecarga cardiocirculatória e hormonal, no final da gravidez ou após o parto. Nesse sentido, é pressuposto um modelo chamado de “acerto múltiplo”, no qual o acúmulo de fatores de risco (genéticos, ambientais e outros), impulsionados pelo estresse da gravidez, manifestam a CMPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O estudo de Goli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> forneceu o primeiro panorama genético e fenotípico das cardiomiopatias e demonstrou que a predisposição à IC é um fator de risco crucial para a CMPP. Tal fato indica que terapêuticas genéticas específicas para CMD também possam ser aplicadas para CMPP. Recentemente, identificou-se uma alta proporção de variantes patogênicas no gene titina (TTN), mais frequentemente o truncamento de variantes da titina (TTNtv), como essência na patogênese da CMPP também reconhecidas na CMD. Admite-se que cerca de 15% a 20% das pacientes com CMD compartilham os mesmos tipos de variantes truncadas com a CMPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O surgimento de plataformas de sequenciamento de próxima geração ( <italic>next-generation sequencin/NGS</italic> ) confirmaram que variantes truncadas em TTN foram o substrato genético predominante em coortes de pacientes com CMPP. Outras variantes truncadas mais raras (ou seja, <italic>nonsense, frameshi</italic> ft ou local de <italic>splicing</italic> ) no gene do sarcômero TTN e em genes <italic>FKTN, RBM20, LMNA</italic> e <italic>DSP</italic> foram encontradas na CMPP e em familiares com CMD. O gene <italic>PTHLH rs258415</italic> pode comprometer a função cardíaca e predispor à CMPP, assim como o polimorfismo <italic>GNB3 c.825C&gt;T</italic> , especificamente o alelo homozigoto TT, associado à pior prognóstico e com maior prevalência na etnia africana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A pequena proteína de choque térmico 20 (HSP20), <italic>heat shock proteins</italic> ( <italic>HSPs</italic> ), também conhecida como HSPB6, corresponde a uma classe de “chaperonas” moleculares que desempenham um papel de proteção contra o estresse celular e manutenção das proteases celulares. As demandas contráteis e metabólicas do coração exigem o controle da qualidade da proteína e as HSPs desempenham papel importante cardioprotetor na regulação da resposta cardíaca ao estresse, como ocorre no período gestacional. Investigações genéticas recentes envolvem as HSPs na patogênese da CMPP, e variantes da <italic>HSPB6</italic> parecem induzir a forma letal da doença com mortalidade de quase 100%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Etiopatogenia</title>
					<p>A etiopatogenia da CMPP, ainda não esclarecida, parece abranger mecanismos inflamatórios, autoimune e viral, deficiências dietéticas de selênio ou ingestão excessiva de sal, e hereditariedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A inflamação e reações autoimunes parecem ter potencial na indução e evolução da CMPP. Nesse contexto, níveis elevados de citocinas circulantes, incluindo interleucina-6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNFα), proteína C-reativa (PCR) e interferon gama (INF-γ) tem correlação com a gravidade da IC em pacientes com CMPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Pesquisas recentes sugerem que a CMPP seja uma doença caracterizada por disfunção endotelial provocada por agentes antiangiogênicos originários da placenta, e por produtos da degradação da prolactina (PRL) que possuem dupla função biológica, a primeira como hormônio, e a segunda como modulador do sistema imunológico. Em estudos experimentais, camundongos fêmeas com deleção específica do gene STAT3, restrita à cardiomiócitos, desenvolveram a CMPP. A ausência de STAT3 levou ao aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio que, por meio de mecanismos ainda pouco conhecidos, induzem à secreção inapropriada de peptidases pelos miócitos, principalmente a catepsina D, capaz de clivar a PRL em um fragmento 16KDa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A 16KDa-PRL é um inibidor da angiogênese que causa apoptose das células endoteliais e induz a expressão do microRNA (miR)-146a que, ao ser captado pelos cardiomiócitos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> induz danos vasculares e IC. Esse processo complexo ocorre por alterações na sinalização e no metabolismo do receptor tirosina quinase 4 (ErbB4 ou HER4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O nível circulante de microRNA146a é dramaticamente elevado nos casos de CMPP e a molécula pode servir tanto de biomarcador da doença como um potencial alvo terapêutico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A inibição da secreção da PRL por agonistas dos receptores de dopamina D2 (D2R), seja a bromocriptina ou a cabergolina, tem apresentado bons resultados na recuperação da função miocárdica nas pacientes com CMPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O agonista D2R seletivo cabergolina parece ter dupla vantagem em relação à bromocritina pela maior afinidade para a D2R resultando em maior inibição da PRL e efeito prolongado, de 14 a 21 dias, a partir do uso inicial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Mecanismos da etiopatogenia da cardiomiopatia periparto. Papel da bromocripitna /cabergolina; sFlt-1: tirosina quinase-1 semelhante a FMS solúvel; VEGF: Fator de crescimento endotelial vascular.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prognóstico e diagnóstico</title>
