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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230002</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230002</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>CAR-T Cells Therapy: What Cardiovascular Adverse Effects Should We Expect?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content,Analysis and interpretation of the data: Magalhães Filho RJP, Galvão TFG; Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Magalhães</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto José Pessoa de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content,Analysis and interpretation of the data: Magalhães Filho RJP, Galvão TFG; Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Galvão</surname>
						<given-names>Tatiana de Fátima Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content,Analysis and interpretation of the data: Magalhães Filho RJP, Galvão TFG; Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Clínica</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense – Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">DASA Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Clínica</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">DASA Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói – Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Wolney de Andrade Martins • Universidade Federal Fluminense – Departamento de Medicina Clínica – Rua Marques do Paraná, 303, Sexto Andar. Postal Code 24030-215, Niterói, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>wolney_martins@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>404</fpage>
			<lpage>409</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Immunotherapy has emerged as a specific treatment, guided by oncologic targets, that has given the false impression (to oncologists and hematologists) that it had no adverse effects, including cardiovascular complications. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has certainly benefited specific patients; in contrast, reports of adverse cardiovascular effects have emerged. In this paper, we conducted a narrative review of conceptual aspects, clinical applicability, the cytokine release syndrome, extracardiac AE and, above all, the cardiovascular AE of CAR-T cell therapy. CAR-T cell therapy has been approved by regulatory agencies in the United States, Europe and Brazil, initially for the treatment of hematological malignancies at advanced stages, after failure or refractoriness. Among extracardiac AE, cytokine release syndrome and, consequently, encephalopathy, macrophage activation syndrome or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis stand out. The most frequently described cardiovascular AE are cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and ventricular dysfunction; tachyarrhythmias, changes in QT and other electrocardiographic changes; pleural and pericardial disease, and changes in biomarkers. Thus, prior to the therapy, it is recommended to perform clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide measurements. The patient should be monitored during treatment with continuous electrocardiogram, serial echocardiogram, and biomarkers. Patients with severe cardiovascular AE should be admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Immunotherapy, Adoptive</kwd>
				<kwd>Receptors, Chimeric Antigen</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasms</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cancer treatment has evolved from surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to a fourth and new pillar – immunotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Immunotherapy has emerged as a specific therapy, guided by oncologic targets, that has given the false impression (to oncologists and hematologists) that it had no adverse effects, including cardiovascular complications. However, with the use of this therapy, these effects not only occurred but were also found to be, in many cases, fatal. Another treatment modality, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, has undoubtedly benefited some patients. In other hand, case reports followed by cohort and pharmacovigilance studies have produced strong evidence of CAR-T cell therapy-induced cardiotoxicity. CART-cell is still an unknown topic for most cardiologists. Based on this, we conducted a brief, narrative review, of conceptual aspects, clinical applicability, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), extracardiac adverse effects, and above all, cardiovascular adverse effects related to CAR T-cell therapy.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>CAR T-cell therapy</title>
			<sec>
				<title>CAR-T cell: a new therapeutic modality</title>
				<p>The immune system is an important tool in the fight against cancer, and several studies have demonstrated its activity even in pre-neoplastic stages. However, at diagnosis, the immune system activity is deficient or tolerant, allowing tumor expansion. In this context, the search for specific therapies that restore tumor control corresponds to the modern era of immunotherapy in onco-hematology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Approximately ten years ago, a new antitumor therapy was successfully tested in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), refractory to available therapies such as polychemotherapy and allogenic stem cell transplant. This new advanced cell therapy, developed by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania, consisted of collecting T cells from patients and changing of T cell receptors (TCR) by genetic engineering, to achieve high affinity and interact with specific targets expressed on the neoplastic cells, like CD19 present on B cells in ALL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Following this laboratory stage, the patient was admitted to the hospital for pre-conditioning lymphodepletion, to receive a combination of immune suppressors, usually fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, and infusion of CAR-T cells. The patient was hospitalized from two to three weeks, during which the expansion and migration of CAR-T cells to tumor sites, as well as potential complications of the procedure occurred<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Stages of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Adapted from Hartmannet al.,4 ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia; DLBCL: diffuse large B cell lymphoma; CRS: cytokine release syndrome; ICANS: immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0404-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical applicability</title>
