<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220096</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220096</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Heart Transplantation in Patients with Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4894-6116</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Issa</surname>
						<given-names>Aurora Felice Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4196-882x</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guimarães</surname>
						<given-names>Tereza Cristina Felippe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8465-2592</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vidotti</surname>
						<given-names>Vithoria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6265-980X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zagni</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3155-2735</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Milena</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3715-6442</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Jacqueline</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Coordenação de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia – Coordenação de Ensino e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Aurora Felice Castro Issa • Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Coordenação de Ensino e Pesquisa - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code 22240-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>auroraissa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>425</fpage>
			<lpage>427</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>We report 3 cases of heart transplantation in adults due to chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in a transplant center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All patients received anthracyclines during cancer treatment. We reviewed and discussed the cases with data from the literature, addressing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in cancer survivors.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The survival rates of adults and children with cancer have improved significantly due to advances in treatment and diagnosis. Therefore, many long-term survivors have been exposed to anticancer treatment (ACT). Certain chemotherapy drugs induce an increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications. Lesion incidence and severity depend on the chemotherapy drug, cumulative dose, presence of previous heart disease, comorbidities, and use of other ACTs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition to secondary malignancies, childhood cancer survivors are more prone to cardiovascular death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Ventricular dysfunction is one of the most serious complications of cancer treatment, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Chronic cardiomyopathy leading to severe heart failure (HF) secondary to chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is classically described. Heart transplantation (HT) remains the best treatment for refractory HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The objective of this study was to report the experience of the first HT center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with 3 cases of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity progressing to advanced HF and requiring HT. The decision on whether to perform HT was made by the cardiology and oncology teams, in the absence of active malignancy and risk of recurrence.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Case 1</title>
				<p>A White male patient was diagnosed with testicular cancer (surgically resected) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia at 9 months of age in April 1994. The patient was treated according to the St Jude R11 protocol with the following induction agents: daunorubicin, vincristine, cytarabine, prednisone, and methotrexate. Maintenance therapy included cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and methotrexate, among others. Treatment was intensified with vincristine and daunorubicin. Total dose of daunorubicin was 164 mg. Induction therapy was terminated in August 1994 and maintenance therapy in October 1996, with complete remission. At 15 years of age, in 2008, the patient suffered a cardioembolic ischemic stroke and was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. The patient had hypothyroidism and was on levothyroxine. He presented at the National Cardiology Institute (Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, INC) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in February 2011 with complaints of tiredness and dyspnea on vigorous exertion for approximately 5 months. The patient remained in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II until 2012 and underwent a HT at 21 years of age. Pre-transplant echocardiography showed Teicholz ejection fraction (EF) = 29%, end diastolic volume (EDV) = 166.6 mL, end systolic volume (ESV) = 118.2 mL, left ventricular (LV) systolic mass = 148.8 g, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) = 36 mmHg, enlargement of the four cardiac chambers, severe global LV systolic dysfunction with diffuse hypokinesia, severe right ventricular (RV) contractile dysfunction, moderate functional mitral insufficiency (MI), tricuspid insufficiency (TI), and moderate pericardial effusion. In the postoperative period, the patient had worsening of renal function and required hemodialysis, with subsequent recovery of renal function and hospital discharge 32 days after the HT. The echocardiogram showed Teicholz EF = 71.4%, PASP = 48 mmHg, mild biatrial and RV enlargement, RV systolic dysfunction, and mild MI and TI. He was readmitted for cytomegalovirus colitis and treated with ganciclovir. During readmission, he required pleural and pericardial drainage. The patient remains in outpatient treatment.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Case 2</title>
