<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>National Network of Cardiovascular Genomics: Implementing Genetic Diagnosis in Cardiology in the Brazilian Unified Health System</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6361-5980</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kasai-Brunswick</surname>
						<given-names>Tais Hanae</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research: and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Obtaining financing</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8371-8517</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Dilza Balteiro Pereira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research: and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3848-6216</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Andressa Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research: and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6432-4870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Raquel Tavares Boy da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3249-3711</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sternick</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2174-6800</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Marisa da Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research: and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3920-5815</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rey</surname>
						<given-names>Helena Cramer Veiga</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research: and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Obtaining financing</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7830-7868</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana Bastos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research: and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Obtaining financing</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>on behalf of the researchers at RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia , Rio de Janeiro , RJ – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFRJ</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem – UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFRJ</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho – UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label> 4 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UERJ</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto – UERJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label> 5 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro , Belo Horizonte , MG – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">Mailing Addres: Adriana Bastos Carvalho • Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Bloco G. Postal Code 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>carvalhoab@biof.ufrj.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230011</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Genomics</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Diseases</kwd>
				<kwd>Sudden Death</kwd>
				<kwd>Exome Sequencing</kwd>
				<kwd>Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The Brazilian National Network of Cardiovascular Genomics (RENOMICA) is a research project whose objective is to establish a proof of concept that genetic diagnosis for hereditary cardiovascular diseases is important, feasible, and cost-effective within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Funded by the Brazilian National Genomics and Precision Health Program (Genomas Brasil) of the Ministry of Health, the study is coordinated by the Brazilian National Institute of Cardiology (INC), with 21 co-participating centers throughout the country. Recruitment, which began in September 2021, is still ongoing. Research participants, with the assistance of genetic counseling, provide a cheek swab sample that can be collected at home, and the study team performs whole exome sequencing in search of gene variants related to the phenotype. The sequencing results are forwarded to the participants, and, if positive for the investigated disease, family members are invited to participate in genetic screening. As a result, we expect to understand mechanisms of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity in hereditary cardiovascular diseases, construct an economic model to determine the cost-effectiveness of genetic diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the context of the SUS, and provide information to the database of the Genomas Brasil Program.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Genetic diagnosis is important</title>
			<p>Hereditary cardiovascular diseases ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ) are the most frequent cause of sudden death in individuals under 35 years of age, and they remain an important cause of death up to 50 years of age. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although diagnosis of the proband, or index case, can be made clinically, it is only possible to screen family members who carry the gene variant that causes the disease by means of genetic diagnosis. This screening aims to institute measures that prevent sudden death and clinical surveillance in these family members, as well as reproductive counseling, when necessary. Several international guidelines recommend performing genetic diagnosis in different types of hereditary cardiovascular diseases. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In fact, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy guidelines <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> consider genetic diagnosis a class I, level B-NR recommendation. Furthermore, genetic tests allow differential diagnosis with phenocopies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, such as Fabry disease, amyloidosis, PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, among others. In pediatric patients, genetic testing may be even more important, as it allows the differential diagnosis with inborn errors of metabolism, for some of which there are therapeutic alternatives.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– List of hereditary cardiovascular diseases</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Group</th>
								<th>Disease</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4">Aortopathies</td>
								<td align="center">Hereditary thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (vascular form)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Marfan syndrome</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Loeys-Dietz syndrome</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="5">Channelopathies</td>