				<p>Pivotal phase 2 studies have tested the principle and proved its efficacy and toxicity, with the cure of several cases of ALL and lymphomas, and control of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. A new therapeutic field has emerged, providing comfort and encouragement for patients with several incurable hematologic malignancies. An increasing amount of phase 2 and phase 3 studies have been testing strategies, molecules and therapeutic targets (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Pivotal studies on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and cytokine release syndrome with clinical applicability</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Clinical study/ Authors</th>
									<th>Disease (<italic>Relapsed or Refractory</italic>)</th>
									<th>CAR-T cell type</th>
									<th>Target</th>
									<th>CRS/n total (%)</th>
									<th>CRS (%) <italic>Grade 3-4</italic></th>
									<th>Time of onset (median)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Juliet Schuster et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Lymphoma*</td>
									<td align="center">Tisagenlecleucel Kymriah</td>
									<td align="center">CD19</td>
									<td align="center">64/111 (58)</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Eliana Maude et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">ALL</td>
									<td align="center">Tisagenlecleucel Kymriah</td>
									<td align="center">CD19</td>
									<td align="center">58/75 (77)</td>
									<td align="center">25 <italic>(43 ICU admissions)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">3 (1-22)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Zuma-1 Neelapu SS et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Lymphoma*</td>
									<td align="center">Axicabtagene ciloleucel Yescarta</td>
									<td align="center">CD19</td>
									<td align="center">94/101 (93)</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">2 (1-12)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>KarMMa Munshi NC et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Multiple myeloma</td>
									<td align="center">Idecabtagene vicleucel<sup>#</sup> Abecma</td>
									<td align="center">Anti-BCMA</td>
									<td align="center">107/128 (84)</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">1 (1-10)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cartitude-1 Berdeja JG et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Multiple myeloma</td>
									<td align="center">Ciltacabtagene autoleucel Carvykti</td>
									<td align="center">Anti-BCMA</td>
									<td align="center">92/97 (95)</td>
									<td align="center">5.4</td>
									<td align="center">7 (1-12)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p># not approved in Brazil; CRS: cytokine release syndrome; ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia; * diffuse large B cell lymphoma; ICU: intensive care unit.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)</title>
				<p>The CAR-T cell therapy has specific adverse events (AEs) that should be early recognized and monitored during hospitalization, usually in bone marrow transplant units, and by a trained multidisciplinary team for the effective management of these complications. CRS is a common complication, affecting up to 90% of patients under treatment, and occurring from the first 24 hours to two weeks after the infusion. This syndrome is attributed to the increased release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Risk factors for CRS include the type of disease treated, the manufactured CAR-T cell product, and the dose of CART cells. Due attention should be paid to fever, which is the first symptom of CRS and may appear already on the first day after infusion. Persistence of fever elevates the grade of this AE, and indicates immediate intervention with anti-interleukin 6 (tocilizumab). This drug is indicated to all patients with AE grade greater than 2, who then present, in addition to fever, hypotension of hypoxemia. For most patients who receive early treatment, AE will not progress to higher grades and subsequent clinical worsening and further need of vasopressors, mechanical ventilation or intensive care (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Differential diagnoses of CRS include sepsis, tumor lysis syndrome, pulmonary thromboembolism and primary cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy consensus on cytokine release syndrome grading and management. Adapted from Lee et al.,12 CRS: cytokine release syndrome.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0404-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In laboratory monitoring, it is also of great value to measure C-reactive protein and ferritin, which are increased in SLC, and fibrinogen, whose levels are low in SLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Extracardiac adverse effects</title>
				<p>In the spectrum of CRS-associated complications, a new type of encephalopathy has been reported, the immune effector cell-associated encephalopathy (ICANS). In the KarMMa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e Cartitude-1<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> studies, ICANS was developed in 18% and 16% of patients, and was of grade ≥ 3 in 4% and 2.1%, with median time to onset of two and eight days, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In general, ICANS occurs after CRS, and clinically presents as different signs and symptoms including delirium, encephalopathy, aphasia, lethargy, difficulty in concentrating, agitation, headache, shivering, convulsions, and rarely, cerebral edema. This syndrome is usually reversible, has its own grading system, and must be followed by neurologists during all steps of the procedure. One of the earliest symptoms may be agraphia, and because of that all patients are encouraged to write their names as a form of assessment. Neuroimaging tests, electrocardiogram, support measures, in addition to anticonvulsants and corticosteroids may be required in some cases.</p>