				<p>A Black female patient was diagnosed with osteosarcoma at 14 years of age in 2012. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor and chemotherapy (cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate). In 2013, she was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy and HF with reduced EF. She evolved to dialysis treatment due to chronic kidney disease due to treatment with multiple antimicrobial regimens for osteomyelitis as well as amputation of the left leg. An echocardiogram conducted in May 2019 showed EF = 30%, diffuse hypokinesia, thrombus in the inferoapical region of the LV, mild MI, and PASP = 23 mmHg. She remained in NYHA functional class I until 2018. The patient started treatment at INC in June 2019 due to worsening of symptoms 3 months earlier, during pregnancy. At 23 years of age, after 2 months of hospitalization, in INTERMACS 3 and renal failure classified as stage 5 according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, she underwent a combined heart and kidney transplant from a single donor. Orthotopic HT was initially performed, followed by heterotopic kidney transplantation. The patient was discharged from hospital 41 days after the transplant and remains in outpatient treatment.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Case 3</title>
				<p>A Black female patient was diagnosed with osteosarcoma in the left femur in 2011 at 21 years of age. She underwent surgical resection of the tumor, knee prosthesis implantation, and 3 cycles of chemotherapy with neoadjuvant doxorubicin, with no metastasis. After surgery, the patient underwent 3 more cycles of chemotherapy. The treatment was terminated in 2012, when she was diagnosed with HF after complaining of intense tiredness. The patient attended follow-up visits close to home but had difficulty adhering to treatment due to the side effects of medications. She started treatment at INC in December 2018 in NYHA functional class II. She was hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia and decompensated HF and progressed with refractory cardiogenic shock, requiring intra-aortic balloon pump therapy and biventricular circulatory support. She also required massive blood transfusion and hemodialysis due to acute renal failure and underwent a simultaneous heart and kidney transplant in May 2009. Pre-transplant echocardiography revealed enlargement of right cavities and severe biventricular systolic dysfunction with diffuse hypokinesia. During surgery, after donor heart implantation, there was difficult-to-control bleeding in the aortic arch, progressive deterioration of RV function, and death.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>As ACTs continue to evolve, the number of cancer survivors increases, and 1% to 5% of them develop chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy (CCM).</p>
			<p>We described 3 cases of CCM from the series of 135 HTs performed from 2007 to 2022 at the first HT center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In a series of HTs between 1987 and 2011, 453 were due to CCM and 51,312 due to other causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Patients with CCM had improved survival without greater risk of death due to the malignancy. In another study conducted between 2000 and 2008, 232 HTs were conducted due to CCM and 8,890 due to other causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The 3 patients included in this case report were in the third decade of life at the time of transplantation and received anthracyclines during cancer treatment. Although well-established chemotherapeutic drugs, anthracyclines are associated with cardiac dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, and HF. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity is considered an ongoing phenomenon that starts at the time of exposure to ACT and persists for months or years.</p>
			<p>In the initial evaluation of patients receiving ACT, a thorough clinical history is imperative to define the follow-up strategy. Childhood cancer survivors are especially vulnerable to having limited information about their cancer and treatment because of their early age at diagnosis. Two of the 3 reported cases involved patients diagnosed with cancer in childhood. The importance of communication between the oncologist and cardiologist in patient follow-up is demonstrated.</p>
			<p>Cardiac dysfunction related to ACT is a serious adverse event that may lead to severe HF and death. Early identification is essential, allowing implementation of appropriate treatment. Regular cardiac surveillance using cardiac biomarkers and/or cardiac imaging is recommended during and after treatment with anthracyclines; regularity depends on the initial assessment of cardiovascular risk. Symptoms of HF should be evaluated during clinical visits and, if necessary, the patient should be referred to the cardio-oncology department and/or to a specialist in HF and HT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Patients with advanced HF and a history of cancer who are considered free of disease may be candidates for mechanical circulatory support as bridge to transplantation, with the involvement of an oncologist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Of the 3 reported cases, 2 required circulatory support. The waiting period after cancer remission for HT candidacy is based on patient-specific factors and tumor type.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Severe CCM, when refractory to drug therapy, may require therapies destined for advanced HF, such as mechanical circulatory support and HT. The cardiologist and oncologist should work together to make a decision. Early diagnosis and referral of patients with advanced HF to specialized centers is essential.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Hajjar LA, Costa IBSDSD, Lopes MACQ, Hoff PMG, Diz MDPE, Fonseca SMR, et al. Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(5):1006-43. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201006.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hajjar</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>IBSDSD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lopes</surname>
							<given-names>MACQ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoff</surname>
							<given-names>PMG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Diz</surname>
							<given-names>MDPE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonseca</surname>
							<given-names>SMR</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1006</fpage>