					<p>O prognóstico da doença depende da recuperação da função ventricular, que está relacionada, além dos fatores genéticos, étnicos e ambientais, ao diagnóstico precoce e ao tratamento imediato e otimizado da IC. Variáveis presumíveis de recuperação (ou não) da função ventricular têm sido estudadas, destacando-se, entre elas, raça negra, idade mais avançada, e medidas ecocardiográficas e de peptídeo natriurético na manifestação aguda da doença ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> As taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com CMPP apresentam uma ampla variação, entre 7% a 50%, e estão relacionadas a choque cardiogênico, tromboembolismo e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Análises dos preditores de persistência da disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo na cardiomiopatia periparto</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th colspan="3" scope="col">Análise univariada</th>
										<th colspan="3" scope="col">Análise multivariada</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th colspan="3" scope="col">
											<hr/>
										</th>
										<th colspan="3" scope="col">
											<hr/>
										</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Variável</th>
										<th scope="col">HR</th>
										<th scope="col">IC 95%</th>
										<th scope="col">p</th>
										<th scope="col">HR</th>
										<th scope="col">IC 95%</th>
										<th scope="col">p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>FEVE&lt; 34%</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">2,34-10,68</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">3,17</td>
										<td align="center">1,38-7,30</td>
										<td align="center">0,007</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FE&lt;16%</td>
										<td align="center">3,31</td>
										<td align="center">1,61-6,80</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,57</td>
										<td align="center">0,15-2,09</td>
										<td align="center">0,396</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DDVE&gt;64mm</td>
										<td align="center">3,82</td>
										<td align="center">1,86-7,85</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">1,394</td>
										<td align="center">0,586-3,316</td>
										<td align="center">0,452</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>BNP&gt;1860 pg/mL</td>
										<td align="center">4,74</td>
										<td align="center">2,11-10,63</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">2,87</td>
										<td align="center">1,18-6,99</td>
										<td align="center">0,020</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCR&gt;21 pg/mL</td>
										<td align="center">1,88</td>
										<td align="center">0,86-4,08</td>
										<td align="center">0,113</td>
										<td align="center">0,792</td>
										<td align="center">0,326-1,927</td>
										<td align="center">0,608</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>IC: intervalo de confiança; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; FE: fração de encurtamento; DDVE: diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo; BNP: peptídeo natriurético tipo B; PCR: proteína C reativa; Li et al.<sup>1</sup></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A manifestação clínica da CMPP não é diferente da ICFEr em outras cardiomiopatias, que pode variar desde sintomas leves ao choque cardiogênico, o qual ocorre em menos que 5% das pacientes. A progressão da doença pode ser rápida, para um quadro de IC grave, com indicação de assistência circulatória mecânica ou transplante cardíaco. Os casos mais graves requerem tratamento intensivo em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), lembrando que a associação com PE indica maior gravidade, e uma alta frequência de reinternação em condições clínicas críticas no pós-parto. O diagnóstico diferencial de outras cardiomiopatias que se manifestam com IC durante a gravidez está apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Diagnóstico Diferencial das Cardiomiopatias. ECO: ecocardiograma; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Exames complementares</title>