								<td align="center">Progressive cardiac conduction disease</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Long QT syndrome</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Short QT syndrome</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Brugada syndrome</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="5">Cardiomyopathies</td>
								<td align="center">Arrhythmogenic <sup>*</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Dilated</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Hypertrophic</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Non-compaction</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Restrictive</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Congenital heart diseases</td>
								<td align="center">Miscellaneous <sup>†</sup> (for example, Holt-Oram syndrome, Noonan syndrome)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyslipidemias</td>
								<td align="center">Familial hypercholesterolemia</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pulmonary diseases</td>
								<td align="center">Pulmonary arterial hypertension</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>*Previously known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. <sup>†</sup> For review, see reference. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
							</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In spite of this, genetic diagnosis of hereditary cardiovascular diseases is not available through the SUS or the complementary health system. The private network provides the test at elevated costs, which, associated with the lack of information and training in cardiogenomics, results in the underuse of this test. Although genetic tests are not part of cardiologists’ routines, the current recommendation is to carry out periodic clinical screening of all asymptomatic family members of patients diagnosed with hereditary cardiovascular diseases, including children and adolescents. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy guidelines recommend that, at a minimum, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram should be performed every 3 years in pediatric patients and every 5 years in adults, for life. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nevertheless, periodic clinical screening of family members is also uncommon in the Brazilian context.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Genetic diagnosis is feasible</title>
			<p>RENOMICA was created to fill this gap. We implemented a national study, with 21 co-participating centers ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> ) and simple logistics, using the high-capacity next-generation sequencing platform installed at the INC. Samples can be collected at home, by means of a cheek swab, and sent via the Brazilian Post Office. Whole exome sequencing is performed, which analyzes the exons of all protein-coding genes present in human DNA. All research participants undergo pre- and post-test genetic counseling, either in person or online, with the creation of a pedigree, and they receive a report with the test results. The study has already sequenced samples from more than 400 patients, and new participating centers are expected to be included soon.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– List of centers that participate in RENOMICA</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Centers with open recruitment</th>
								<th>UF</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Universidade Federal do Amazonas</td>
								<td align="center">AM</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos</td>
								<td align="center">BA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital de Messejana Doutor Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</td>
								<td align="center">CE</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio</td>
								<td align="center">CE</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</td>
								<td align="center">DF</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Estadual Infantil e Maternidade Alzir Bernardino Alves</td>
								<td align="center">ES</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Universidade Federal do Maranhão</td>
								<td align="center">MA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Felício Rocho</td>
								<td align="center">MG</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro</td>
								<td align="center">MG</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Universidade Vale do Rio Doce</td>
								<td align="center">MG</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco Professor Luiz Tavares</td>
								<td align="center">PE</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</td>
								<td align="center">PR</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro</td>
								<td align="center">RJ</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto</td>
								<td align="center">RJ</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</td>
								<td align="center">RJ</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</td>
								<td align="center">RJ</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes</td>
								<td align="center">RN</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</td>
								<td align="center">RS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</td>
								<td align="center">SC</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Universidade de São Paulo</td>
								<td align="center">SP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Universidade Federal de São Paulo</td>
								<td align="center">SP</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>One of the limitations of the study is the time to return the results, given that the analysis of genomic data is complex, and the classification of gene variants involves manual curation processes, with a review of the literature. In our assessment, the preparation of reports is slower than desirable. We began the study proposing the use of open-source tools for data analysis. However, this approach requires a bioinformatics team with experience in human genomics; availability of these professionals in the market is limited, and it is even more difficult to hire them, due to the lagging values of the grants offered by funding agencies. To reduce the wait time for participants to receive their results, we are beginning to use “software as a service” tools, with artificial intelligence and automated reports. While the sorting of variants remains an essentially manual process, all the other steps in the process have been optimized.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Genetic diagnosis is cost-effective</title>