				<p>Among the frequently reported AEs are persistent cytopenias, sometimes characterized as macrophage activation syndrome or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis that can be treated with Anakynra (not available in Brazil). The risk of infections is multifactorial, and related to neutropenia, T cell depletion, and persistent hypogammaglobulinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> All patients are vaccinated, starting three months after the procedure, including against SARS-CoV 19 and receive prophylaxis against <italic>Pneumocitis carinii</italic> with cotrimoxazol and against herpes simplex virus and herpes zoster with acyclovir. Patients with IgG &lt;400mg/dL and those with repeated infections should receive intravenous immunoglobulin. Patient monitoring for viral infections such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, HHV6 and adenovirus, and fungal infections with <italic>Aspergilus</italic> sp. and <italic>Candida</italic> sp. is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Current scenario of CAR-T cells in Brazil and the world</title>
				<p>The CAR-T cell therapy has been approved by regulatory agencies in the North America, Europe and in Brazil (by ANVISA), for the treatment of advanced hematological malignancies, after failure or refractory treatment. There are ongoing phase 3 studies in hematology on earlier stages of the disease and myeloid neoplasms, as well as researches on solid tumors and autoimmune disorders. Several strategies, tumor targets and allogeneic cart T-cells have been explored, to reduce the time between cell production and treatment. This new modality of advanced cell therapy has expanded and been patented as a pharmaceutical industry product with specific manufacturing centers distributed over the world. In Brazil, the first experiences have been made in bone marrow transplant units of onco-hematology centers. The first case reported were patients from international clinical studies, and the first cases of patients covered by the supplementary health care have also been reported. In addition to its high complexity, an obstacle to the implementation of CAR-T cell therapy is its high cost. The solution to improve the access to the therapy in China, Spain and Canada has been initiatives for an autonomous production. In Brazil, the group from Hemocentro in the city of Ribeirao Preto, and the Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo have developed research with own manufacturing and history of successful infusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiovascular adverse effects of CAR-T cell therapy</title>
				<p>CAR-T cell therapy is relatively new in oncology, and knowledge about adverse effects has been obtained primarily from case reports and subsequently from retrospective registry of patients at referral centers.</p>
				<p>The cardiovascular adverse effects of CAR-T cells are not negligible. Lefrebve et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> evaluated 145 adults undergoing CAR-T cell therapy and observed 41 (28.3%) events, including cardiovascular deaths, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke and new arrhythmias. The events occurred early, within a median of 11 days after the therapy was implemented. Elevated serum creatinine and CRS grades 3 and 4 were predictors of outcomes.</p>
				<p>In 2019, Alvi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>studied 137 patients who received CAR-T cells in two hospitals in the USA. Troponin elevation was relatively frequent in patients with CRS who received CAR-T cells, who also had an increased risk for cardiovascular events subsequently. Patients with more severe CRS are at higher risk for severe adverse events.</p>
				<p>Historically, cardiotoxicity has been associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure. During CAR-T cell therapy, approximately 10% of patients develop cardiomyopathy, which was a level-2 predictor of CRS. The frequency of cardiomyopathy is higher among patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Nearly half of patients who develop ventricular dysfunction do not return to baseline function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Adverse cardiovascular effects correlate not only with CRS but also with neurotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Data on larger number of patients come from the retrospective registry of pharmacovigilance of the adverse cardiopulmonary effects of the US Food and Drug Administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> According to this registry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> of the 2,657 patients who received industrialized CAR-T cells, 546 (20.5%) had adverse effects, with an overlapping with CRS in 373 patients (38.3%). Lethality rate among patients who had cardiopulmonary adverse effects was 30.9%, and atrial fibrillation was the most common tachyarrhythmia reported. The main cardiovascular effects are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Cardiovascular adverse effects secondary to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy according to notifications to the US Food and Drug Administration</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Cardiopulmonary adverse effect</th>
									<th>n and frequency (n total= 2,657)</th>
									<th>Risk rate and 95% confidence interval</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Tachyarrhythmias</td>
									<td align="center">74 (2.8%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.21 – 3.51</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardiomyopathies</td>
