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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230017</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Post-COVID Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-4217</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Marcio Roberto Moraes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research e Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6791-3910</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lugon</surname>
						<given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jorge</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Jose Lagoeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Clínica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Divisão de Cardiologia – Departamento de Medicina Clínica – Faculdade de Medicina – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Clínica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Divisão de Nefrologia – Departamento de Medicina Clínica – Faculdade de Medicina – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Marcio Roberto Moraes de Carvalho • Universidade Federal Fluminense Hospital Universitario Antonio Pedro – Medicina Clínica – Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Niterói, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>carvalhobm@uol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230017</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
				<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
				<kwd>Child</kwd>
				<kwd>Adult</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has had an indelible impact on contemporary human society. In addition to the severe morbidity and mortality during the first weeks after infection, up to 70% of COVID-19 survivors may experience long-term medical complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In a publication at the beginning of the pandemic, Clyde and Gregg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> already expressed concern about the future consequences of cardiac damage, regardless of the acute clinical manifestation caused by COVID-19.</p>
		<p>The association of previous heart disease, with increased lethality rate and need for mechanical ventilation, initially led to the expectation of identifying direct myopathic damage, by inferring the increased concentration of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the myocyte. Heart histology of patients who died revealed a peculiar condition. Clinical presentations similar to myocarditis have been described in only a few patients, suggesting that fulminant myocarditis is a rare condition. On the other hand, in cases with clinical suspicion of myocarditis, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with the presence of cardiac inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Other evidence has indicated that there is pronounced cardiac expression of ACE2 in pericytes that line the microvasculature, as well as in muscle cells and fibroblasts. Another aspect is the presence of proteases encoded by TMPRSS2 and CTSL, which facilitate the cellular uptake of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting other possible mechanisms of cardiac aggression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In an original study, Mezache et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> provided us with an advanced interpretation of myocardial damage. Studying necropsies of 11 patients with COVID-19 and 11 controls (deceased before 2016), the authors analyzed histological characteristics, viral particles, and molecular findings in cardiac tissue. A marked binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was especially observed in ACE2 of macrophages and interstitial pericytes, with little presence of nucleocapsids. This study consistently suggests that direct myocardial infection by SARS-CoV-2 is not the pathophysiological mechanism of cardiac dysfunction. Although it cannot be ruled out that systemic complications in severe forms of COVID-19 may directly affect the heart,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> substantial expression of <italic>in situ</italic> cytokines and local complement activation, secondary to endocytosis of the circulating spike protein, has been demonstrated in both macrophages and interstitial pericytes. These are the alterations that would be involved in the development of myocarditis.</p>
		<p>These arguments lead us to consider that the myocardial tissue should not be understood in a simplistic manner as a syncytium of myocytes. It is important to consider the complexity of the myocardial tissue when studying the heart and understanding its peculiarity. With this vision in mind, Tadokoro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> reported a case of acute myocarditis in a previously healthy patient, without cardiovascular comorbidities, but with HLA-C 12:02:02 and HLA-B 52:01:01 alleles, which have been associated with worse evolution in the Japanese population. From the right ventricular myocardial biopsy, during the course of presentation with severe ventricular dysfunction, the main physiopathogenic element was identified as microthrombosis with hypercoagulation, associated with endothelial injury and complement and macrophage activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<sec>
			<title>Myocardial inflammation, COVID-19, and HFpEF</title>
			<p>Myocardial inflammation is widely considered to be one of the main factors in the development of heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is believed that persistent myocardial inflammation plays a central role in the development of adverse left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction, as well as in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In May 2020, Tavazzi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> reported the first case of acute cardiac injury with the finding of SARS-CoV-2 particles and low-grade inflammation in the myocardium, not accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis. An important discussion is whether the myocardial changes are caused by direct viral damage to the heart or vasculature or by a cytokine storm related to the infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> It is mainly known that cardiac inflammatory changes induced by viruses are capable of triggering HFpEF and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> There is currently a growing interest in identifying patients with COVID-19 at risk of developing virus-related HF and cardiovascular problems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A recent study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which used the HFA-PEFF score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> for diagnosis of HFpEF, showed that a substantial proportion of patients with COVID-19 were at an increased risk