<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230005</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in Patients with Cancer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Vellosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gonzales</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Renata R. T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Ribeirão Preto</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Ensino para o Diagnóstico</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Ensino para o Diagnóstico (CAPED) – Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Coração</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Ipanema Health Club</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Ipanema Health Club – Cardiologia do Esporte, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Iguaçu</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Nova Iguaçu</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina – Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Pedro Vellosa Schwartzmann • Universidade de São Paulo Campus de Ribeirão Preto - Faculdade de Medicina – Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code 14040-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>pedrovs.usp@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>398</fpage>
			<lpage>403</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Advances in cancer treatment have increased patient survival, as well as susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, not only due to the increase in risk factors but also as a result of the treatment itself.Cardiotoxicity related to antineoplastic drugs is one of the most feared cardiovascular effects during or after chemotherapy treatment, and it is associated with unfavorable prognosis in cancer survivors. Moreover, it reduces physical capacity and quality of life. In this scenario, the multimodal model of cardio-oncological rehabilitation has become a fundamental strategy in patients with high cardiovascular risk or risk for the development of cardiotoxicity, as well as for those with already established heart disease.In this article, we will address the role of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cancer and its particularities.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
				<kwd>Cancer</kwd>
				<kwd>Physical activity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Early detection and assertive treatment have transformed cancer from a practically fatal disease to, in many cases, a chronic condition. Due to the progress in oncological treatment and increased survival, the time of exposure to cardiovascular risk factors has become longer, and with it the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in patients with cancer has increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Successful oncological treatment, in many cases, is only possible with the use of drugs with a high potential for cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Thus, in several types of cancer, it is not uncommon for the risk of cardiovascular death to exceed the risk of tumor recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this context, Patnaik et al. reported that cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death in elderly female breast cancer survivors without previously diagnosed cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In relation to incidence, the occurrence of cardiotoxicity varies between 5% and 30% in clinical series, and it is more frequent in a subgroup with the following known risk factors: extremes of age, previous ventricular dysfunction, arterial hypertension, diabetes, use of combined chemotherapy, and mediastinal radiotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Considering that most cancers can currently be considered as chronic diseases and that physical training is known to be beneficial in the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases, during the last two decades, several researchers have focused on the subject of physical activity and cancer. These studies have culminated in the recommendation of physical training not only for prevention, but also as an adjuvant therapy for diagnosis of different types of cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The objective of this article is to present cardio-oncology rehabilitation in the current context.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Pre-participation assessment</title>
				<p>The initial cardiological assessment of patients undergoing cancer treatment who will be submitted to potentially cardiotoxic therapies should include careful anamnesis and physical examination, a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram, and assessment of left ventricular function by echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>It is important to monitor signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF) during chemotherapy treatment, because, although it occurs rarely, early clinical manifestations of toxicity from oncological treatment can culminate in cases of fulminant acute myocarditis and/or severe arrhythmias. As toxicity can appear at any time after the use of chemotherapy drugs (up to several years after the end of treatment), constant surveillance of clinical manifestations of HF is fundamental, especially during the first year after chemotherapy.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> contains important information to take into account before starting physical activity in patients with cancer, such as clinical assessment, with the suggestion of performing pre-participation stress tests, assessment of peculiarities of the consequences of cancer treatment (absence of significant anemia or thrombocytopenia, absence of neutropenia), and factors intrinsic to cancer treatment (well-being, absence of nausea/vomiting, absence of active infections or metabolic diseases).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Complementary assessment of patients with cancer before participation in rehabilitation. Adapted from Gilchrist et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Normal functional testing</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Resting blood pressure ≤160/90 mm Hg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Normal blood pressure response to exercise</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Absence of ischemia</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Absence of ventricular arrhythmias</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Normal O<sub>2</sub> saturation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Absence of symptoms</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>6-minute walk test</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Resting blood pressure ≤160/90 mm Hg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Laboratory tests</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Absence of severe anemia (&lt; 8.0 g/dL)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Absence of neutrophilia &gt; 500 mm<sup>3</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Platelet count &gt; 50,000/μL</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Absence of symptoms</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nausea during exercise</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Vomiting within the past 24 hours</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Disorientation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Blurred vision</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Complications associated with cancer</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acute infection</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acute metabolic disease</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>New lymphedema</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mental or physical alteration during exercise</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Unhealed wound</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bone or brain metastasis</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Self-monitoring skills</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Understands exercise functions</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Understands how to use the equipment</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Roles of functional capacity and physical activity</title>
