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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220089</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220089</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Functional Capacity in Cardiotoxicity: Effects of Physical Exercise</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5737-5223</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda Gonzales</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5174-0250</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Trindade</surname>
						<given-names>Adriano Cavalcante</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Amanda Gonzales Rodrigues • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>dra.amandagonzales@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>410</fpage>
			<lpage>414</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Heart failure induced by chemotherapy is an adverse event of cancer treatment that results in high morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have shown that physical exercise improves functional capacity in patients with heart failure due to other etiologies. However, studies with a multimodal approach, including exercise interventions in patients with cardiotoxicity, are still scarce in the literature. The objective of this article was to discuss the effects of physical training in patients with heart failure induced by chemotherapy and the role of cardio-oncological rehabilitation as a tool to improve functional capacity and quality of life in this group of patients.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Exercise</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="43"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The evolution that oncology has achieved in recent decades, both in diagnostic methods and therapeutic efficacy, has resulted in more cancer survivors. This has brought the later costs of successful oncological therapy to the surface, for example, treatment-induced cardiovascular toxicity. This situation is defined by early or late damage to the cardiovascular system, which originated during or after cancer treatment, as a result of antineoplastic therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although it does not occur in the majority of survivors, cardiotoxicity is the main cause of death associated with oncological treatment, especially in breast cancer survivors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The complexity of cancer care and the management of multiple comorbidities presented by patients demonstrate that it is necessary for them to receive an integrated and multidisciplinary therapeutic approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cardiotoxicity can be caused both by classical chemotherapy treatment and by more modern strategies with radiotherapy, leading to various cardiovascular effects, such as arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, endothelial dysfunction, and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Different definitions have been proposed for cardiac dysfunction associated with cancer therapy. The most recent include, in addition to the severity of symptoms or altered echocardiographic parameters, such as reduced ventricular function, changes in global longitudinal strain or cardiac biomarkers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Chemotherapy agents such as anthracyclines have been significantly associated with an increase in the incidence of cardiotoxicity and its severe consequences, such as heart failure and cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Risk increases significantly depending on the dose used or the association with other drugs, such as trastuzumab.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There effects are often clinically silent until their severity causes symptoms and requires treatment; the timeframe can range from days to years after chemotherapy. For anthracyclines alone, the negative effects on cardiac function can appear up to 20 years after treatment, whereas, in combination with trastuzumab, cardiac complications are earlier, and they may be present up to 2 months after their use, in 27% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A study of leukemia survivors treated with anthracyclines showed worsened left ventricular shortening fraction and contractility 12 years after diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies, such as ceasing smoking and alcoholism, control of cardiovascular risk factors, healthy diet, weight maintenance, and encouragement of aerobic physical exercise practice, have increasingly proven to be effective as cardioprotective measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Studies have shown that physical exercise is an effective tool to mitigate the effects of chemotherapy on the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent progression to heart failure in patients with cardiotoxicity.</p>
			<p>Although there is substantial evidence of the benefits of physical exercise before and during therapy with cardiotoxic drugs, there is a lack of studies that demonstrate the impact of exercise in adult patients with chemotherapy-related heart failure, and it is not clear whether these interventions can be performed with the same effectiveness as in other populations.</p>
			<p>In this article, we seek to address the impact of physical training on patients with heart failure induced by chemotherapy and the role of cardio-oncological rehabilitation as a tool for improving functional capacity in this group of patients.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Impact of cardiotoxicity on functional capacity</title>
				<p>The reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with cancer is multifactorial. The patients are usually less active, and they commonly have other complications secondary to the disease, such as pulmonary and musculoskeletal alterations. It is also necessary to consider that patients with cancer are generally older and are subject to the deleterious effects of aging itself. Reduced functional capacity can also be a consequence of the treatment itself.</p>