									<td align="center">69 (2.6%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.42 – 5.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pleural disease</td>
									<td align="center">46 (1.7%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.92 – 5.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pericardial disease</td>
									<td align="center">11 (0.4%)</td>
									<td align="center">1.25 – 4.09</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Font: Goldman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
							</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Some inferences can be drawn from these registries that are relevant from the perspective of clinical applicability: (a) to assess the risk of cardiotoxicity in candidates for CAR-T cell therapy; (b) to start the assessment with clinical history and physical examination; (c) to perform routine echocardiography to evaluate heart valve function and exclude valve diseases; (d) patients (candidates for the therapy) should have their cardiovascular status optimized by a cardiologist; (e) an early recognition and treatment of CRS reduces the risk of cardiotoxicity; (f) most cardiopulmonary adverse events have been reported in the first 30 days of treatment; and (g) patients who had received immune checkpoint inhibitor are at higher risk for CAR-T cell-associated cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The most commonly reported cardiovascular effects were severe arterial hypotension requiring inotropic support (4-33%); left ventricular systolic dysfunction (2-10%); pulmonary edema (4-6%); volumetric overload (5%); electrocardiographic changes; and biomarker changes, especially NT-ProBNP and troponin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Consensual recommendations</title>
				<p>Although CAR-T cell is a new therapy, there are already recommendations issued by specialist societies. We will first mention clinical practice guideline on immune effector cell-related adverse events of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The authors used the definition and nomenclature of cardiotoxicity established by the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), and considered as cardiovascular adverse effects secondary to CAR-T cells the following: (a) new arterial hypotension; (b) decompensated heart failure; (c) heart failure combined with new arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or flutter; (d) nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; (e) prolonged QTc interval in the presence or absence of drugs that prolong the QT interval or electrolyte disturbances; (f) narrow or wide QRS complex tachycardias; (g) pericarditis; and (h) myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Echocardiography is an accurate and accessible method for measuring ventricular function before the CAR-T cell therapy is started.</p>
				<p>The SITC recommends:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Baseline cardiac assessment prior to CAR-T cell therapy by transthoracic echocardiogram, and troponin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurement;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Troponin and LVEF should be monitored in patients who develop CRS of American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT) grade ≥ 2;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Patients with established and severe cardiovascular disease such as heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, and arrhythmias should be assessed and may be excluded from the CAR-T cell therapy;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>In evidence of cardiotoxicity, elevated troponin, decrease in LVEF or clinically significant arrhythmias, IL-6 blockade and/or steroids should be considered;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel should be discontinued prior to CAR-T cell therapy. However, high-risk patients who recently underwent a coronary revascularization, management decisions should be individualized, and made in conjunction with the cardiology team;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Anticoagulants should be changed to short-acting agents. If platelet counts drop below 50,000/μL, all anticoagulants should be discontinued unless the patient has had a recent thrombosis. In these cases, the dose should be reduced, or platelet transfusions should be considered.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommends if clinical suspicion of cardiovascular complication:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Baseline electrocardiogram</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Transthoracic echocardiogram</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Monitor cardiac troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Severe patients should be admitted to cardiac intensive care unit</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Cardiovascular adverse events secondary to the CAR-T cell are frequent and severe, and justify the screening, monitoring, and early diagnosis and intervention to improve the outcomes of survival and quality of life. Data on this topic, obtained by careful work, are still lacking to answer specific questions.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Terapia com CAR-T Cells: Quais Efeitos Cardiovasculares Devemos Esperar?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante,Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Magalhães</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto José Pessoa de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante,Análise e interpretação dos dados,Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Galvão</surname>