			<p>In addition to being important and feasible, it is relevant for the genetic diagnosis of the proband and their family members to be cost-effective as a public health policy, in order to be incorporated into the SUS. In order to investigate the costs and benefits of this technology in the Brazilian context, RENOMICA has been working on the elaboration of an economic model together with the Health Technology Assessment Center (NATS) of the INC. Preliminary data from this model, based on a micro-costing analysis, estimate that the average cost of complete exome sequencing is 1,779.19 Brazilian reals, which is well below the cost charged by the private network. This cost is also slightly below that reported in the literature. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the data are prior to the launch of the sequencer installed at the INC, which allowed a significant reduction in costs. Analyzing the impact of genetic testing associated with family screening in the context of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we observed potential savings of 878.12 Brazilian reals per individual when compared to clinical screening. Despite the high cost of the genetic test in relation to the fees for consultation with a specialist, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram performed in the SUS, genetic diagnosis makes it possible to spare family members who do not have the variant that causes the disease from periodic assessment ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). Not only does this economize resources by ruling out repeat exams throughout the family member’s lifetime; it also has an impact on important logistical constraints. In the state of Rio de Janeiro alone, the waiting list, in December 2022, for consultation with a cardiologist and transthoracic echocardiogram had 2,378 and 6,488 individuals, respectively. Genetic <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">*</xref> testing makes it possible to select individuals who would benefit from clinical screening, reducing the demand for consultations and procedures and, consequently, reducing health inequity.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Familial screening options in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starting with a proband with a positive genotype, it is possible to opt for clinical or genetic familial screening. In the case of clinical screening, during the first evaluation, some patients may already show signs of ventricular hypertrophy (positive phenotype), while others will have normal ventricular thickness (negative phenotype). In genetic screening, the test determines which family members carry a genotype identical to that of the proband. The chance of a family member carrying the genotype is 50%, seeing that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease with dominant autosomal inheritance. Family members with a negative genotype can be discharged without undergoing tests. Positive family members begin the clinical screening process.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230011-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib>* Total number of requests on the waitlist per procedure, SISREG Transparency Portal. Accessed on February 23, 2023. Available at https://web2.smsrio.org/</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Future prospects</title>
			<p>Within the setting of RENOMICA, we are working to include an arm for the genetic investigation of sudden death in patients who recovered from sudden death or family members of individuals who died of sudden death before the age of 45. We are also requesting the refinancing of the project for another 2 years from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Soon, we hope to resume the inclusion of new co-participating centers in the Network.</p>
			<p>In relation to the cost-effectiveness study, after completion of the model, we plan to submit a request to the Brazilian Commission for the Incorporation of New Technologies in Health (CONITEC) to incorporate genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy into the list of procedures reimbursed by the SUS. Furthermore, we will adapt the economic model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to other inherited cardiovascular diseases.</p>
			<p>Finally, the expansion of genomic knowledge has created a scenario of subspecialization in Cardiology worldwide, requiring professionals capable of integrating clinical information, obtained from history, physical examination, family history, imaging exams, and functional tests, with genetic information in the diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and family screening of individuals with hereditary cardiovascular diseases. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In order to do this, it will be fundamental to establish training programs in cardiovascular genomics so that health professionals can act in the interpretation of tests and genetic counseling, particularly in variants of uncertain meaning, in a multidisciplinary context. The INC will certainly be able to lead this initiative together with other interested institutions.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Stiles MK , Wilde AAM , Abrams DJ , Ackerman MJ , Albert CM , Behr ER , et al . 2020 APHRS/HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Investigation of Decedents with Sudden Unexplained Death and Patients with Sudden Cardiac Arrest, and of their Families . J Arrhythm . 2021 ; 37 ( 3 ): 481 - 534 . doi: 10.1002/joa3.12449 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Stiles</surname>
							<given-names>MK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wilde</surname>
							<given-names>AAM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abrams</surname>
							<given-names>DJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ackerman</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Albert</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Behr</surname>
							<given-names>ER</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2020 APHRS/HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Investigation of Decedents with Sudden Unexplained Death and Patients with Sudden Cardiac Arrest, and of their Families</article-title>
					<source>J Arrhythm</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>481</fpage>
					<lpage>534</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/joa3.12449</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Ommen SR , Mital S , Burke MA , Day SM , Deswal A , Elliott P , et al . 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines . Circulation . 2020 ; 142 ( 25 ): e558 - e631 . doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000937 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ommen</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mital</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burke</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Day</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Deswal</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elliott</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>142</volume>