				<p>Cancer patients show a reduction between 5% and 22% in physical capacity, regardless of the antineoplastic regimen used, even in the absence of cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A study that involved 248 women with breast cancer between 40 and 50 years of age, divided according to the treatment phase or presence of metastasis, showed an average reduction of 32% in functional capacity compared to healthy controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A study on patients with esophageal cancer showed a significant reduction in cardiac function and physical capacity immediately after the end of chemoradiotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Cumulative doses of anthracyclines also appear to impact exercise capacity, even in the absence of systolic dysfunction, as shown by a study of childhood cancer survivors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Effects of physical training</title>
				<p>The result of a meta-analysis of 27 studies published by Scott et al. showed that physical training is an effective strategy to improve physical capacity in patients with early-stage cancer, in addition to being safe and feasible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Fatigue associated with cancer is a complaint frequently reported by patients, and evidence suggests that physical training promotes a significant reduction in symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In a study published by Courneya et al., aerobic and resistance physical training significantly improved physical fitness, body composition, and chemotherapy completion rates in patients with breast cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Other studies have shown that exercise also improves functional capacity, quality of life,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and possibly the survival of patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In heart failure, it is known that functional capacity is markedly reduced, and studies have shown an improvement of 12% to 31% with physical training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Some randomized clinical trials have demonstrated potential improvement in cardiovascular health in non-oncology patients with heart failure through exercise rehabilitation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and meta-analyses have shown positive effects on cardiac function and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The effects of exercise in patients undergoing chemotherapy have mainly been studied in terms of its cardioprotective role. In an observational study, Foulkes et al. investigated the role of exercise or usual care in the functional capacity and echocardiographic parameters of 28 women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy with anthracyclines, after 4 and 16 months of treatment. After 4 months of treatment, the group undergoing training showed a 6% reduction in peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) compared to the usual care, where this reduction was 18%. This reduction was maintained over 16 months. Despite small reductions observed in resting left ventricular ejection fraction, only 2 patients met the criteria for defining cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The mean reduction of 8% in physical capacity over the 16 months becomes even more relevant when we consider that the aging is typically associated with a reduction of 8% to 23% per decade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A single randomized study evaluated the impact of physical exercise on functional capacity in patients with chemotherapy-related cardiomyopathy. Participants were randomized to a control group or a group that received supervised training for 16 weeks. However, 78% of the patients selected for the supervised group did not accept to participate in the original design and received home training as an alternative. The exercise program consisted of 30 minutes of supervised exercise on a stationary bicycle, at an intensity of 50% of heart rate reserve, at a training frequency of 3 times/week for 16 weeks. The home program began with a supervised session, followed by prescription for maintenance of aerobic exercises such as walking, in addition to counting steps using a pedometer, for 16 weeks. Intensity was assessed using the Borg “6–20” rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale at an RPE of 12. Outcomes included evaluation of functional capacity by peak VO<sub>2</sub>, left ventricular ejection fraction, severity of heart failure symptoms using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for heart failure (MDASI-HF), quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and physical activity level in hours of exercise and intensity. Of the 16 participants randomized for training, only 10 completed the study, and 8 underwent functional capacity assessment by ergospirometry. At the end of the study, there was a significant improvement in quality of life and potential improvement in functional capacity assessed by peak VO<sub>2</sub> in the group that underwent training (p &lt; 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in left ventricular ejection fraction, symptom scores (MDASI-HF), or physical activity level. The sample size and the difficulty in randomization to a supervised program constituted important limitations of this study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In a retrospective study of 90 patients with cancer who had heart failure, 12 weeks of aerobic training did not result in an improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> or quality of life compared to the control group; however, the etiology of heart failure was categorized as ischemic or non-ischemic, and data such as type of cancer, disease stage, or antineoplastic therapy used were not collected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Future perspectives</title>
				<p>Cardiotoxicity is one of the adverse effects of treatment that most compromises functional capacity and quality of life, with an impact on mortality, regardless of oncological prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> However, there is a shortage of studies involving this patient population in the setting of cardiac rehabilitation.</p>