				<p>Functional capacity is a strong predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and it is used both for prognosis and for indicating therapeutic intervention in a broad range of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. Observational studies have reported a reduction in the number of cardiovascular events in people who regularly perform aerobic physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Patients with cancer have markedly reduced physical capacity in the early stages of the disease. A study carried out with women with breast cancer between 40 and 50 years of age showed an average reduction of 32% in physical capacity in relation to healthy controls, at different phases of treatment. The same study also showed that peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) can be an independent predictor of survival in metastatic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>There is evidence that cancer treatment also has a negative effect on physical capacity, regardless of the presence of cardiotoxicity. A meta-analysis of 27 studies including women with breast cancer showed a 17% and 25% reduction in physical capacity before and after adjuvant therapy, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>One of the most concerning adverse effects of antineoplastic therapy is undoubtedly cardiotoxicity. The presence of systolic ventricular dysfunction results in a significant increase in mortality, in addition to worsening of quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition to cardiovascular changes, adjuvant treatment compromises other systems such as skeletal muscle, resulting in loss of lean mass and muscle function with a consequent impact on functional capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A retrospective study of childhood cancer survivors showed a positive correlation between increased anthracycline dose and reduced physical capacity. In that same study, in spite of higher levels of NT-proBNP, only diastolic dysfunction was found as a structural alteration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are associated with reduced physical capacity in patients with cancer. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the main determinants of low physical capacity in patients with cancer.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Determinants of Low Functional Capacity in Patients with Cancer.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0398-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>It is known that exertion intolerance is one of the most striking characteristics of HF, and it is associated with worse physical capacity, quality of life, and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Studies have already shown that reduced physical capacity in patients with HF occurs similarly in different etiologies, such as ischemic, idiopathic, or hypertensive;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> however, studies in humans who have developed HF secondary to cancer treatment are still scarce in the literature.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Benefits of physical activity in patients with cancer</title>
				<p>In patients with HF, controlled studies have also demonstrated a positive impact of physical activity as an additional therapeutic measure, with improved exertion tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A study published by Antunes-Correa et al., showed that the improvement in physical capacity after 4 months of physical training occurs in a similar manner in patients with HF, regardless of etiology. However, this study did not include patients with cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In experimental studies, there is a suggestion that exercise before the use of anthracyclines or aerobic training before and during the infusion of anthracyclines could reduce the impact of cardiotoxicity. Hayward et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> used a juvenile rat model to assess whether a training protocol would reduce the impact of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. One group underwent aerobic training concomitantly with doxorubicin infusion, and the study concluded that aerobic training, concomitant with the beginning of doxorubicin infusion, reduced doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, in comparison with the untrained rats. Another study by Parry et al. demonstrated that the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin was not affected in rats trained prior to treatment with anthracyclines, but there was a reduction in ventricular dysfunction in the group of trained rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Several other studies have also suggested a protective role for exercise both in acute toxicity of doxorubicin<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and reducing the incidence of HF and ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In patients with cancer, several small randomized studies have demonstrated positive effects of exercise, such as an increased peak VO<sub>2</sub>, improved vascular function, and improved LVEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Another, more robust study, with 4015 patients followed for 8 years, documented a reduced risk of events proportional to the performance of physical activity before the diagnosis of cancer; event-free survival was higher in patients who had previously practiced physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> There is also a meta-analysis of more than 70,000 patients with cancer that demonstrated a strong association between functional capacity and prognosis, with a reduction in mortality in patients with better functional capacity over a 16-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Oncological scenarios studied with physical activity and observed outcomes. Even though they were small, there are multiple studies with various outcomes such as improved functional capacity, reduced mortality, improved vascular function, and improved left ventricular ejection.8 ASCC: adult survivors of childhood cancer; CAD: coronary artery disease; CRF: cardiorespiratory fitness; CVD: cardiovascular disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0398-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>An important aspect of patients with cancer is that, in many cases, they face attacks by various agents, whether related to cardiovascular risk factors already present even before the diagnosis of cancer, the direct injury induced by cancer treatment, or indirect consequences of treatment such as sedentary lifestyle, weight gain, loss of muscle mass, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Accordingly, exercise emerges as a therapeutic proposal to attenuate these multiple “hit points”, given that it controls cardiovascular risk factors, improving the functional capacity of patients, reducing fatigue and improving quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Components of rehabilitation in patients with cancer</title>