					<p>O diagnóstico de CMPP deve seguir as etapas clássicas de anamnese, história pessoal e familiar, caracterização do quadro clínico de IC, quantificação dos peptídeos natriuréticos – peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP), pró-hormônio N-terminal (NT-proBNP) – e ecocardiograma transtorácico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Etapas diagnósticas na cardiomiopatia periparto. ECG: eletrocardiograma; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; BNP: peptídeo natriurético tipo B; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada. Adaptado de Avila et al.33</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) geralmente é anormal com registros de taquicardia sinusal, alteração de repolarização ventricular, prolongamento do intervalo QT e sobrecarga do ventrículo esquerdo. O programa EURObservational mostrou que taquicardia sinusal, hipertrofia de ventrículo esquerdo, complexo QRS com duração acima de 120 ms e bloqueio do ramo esquerdo foram variáveis mais frequentes em pacientes com FEVE&lt;35% (59,0% vs. 43,8% - p = 0,005).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A radiografia de tórax revela aumento da área cardíaca global e/ou derrame pleural e infiltração pulmonar difusa.</p>
					<p>O ecodopplercardiograma transtorácico é o exame de imagem mais utilizado para o diagnóstico de CMPP por não ser invasivo e ser de fácil realização. O exame confirma o diagnóstico da doença pela disfunção sistólica com FEVE&lt; 45%, ou FEVE entre 45% a 50% nas pacientes com IC de causa indeterminada. Embora a disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo seja o critério para o diagnóstico da CMPP, há hipóteses que a FEVE pode estar preservada em alguns estágios evolutivos da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> O estudo das medidas ecocardiográficas de “ <italic>strain”</italic> longitudinal global (GLS) e de “s <italic>train”</italic> circunferencial global (GCS), demonstrou que valores iniciais de 10,6% e de 10,1% do GLS e GCS, respectivamente, foram associados a desfechos desfavoráveis, como morte, transplante cardíaco, implante de dispositivo de assistência ventricular, e persistência da disfunção do ventrículo esquerdo ao longo de 12 meses após o parto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Vale lembrar que ecocardiograma tridimensional pode fornecer informações adicionais na identificação de trombos intracavitários em câmaras cardíacas.</p>
					<p>A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) é superior à ecocardiografia para a detecção de trombo intracavitário especialmente no caso de trombo mural ou de menores dimensões. A identificação de realce tardio na RMC tem um grande valor prognóstico por quantificar a presença e a magnitude<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> e da fibrose miocárdica, fundamental para o prognóstico da CMPP. No que diz respeito aos demais exames de imagens, destaca-se o valor da tomografia de tórax no diagnóstico diferencial do tromboembolismo pulmonar, frequente no puerpério.</p>
					<p>Atualmente não existe marcador específico da CMPP. Contudo, os peptídeos natriuréticos são um excelente recurso laboratorial para auxiliar o diagnóstico da IC da CMPP. Ainda, eles são preditivos para a sobrevida livre de eventos e recuperação da FEVE, sendo úteis no prognóstico e na estratificação de risco dessas pacientes. Os níveis de NT-proBNP são proporcionalmente maiores com a gravidade da IC na CMPP e considerados os fatores preditivos mais importantes de óbito e reinternação em um ano após o parto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento da IC na CMPP durante a gravidez</title>
					<p>Durante a gestação, a terapêutica da IC na CMPP difere da ICFEr nas cardiomiopatias não isquêmicas, pelos possíveis efeitos adversos obstétricos e ao concepto. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> , apresentamos as principais características dos fármacos no tratamento da IC durante a gestação e lactação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Os betabloqueadores β1-selectivos, bisoprolol e metoprolol, não interferem na atividade uterina. O succinato de metoprolol tem vantagem em relação ao tartarato porque as doses dos comprimidos são fracionadas (25mg,50mg e 100mg), e o carvedilol, embora muito utilizado, não foi adequadamente estudado durante a gravidez. Os diuréticos devem ser usados para a IC e prescritos com muita cautela pelo risco de diminuir a perfusão placentária.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Tratamento farmacológico da insuficiência cardíaca na gestação e lactação – cardiomiopatia periparto</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Fármaco</th>
										<th>Uso durante a gestação</th>
										<th>Efeitos adversos possíveis</th>