					<lpage>1043</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201006</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Mertens AC, Yasui Y, Neglia JP, Potter JD, Nesbit ME Jr, Ruccione K, et al. Late Mortality Experience in Five-Year Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(13):3163-72. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.13.3163.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mertens</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yasui</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neglia</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Potter</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nesbit</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ruccione</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Late Mortality Experience in Five-Year Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Oncol</source>
					<year>2001</year>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>13</issue>
					<fpage>3163</fpage>
					<lpage>3172</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2001.19.13.3163</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Bacal F, Marcondes-Braga FG, Rohde LEP, Xavier JL Jr, Brito FS, Moura LAZ, et al. 3ª Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Cardíaco. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(2):230-89. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180153.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bacal</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LEP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xavier</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brito</surname>
							<given-names>FS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moura</surname>
							<given-names>LAZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>3ª Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Cardíaco</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>111</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>230</fpage>
					<lpage>289</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180153</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Lenneman AJ, Wang L, Wigger M, Frangoul H, Harrell FE, Silverstein C, et al. Heart Transplant Survival Outcomes for Adriamycin-Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(4):609-12. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.048.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lenneman</surname>
							<given-names>AJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wigger</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frangoul</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harrell</surname>
							<given-names>FE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silverstein</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heart Transplant Survival Outcomes for Adriamycin-Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>111</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>609</fpage>
					<lpage>612</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.048</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Oliveira GH, Hardaway BW, Kucheryavaya AY, Stehlik J, Edwards LB, Taylor DO. Characteristics and Survival of Patients with Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Heart Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012;31(8):805-10. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.03.018.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>GH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hardaway</surname>
							<given-names>BW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kucheryavaya</surname>
							<given-names>AY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stehlik</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Edwards</surname>
							<given-names>LB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Taylor</surname>
							<given-names>DO</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Characteristics and Survival of Patients with Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Heart Transplantation</article-title>
					<source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>805</fpage>
					<lpage>810</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2012.03.018</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4229-361. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lyon</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-Fernández</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Couch</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Asteggiano</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aznar</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>41</issue>
					<fpage>4229</fpage>
					<lpage>4361</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Feldman D, Pamboukian SV, Teuteberg JJ, Birks E, Lietz K, Moore SA, et al. The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for Mechanical Circulatory Support: Executive Summary. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32(2):157-87. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.013.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Feldman</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pamboukian</surname>
							<given-names>SV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Teuteberg</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Birks</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lietz</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moore</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for Mechanical Circulatory Support: Executive Summary</article-title>
					<source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>157</fpage>
					<lpage>187</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.013</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Mehra MR, Canter CE, Hannan MM, Semigran MJ, Uber PA, Baran DA, et al. The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation Listing Criteria for Heart Transplantation: A 10-year update. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(1):1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.10.023.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mehra</surname>
							<given-names>MR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Canter</surname>
							<given-names>CE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hannan</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Semigran</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Uber</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baran</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation Listing Criteria for Heart Transplantation: A 10-year update</article-title>
