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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220091</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220091</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Hypertension in Patients with Cancer as a Predictor of Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-911X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcartti</surname>
						<given-names>Patrícia Tavares Felipe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1569-1310</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peixoto</surname>
						<given-names>Tânia Félix Lorenzato da Fonseca</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Mater Dei Rede de Saúde</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Mater Dei Rede de Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Felício Rocho</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de Hemodinâmica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Madre Teresa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Hemodinâmica, Hospital Madre Teresa, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Correspondência: Patrícia Tavares Felipe Marcartti • R. Antonio de Albuquerque, 877, apt 804. Postal Code 30112-011, Savassi, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>patriciatavaresfelipe@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>417</fpage>
			<lpage>419</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
				<kwd>Cancer</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Anticancer therapy</kwd>
				<kwd>Anti- Antihypertensives</kwd>
				<kwd>Prognostic Assessment</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="12"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Hypertension is the most prevalent comorbidity (38%) in patients with cancer and is considered an important modifiable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular events, including heart failure (HF). Importantly, hypertension may worsen the prognosis of patients with cancer and the severity of some types of cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition, cancer treatments may aggravate pre-existing or even cause new hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> making the role of this risk factor even more complex and multifaceted.</p>
		<p>It is important to note that the use of cardiotoxic drugs in association with an important and prevalent cardiovascular risk factor such as hypertension makes HF a common final pathway of damage to the heart. The association between hypertension, especially if poorly controlled, and increased risk of chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy and HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> has been demonstrated since studies with doxorubicin in the 1970s. In a retrospective study involving patients with lymphoma undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy, the drug was an independent predictor of HF development, even after adjusting for risk factors. In addition, among patients undergoing treatment, hypertension was strongly associated with the development of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, managing this complex interaction should be a priority for patients with cancer.</p>
		<p>Cancer and hypertension are intertwined from shared pathophysiological mechanisms, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, to common risk factors including smoking, diabetes, and obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Some anticancer therapies (ACT), adjuvant therapies, anxiety, and pain may directly contribute to the increase in hypertension incidence or indirectly mediate its development through adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, different factors related to cancer treatment can act as confounders for the measurement of blood pressure (BP). Conversely, hypertension may be associated with increased incidence or worsening of some types of cancer, such as renal cell cancer. In a prospective cohort of 577,800 adults followed for 12 years, hypertension was associated with higher cancer incidence in men and higher cancer mortality in men and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Several classes of oncologic drugs have been associated with the development or exacerbation of hypertension, which is the most common serious adverse event in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The increase in BP may occur in the first weeks of treatment and can be considered a predictor of therapeutic efficacy. Retrospective data suggest that at least one-third of patients develop hypertension during follow-up,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> with renal, gastric, and ovarian cancer being more associated with moderate and severe hypertension. Considering that treatment is time-sensitive, ACT should be maintained and the use of antihypertensives should be optimized. BP normalization typically occurs after discontinuation of treatment, allowing de-escalation or even discontinuation of anti-hypertensive drugs.</p>
		<p>Among drugs that can potentially contribute to the onset or worsening of hypertension are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, some tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), abiraterone, enzalutamide, etc. This association has been best described for VEGF inhibitors and TKI. In VEGF inhibitors, hypertension (which is observed in almost 50% of patients) results from a reduction in nitric oxide production and angiogenesis, leading to increased vascular resistance as well as fluid retention due to impaired natriuresis and endothelin-1–mediated vasoconstriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As for TKI, a meta-analysis showed a 3.8-fold greater risk of hypertension, in addition to a 1.7-fold greater risk of cardiac ischemia and a 2.5-fold greater risk of left ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Adjuvant therapies, such as corticosteroids, erythropoietin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and radiotherapy, may also contribute to hypertension development through different mechanisms. Therefore, careful monitoring is required when these therapies are part of the cancer treatment regimen.</p>