						<given-names>Tatiana de Fátima Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante,Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense – Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">DASA Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói – Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Wolney de Andrade Martins • Universidade Federal Fluminense – Departamento de Medicina Clínica – Rua Marques do Paraná, 303, Sexto Andar. CEP 24030-215, Niterói, RJ – Brasil E-mail: wolney_martins@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A imunoterapia surgiu como tratamento específico, guiado por metas oncológicas, e trazia para os oncologistas e hematologistas, a falsa impressão de ser isenta de efeitos adversos, em especial, de complicações cardiovasculares. Entretanto, com a utilização desta terapia, observou-se que estes efeitos ocorriam, e algumas vezes poderiam ser fatais. A terapia com células T com receptores de antígenos quiméricos (CAR-T cells) acrescentou benefícios inequívocos para pacientes específicos. Em contraposição, surgiram os relatos de efeitos adversos (EA) cardiovasculares. Neste artigo procedeu-se revisão narrativa de aspectos conceituais, da aplicabilidade clínica, da síndrome de liberação de citocinas, dos EA extracardíacos, e sobretudo, dos EA cardiovasculares relacionados à CAR-T cells. A terapia com CAR-T cells está aprovada pelas agências regulatórias norte-americana, europeia e brasileira, inicialmente para tratamento de neoplasias hematológicas em estágio avançado, após falha ou refratariedade. Dentre os EA extracardíacos destacam-se a síndrome de liberação de citocinas e, consequentemente, encefalopatia, a síndrome de ativação macrofágica ou linfohistiocitose hemofagocítica. Os EA cardiovasculares mais frequentemente descritos são as cardiomiopatias, a miocardite e a disfunção ventricular; as taquiarritmias, alterações no QT e demais alterações eletrocardiográficas; as doenças da pleura e do pericárdio; e alterações em biomarcadores. Recomenda-se, portanto, avaliação clínica prévia, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma, troponina e peptídeo natriurético tipo B. Deve-se monitorar o paciente durante o tratamento com ECG contínuo, ecocardiograma seriado e biomarcadores. Os pacientes com EA cardiovasculares graves devem ser internados em unidade cardiointensiva.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Imunoterapia Adotiva</kwd>
				<kwd>Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O tratamento do câncer (CA) evoluiu da cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia, para um quarto e novo pilar que é a imunoterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A imunoterapia surgiu como tratamento específico, guiado por metas oncológicas e, por isso, trazia aos oncologistas e hematologistas, a falsa impressão de ser isenta de efeitos adversos, como complicações cardiovasculares. Entretanto, com a utilização desta terapia, observou-se que esses efeitos não só ocorriam, como em algumas vezes podiam ser fatais. Outra modalidade de tratamento, a terapia com receptores de antígenos quiméricos (CAR-T cells) acrescentou benefícios inequívocos para pacientes específicos. Em contraposição, relatos de casos, seguidos por publicações de estudos do tipo coorte e estudos de farmacovigilância resultaram em evidências robustas da cardiotoxicidade pelo CAR-T cell. O tema CAR-T cell é desconhecido para a maioria dos cardiologistas. Partindo deste pressuposto, será realizada, neste artigo, uma breve revisão narrativa de aspectos conceituais, da aplicabilidade clínica, da Síndrome de Liberação de Citocinas (SLC), dos efeitos adversos extracardíacos, e sobretudo, dos efeitos adversos cardiovasculares.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Terapia com CAR-T Cells</title>
					<sec>
						<title>CAR-T Cell: uma nova modalidade terapêutica</title>
						<p>O sistema imune é importante arma no combate ao CA e diversos estudos comprovam sua atividade mesmo nas fases de pré-neoplasia. Entretanto, no momento do diagnóstico, a atividade do sistema imune é deficiente ou tolerante permitindo que ocorra a expansão tumoral. Nesse contexto, a busca por terapias específicas que reestabeleçam a capacidade do indivíduo no controle tumoral compõe a era moderna da imunoterapia na onco-hematologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Há cerca de 10 anos, foi testada, com sucesso, uma nova forma de terapia antitumoral no tratamento da Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA) da infância, refratária aos tratamentos disponíveis tais como a poliquimioterapia e o transplante alogênico de medula óssea. Essa nova terapia celular avançada, desenvolvida por pesquisadores da Universidade da Pensilvânia, consistia na obtenção de linfócitos T do indivíduo enfermo e modificação dos receptores dessas células (TCR) por engenharia genética, para se alcançar alta afinidade e combater algum alvo específico expresso na superfície da célula neoplásica, como o CD19 presente nas células B da LLA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Posteriormente a essa etapa de bancada de laboratório, o paciente era admitido no hospital e recebia um protocolo de linfodepleção de preparo, combinação de imunossupressores, em geral fludarabina e ciclofosfamida, e infusão das CAR-T cells. O paciente permanecia internado, em observação por cerca de duas a três semanas, período em que ocorre a expansão e migração das células CAR-T para os sítios tumorais, e potenciais complicações do procedimento<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f01002">
								<label>Figura 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Etapas do tratamento com CAR-T cells. Autoria própria, Fonte utilizada: adaptado de Hartmann et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> LLA: Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda LNHDGB: Linfoma Não Hodgkin Difuso de Grandes Células B; STC: Síndrome de Tempestade de Citocinas; ICANS: síndrome de neurotoxicidade associada a células efetoras imunes.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0404-gf01-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aplicabilidade clínica</title>
				<p>Por meio de estudos fase 2 pivotais, o princípio foi testado e sua eficácia e toxicidade comprovadas, com a cura de diversos casos de LLA e linfomas e controle do mieloma múltiplo recidivado refratário. Com isso, abriu-se um novo campo terapêutico, trazendo um alento para portadores de diversas moléstias hematológicas incuráveis. Uma verdadeira maré montante de estudos fase 2 e 3 testando diferentes estratégias, moléculas e alvos terapêuticos estão em curso neste momento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Estudos pivotais da terapia com receptores de antígenos quiméricos (CAR-T cells) e síndrome de liberação de citocinas com aplicabilidade na prática clínica</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Estudo clínico / Autores</th>