					<source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>23</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2015.10.023</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number 64611922.1.0000.5272. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Transplante Cardíaco em Pacientes com Cardiotoxicidade por Quimioterápico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4894-6116</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Issa</surname>
						<given-names>Aurora Felice Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,Obtenção de dados,Análise e interpretação dos dados,Redação do manuscrito,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4196-882x</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guimarães</surname>
						<given-names>Tereza Cristina Felippe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,Análise e interpretação dos dados,Redação do manuscrito,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8465-2592</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vidotti</surname>
						<given-names>Vithoria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados,Análise e interpretação dos dados,Redação do manuscrito,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6265-980X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zagni</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados,Análise e interpretação dos dados,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3155-2735</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Milena</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3715-6442</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Jacqueline</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia – Coordenação de Ensino e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Aurora Felice Castro Issa • Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia – Coordenação de Ensino e Pesquisa – Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP 22240-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: auroraissa@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Relatamos três casos de transplante cardíaco em adultos secundários a cardiotoxicidade por quimioterápico em centro transplantador no Rio de Janeiro. Todos fizeram uso de antracíclicos durante tratamento oncológico. Revisamos e discutimos o tema com dados da literatura, abordando importância do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces da insuficiência cardíaca em sobreviventes de câncer.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Transplante de coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As taxas de sobrevida nos pacientes adultos e pediátricos com câncer melhoraram significativamente devido aos avanços no tratamento e no diagnóstico. Muitos sobreviventes de longo prazo foram, portanto, expostos ao tratamento antineoplásico. Certos quimioterápicos induzem risco aumentado de desenvolver complicações cardiovasculares. A incidência e a gravidade das lesões dependem do quimioterápico, da dose cumulativa, da presença prévia de cardiopatias, das comorbidades e da utilização de outros tratamentos antineoplásicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Além de malignidades secundárias, sobreviventes de câncer infantil são mais propensos a morte cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A disfunção ventricular é uma das complicações mais graves do tratamento oncológico, com altas taxas de morbimortalidade. A cardiomiopatia crônica levando à insuficiência cardíaca (IC) grave secundária a cardiotoxicidade induzida pelas terapias oncológicas é classicamente descrita. O transplante cardíaco (TXC) persiste como melhor tratamento para IC refratária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a experiência do primeiro centro transplantador cardíaco no Rio de Janeiro, com três casos de cardiotoxicidade por quimioterápico, que evoluíram com IC avançada e foram submetidos a TXC. A decisão do transplante foi realizada pelas equipes cardiológica e oncológica, excluindo critérios de malignidade ativa e risco de recorrência.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Caso 1</title>
					<p>O primeiro caso relatado era de um paciente do sexo masculino, branco, que havia sido diagnosticado com câncer de testículo ressecado cirurgicamente e leucemia linfoblástica aguda aos 9 meses de idade, em abril de 1994. Foi tratado com protocolo St Jude R11 e utilizou como fármacos de indução daunorrubicina, vincristina, citarabina, prednisona e metotrexato. Na manutenção, utilizou ciclofosfamida, vincristina e metotrexato, entre outras. Os fármacos de reforço foram vincristina e daunorrubicina. A dose total de daunorrubicina foi de 164mg. O término da indução ocorreu em agosto de 1994, e a manutenção iniciou em outubro de 1996, com remissão completa. Aos 15 anos, em 2008, apresentou acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico cardioembólico, quando também fora diagnosticado com cardiomiopatia. O paciente apresentava hipotireoidismo, utilizando levotiroxina. Iniciou acompanhamento no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, INC, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em fevereiro de 2011 por cansaço e dispneia aos grandes esforços, iniciados 5 meses antes. Manteve-se em classe funcional II da New York Heart Association (NYHA) até 2012. Aos 21 anos, foi submetido a TXC. O ecocardiograma antes do transplante apresentava fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) de 29% por Teicholz, volume diastólico final (VDF) de 166,6mL, volume sistólico final (VSF) de 118,2mL, massa sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) de 148,8g, pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) de 36mmHg, aumento das quatro cavidades, disfunção sistólica global do VE importante com hipocinesia difusa, disfunção contrátil do ventrículo direito (VD) importante, insuficiência mitral (IM) funcional moderada, insuficiência tricúspide (IT) e derrame pericárdico moderado. No pós-operatório, apresentou piora da função renal, necessitando de hemodiálise com posterior recuperação da função renal, recebendo alta hospitalar 32 dias após o transplante. O ecocardiograma demonstrou FEVE por Teicholz de 71,4%, PSAP de 48mmHg, leve aumento biatrial e do VD, disfunção sistólica do VD e IM e IT leves. Foi reinternado por colite por citomegalovírus e tratado com ganciclovir. Nessa internação, necessitou de drenagem pleural e pericárdica; permanece em tratamento ambulatorial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Caso 2</title>