					<issue>25</issue>
					<fpage>e558</fpage>
					<lpage>e631</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000937</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Towbin JA , McKenna WJ , Abrams DJ , Ackerman MJ , Calkins H , Darrieux FCC , et al . 2019 HRS Expert Consensus Statement on Evaluation, Risk Stratification, and Management of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy . Heart Rhythm . 2019 ; 16 ( 11 ): e301 - e372 . doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Towbin</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McKenna</surname>
							<given-names>WJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abrams</surname>
							<given-names>DJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ackerman</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Calkins</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Darrieux</surname>
							<given-names>FCC</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2019 HRS Expert Consensus Statement on Evaluation, Risk Stratification, and Management of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>e301</fpage>
					<lpage>e372</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Wilde AAM , Semsarian C , Márquez MF , Sepehri Shamloo A , Ackerman MJ , Ashley EA , et al . European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for Cardiac Diseases . Heart Rhythm . 2022 ; 19 ( 7 ): e1 - e60 . doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.03.1225 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wilde</surname>
							<given-names>AAM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Semsarian</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Márquez</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sepehri Shamloo</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ackerman</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ashley</surname>
							<given-names>EA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for Cardiac Diseases</article-title>
					<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>e1</fpage>
					<lpage>e60</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.03.1225</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Verhagen JMA , Kempers M , Cozijnsen L , Bouma BJ , Duijnhouwer AL , Post JG , et al . Expert Consensus Recommendations on the Cardiogenetic Care for Patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease and their First-Degree Relatives . Int J Cardiol . 2018 ; 258 : 243 - 8 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.145 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Verhagen</surname>
							<given-names>JMA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kempers</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cozijnsen</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bouma</surname>
							<given-names>BJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Duijnhouwer</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Post</surname>
							<given-names>JG</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Expert Consensus Recommendations on the Cardiogenetic Care for Patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease and their First-Degree Relatives</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>258</volume>
					<fpage>243</fpage>
					<lpage>248</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.145</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Sturm AC , Knowles JW , Gidding SS , Ahmad ZS , Ahmed CD , Ballantyne CM , et al . Clinical Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018 ; 72 ( 6 ): 662 - 80 . doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.044 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sturm</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Knowles</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gidding</surname>
							<given-names>SS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmad</surname>
							<given-names>ZS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmed</surname>
							<given-names>CD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ballantyne</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>72</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>662</fpage>
					<lpage>680</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.044</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Aleixo H , Silva MG , Back Sternick E . An Asymptomatic Teenager Clears Preparticipation Evaluation. When Enough is Enough? Heart . 2019 ; 105 ( 16 ): 1251 - 9 . doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-314871 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Aleixo</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>MG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Back Sternick</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>An Asymptomatic Teenager Clears Preparticipation Evaluation. When Enough is Enough?</article-title>
					<source>Heart</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>105</volume>
					<issue>16</issue>
					<fpage>1251</fpage>
					<lpage>1259</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2019-314871</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Pierpont ME , Brueckner M , Chung WK , Garg V , Lacro RV , McGuire AL , et al . Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association . Circulation . 2018 ; 138 ( 21 ): e653 - e711 . doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000606 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pierpont</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brueckner</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chung</surname>
							<given-names>WK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Garg</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lacro</surname>
							<given-names>RV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McGuire</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>138</volume>
					<issue>21</issue>
					<fpage>e653</fpage>
					<lpage>e711</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000606</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Schwarze K , Buchanan J , Taylor JC , Wordsworth S . Are Whole-Exome and Whole-Genome Sequencing Approaches Cost-Effective? A Systematic Review of the Literature . Genet Med . 2018 ; 20 ( 10 ): 1122 - 30 . doi: 10.1038/gim.2017.247 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Schwarze</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Buchanan</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Taylor</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wordsworth</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Are Whole-Exome and Whole-Genome Sequencing Approaches Cost-Effective? A Systematic Review of the Literature</article-title>