									<th>Doença (Recidivado ou Refratário)</th>
									<th>Tipo de CAR-T cell</th>
									<th>Alvo</th>
									<th>SLC/n total (%)</th>
									<th>SLC (%) Grau 3-4</th>
									<th>Tempo de início em dias (mediana)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Juliet Schuster et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Linfoma*</td>
									<td align="center">Tisagenlecleucel Kymriah®</td>
									<td align="center">CD19</td>
									<td align="center">64/111 (58)</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Eliana Maude et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">LLA</td>
									<td align="center">Tisagenlecleucel Kymriah®</td>
									<td align="center">CD19</td>
									<td align="center">58/75 (77)</td>
									<td align="center">25 <italic>(43 admissões uti)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">3 (1-22)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Zuma-1 Neelapu SS et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Linfoma*</td>
									<td align="center">Axicabtagene ciloleucel Yescarta®</td>
									<td align="center">CD19</td>
									<td align="center">94/101 (93)</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">2 (1-12)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>KarMMa Munshi NC et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Mieloma Múltiplo</td>
									<td align="center">Idecabtagene vicleucel<sup>#</sup> Abecma®</td>
									<td align="center">Anti-BCMA</td>
									<td align="center">107/128 (84)</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">1 (1-10)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cartitude-1 Berdeja JG et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
									<td align="center">Mieloma Múltiplo</td>
									<td align="center">Ciltacabtagene autoleucel Carvykti®</td>
									<td align="center">Anti-BCMA</td>
									<td align="center">92/97 (95)</td>
									<td align="center">5,4</td>
									<td align="center">7 (1-12)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>SLC: Síndrome de Liberação de Citocinas; LLA: Leucemia linfoblástica aguda; UTI: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; *Linfoma não Hodkgin difuso de grandes células-B; # ainda não aprovada no brasil.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Síndrome de Liberação de Citocinas (SLC)</title>
				<p>A terapia CAR-T cells apresenta uma incidência de eventos adversos (EA) específicos que devem ser reconhecidos precocemente e monitorados em regime de hospitalização, geralmente em unidades de transplante de medula, e por equipe multidisciplinar treinada para o manejo efetivo dessas complicações. A SLC é uma complicação frequente, podendo atingir até 90% dos pacientes submetidos à terapia, ocorrendo logo após as primeiras 24 horas até duas primeiras semanas após a infusão. Esta síndrome é atribuída à liberação aumentada de citocinas inflamatórias, como a interleucina-6 (IL-6), interferon-gama (IFNγ), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e interleucina-1 (IL-1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Os fatores de risco para seu aparecimento incluem o tipo de doença tratada, o tipo de produto de CAR-T manufaturado, a carga tumoral e a dose celular aplicada. Febre geralmente é o primeiro sintoma da SLC e muita atenção deve ser dada ao seu aparecimento que pode ocorrer já no primeiro dia após infusão. Sua persistência já eleva o grau desse EA e indica imediata intervenção com terapia anti-interleucina-6, tocilizumabe. Esse fármaco está indicado em todos os pacientes com sintomas acima de grau 2, e que, portanto, além da febre apresentem hipotensão ou hipoxemia. Para a maioria dos pacientes em que o tratamento é feito precocemente, não haverá evolução para os graus subsequentes e deterioração clínica, e posterior necessidade de vasopressores, ventilação mecânica ou tratamento intensivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). Entre os diagnósticos diferenciais dessa complicação estão sepse, síndrome de lise tumoral, tromboembolismo pulmonar e evento cardíaco primário ou choque cardiogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Consenso da American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy para graduação e conduta da síndrome de liberação de citocinas. Fonte: Adaptado de Lee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> SLC: Síndrome de Liberação de Citocinas.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0404-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>No monitoramento laboratorial, também é de grande valia a dosagem da proteína C reativa e ferritina, aumentadas na SLC, e de fibrinogênio, cujos níveis são baixos na SLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Efeitos adversos extracardíacos</title>
				<p>No espectro das complicações associadas à SLC, uma nova forma de encefalopatia também foi relatada, a síndrome de neurotoxicidade associada a células efetoras (ICANS, <italic>immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome</italic>). Nos estudos KarMMa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e Cartitude-1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ICANS ocorreu em 18% e 16% dos pacientes, e atingiu grau ≥3 em 4% e 2,1%, com tempo de aparecimento em mediana de 2 e 8 dias, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em geral, ocorre após a SLC e se apresenta clinicamente com um conjunto de diferentes sinais e sintomas como <italic>delirium</italic>, encefalopatia, afasia, letargia, dificuldade de concentração, agitação, cefaleia, tremores, convulsões, e, raramente, edema cerebral. Essa síndrome é em geral reversível, tem um sistema de graduação próprio e deve ser acompanhada por neurologistas durante todas as etapas do procedimento. Um dos sintomas mais precoces pode ser a perda da grafia e por essa razão todos os pacientes são estimulados a escrever diariamente seu nome como uma simples forma de avaliação. Exames de neuroimagem, eletrocardiograma e medidas de suporte, assim como uso de anticonvulsivantes e corticosteroides podem ser necessários em alguns casos.</p>