of HFpEF. Patients with biochemical evidence of myocardial injury had higher HFA-PEFF scores in addition to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and reduced global longitudinal strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Myocardial injury defined as increased troponin values has been observed in approximately 20% of patients with COVID-19. It has also been shown that higher concentrations of NT-proBNP correlate with the severity of viral infection. Non-specific increase of cardiac enzymes in patients with COVID-19 may reveal not only these patients’ predisposition to cardiac lesions, but also the presence of other cardiac dysfunctions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A paradigm proposed by Paulus et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> to explain the pathophysiology of HFpEF could help clarify the mechanism by which the inflammation associated with COVID-19 causes HFpEF. Comorbidities, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, lead to remodeling and myocardial dysfunction beginning with a sequence of events that consists of inducing a pro-inflammatory state. This pro-inflammatory state causes coronary microvascular endothelial cells to produce reactive oxygen species, which limit the bioavailability of nitric oxide to adjacent cardiomyocytes. This low bioavailability of nitric oxide decreases protein kinase G activity in cardiomyocytes, and low protein kinase G activity removes the brake on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, thus inducing concentric left ventricular remodeling, stiffening the cardiomyocyte due to hypophosphorylation of the giant cytoskeletal protein titin. Both stiff cardiomyocytes and increased collagen deposition by myofibroblasts cause diastolic left ventricular dysfunction, which is the main cardiac functional deficit in HFpEF.</p>
			<p>The evaluation of cardiac tissue by means of nuclear magnetic resonance indicated different tissue expressions of damage. Possible mechanisms would include sites of myocarditis without functional consequence, type I and II myocardial infarction, and induced myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Myocarditis presented in the multisegmental form, without alteration of the ejection fraction or alterations in regional motility. Inference of the non-COVID myocarditis pattern may predict good long-term evolution.</p>
			<p>Some studies have suggested that myocarditis due to COVID-19 in children may be more common than previously thought. However, the exact prevalence is still unknown, and more research is needed to better understand the incidence, risk factors, and long-term effects of myocarditis in children with COVID-19. The clinical presentation of children with myocarditis can range from asymptomatic to severe progression. Children are at an increased risk of developing myocarditis secondary to COVID-19 compared to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			<p>With the intention of observing cardiac clinical and laboratory manifestations in the post-infectious segment in the long term, we are engaged in a project titled “Integrating forces for understanding and handling post-COVID-19 syndrome: Institutional multidisciplinary study of the Fluminense Federal University (UFF),” a prospective cohort study, with projected follow-up of this population for 24 months, which is funded and supported by the Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ, acronym in Portuguese) (E-26/210.828/2021).</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Miocardiopatia Pós-COVID</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-4217</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Marcio Roberto Moraes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6791-3910</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lugon</surname>
						<given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jorge</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Jose Lagoeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Divisão de Cardiologia – Departamento de Medicina Clínica – Faculdade de Medicina – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Divisão de Nefrologia – Departamento de Medicina Clínica – Faculdade de Medicina – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Marcio Roberto Moraes de Carvalho • Universidade Federal Fluminense Hospital Universitario Antonio Pedro – Medicina Clínica – Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303. CEP 24033-900, Niterói, RJ – Brasil E-mail: carvalhobm@uol.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
				<kwd>Criança</kwd>
				<kwd>Adulto</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A pandemia de COVID-19 causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 impactou com marcas indeléveis a sociedade humana contemporânea. Além da grave morbidade e mortalidade nas primeiras semanas após a infecção, até 70% dos sobreviventes do COVID-19 podem experimentar complicações médicas a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em publicação no início da pandemia, Clyde e Gregg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> já manifestavam preocupação sobre os desdobramentos futuros do dano cardíaco, independentemente da manifestação clínica aguda causada pelo COVID-19.</p>
			<p>A associação de doença cardíaca prévia, com o aumento da taxa de letalidade e de necessidade de ventilação mecânica, promoveu inicialmente a expectativa de identificar dano miopático direto, pela ilação da concentração aumentada de receptores ACE2 no miócito. A histologia de corações de pacientes que foram a óbito expôs uma condição peculiar. Apresentações clínicas semelhantes à miocardite foram descritas em apenas alguns pacientes, sugerindo que a miocardite fulminante fosse uma condição rara. Por outro lado, nos casos com suspeita clínica de miocardite, infecção por SARS-CoV-2 foi associada à presença de inflamação cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Outras evidências indicam haver expressão cardíaca de ACE2 pronunciada em pericitos que revestem a microvasculatura, bem como em células musculares e fibroblastos. Um outro aspecto é a presença de proteases codificadas por TMPRSS2 e CTSL, que facilitam a entronização celular do SARS-CoV-2, trazendo outras possibilidades para o mecanismo de agressão cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em estudo original, Mezache et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> nos proporcionam uma interpretação avançada do dano miocárdico. Estudando necrópsias de 11 pacientes de COVID-19 e 11 controles (falecidos anteriormente a 2016), os autores analisaram características histológicas, partículas virais e achados moleculares no tecido cardíaco. Foi observada uma ligação marcante da proteína spike SARS-CoV-2 especialmente na ACE2 dos macrófagos e pericitos intersticiais, com pouca presença de nucleocapsídeos. Esse estudo sugere, de maneira consistente, que a infecção direta do miocárdio por SARS-CoV-2 não seja o mecanismo fisiopatológico da disfunção cardíaca. Embora não se possa descartar que complicações sistêmicas nas formas graves de COVID-19 possam afetar diretamente o coração,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> foi demonstrada expressão substancial de citocinas <italic>in situ</italic> e ativação local de complemento, secundária à endocitose da proteína spike circulante, tanto em macrófagos como nos pericitos intersticiais. São essas alterações que estariam envolvidas com o desenvolvimento da miocardite.</p>