					<source>Genet Med</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1122</fpage>
					<lpage>1130</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/gim.2017.247</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Ahmad F , McNally EM , Ackerman MJ , Baty LC , Day SM , Kullo IJ , et al . Establishment of Specialized Clinical Cardiovascular Genetics Programs: Recognizing the Need and Meeting Standards: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association . Circ Genom Precis Med . 2019 ; 12 ( 6 ): e000054 . doi: 10.1161/HCG.0000000000000054 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmad</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McNally</surname>
							<given-names>EM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ackerman</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baty</surname>
							<given-names>LC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Day</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kullo</surname>
							<given-names>IJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Establishment of Specialized Clinical Cardiovascular Genetics Programs: Recognizing the Need and Meeting Standards: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
					<source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<elocation-id>e000054</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HCG.0000000000000054</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1">
				<label>*</label>
				<p>Total number of requests on the waitlist per procedure, SISREG Transparency Portal. Accessed on February 23, 2023. Available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://web2.smsrio.org/">https://web2.smsrio.org/</ext-link>
				</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number 42370821.9.1001.5272. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: This study was funded by Programa Nacional de Genômica e Saúde de Precisão (Genomas Brasil) do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Secretaria da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Rede Nacional de Genômica Cardiovascular: Implementação do Diagnóstico Genético em Cardiologia no Sistema Único de Saúde</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6361-5980</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kasai-Brunswick</surname>
						<given-names>Tais Hanae</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8371-8517</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Dilza Balteiro Pereira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3848-6216</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Andressa Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6432-4870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Raquel Tavares Boy da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3249-3711</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sternick</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2174-6800</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Marisa da Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3920-5815</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rey</surname>
						<given-names>Helena Cramer Veiga</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7830-7868</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana Bastos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>em nome dos investigadores da RENOMICA</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto – UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Adriana Bastos Carvalho • Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho – Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Bloco G. CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: carvalhoab@biof.ufrj.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Genômica</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>Morte Súbita</kwd>
				<kwd>Sequenciamento Completo do Exoma</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Familiar</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A Rede Nacional de Genômica Cardiovascular (RENOMICA) é um projeto de pesquisa cujo objetivo é estabelecer uma prova de conceito de que o diagnóstico genético para doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias é importante, viável e custo-efetivo no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Financiado pelo Programa Nacional de Genômica e Saúde de Precisão (Genomas Brasil) do Ministério da Saúde, o estudo é coordenado pelo Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC) e conta com 21 centros coparticipantes em todo o país. O recrutamento, iniciado em setembro de 2021, segue em andamento. Os participantes da pesquisa, mediante aconselhamento genético, concedem uma amostra de <italic>swab</italic> de bochecha que pode ser coletada em casa, e a equipe do estudo realiza o sequenciamento completo do exoma em busca de variantes gênicas relacionadas ao fenótipo. O resultado do sequenciamento é encaminhado aos participantes e, caso positivo para a doença investigada, os familiares são convidados a participar do rastreio genético. Como resultado, espera-se entender mecanismos de penetrância incompleta e expressividade variável em doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias, construir um modelo econômico para determinar a custo-efetividade do diagnóstico genético da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica no contexto do SUS, e abastecer o banco de dados do Programa Genomas Brasil.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>O diagnóstico genético é importante</title>
				<p>As doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ) são a causa mais frequente de morte súbita em indivíduos abaixo dos 35 anos e continuam sendo uma causa importante de óbito até os 50 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora o diagnóstico do probando, ou caso índice, possa ser feito clinicamente, somente com o diagnóstico genético é possível fazer o rastreio de familiares carreadores da variante gênica causadora da doença. Esse rastreio visa instituir medidas de prevenção de morte súbita e vigilância clínica nesses familiares, bem como orientação reprodutiva, quando necessário. Diversas diretrizes internacionais preconizam a realização do diagnóstico genético em diferentes tipos de doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Inclusive, as diretrizes de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> consideram o diagnóstico genético uma recomendação classe I, nível B-NR. Além disso, os testes genéticos permitem o diagnóstico diferencial com as fenocópias de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, como doença de Fabry, amiloidose, cardiomiopatia do PRKAG2, entre outras. Em pacientes pediátricos, o teste genético pode ser ainda mais importante, pois permite o diagnóstico diferencial com erros inatos do metabolismo, para alguns dos quais há alternativas terapêuticas.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Lista de doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Grupo</th>