										<th>Uso durante a lactação</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Diuréticos de alça (Furosemida)</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Hipovolemia e hipotensão materna; hipoperfusão uterina</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido (em excesso pode reduzir a quantidade de leite)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Betabloqueadores (β1 seletivo), Bisoprolol, Cervedilol, Metoprolol</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Bradicardia e/ou hipoglicemia fetal (dose dependente)</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>IECAS e BRAS</td>
										<td align="center">Não permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Agenesia renal, oligoamnion, malformação perdas fetais</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido (captopril, enalapril)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Antagonistas dos mineralocorticoides</td>
										<td align="center">Não permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Feminilização do feto masculino</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sacubitril-valsartan</td>
										<td align="center">Não permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Semelhante aos IECAS e BRAS</td>
										<td align="center">Desconhecido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hidralazina/nitratos</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Hipoperfusão útero-placentária</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ivabradina</td>
										<td align="center">Não permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Desconhecido</td>
										<td align="center">Desconhecido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Digoxina</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Baixo peso do recém-nascido</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Heparina (HNF e HBPM)</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Não atravessa a barreira placentária</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Varfarina</td>
										<td align="center">Evitar – risco teratogênico</td>
										<td align="center">Embriopatia por varfarina (deformidades esqueléticas hemorragia intracraniana, aborto espontâneo, perdas fetais</td>
										<td align="center">Permitido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DOACs (rivaroxabana, apixabana, edoxabana, dabigatran)</td>
										<td align="center">Não permitido</td>
										<td align="center">Dados limitados; possível malformação, restrição de crescimento intrauterino)</td>
										<td align="center">Desconhecido</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, BRAs: bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina; HNF: heparina não-fracionada; HBPM: heparina de baixo peso molecular; DOACs: anticoagulantes orais diretos. Avila et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> e Halpern et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento da IC da CMPP no puerpério</title>
					<p>O tratamento da ICFEr após o parto obedece às diretrizes convencionais preconizadas fora da gravidez. Não obstante, um diferencial importante é o uso dos agonistas dopaminérgicos, como a bromocriptina (alcalóide do ergot) e a cabergolina (agonista do receptor D2 da dopamina) que demonstram resultados favoráveis para recuperação ventricular em pacientes com ICFE &lt;35% quando são incluídos à terapêutica otimizada da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> As doses e o tempo de uso da bromocriptina e da cabergolina devem ser de acordo com a gravidade do quadro clínico e dos valores da FEVE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Os grupos de estudo em CMPP sugerem a inclusão da sigla BOARD (bromocriptina, terapia oral da IC, anticoagulação, agentes vasodilatadores e diuréticos)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> nas recomendações para o tratamento da IC aguda da CMPP a fim de padronizar o tratamento e obter resultados robustos e evidência de melhor prognóstico da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Esquema da bromocriptina e da cabergolina no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca aguda da cardiomiopatia periparto</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">FEVE ≥ 25%, Sem choque cardiogênico, Sem tratamento em UTI</td>
										<td align="center">
											<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gt01-pt.tif"/>
										</td>
										<td>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Bromocriptina 2,5 mg/dia <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii01-pt.tif"/> 7 dias</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p><bold>Ou</bold></p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Cabergoina 1 mg</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">No mínimo anticoagulação profilática</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">FEVE &lt; 25%, e/ou disfunção de VD e/ou choque cardiogênico, e/ou UTI</td>