		<p>Besides the rapid development of hypertension during the treatment, several ACT are associated with late hypertension, with a higher prevalence among survivors (which may exceed 70% at age 50,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> with adjusted rates 2.6 times higher than expected). In addition, survivors are 1.6 times more likely to be prescribed antihypertensive drugs than siblings without a history of cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this complex scenario, out-of-office BP monitoring in patients with cancer diagnosed with hypertension is advised at the beginning of cancer and hypertension treatments, as well as after intensification of treatment. Factors such as pain, fear, and anxiety can interfere with the assessment, which is also influenced by clinical, oncological, and pharmacological variables.</p>
		<p>The number of robust studies prospectively testing the influence of chemotherapy drugs on the efficacy of different classes of antihypertensive drugs is limited. In general, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are considered first-line drugs, as in hypertension in general. Adding a second agent is preferable to increasing the dose, reducing the incidence of adverse effects. In this case, diuretics and second-generation beta-blockers are good options.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Attention should be paid to avoid specific drug interactions, such as: a) prescription of nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers during chemotherapy with VEGF inhibitors, due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> b) possible bradycardia with the use of beta-blockers or nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers together with TKI; c) increase in the concentration of P-glycoprotein inhibitor chemotherapy drugs by beta-blockers; d) increase in the concentration of angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers by chemotherapy drugs that inhibit CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Due to the lack of clinical and laboratory evidence on optimal BP control in patients with hypertension and cancer, recommendations are divergent. The criteria used by oncologists for dose management or discontinuation of therapies are from the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 5.0,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> a descriptive terminology for gradually reporting adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, we understand that, when treating hypertension, each case should be considered individually, taking into the account the oncological context and the prognosis to guide the therapeutical approach. Given that patients with cancer require multidisciplinary care, the multidisciplinary team should work together to find the best strategy.</p>
		<p>For better management of hypertension in patients with cancer, we suggest that cardiovascular risk stratification and optimization of treatment of underlying comorbidities be conducted from the first assessment. For the treatment of cancer-associated hypertension, nonpharmacological therapies should be initially considered, including low-sodium diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, weight control, and other changes in health determinants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The pharmacological approach should follow recommendations described in international guidelines but should also be individualized according to the specificities of each patient (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). For example, in patients on VEGF inhibitors or with proteinuria, drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system should be prioritized as first choice; in patients susceptible to diarrhea, diuretics should be avoided due to loss of electrolytes and the risk of dehydration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Flow diagram of recommendations for hypertension management in patients with cancer.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0417-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>Personal aspects should always be considered, such as in patients on VEGF inhibitors, in whom systolic and diastolic BP may increase in the first weeks of treatment which is, in fact, more common in the first cycles. Therefore, daily home BP monitoring is recommended in the first cycle, after each increase of ACT dose, and then every 2-3 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> BP increase in response to chemotherapy is an independent predictor of better treatment outcomes. Therefore, chemotherapy should not be interrupted, and hypertension should be treated aiming at ideal BP targets. Thus, individualized decision-making should consider pharmacological aspects such as those previously described, as well as specific aspects of the disease, previous treatments, clinical conditions, and pre-existing risk factors.</p>
		<p>In the setting of cancer treatment, the interaction between hypertension, whether pre-existing or related to chemotherapy, and the development of HF is equally complex. In nonhypertensive patients with a history of colorectal, stomach, or breast cancer, BP measurement during treatment was associated with HF incidence, with an almost 2-fold increased risk in patients with stage 2 cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Prospective data demonstrated that the presence of hypertension in cancer survivors increases the relative risk of cardiac events, including HF (relative risk = 19.4), irrespective of the risk associated with ATC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Despite the need for further studies for better management, baseline cardiovascular assessment and multidisciplinary teamwork are essential for prevention and treatment guided by HF guidelines.</p>
		<p>In conclusion, patients with cancer require careful BP monitoring by health professionals throughout their treatment and after its completion, in addition to a more careful multidisciplinary follow-up from a cardiovascular perspective, with defined quality parameters and in accordance with guideline recommendations. Such strategies aim to reduce the risk of end-organ damage, with an impact on morbidity and mortality, especially HF.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