									<th>Doença</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4">Aortopatias</td>
									<td align="center">Aneurismas e dissecções da aorta torácica hereditários</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos (forma vascular)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Síndrome de Marfan</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Síndrome de Loeys-Dietz</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="5">Canalopatias</td>
									<td align="center">Doença progressiva da condução cardíaca</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Síndrome do QT longo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Síndrome do QT curto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Síndrome de Brugada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="5">Cardiomiopatias</td>
									<td align="center">Arritmogênica<sup>*</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Dilatada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hipertrófica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Não compactada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Restritiva</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardiopatias congênitas</td>
									<td align="center">Diversas<sup>†</sup>(ex: síndrome de Holt-Oram, síndrome de Noonan)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dislipidemias</td>
									<td align="center">Hipercolesterolemia familiar</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doenças pulmonares</td>
									<td align="center">Hipertensão arterial pulmonar</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>*Anteriormente chamada de displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito.<sup>†</sup>Para uma revisão, veja a referência. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Apesar disso, o diagnóstico genético para doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias não está disponível no SUS nem no sistema de saúde suplementar. A rede privada disponibiliza o exame a custos elevados, o que, associado à falta de informação e treinamento em cardiogenômica, resulta na subutilização deste exame. Ainda que os testes genéticos não façam parte da rotina dos cardiologistas, a recomendação atual é realizar o rastreio clínico periódico de todos os familiares assintomáticos de pacientes diagnosticados com doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias, incluindo crianças e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As diretrizes de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica recomendam que, no mínimo, realize-se eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma a cada 3 anos em pacientes pediátricos e a cada 5 anos em adultos por toda a vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, a realização do rastreio clínico periódico em familiares também não é comum no contexto brasileiro.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>O diagnóstico genético é viável</title>
				<p>A RENOMICA foi criada para preencher essa lacuna. Implementamos um estudo nacional, com 21 centros coparticipantes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> ) e uma logística simples, utilizando a plataforma de sequenciamento de nova geração de alta capacidade instalada no INC. As amostras podem ser coletadas em casa, por meio de um <italic>swab</italic> de bochecha, e transportadas pelos Correios. Realiza-se o sequenciamento completo do exoma, que analisa os éxons de todos os genes codificantes de proteína presentes no DNA humano. Todos os participantes da pesquisa passam pelo aconselhamento genético pré e pós-teste, presencial ou online, com confecção de heredograma, e recebem um relatório com os resultados do teste. O estudo já sequenciou amostras de mais de 400 pacientes e espera-se que novos centros coparticipantes possam ser incluídos em breve.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Lista de centros que participam da RENOMICA</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Centros com recrutamento aberto</th>
									<th>UF</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Universidade Federal do Amazonas</td>
									<td align="center">AM</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos</td>
									<td align="center">BA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital de Messejana Doutor Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</td>
									<td align="center">CE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio</td>
									<td align="center">CE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</td>
									<td align="center">DF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Estadual Infantil e Maternidade Alzir Bernardino Alves</td>
									<td align="center">ES</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Universidade Federal do Maranhão</td>
									<td align="center">MA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Felício Rocho</td>
									<td align="center">MG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro</td>
									<td align="center">MG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Universidade Vale do Rio Doce</td>
									<td align="center">MG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco Professor Luiz Tavares</td>
									<td align="center">PE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</td>
									<td align="center">PR</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro</td>
									<td align="center">RJ</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto</td>
									<td align="center">RJ</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</td>
									<td align="center">RJ</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</td>
									<td align="center">RJ</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes</td>
									<td align="center">RN</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</td>
									<td align="center">RS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</td>
									<td align="center">SC</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Universidade de São Paulo</td>