				<p>Cardiac rehabilitation consists of a multidisciplinary program, based on physical exercise, with nutritional and psychological counseling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> It is highly recommended in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> owing to its numerous benefits, not only in improving physical capacity and quality of life, but also in reducing all-cause mortality and hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Based on this knowledge, the development of a more comprehensive model has been proposed to involve patients with cancer and high risk for developing cardiovascular diseases, in addition to patients with cardiotoxicity related to cancer therapies, using a multimodal approach, in a model known as Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation (CORE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The incorporation of this rehabilitation model into traditional programs, however, requires knowledge of the specificities of each type of cancer. Exercise programs must also respect the individual characteristics of patients, such as functionality, disease stages, the presence of metastases, or contraindications.</p>
				<p>Some cardiac rehabilitation centers have adapted to receive patients in the context of cardio-oncological rehabilitation, including other professionals in their multidisciplinary teams and offering support in different phases of treatment.</p>
				<p>One aspect that must be considered is that the few available cardiac rehabilitation services are still underused. It is estimated that only 20% to 30% of patients with an indication for cardiac rehabilitation are referred to a rehabilitation center.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Low adherence to supervised programs is another evident problem, associated with limited access due to distance from rehabilitation centers, costs, difficulty reconciling working hours, socioeconomic level, and frequent limitations due to the presence of other cancer-related symptoms. This is reflected in the difficulty in conducting studies and their results.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Undoubtedly, as with cardiovascular disease, physical exercise brings many benefits to patients with cancer at different disease stages or treatment phases. However, there is still a shortage of studies evaluating the therapeutic use of physical exercise in patients who develop heart failure as a consequence of treatment.</p>
			<p>The use of structured physical exercise as an adjuvant therapy for manifest cardiotoxicity, nonetheless, appears to be indicatable and potentially beneficial.</p>
			<p>Incorporating new models of cardiac rehabilitation into traditional programs, including patients at high risk for development or patients who already have manifest cardiotoxicity, and conducting more studies involving these patients are fundamental strategies for producing more robust evidence.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Capacidade Funcional na Cardiotoxicidade: Efeitos do Treinamento Físico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5737-5223</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda Gonzales</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa Redação do manuscrito,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5174-0250</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Trindade</surname>
						<given-names>Adriano Cavalcante</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Amanda Gonzales Rodrigues • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: dra.amandagonzales@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca induzida por quimioterapia é um evento adverso do tratamento do câncer que resulta em elevada morbimortalidade. Estudos prévios têm mostrado que o exercício físico melhora a capacidade funcional em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca por outras etiologias. No entanto, estudos com abordagem multimodal, incluindo intervenção com exercícios em pacientes com cardiotoxicidade são ainda escassos na literatura. O objetivo desse artigo foi discutir os efeitos do treinamento físico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca induzida por quimioterapia e o papel da reabilitação cardio-oncológica como ferramenta para a melhora da capacidade funcional e da qualidade de vida nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Exercício Físico</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Reabilitação Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A evolução que a oncologia vem obtendo nas últimas décadas, seja em métodos diagnósticos como em eficácia terapêutica, resultou em mais sobreviventes ao câncer. Este fato trouxe à tona os custos tardios do sucesso terapêutico oncológico, como toxicidade cardiovascular induzida pelo tratamento. Tal situação é definida por danos no sistema cardiovascular que tenham se originado durante ou após o tratamento oncológico, precoces ou tardios, resultantes das terapias antineoplásicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora não ocorra na maioria dos sobreviventes, a cardiotoxicidade é a principal causa de morte associada ao tratamento oncológico, especialmente nos sobreviventes do câncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A complexidade do cuidado oncológico e do gerenciamento das múltiplas comorbidades apresentadas pelos pacientes expressam a necessidade de que esses indivíduos recebam uma abordagem terapêutica integrada e multidisciplinar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A cardiotoxicidade pode ser ocasionada tanto por tratamento quimioterápico clássico como por estratégias mais modernas e radioterapia, levando a efeitos cardiovasculares diversos, como arritmias, cardiomiopatia, disfunção endotelial e insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diferentes definições têm sido propostas para a disfunção cardíaca associada à terapia do câncer. As mais recentes incluem, além da severidade dos sintomas ou mudança nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos como redução da função ventricular, alterações no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global ou de biomarcadores cardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Agentes quimioterápicos como as antraciclinas têm sido significativamente associados ao aumentona incidência de cardiotoxicidade e suas graves consequências como a insuficiência cardíaca e cardiomiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>O risco aumenta significativamente dependendo da dose utilizada ou da associação com outras drogas, como trastuzumabe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Tais efeitos muitas vezes são clinicamente silenciosos até