					<p>O segundo caso tratava-se de uma paciente do sexo feminino, negra, com osteossarcoma diagnosticado aos 14 anos em 2012, ressecado cirurgicamente e tratado com quimioterapia (QT) em esquema com cisplatina, doxorrubicina e metotrexato. Em 2013, foi diagnosticada com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca com FEVE reduzida. A paciente apresentou doença renal crônica dialítica após tratamento com múltiplos esquemas antimicrobianos para osteomielite e foi submetida a amputação de membro inferior esquerdo. Um ecocardiograma em maio de 2019 demonstrou FEVE de 30%, hipocinesia difusa, trombo em porção inferoapical do VE, IM leve, PSAP de 23mmHg. Manteve-se em classe funcional I NYHA até 2018. Iniciou tratamento no centro transplantador em junho de 2019 por piora dos sintomas 3 meses antes, durante gestação. Aos 23 anos, após 2 meses de internação, em INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) 3 e insuficiência renal 5 pela Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, foi realizado transplante duplo cardíaco e renal. A cirurgia foi iniciada por TXC ortotópico, seguido de transplante renal heterotópico, com órgãos provenientes de um doador único. A alta hospitalar ocorreu 41 dias após o transplante, permanecendo em tratamento ambulatorial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Caso 3</title>
					<p>O terceiro caso era de uma paciente do sexo feminino, negra, com osteossarcoma em fêmur esquerdo diagnosticado em 2011, aos 21 anos, ressecado cirurgicamente. Foi colocado implante de prótese de joelho, e foram realizados três ciclos de QT com doxorrubicina neoadjuvante, sem metástase. Após cirurgia, foi submetida a três novos ciclos de QT, tendo terminado o tratamento oncológico em 2012, quando foi diagnosticada com IC após queixa de cansaço intenso. A paciente manteve acompanhamento próximo a seu domicílio, com dificuldade de adesão por efeitos colaterais a medicações. Iniciou tratamento na instituição em dezembro de 2018, em classe funcional II NYHA. Foi admitida com pneumonia comunitária e IC descompensada, evoluiu com choque cardiogênico refratário e necessitou de balão intra-aórtico e suporte de assistência circulatória biventricular. Ela necessitou de politransfusão e hemodiálise por insuficiência renal aguda. Em maio de 2019, foi realizado transplante cardíaco e renal. O ecocardiograma pré-transplante revelou aumento de cavidades direitas e grave disfunção sistólica biventricular com hipocinesia difusa. Durante a cirurgia, após implantação do coração do doador, ocorreu sangramento em arco aórtico de difícil controle, com deterioração da função de VD progressiva e óbito.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>À medida que as terapias contra o câncer continuam a evoluir, surge uma população crescente de sobreviventes oncológicos. Destes, 1% a 5% desenvolvem cardiomiopatia induzida por quimioterapia (CQT).</p>
				<p>Descrevemos três casos de CQT, na série de 135 casos de transplantes cardíacos realizados de 2007 a 2022 no primeiro centro transplantador cardíaco no Rio de Janeiro. Em uma série de transplantes cardíacos entre 1987 e 2011, 453 foram realizados para CQT e 51.312, por outras causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com CQT tiveram melhora na sobrevida sem maior risco de morte por malignidade. Em outro estudo entre 2000 e 2008, 232 transplantes cardíacos foram realizados para CQT e 8.890, para outras causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os três casos descritos apresentavam-se na terceira década de vida no momento do transplante e utilizaram antraciclinas durante o tratamento oncológico. São quimioterápicos bem estabelecidos, porém associados a disfunção cardíaca, cardiomiopatia e IC. Atualmente, a cardiotoxicidade por antraciclina é considerada um fenômeno contínuo, começando no momento da exposição e continuando por meses a anos após.</p>
				<p>Na avaliação inicial de pacientes submetidos a terapia oncológica, a história clínica minuciosa é imperativa para definir a estratégia de acompanhamento. Sobreviventes de câncer infantil são especialmente vulneráveis a ter informações limitadas sobre seu câncer e tratamento, pela pouca idade no diagnóstico. Dois dos três casos relatados foram de pacientes com diagnóstico oncológico na infância. Demonstra-se importância da interação de oncologistas e cardiologistas nesse acompanhamento.</p>
				<p>A disfunção cardíaca relacionada à terapia oncológica é um evento adverso grave, pode levar a IC grave e morte. A identificação precoce é essencial, permitindo a implementação do tratamento adequado. Recomenda-se vigilância cardíaca regular usando biomarcadores cardíacos e/ou imagens cardíacas durante e após tratamento com antraciclinas; a regularidade depende de avaliação inicial de risco cardiovascular. Devem ser avaliados sintomas de IC nas visitas clínicas e, se necessário, encaminhar para cardio-oncologia e/ou especialista em IC e transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pacientes com IC avançada e história de câncer considerados livres de doença são candidatos a ponte para transplante com suporte mecânico circulatório com envolvimento do oncologista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Dos três casos relatados, em dois utilizou-se o suporte. O período de espera após remissão do câncer para candidatura ao TXC é individualizado, baseando-se em fatores específicos do paciente e malignidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A CQT grave, quando refratária à terapia medicamentosa, pode necessitar avaliação de terapias para insuficiência cardíaca avançada, incluindo suporte mecânico circulatório e transplante cardíaco. As decisões devem ser realizadas conjuntamente pelos cardiologistas e oncologistas. O diagnóstico precoce e o encaminhamento dos pacientes com IC avançada para centros especializados são fundamentais.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o número de protocolo 64611922.1.0000.5272. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>