				<p>The benefits of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs for non-oncological patients with cardiovascular comorbidities, such as coronary disease and HF are well established and are included as class I, level of evidence A recommendations, in all cardiology guidelines.</p>
				<p>There is, thus, a considerable similarity in the assessment of patients with cancer in relation to the components and recommendations of prescription of physical activity. In both situations (cardiovascular and oncological rehabilitation), a multidisciplinary team is recommended, with prescription of aerobic physical activity and strength (resistance) exercises, in addition to education regarding the disease, treatment, psychosocial assessment, and lifestyle interventions, to optimize the control of cardiovascular risk factors (such as high blood pressure, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and smoking).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> These components can be offered in rehabilitation centers with greater multidisciplinary supervision or as exercises performed outside the rehabilitation center, and it is highly recommended to individualize the prescription of physical activity and periodic reassessments to adjust the stimulus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows practical suggestions for implementing strategies for rehabilitation services and possible applications for monitoring patients who perform activities outside the rehabilitation center.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Strategies for rehabilitation services and solutions for monitoring patient adherence outside the rehabilitation center.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0398-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>However, in spite of similarities in these components, there are several particularities in advising patients with cancer. An example of this limitation regards the adverse effects of chemotherapy, and patients may experience fatigue, nausea, indisposition, loss of muscle mass, or postoperative convalescence, which are factors that do not correspond to the routine of cardiology patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> contains data that summarize this comparison between cardiovascular rehabilitation and cardio-oncological rehabilitation, with several particularities related to patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Particularities of cardio-oncological rehabilitation in relation to cardiovascular rehabilitation. Adapted from Sase et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Cardiac rehabilitation</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th align="left">Cardio-oncological rehabilitation</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="7"><bold>General conditions</bold></td>
									<td rowspan="7"> </td>
									<td>Type of cancer, stage, metastasis</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Health conditions</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Treatment-associated cardiovascular alterations</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lymphoma, ostomies, infection</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Blood count (cell count)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Depression, fatigue, quality of life</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Functional capacity</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="8"><bold>Lifestyle modifications</bold></td>
									<td>Nutrition</td>
									<td>Cancer-specific nutritional assessment</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Weight control</td>
									<td>Body composition (gain or loss of fat mass)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Blood pressure</td>
									<td>Treatment of systemic arterial hypertension</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lipid profile</td>
									<td>Dyslipidemia control</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
									<td>Glycemic control</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Smoking</td>
									<td>Specific referral</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Psychosocial follow-up</td>
									<td>Mental support</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Physical activity</td>
									<td>Reduce sedentarism, increase physical activity</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Prescription of physical exercise</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Development of training guidelines, implementation of cardio-oncologic rehabilitation, strategies to improve outcomes in patients with cancer</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the objective prescription of intensity, frequency, and duration of aerobic and resistance exercises, there is no specific formal recommendation for patients with cancer. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> contains objective recommendations for exercise prescription based on guidelines for patients in cardiovascular rehabilitation, which may serve as parameters for prescription in this scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Practical recommendations for prescribing aerobic and resistance exercises. Adapted from Bozkurt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th align="left">Aerobic exercise</th>
									<th align="left">Resistance exercise</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Frequency</td>
									<td>5 days/week, moderate intensity 3 days/week, high intensity</td>
									<td>2 to 3 consecutive days/week</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intensity</td>
									<td>Heart rate limit Vary intensity (interval)</td>
									<td>Set load and repetitions. Goal of 8 to 10 exercises, 1 to 3 sets, 8 to 16 repetitions</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Time</td>
									<td>30 to 60 minutes, or less if high intensity</td>
									<td>Varies according to capacity</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Type</td>
									<td>Any activity that raises heart rate, such as running, walking, cycling, or dancing</td>
									<td>Resistance bands, dumbbells, machines, or own weight</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary intervention with a great impact on improving functional capacity and quality of life and reducing cardiovascular outcomes. Patients with cancer, in addition to frequently having cardiovascular risk factors, undergo cancer therapy that can cause cardiotoxicity and culminate in a sedentary lifestyle with loss of muscle strength. Accordingly, with due attention to particularities in this patient profile, oncological rehabilitation should be encouraged and prescribed with the aim of complementing specific cancer therapy.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Ewer MS, Ewer SM. Cardiotoxicity of Anticancer Treatments: What the Cardiologist Needs to Know. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(10):564-75. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.121.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ewer</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ewer</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiotoxicity of Anticancer Treatments: What the Cardiologist Needs to Know</article-title>
					<source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>564</fpage>