				<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Hipertensão em Pacientes Oncológicos como Preditor de Disfunção Ventricular</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-911X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcartti</surname>
						<given-names>Patrícia Tavares Felipe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados,Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1569-1310</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peixoto</surname>
						<given-names>Tânia Félix Lorenzato da Fonseca</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados,Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Mater Dei Rede de Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Hemodinâmica, Hospital Madre Teresa, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Patrícia Tavares Felipe Marcartti • R. Antonio de Albuquerque, 877, apt 804. CEP 30112-011, Savassi, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil E-mail: patriciatavaresfelipe@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Hipertensão Arterial</kwd>
				<kwd>Câncer</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Terapia Anticâncer</kwd>
				<kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
				<kwd>Avaliação Prognóstica</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A hipertensão arterial (HA) é a comorbidade mais prevalente (38%) nos pacientes oncológicos e é considerada um importante fator de risco modificável para o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo a insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Vale ressaltar, ainda, que a HA também está associada a pior prognóstico do câncer e agravamento de algumas neoplasias;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ademais, tratamentos oncológicos podem agravar a HA preexistente e até causar uma nova HA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> tornando o papel desse fator de risco ainda mais complexo e multifacetado.</p>
			<p>Notadamente, o uso de medicamentos com potencial cardiotóxico em associação a um fator de risco cardiovascular importante e prevalente como a HA torna a IC uma via final comum das agressões sobre o coração. A associação entre HA – particularmente mal controlada – e aumento do risco de cardiomiopatia induzida por quimioterapia e IC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tem sido demonstrada na literatura, desde estudos com a doxorrubicina na década de 70 até dados contemporâneos. Como exemplo, em um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo pacientes com linfoma em quimioterapia à base de doxorrubicina, o fármaco foi um preditor independente de desenvolvimento de IC, mesmo após ajuste por fatores de risco. Entre os indivíduos recebendo a medicação, a HA se associou fortemente ao desenvolvimento de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, a abordagem dessa complexa interação deve ser uma prioridade no paciente com câncer.</p>
			<p>Há uma interseção entre câncer e HA, desde mecanismos fisiopatológicos compartilhados – como inflamação e estresse oxidativo – até fatores de risco comuns, incluindo tabagismo, diabetes e obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Algumas terapias anticâncer (TAC), terapias adjuvantes, ansiedade e dor podem contribuir diretamente para o aumento da incidência de HA ou mediar indiretamente seu desenvolvimento através de efeitos adversos, como nefrotoxicidade. Além disso, diferentes fatores relacionados ao tratamento do câncer podem confundir as medidas da pressão arterial (PA). Por outro lado, a HA pode-se associar ao aumento da incidência ou agravamento de alguns tipos de câncer, como os de células renais. Em uma coorte prospectiva de 12 anos envolvendo 577.800 adultos, a HA associou-se com incidência de câncer em homens e com mortalidade por câncer em homens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Diversas classes de medicamentos oncológicos têm sido associadas ao desenvolvimento ou exacerbação de HA, sendo o evento adverso grave mais comum em pacientes com câncer recebendo quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O aumento da PA pode ocorrer desde as primeiras semanas, podendo ser considerado um preditor de eficácia terapêutica. Dados retrospectivos sugerem que pelo menos 1/3 dos indivíduos desenvolvem HA durante o seguimento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> estando as neoplasias renais, gástricas e de ovário mais associadas à HA moderada e grave. Em um cenário de tratamentos tempo-sensíveis, é indicada, nesses casos, a otimização de anti-hipertensivos, e não a suspensão da TAC. Em geral, a normalização da PA ocorre após suspensão do tratamento, permitindo descalonamento ou mesmo suspensão de medicamentos.</p>
			<p>Entre os medicamentos que potencialmente podem contribuir para o aparecimento ou agravamento da HA, estão os inibidores fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGFi), alguns inibidores de tirosinaquinase (iTKI), abiraterona, enzalutamida, entre outros. A associação é melhor descrita para os VEGFi e os iTKI. No primeiro caso, a HA – observada em quase 50% dos pacientes – decorre da redução na produção de óxido nítrico e angiogênese, levando ao aumento da resistência vascular, à retenção hídrica por redução da natriurese e à vasoconstrição mediada por endotelina-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Já no caso dos iTKI, uma meta-análise demonstrou risco 3,8 vezes maior para desenvolvimento de HA, além de risco 1,7 vezes maior de isquemia miocárdica e 2,5 maior para disfunção ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Terapias adjuvantes, como corticosteroides, eritropoietina, anti-inflamatórios não esteroides e radioterapia, também podem contribuir para o contexto de HA por diferentes mecanismos. Portanto, é necessário um monitoramento cuidadoso quando essas terapias fazem parte do regime de tratamento antineoplásico.</p>