			<p>Estes argumentos nos levam a uma consideração de que o tecido miocárdico não deva ser entendido de forma simplista como um sincício de miócitos. É importante considerar a complexidade do tecido miocárdico ao estudar o coração e compreender sua peculiaridade. De posse desta visão, Tadokoro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> relataram um caso de miocardite aguda em paciente previamente hígido, sem comorbidades cardiovasculares, porém, portador de alelos HLA-C 12:02:02 e HLA-B 52:01:01, associados com uma pior evolução na população japonesa. A partir da biópsia miocárdica de ventrículo direito, no transcurso de apresentação com grave disfunção ventricular, identificou-se como elemento fisiopatogênico principal a microtrombose com hipercoagulação, associada à injúria endotelial, ativação de complemento e macrofágica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
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				<title>Inflamação do miocárdio, COVID e ICFEp</title>
				<p>A inflamação do miocárdio é amplamente considerada como um dos principais fatores do desenvolvimento de insuficiência cardíaca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Acredita-se que a inflamação miocárdica persistente tenha um papel central no desenvolvimento do remodelamento adverso do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) após o infarto do miocárdio, bem como na patogênese da cardiomiopatia dilatada e IC com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em maio de 2020, Tavazzi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> relataram o primeiro caso de lesão cardíaca aguda com o achado de partículas do SARS-CoV-2 e inflamação de baixo grau no miocárdio, não acompanhada de necrose de cardiomiócitos. Uma discussão importante é se as alterações miocárdicas são causadas por dano viral direto ao coração ou vasculatura, ou pela tempestade de citocinas relacionada à infecção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Sabe-se, principalmente, que alterações inflamatórias cardíacas induzidas por vírus são capazes de desencadear ICFEp e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Existe hoje um interesse crescente em identificar pacientes com COVID-19 sob risco de desenvolver IC relacionada ao vírus e problemas cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Um estudo recente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que utilizou o escore HFA-PEFF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> para diagnóstico de ICFEp, mostrou que uma proporção substancial de pacientes com COVID-19 apresentou maior risco de ICFEp. Os pacientes com evidências bioquímicas de lesão miocárdica apresentaram pontuação mais elevada do escore HFA-PEFF além de disfunção diastólica do VE e redução do <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Lesão miocárdica definida como valores aumentados de troponina foi observada em cerca de 20% dos pacientes com COVID-19. Foi demonstrado também que concentrações mais altas de NT-proBNP se correlacionam com a gravidade da infecção viral. O aumento não específico das enzimas cardíacas em pacientes com COVID-19 pode revelar não apenas uma predisposição desses pacientes a lesões cardíacas, mas também a presença de outras disfunções cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Um paradigma proposto por Paulus et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> para explicar a fisiopatologia da ICFEp poderia ajudar a esclarecer o mecanismo pelo qual a inflamação associada à COVID-19 irá causar ICFEp. Comorbidades, entre elas a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2, levam ao remodelamento e a disfunção miocárdica a partir de uma sequência de eventos que consiste na indução de um estado pró-inflamatório. Esse estado pró-inflamatório leva as células endoteliais microvasculares coronárias a produzirem espécies reativas de oxigênio, que limitam a biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico para os cardiomiócitos adjacentes; essa baixa biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico diminui a atividade da proteína quinase G nos cardiomiócitos; e a baixa atividade de proteína quinase G remove o freio da hipertrofia dos cardiomiócitos, induzindo assim o remodelamento concêntrico do VE, enrijecendo o cardiomiócito por causa da hipofosforilação da proteína gigante do citoesqueleto titina. Tanto os cardiomiócitos rígidos quanto o aumento da deposição de colágeno pelos miofibroblastos irão causar disfunção diastólica do VE, que é o principal déficit funcional cardíaco na ICFEp.</p>
				<p>A avaliação do tecido cardíaco através da ressonância nuclear magnética apontou expressões tissulares diversas para o dano. Mecanismos possíveis seriam sítios de miocardite sem consequência funcional, infarto do miocárdio tipo I e II, além de isquemia miocárdica induzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A miocardite se apresentou na forma multisegmentar, sem alteração da fração de ejeção ou alterações na motilidade regional. A ilação com o padrão de miocardite não-COVID pode prognosticar uma boa evolução a longo prazo.</p>
				<p>Alguns estudos sugeriram que a miocardite por COVID-19 em crianças pode ser mais comum do que se pensava anteriormente. No entanto, a prevalência exata ainda é desconhecida e mais pesquisas são necessárias para entender melhor a incidência, os fatores de risco e os efeitos a longo prazo da miocardite em crianças com COVID-19. A apresentação clínica de crianças com miocardite pode variar de assintomático à evolução com gravidade. As crianças correm maior risco de desenvolver miocardite secundária a COVID-19 em comparação com vacina mRNA COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Com o intento de observar manifestações clínicas e laboratoriais cardíacas do segmento pós-infeccioso a longo prazo, estamos engajados no projeto “Integrando forças para compreensão e enfrentamento da síndrome pós-COVID-19: Estudo multidisciplinar Institucional da Universidade Federal Fluminense/UFF”, um estudo de coorte prospectiva, com projeção de acompanhamento desta população por 24 meses, que conta com o financiamento e apoio da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ (E-26/210.828/2021).</p>
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