					<lpage>575</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrcardio.2010.121</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Bloom MW, Hamo CE, Cardinale D, Ky B, Nohria A, Baer L, et al. Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction and Heart Failure: Part 1: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Imaging. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(1):e002661. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002661.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bloom</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamo</surname>
							<given-names>CE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cardinale</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ky</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nohria</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baer</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction and Heart Failure: Part 1: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Imaging</article-title>
					<source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<elocation-id>e002661</elocation-id>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002661</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Carver JR, Shapiro CL, Ng A, Jacobs L, Schwartz C, Virgo KS, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Evidence Review on the Ongoing Care of Adult Cancer Survivors: Cardiac and Pulmonary Late Effects. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(25):3991-4008. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.10.9777.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Carver</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shapiro</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ng</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jacobs</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schwartz</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Virgo</surname>
							<given-names>KS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Evidence Review on the Ongoing Care of Adult Cancer Survivors: Cardiac and Pulmonary Late Effects</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Oncol</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>25</volume>
					<issue>25</issue>
					<fpage>3991</fpage>
					<lpage>4008</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2007.10.9777</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Patnaik JL, Byers T, DiGuiseppi C, Dabelea D, Denberg TD. Cardiovascular Disease Competes with Breast Cancer as the Leading Cause of Death for Older Females Diagnosed with Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Breast Cancer Res. 2011;13(3):R64. doi: 10.1186/bcr2901.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Patnaik</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Byers</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DiGuiseppi</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dabelea</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Denberg</surname>
							<given-names>TD</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiovascular Disease Competes with Breast Cancer as the Leading Cause of Death for Older Females Diagnosed with Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study</article-title>
					<source>Breast Cancer Res</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<size units="pages">R64</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/bcr2901</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Singal PK, Iliskovic N. Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(13):900-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199809243391307.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Singal</surname>
							<given-names>PK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Iliskovic</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>1998</year>
					<volume>339</volume>
					<issue>13</issue>
					<fpage>900</fpage>
					<lpage>905</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199809243391307</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Sase K, Kida K, Furukawa Y. Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation- Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Cardiovascular Outcomes in Cancer Patients and Survivors. J Cardiol. 2020;76(6):559-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.07.014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sase</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kida</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Furukawa</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation- Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Cardiovascular Outcomes in Cancer Patients and Survivors</article-title>
					<source>J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>76</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>559</fpage>
					<lpage>567</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.07.014</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Kalil R Filho, Hajjar LA, Bacal F, Hoff PM, Diz MP, Galas FR, et al. I Brazilian Guideline for Cardio-Oncology from Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(2 Suppl 1):1-52. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2011000700001.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kalil</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
							<suffix>Filho</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hajjar</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bacal</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoff</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Diz</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Galas</surname>
							<given-names>FR</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>I Brazilian Guideline for Cardio-Oncology from Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>52</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011000700001</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Gilchrist SC, Barac A, Ades PA, Alfano CM, Franklin BA, Jones LW, et al. Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation to Manage Cardiovascular Outcomes in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(21):e997-e1012. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000679.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gilchrist</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barac</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ades</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alfano</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Franklin</surname>
							<given-names>BA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jones</surname>
							<given-names>LW</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation to Manage Cardiovascular Outcomes in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>139</volume>
					<issue>21</issue>
					<fpage>e997</fpage>
					<lpage>e1012</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000679</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise Capacity and Mortality Among Men Referred for Exercise Testing. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):793-801. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011858.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Myers</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Prakash</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Froelicher</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Do</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Partington</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Atwood</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Exercise Capacity and Mortality Among Men Referred for Exercise Testing</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>346</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>793</fpage>