										<td>
											<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gt02-pt.tif"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Bromocriptina 2,5 mg / 2x dia <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii02-pt.tif"/> 14 dias</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Seguido de 2,5 mg/dia <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii03-pt.tif"/> 42 dias</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p><bold>Ou</bold></p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Cabergolina 1mg/semana <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii04-pt.tif"/> 2 semanas</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Seguido de 0,5mg/semana <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii05-pt.tif"/> 6 semanas</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">No mínimo anticoagulação profilática</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Tratamento em UTI, choque cardiogênico com ventilação invasiva e/ou SCM</td>
										<td>
											<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gt03-pt.tif"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Bromocriptina 2,5mg / 2x dia, progressiva até 10-20 mg dia</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p><bold>Ou</bold></p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Cabergolina 1mg/semana até 4,5/semana <inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-ii06-pt.tif"/> Até supressão da prolactina</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
										<td align="center">No mínimo anticoagulação profilática</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>Koenig T. et al. Card Fail Rev. 2018: 46. Pfeffer TJ. ESC Heart Fail. 2023: 465. FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; SCM: suporte circulatório mecânico; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A heparina de baixo peso molecular, em doses profiláticas, deve ser indicada nos casos de disfunção sistólica importante, tratados ou não com agonistas dopaminérgicos. A conjunção de FEVE reduzida, atividade pró-trombótica do final da gestação e puerpério, e o uso da bromocriptina/cabergolina proporciona um risco muito elevado de tromboembolismo, considerado uma das principais causas de morte da CMPP. Vale lembrar que no Brasil, a cabergolina tem registro e aprovação pela ANVISA, e foi considerada na <italic>revisão periódica dos Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) do</italic> Ministério da Saúde e incluída <italic>no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)</italic> em outubro de 2020.</p>
					<p>Em síntese, o seguimento de pacientes em tratamento otimizado da IC por CMPP deve considerar: 1) ecodopplercardiograma seriado semestral, 2) perante sinais de recuperação do ventrículo esquerdo, suspensão dos diuréticos e manutenção da terapêutica otimizada da IC com betabloqueador, Inibidor da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (IECA), Bloqueador de Receptor da Angiotensina (BRA), e espironolactona nos seis meses seguintes; 3) suspensão da espirolactona entre seis e 12 meses de tratamento e manutenção do betabloqueador, IECA/BRA; 4) redução gradual até a suspensão do IECA/BRA após 12 meses e manutenção do betabloqueador nos seis meses seguintes; 5) considerar a suspensão do betabloqueador além dos 18 meses de tratamento com documentação da recuperação ventricular pelo ecocardiograma transtorácico e RMC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento da IC aguda na CMPP</title>
					<p>A assistência respiratória e o dispositivo assistência ventricular devem ser empregados tão logo o diagnóstico de choque cardiogênico seja confirmado e considerar o parto cesárea de emergência. O objetivo é restaurar as condições hemodinâmicas o mais rápido possível para evitar danos irreversíveis materno-fetais. As gestantes devem ser monitoradas em UTI e atendidas de acordo com protocolo proposto pela ESC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cardiomiopatia Periparto – Estratificação do Risco da IC. PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; FC: frequência cardíaca; SpO2: saturação de oxigênio; SVcO2: saturação venosa central de oxigênio; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; VM: ventilação mecânica; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implantável; ECG: eletrocardiografia; ECO: ecocardiografia, BNP: peptídeo natriurético tipo B; NT-proBNP; RM: ressonância magnética; IV: intravenoso; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptor da angiotensina.