que sua gravidade cause sintomas e exija tratamento, que podem variar de dias ou até anos após a quimioterapia. Para as antraciclinas isoladamente, os efeitos negativos na função cardíaca podem surgir até 20 anos após o tratamento, enquanto na sua combinação com trastuzumabe as complicações cardíacas são mais precoces, podendo estar presentes, em 27% dos pacientes, até 2 meses após seu uso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Um estudo de sobreviventes de leucemia tratados com antraciclinas mostrou piora na fração de encurtamento e contratilidade do ventrículo esquerdo 12 anos após o diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Estratégias farmacológicas e não farmacológicas, como cessação do tabagismo e alcoolismo, controle dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, alimentação saudável, manutenção do peso e o incentivo à prática de exercícios físicos aeróbicos, têm se mostrado cada vez mais eficazes como medidas cardioprotetoras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos mostram que o exercício físico é uma ferramenta eficaz para mitigar os efeitos da quimioterapia no sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O diagnóstico e intervenção precoces podem prevenir a progressão para insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes com cardiotoxicidade.</p>
				<p>Embora existam muitas evidências dos benefícios do exercício físico antes e durante a terapia com drogas cardiotóxicas, faltam estudos que demonstrem o impacto do exercício em pacientes adultos com insuficiência cardíaca relacionada à quimioterapia e não está claro se essas intervenções podem ser realizadas com a mesma eficácia que em outras populações.</p>
				<p>Nesse artigo, procuramos abordar o impacto do treinamento físico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca induzida por quimioterapia e o papel da reabilitação cardio-oncológica como ferramenta para a melhora da capacidade funcional nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Impacto da cardiotoxicidade na capacidade funcional</title>
					<p>A redução da aptidão cardiorrespiratória em pacientes com câncer é multifatorial. Normalmente os pacientes são menos ativos e comumente apresentam outras complicações secundárias à doença, como alterações pulmonares e músculo-esqueléticas. É preciso também considerar que os indivíduos com câncer em geral são mais idosos e sujeitos aos efeitos deletérios do próprio envelhecimento. A capacidade funcional reduzida pode também ser consequência do próprio tratamento.</p>
					<p>Pacientes com câncer apresentam uma redução entre 5% a 22% nacapacidade física, independentemente do regime antineoplásico utilizado, mesmo na ausência de cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>Um estudo que envolveu 248 mulheres com câncer de mama com idade entre 40e 50 anos, divididas de acordo com a fase do tratamento ou presença de metástase, mostrou uma redução média de 32% da capacidade funcional em relação ao controle saudável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um estudo com pacientes com câncer de esôfago mostrou uma redução significativa na função cardíaca e capacidade física imediatamente após o término da quimioradioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Doses cumulativas de antraciclinas também parecem impactar na capacidade de exercício, mesmo na ausência de disfunção sistólica, como mostrou um estudo com sobreviventes de câncer infantil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
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					<title>Efeito do treinamento físico</title>
					<p>O resultado de uma metanálise de 27 estudos publicado por Scott e colaboradores mostrou que o treinamento físico é uma estratégia eficaz para melhora da capacidade física em pacientes com câncer em estágio inicial, além de ser seguro e viável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A fadiga associada ao câncer é uma queixa frequentemente relatada pelos pacientes, e evidências sugerem que o treinamento físico promove uma redução significativados sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em um estudo publicado por Courneya et al., o treinamento físico aeróbio e resistido melhorou significativamente a aptidão física, a composição corporal e as taxas de conclusão da quimioterapia em pacientes com câncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Outros estudos mostram que o exercício também melhora a capacidade funcional, a qualidade de vida<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>e possivelmente a sobrevida de pacientes com câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na insuficiência cardíaca, sabe-se que a capacidade funcional está marcadamente reduzida, e estudos mostram uma melhora de 12% a 31% com o treinamento físico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Alguns estudos clínicos randomizados demonstraram potencial melhora da saúde cardiovascular em pacientes não oncológicos com insuficiência cardíaca por meio da reabilitação com exercícios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e metanálises mostraram efeitos positivos sobre a função cardíaca e qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O efeito do exercício em pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia vem sendo estudado sobretudo em seu papel cardioprotetor. Foulkes et al. investigaram, em um estudo observacional, o papel do exercício ou cuidados habituais, na capacidade funcional e nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos de 28 mulheres com câncer de mama submetidas à quimioterapia com antraciclina, após 4 e 16 meses do tratamento. Após 4 meses do tratamento o grupo submetido ao treinamento mostrou uma redução de 6% no consumo de oxigênio (VO<sub>2</sub>) pico em comparação ao grupo cuidados habituais onde a redução foi de 18%. Essa redução se manteve ao longo dos 16 meses. Apesar de pequenas reduções observadas na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em repouso, somente 2 pacientes apresentaram critérios para definição de cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>A redução média de 8% na capacidade física ao longo dos 16 meses torna-se ainda mais relevante quando consideramos que o envelhecimento normalmente está associado à uma redução entre 8% e 23% por década.