				<p>Entre outros EA reportados com frequência e de relevância são citopenias persistentes, às vezes caracterizando síndrome de ativação macrofágica ou linfohistiocitose hemofagocítica que pode ser tratada com Anakynra (não disponível no Brasil). O risco de infecções é multifatorial, e relacionado à neutropenia, à imunodeficiência profunda de células T e à hipogamaglobulinemia persistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes são revacinados iniciando após três meses do procedimento, incluindo SARS-CoV 2 e recebem profilaxia para <italic>Pneumocitis carinii</italic> com cotrimoxazol e para Herpes simples e Zoster com aciclovir. Pacientes com níveis de IgG &lt;400mg/dL e aqueles com infecções bacterianas repetidas devem receber infusão de imunoglobulina. São preconizados o monitoramento de infecções virais tais como citomegalovírus, vírus Epstein Barr, HHV6 e adenovírus, assim como infecções fúngicas por <italic>Aspergilus sp</italic> e <italic>Candida sp</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cenário atual da CAR-T cells no Brasil e no mundo</title>
				<p>A terapia com células CAR-T está aprovada pelas agências regulatórias norte-americana, europeia e pela ANVISA do Brasil, para tratamento de neoplasias hematológicas em estágio avançado, após falha ou refratariedade das terapias convencionais. Existem em andamento estudos fase 3 em hematologia para fases mais precoces da doença, e neoplasias mieloides, assim como linhas de pesquisa em tumores sólidos e doenças autoimunes. Diversas estratégias, alvos tumorais e terapia com células CAR-T alogênicas têm sido explorados a fim de reduzir o tempo entre a produção e o tratamento. Essa nova modalidade de terapia celular avançada está em expansão e é patenteada como produto da indústria farmacêutica com centros manufatureiros específicos distribuídos pelo mundo. No Brasil, as primeiras experiências estão ocorrendo em centros de referência em onco-hematologia em unidades de transplante de medula óssea. Os primeiros casos relatados foram de pacientes em estudos clínicos internacionais, e já estão em andamento os primeiros casos na saúde suplementar. Um obstáculo à implementação da terapia com CAR-T cells, além de sua alta complexidade, é o alto custo envolvido nessa terapia. Iniciativas de produção autônoma para garantir o acesso têm sido uma solução encontrada por diversos países tais como a China, a Espanha e o Canadá. No Brasil, o grupo do Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto e o Instituto Butantan têm linhas de pesquisa no campo com manufatura própria e com histórico de infusões bem-sucedidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Efeitos adversos cardiovasculares da terapia com células CAR-T</title>
				<p>A terapia com CAR-T cells é relativamente nova na oncologia e o conhecimento dos efeitos adversos advém primeiramente de relatos de casos e, posteriormente, de registros retrospectivos das casuísticas de serviços de referência.</p>
				<p>Os efeitos adversos cardiovasculares com CAR-T cells não são desprezíveis. Lefebvre et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> avaliaram 145 adultos submetidos à terapia com CAR-T cells e observaram 41 eventos (28,3%), incluindo-se morte cardiovascular, insuficiência cardíaca, síndrome coronariana aguda, acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico e novas arritmias. Os eventos aconteceram precocemente, na mediana de 11 dias após instituída a terapêutica. A presença de creatinina sérica elevada e a SLC graus 3 e 4 foram preditores de desfechos.</p>
				<p>Em 2019, Alvi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> estudaram 137 pacientes que receberam CAR-T cells em duas instituições hospitalares dos EUA. A elevação da troponina foi observada com expressiva frequência em pacientes que receberam CAR-T cells na vigência da SLC e eles tiveram risco subsequente de desenvolverem eventos cardiovasculares. Os pacientes com SLC mais graves têm maior risco de eventos adversos graves.</p>
				<p>Historicamente, a cardiotoxicidade esteve associada à cardiomiopatia e à insuficiência cardíaca. Durante o tratamento com CAR-T cells, aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes desenvolvem cardiomiopatia, tendo sido preditor grau maior ou igual a 2 da SLC. Os pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovasculares desenvolvem mais frequentemente cardiomiopatia. Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes que desenvolvem disfunção ventricular não retornaram à função ventricular basal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Os efeitos adversos cardiovasculares correlacionam-se não somente com a SLC mas também com a neurotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Informações com maior número de pacientes provêm de registro retrospectivo de farmacovigilância dos efeitos adversos cardiopulmonares do <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> dos Estados Unidos da América.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Conforme o registro citado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> entre 2.657 pacientes que utilizaram CAR-T cells industrializadas, houve relatos de efeitos adversos cardiopulmonares em 546 (20,5%), com sobreposição com a SLC em 373 pacientes (68,3%). A taxa de letalidade entre aqueles que apresentaram efeito adverso cardiopulmonar foi de 30,9%. Dentre as taquiarritmias, a fibrilação atrial foi a mais frequentemente relatada. Dentre os efeitos adversos cardiovasculares mais frequentes, destacam-se os listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Efeitos adversos cardiovasculares secundários à terapia com células T com receptores de antígenos quiméricos (CAR-T) conforme notificações ao Food and Drug Administration, Estados Unidos da América</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Efeito adverso cardiopulmonar</th>