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Destacam-se as seguintes recomendações essenciais: 1) manutenção da uma saturação arterial de oxigênio ≥ 95%; quando necessário, ventilação não invasiva com pressão expiratória final positiva de 5-7,5 cmH2O; 2) uso de diurético intravenoso na congestão pulmonar; 3) uso da nitroglicerina intravenosa em doses a partir de 10-20 até 200 µg / min quando a pressão sistólica &gt; 110 mmHg; 4) emprego dos agentes inotrópicos (dobutamina e levosimendana) diante de baixo débito cardíaco (hipoperfusão, vasoconstrição, acidose, insuficiência renal, disfunção hepática e comprometimento do sensório) e congestão pulmonar persistente apesar da administração de vasodilatadores e/ou diuréticos. Os dispositivos de assistência circulatória mecânica devem ser considerados precocemente como terapêutica de resgate de pacientes que permanecem com instabilidade hemodinâmica e, em muitos casos são indicados como suportes na transição para o implante de dispositivo de assistência ventricular esquerda ( <italic>HeartMate</italic> ) ou transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conduta obstétrica na CMPP</title>
					<p>De modo geral, a escolha do tipo de parto na CMPP é de indicação obstétrica. Não obstante, o parto cesárea deva ser considerado em casos graves, instáveis ou choque cardiogênico. A via vaginal é a preferível nos casos não complicados e que demostram estabilidade clínica e sem comprometimento fetal. A maioria dos anestesistas preferem a anestesia geral em razão das variações importantes de pré e pós-carga consequentes aos tipos de bloqueios (raqui, peridural ou combinada).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A contracepção em mulheres com CMPP recuperadas ou não da função ventricular deve ser eficaz, de boa aceitação e isenta de riscos tromboembólicos. Nesse cenário, a prescrição dos contraceptivos deve ser fundamentada nos critérios de elegibilidade da Organização Mundial da Saúde, que considera os progestágenos isolados como os mais indicados para pacientes com CMPP como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> .</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Alternativas para anticoncepção na cardiomiopatia periparto</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="100%">
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Progestágenos isolados Eficácia – falha &lt; 1% Critérios de elegibilidade OMS – Categoria 1 e 2 Doença cardiovascular</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Pílula (POPs)</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desogestrel 75 µg – Cerazette ® ou Acetato de noretindrona ,35 mg-Micronor® Indicadas durante a lactação</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Injetável trimestral</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Acetato de medroxiprogesterona- 150 mg - Depoprovera® Contracep®</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Transplante transdérmico</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Implanon® - Etonorgestrel 68 mg – 3 anos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Endoceptivo – sistema de liberação intra-uterino de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG)</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mirena® (LNg-0LNg 52 mg/20mcg), ou Kyllena® (19,5 mg) – 5 anos</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p>OMS: Organização Mundial da Saúde. Avila et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Gestação subsequente em pacientes com história de CMPP</title>
					<p>O esclarecimento sobre as associações genótipo-fenótipo e de possíveis alterações epigenéticas implica na conduta no aconselhamento genético; contudo, estudos são necessários para entender a influência das variantes identificadas no contexto da CMPP. Admite-se que a função ventricular esquerda seja o fator determinante da evolução e prognóstico para “nova” gestação em mulheres com história de CMPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 6</xref> apresenta uma proposta resumida do aconselhamento reprodutivo no planejamento familiar de mulheres com CMPP e a estratificação de risco para uma “nova” gravidez.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Planejamento Familiar - Avaliação dos Riscos - Gravidez e Contracepção. OMS: Organização Mundial da Saúde; HA: hipertensão arterial; DM: diabetes gestacional; CMD: cardiomiopatia; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; CMPP: Cardiomiopatia periparto; IC: insuficiência cardíaca. DeFilippis et al.32</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230020-gf06-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Considerações finais</title>
				<p>A CMPP é uma doença pouco comum, mas com peculiaridades intrigantes. Pontos que devem ser considerados essenciais são o diagnóstico imediato da doença, o tratamento otimizado tão logo quanto possível e o seguimento rigoroso a longo prazo na tentativa da preservação e recuperação cardíaca de uma mulher jovem, outrora saudável.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>