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um único estudo randomizado avaliou o impacto do exercício físico na capacidade funcional em pacientes com cardiomiopatia relacionada à quimioterapia. Os participantes foram randomizados para um grupo controle ou um grupo que recebeu treinamento supervisionado durante 16 semanas. No entanto, 78% dos pacientes selecionados para o grupo supervisionado não aceitaram participar do desenho original e receberam como alternativa o treinamento domiciliar. O programa de exercícios consistiu em 30 minutos de exercícios supervisionados em bicicleta ergométrica, em uma intensidade de 50% da frequência cardíaca de reserva e frequência de treinamento de 3 vezes/semana durante 16 semanas. O programa domiciliar iniciou-se com uma sessão supervisionada seguida de prescrição para manutenção de exercícios aeróbios como caminhada, além de contagem dos passos utilizando-se um pedômetro, durante 16 semanas. A intensidade foi avaliada utilizando-se a escala de percepção do esforço (RPE) de Borg (“6-20”), com nível de intensidade de 12. Os desfechos incluíram avaliação da capacidade funcional pelo VO<sub>2</sub>máximo, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, gravidade dos sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca, pelo <italic>MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for heart failure</italic> (MDASI-HF), qualidade de vida pelo <italic>Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey</italic> (SF-36) e nível de atividade física (em horas de exercício e intensidade). Dos 16 participantes randomizados para o treinamento, somente 10 completaram o estudo, e 8 realizaram avaliação da capacidade funcional pela ergoespirometria. Ao final do estudo, observou-se uma melhora significativa na qualidade de vida e potencial melhora na capacidade funcional avaliada pelo VO<sub>2</sub>máximono grupo treinado (p&lt;0,05). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, escores de sintomas (MDASI-HF) ou nível de atividade física. O tamanho da amostra e a dificuldade na randomização para um programa supervisionado, constituíram limitações importantes desse estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em estudo retrospectivo de 90 pacientes com câncer que apresentavam insuficiência cardíaca, o treinamento aeróbio durante 12 semanas não resultou em melhora do VO<sub>2</sub> pico ou da qualidade de vida em comparação com o grupo controle. No entanto, a etiologia da insuficiência cardíaca foi categorizada como isquêmica ou não isquêmica, e não foram coletados dados como o tipo de câncer, estágio da doença ou terapia antineoplásica utilizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
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					<title>Perspectivas futuras</title>
					<p>A cardiotoxicidade é um dos efeitos adversos do tratamento que mais compromete a capacidade funcional e a qualidade de vida<sup>,</sup> com impacto na mortalidade, independentemente do prognóstico oncológico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup>No entanto, observa-se uma escassez nos estudos envolvendo essa população de pacientes no cenário da reabilitação cardíaca.</p>
					<p>A reabilitação cardíaca consiste num programa multidisciplinar, baseado em exercício físico, aconselhamento nutricional e psicológico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> altamente recomendado em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana e insuficiência cardíaca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> pelos seus inúmeros benefícios, não somente na melhora da capacidade física e qualidade de vida, como em redução de mortalidade por todas as causas e internações hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>Sabendo disso, propôs-se o desenvolvimento de um modelo mais abrangente envolvendo pacientes com câncer e alto risco para desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares além de pacientes com cardiotoxicidade relacionada a terapias do câncer, usando uma abordagem multimodal, modelo denominado Reabilitação Cardio-Oncológica (CORE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A incorporação desse modelo de reabilitação aos programas tradicionais exige, no entanto, um conhecimento das especificidades de cada tipo de câncer. Os programas de exercícios também devem respeitar as características individuais dos pacientes, como funcionalidade, os estágios da doença, a presença de metástases ou de contra-indicações.</p>
					<p>Alguns centros de reabilitação cardíaca têm se adaptado para receber pacientes no contexto da reabilitação cardio-oncológica, incluindo em sua equipe multidisciplinar outros profissionais e oferecendo suporte em diferentes fases do tratamento.</p>
					<p>Um aspecto que deve ser considerado é que os poucos serviços disponíveis de reabilitação cardíaca são ainda subutilizados. Estima-se que somente 20% a 30% dos pacientes com indicação para reabilitação cardíaca sejam encaminhados para um centro de reabilitação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> A baixa adesão aos programas supervisionados é outro problema evidente, associado ao acesso limitado pela distância dos centros de reabilitação, custos, dificuldade em conciliar horário de trabalho, nível sócio-econômico, e muitas vezes limitados pela presença de outros sintomas relacionados ao câncer. Isso se reflete na dificuldade em conduzir estudos e nos seus resultados.</p>
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				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Não há dúvidas que da mesma forma que na doença cardiovascular, o exercício físico traz muitos benefícios aos pacientes com câncer em diferentes estágios da doença ou fases do tratamento. Porém, ainda existe uma escassez de estudos avaliando o emprego terapêutico do exercício físico em pacientes que evoluem com insuficiência cardíaca como consequência do tratamento.</p>
				<p>A utilização do exercício físico estruturado como terapia adjuvante à cardiotoxicidade manifesta parece, contudo, ser passível de indicação e potencialmente benéfica.</p>
				<p>A incorporação dos novos modelos de reabilitação cardíaca aos programas tradicionais, incluindo os pacientes com alto risco para desenvolvimento ou com cardiotoxicidade já manifesta e a realização de mais estudos envolvendo esses pacientes, são estratégias fundamentais para formação de evidências mais robustas.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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