			<p>Além do rápido desenvolvimento de HA durante o tratamento, várias TAC estão associadas à HA tardiamente, resultando em uma maior prevalência entre sobreviventes – podendo exceder 70% aos 50 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> com taxas ajustadas 2,6 vezes maiores que as esperadas. Além disso, sobreviventes são 1,6 vezes mais propensos a receber anti-hipertensivos do que irmãos sem história de câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nesse complexo cenário, o diagnóstico da HA na população oncológica medida fora do consultório é recomendado, ao iniciar e intensificar os tratamentos anti-hipertensivo e anticâncer. Fatores como dor, medo e ansiedade podem interferir na avaliação, que também sofre influência de variáveis clínicas, oncológicas e farmacológicas.</p>
			<p>Por outro lado, são limitados os estudos robustos testando prospectivamente a influência dos quimioterápicos sobre a eficácia de diferentes classes de anti-hipertensivos. Em geral, inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina, bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina e bloqueadores de canais de cálcio diidropiridínicos são considerados fármacos de primeira linha, como na HA em geral. A adição de um segundo agente é preferível ao aumento da dose, reduzindo-se a incidência de efeitos adversos. Nesse contexto, diuréticos e betabloqueadores de segunda geração são boas opções.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Deve-se ter atenção a interações específicas, como: prescrição de bloqueadores de canais de cálcio não diidropiridínicos durante quimioterapia com VEGFi, devido à inibição do citocromo P450 3A4;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> possível bradicardia com a utilização de betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores de canais de cálcio não diidropiridínicos juntamente com TKI; aumento da concentração de quimioterápicos inibidores da glicoproteína P pelos betabloqueadores; aumento da concentração dos bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina e bloqueadores de canais de cálcio pelos quimioterápicos inibidores de CYP2C9 e CYP3A4; entre outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Devido à falta de evidências clínicas e laboratoriais sobre o controle ideal da PA em pacientes com HA e câncer, as orientações divergem. Os critérios utilizados pelos oncologistas para manejo de dose ou suspensão das terapias são aqueles do CTCAE (<italic>Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events</italic>, V 5.0, 2017 NIH7NCI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> uma terminologia descritiva para reportar gradativamente eventos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, entendemos que devemos levar em consideração também o contexto oncológico e o prognóstico do paciente para guiar a conduta em relação à HA. Por se tratar de um paciente com cuidados multidisciplinares, é mandatória a interação entre diversos profissionais da equipe para definição da melhor estratégia.</p>
			<p>Para melhor manejo da HA no paciente oncológico, sugerimos que, desde a primeira avaliação, sejam feitas a estratificação de risco cardiovascular e a otimização do tratamento das comorbidades de base, quando existentes. Para o tratamento da HA associada ao câncer, deve-se inicialmente considerar as terapias não farmacológicas, como dieta hipossódica, atividade física regular, interrupção do tabagismo, controle do peso e outras mudanças de determinantes da saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A base farmacológica deve seguir as recomendações descritas nas diretrizes internacionais, porém individualizando-se caso a caso e levando-se em consideração algumas peculiaridades (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Por exemplo, em pacientes em uso de iVEGF ou com proteinúria, devem ser priorizados medicamentos com atuação no eixo renina-angiotensina como primeira escolha; já em pacientes suscetíveis a diarreia, busca-se evitar diuréticos devido à perda de eletrólitos e ao risco de desidratação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Fluxograma de orientações para conduta na hipertensão arterial no paciente com câncer.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0417-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Aspectos particulares devem sempre ser considerados, como em pacientes em uso de iVEGF. Nesses indivíduos, o aumento da PA sistólica e diastólica pode acontecer desde as primeiras semanas, sendo inclusive mais comum nos primeiros ciclos. Sendo assim, recomenda-se o monitoramento domiciliar da PA diariamente durante o primeiro ciclo, após cada aumento da dose da TAC e, na sequência, a cada 2-3 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O aumento da PA em reposta ao quimioterápico é um preditor independente de melhor resultado da TAC, não sendo indicada sua suspensão, e sim o tratamento da HA objetivando as metas pressóricas. Dessa forma, a tomada de decisão individualizada deve levar em conta tanto particularidades farmacológicas, como as descritas anteriormente, quanto aspectos específicos da doença, tratamentos prévios, condições clínicas e fatores de risco preexistentes.</p>
			<p>No contexto do tratamento oncológico, é igualmente complexa a interação entre HA – seja preexistente ou relacionada ao tratamento do câncer – e o desenvolvimento de IC. Em pacientes não hipertensos com história de câncer colorretal, de estômago ou de mama, a medida de PA no tratamento se associou à incidência de IC, com risco chegando a 2 vezes maior em indivíduos em estágio 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dados prospectivos demonstraram que a presença de HA em crianças sobreviventes de câncer aumentou o risco relativo de eventos cardíacos, incluindo IC (risco relativo = 19,4), independentemente do risco relacionado à TAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A despeito da necessidade de maiores estudos para melhor manuseio, a avaliação cardiovascular basal e a interação com a equipe multiprofissional são essenciais para a prevenção e o tratamento guiado por diretrizes da IC.</p>
			<p>Em conclusão, pacientes oncológicos merecem monitoramento cuidadoso da PA pelos profissionais da saúde ao longo de sua terapia e após sua conclusão, além de um seguimento multidisciplinar mais criterioso do ponto de vista cardiovascular, com parâmetros de qualidade definidos e com observância das recomendações das diretrizes. Tais estratégias visam reduzir o risco do desenvolvimento de lesões de órgãos-alvo com impacto sobre a morbimortalidade, notadamente a IC.</p>
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