									<th>n e Frequência (n total= 2657)</th>
									<th>Taxa de Risco Intervalo de Confiança (95%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Taquiarritmias</td>
									<td align="center">74 (2,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">2,21 – 3,51</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardiomiopatias</td>
									<td align="center">69 (2,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">2,42 – 5,09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doenças da pleura</td>
									<td align="center">46 (1,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">2,92 – 5,23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doenças do pericárdio</td>
									<td align="center">11 (0,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">1,25 – 4,09</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Fonte: Goldman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
							</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A partir desse registro de eventos, extraíram-se algumas inferências para aplicação na prática clínica, com destaque para: (a) avaliar o risco de cardiotoxicidade em candidatos à terapia CAR-T cells; (b) essa avaliação deve ser iniciada com anamnese e exame físico detalhados; (c) o ecocardiograma para aferir função e descartar doença valvar é recomendado rotineiramente; (d) cabe ao cardiologista otimizar o <italic>status</italic> cardiovascular do paciente candidato à CAR-T cells; (e) o reconhecimento e o tratamento precoces da SLC reduz o risco de cardiotoxicidade; (f) a maioria dos eventos adversos cardiopulmonares foi relatada nos primeiros 30 dias de tratamento; e (g) pacientes que receberam inibidor de <italic>imunocheckpoint</italic> prévio têm maior risco de cardiotoxicidade por CAR-T cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Os efeitos cardiovasculares mais frequentemente relatados foram: hipotensão arterial grave com necessidade de suporte inotrópico (entre 4% e 33%); disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (entre 2% e 10%); edema pulmonar (entre 4% e 6%;) sobrecarga volumétrica em 5%; alterações eletrocardiográficas; e alterações nos biomarcadores, especialmente NT-ProBNP e da troponina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Recomendações consensuais</title>
				<p>Apesar de a terapia com CAR-T cells ser uma terapia nova, existem recomendações referendadas por sociedades de especialistas. Citaremos aqui primeiramente a Diretriz de Prática Clínica para Efeitos Adversos relacionados às células imunoefetoras da Sociedade para Imunoterapia do Câncer (SITC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Eles se utilizaram da definição e nomenclatura de cardiotoxicidade estabelecida pelo <italic>National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE)</italic>. Consideram como efeitos adversos cardiovasculares secundários às CAR-T cells: (a) hipotensão arterial nova; (b) insuficiência cardíaca descompensada; (c) insuficiência cardíaca em conjunto com novas arritmias como fibrilação ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial; (d) taquicardia ventricular não-sustentada; (e) intervalo QTc prolongado na presença ou ausência de medicações que prolonguem QT ou distúrbios eletrolíticos; (f) taquicardias de QRS estreito ou alargado; (g) pericardite; e (h) miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma é o método acurado e acessível para mensuração da função ventricular previamente à terapia com CAR-T cells.</p>
				<p>A SITC recomenda:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Avaliação cardíaca basal prévia à CAR-T cell com ecocardiograma transtorácico, troponina sérica e fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (NT-proBNP);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Monitorar troponina e FEVE nos pacientes que desenvolverem SLC de grau ≥2 da <italic>American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT)</italic>;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Pacientes com doença cardiovascular estabelecida e grave como insuficiência cardíaca, infarto do miocárdio prévio, arritmias, devem ser avaliados e podem ser excluídos da terapia com CAR-T cells;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Na evidência de cardiotoxicidade pela elevação de troponina, queda na fração de ejeção ou arritmias com significância clínica, deve-se considerar bloqueador de interleucina 6 e/ou corticoterapia;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Antiagregantes plaquetários como Aspirina e Clopidogrel deverão ser suspensos previamente à terapia com CAR-T cells. Entretanto, os pacientes de alto risco como os submetidos a procedimentos de revascularização recente deverão ter julgamento individualizado com a equipe cardiovascular;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Os anticoagulantes deverão ser convertidos em esquemas de fármacos de curta duração e se a plaquetometria cair para níveis abaixo de 50.000/µL, o anticoagulante deverá ser suspenso exceto se tiver havido trombose recente. Nestes casos, o anticoagulante deverá ser mantido em doses reduzidas ou considerar transfusão plaquetária.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>A Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) recomenda na suspeita clínica de complicação cardiovascular:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Fazer eletrocardiograma (ECG) basal</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Monitorar com ECG contínuo</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Fazer ecocardiograma transtorácico</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Dosar troponina cardíaca e peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Internar os pacientes graves em unidade cardiointensiva</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Os eventos adversos cardiovasculares secundários à CAR-T cell são frequentes e graves, e justificam rastreamento, monitorização, diagnóstico precoce e intervenção para melhorar desfechos de sobrevida e qualidade de vida. Há carência de informação com metodologia criteriosa para responder perguntas específicas.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>