									<td align="center">SP</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Universidade Federal de São Paulo</td>
									<td align="center">SP</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Uma das limitações do estudo é o tempo para o retorno dos resultados, uma vez que a análise de dados genômicos é complexa e a classificação de variantes gênicas envolve processos de curadoria manual, com revisão da literatura. Nossa avaliação é que a confecção dos relatórios está mais lenta do que o desejável. Iniciamos o estudo propondo o uso de ferramentas de código aberto para análise dos dados. Entretanto, essa abordagem requer uma equipe de bioinformatas com experiência em genômica humana, profissionais pouco disponíveis no mercado e cuja contratação é ainda mais difícil devido à defasagem dos valores das bolsas oferecidas pelas agências de fomento. Para reduzir a espera dos participantes pelos resultados, estamos iniciando o uso de ferramentas de “ <italic>software as a service”</italic> , com inteligência artificial e automatização de relatórios. Embora a classificação de variantes continue sendo um processo essencialmente manual, todas as outras etapas do processo foram otimizadas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>O diagnóstico genético é custo-efetivo</title>
				<p>Além de ser importante e viável, para ser incorporado ao SUS, é relevante que o diagnóstico genético do probando e seus familiares seja custo-efetivo como política pública de saúde. Para investigar os custos e benefícios dessa tecnologia no contexto brasileiro, a RENOMICA vem trabalhando na elaboração de um modelo econômico junto ao Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (NATS) do INC. Dados preliminares desse modelo, a partir de uma análise de microcusteio, estimam um valor médio do sequenciamento completo do exoma de R$ 1.779,19, muito abaixo do praticado pela rede privada. Esse valor também está um pouco abaixo do relatado na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> porém os dados são anteriores ao lançamento do sequenciador instalado no INC, que permitiu uma redução significativa dos custos. Analisando o impacto do teste genético associado ao rastreio familiar no cenário da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, observamos uma economia potencial de R$ 878,12 por indivíduo quando comparado ao rastreio clínico. Apesar do alto custo do teste genético em relação aos valores da consulta com especialista, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma praticados no SUS, o diagnóstico genético permite liberar os familiares sem a variante causadora da doença da avaliação periódica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Não só isso resulta em economia de recursos, por descartar a repetição de exames durante toda a vida do familiar, mas também tem impacto sobre restrições logísticas importantes. Apenas no Rio de Janeiro, a fila de espera, em dezembro de 2022, para consulta com cardiologista e ecocardiograma transtorácico era de 2.378 e 6.488 indivíduos, respectivamente. <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1002">*</xref> O teste genético permite selecionar os indivíduos que se beneficiariam do rastreio clínico, reduzindo a demanda por consultas e procedimentos e, consequentemente, impactando a inequidade em saúde.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Opções de rastreio familiar na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica. A partir de um probando com genótipo positivo, é possível optar pelo rastreio familiar clínico ou genético. No caso do rastreio clínico, na primeira avaliação, alguns pacientes já poderão apresentar sinais de hipertrofia ventricular (fenótipo positivo), enquanto outros terão espessura ventricular normal (fenótipo negativo). No rastreio genético, o teste determina quais familiares carregam o genótipo idêntico ao do probando. A chance de um familiar carregar o genótipo é de 50%, visto que a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica é uma doença com herança autossômica dominante. Os familiares com genótipo negativo podem ter alta sem realizar exames. Os familiares positivos entram no fluxo do rastreio clínico. CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-003-01-e20230011-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Direcionamento futuro</title>
				<p>No âmbito da RENOMICA, trabalhamos na inclusão de um braço para investigação genética de morte súbita em pacientes que sofreram morte súbita abortada recuperada ou familiares de indivíduos falecidos por morte súbita antes dos 45 anos. Também estamos solicitando o refinanciamento do projeto por mais 2 anos junto ao Ministério da Saúde. Em breve, esperamos reiniciar a inclusão de novos centros coparticipantes na Rede.</p>
				<p>Com relação ao estudo de custo-efetividade, após a conclusão do modelo, planejamos submeter um pedido à Comissão de Incorporação de Novas Tecnologias em Saúde (CONITEC) para incorporar o teste genético para cardiomiopatia hipertrófica na lista de procedimentos reembolsados pelo SUS. Além disso, iremos adaptar o modelo econômico da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica para outras doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias.</p>
				<p>Por fim, a expansão do conhecimento genômico vem criando um cenário de subespecialização na Cardiologia mundial, exigindo profissionais capazes de integrar informações clínicas, obtidas na história e exame físico, história familiar, exames de imagem e testes funcionais, com informações genéticas no diagnóstico, avaliação prognóstica e rastreio familiar de indivíduos com doenças cardiovasculares hereditárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Para isso, será fundamental estabelecer programas de treinamento em genômica cardiovascular para que profissionais de saúde possam atuar na interpretação dos testes e no aconselhamento genético, particularmente as variantes de significado incerto, em um contexto multidisciplinar. Decerto que o INC poderá liderar esta iniciativa em conjunto com outras instituições interessadas.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1002">
					<label>*</label>
					<p>Total de solicitações em fila por procedimento, Portal de Transparência SISREG. Acesso em 23/02/2023. Disponível em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://web2.smsrio.org/minhasaudeRio/#/dados-transparencia">https://web2.smsrio.org/minhasaudeRio/#/dados-transparencia</ext-link>
					</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o número de protocolo 42370821.9.1001.5272. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Nacional de Genômica e Saúde de Precisão (Genomas Brasil) do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Secretaria da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>