					<lpage>801</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa011858</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Stefanick ML, Mouton CP, Oberman A, et al. Walking Compared with Vigorous Exercise for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(10):716-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021067.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Manson</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Greenland</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LaCroix</surname>
							<given-names>AZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stefanick</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mouton</surname>
							<given-names>CP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oberman</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Walking Compared with Vigorous Exercise for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>347</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>716</fpage>
					<lpage>725</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa021067</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Jones LW, Courneya KS, Mackey JR, Muss HB, Pituskin EN, Scott JM, et al. Cardiopulmonary Function and Age-Related Decline Across the Breast Cancer Survivorship Continuum. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(20):2530-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.9014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jones</surname>
							<given-names>LW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Courneya</surname>
							<given-names>KS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mackey</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muss</surname>
							<given-names>HB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pituskin</surname>
							<given-names>EN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scott</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiopulmonary Function and Age-Related Decline Across the Breast Cancer Survivorship Continuum</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Oncol</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>20</issue>
					<fpage>2530</fpage>
					<lpage>2537</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2011.39.9014</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Scott JM, Zabor EC, Schwitzer E, Koelwyn GJ, Adams SC, Nilsen TS, et al. Efficacy of Exercise Therapy on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(22):2297-305. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.77.5809.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Scott</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zabor</surname>
							<given-names>EC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schwitzer</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Koelwyn</surname>
							<given-names>GJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adams</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nilsen</surname>
							<given-names>TS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Efficacy of Exercise Therapy on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Oncol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>22</issue>
					<fpage>2297</fpage>
					<lpage>2305</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2017.77.5809</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Jean-Pierre P, Morrow GR, Roscoe JA, Heckler C, Mohile S, Janelsins M, et al. A Phase 3 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial of the Effect of Modafinil on Cancer-Related Fatigue Among 631 Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program Research Base Study. Cancer. 2010;116(14):3513-20. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25083.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jean-Pierre</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morrow</surname>
							<given-names>GR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roscoe</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Heckler</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mohile</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Janelsins</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Phase 3 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial of the Effect of Modafinil on Cancer-Related Fatigue Among 631 Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program Research Base Study</article-title>
					<source>Cancer</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>116</volume>
					<issue>14</issue>
					<fpage>3513</fpage>
					<lpage>3520</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/cncr.25083</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Shapiro CL, Recht A. Side Effects of Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(26):1997-2008. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200106283442607.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shapiro</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Recht</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Side Effects of Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2001</year>
					<volume>344</volume>
					<issue>26</issue>
					<fpage>1997</fpage>
					<lpage>2008</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM200106283442607</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Wolf CM, Reiner B, Kühn A, Hager A, Müller J, Meierhofer C, et al. Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors on 10-Years Follow-Up Correlates with Cumulative Anthracycline Dose and Is Best Detected by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, Circulating Serum Biomarker, Speckle Tracking Echocardiography, and Tissue Doppler Imaging. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:123. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00123.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wolf</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reiner</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kühn</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hager</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Müller</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meierhofer</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors on 10-Years Follow-Up Correlates with Cumulative Anthracycline Dose and Is Best Detected by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, Circulating Serum Biomarker, Speckle Tracking Echocardiography, and Tissue Doppler Imaging</article-title>
					<source>Front Pediatr</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<size units="pages">123</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fped.2020.00123</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Willens HJ, Blevins RD, Wrisley D, Antonishen D, Reinstein D, Rubenfire M. The Prognostic Value of Functional Capacity in Patients with Mild to Moderate Heart Failure. Am Heart J. 1987;114(2):377-82. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90506-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Willens</surname>
							<given-names>HJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blevins</surname>
							<given-names>RD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wrisley</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Antonishen</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reinstein</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rubenfire</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Prognostic Value of Functional Capacity in Patients with Mild to Moderate Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Am Heart J</source>
					<year>1987</year>
					<volume>114</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>377</fpage>
					<lpage>382</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-8703(87)90506-0</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17. Antunes-Correa LM, Ueno-Pardi LM, Trevizan PF, Santos MR, Silva CH, Franco FG, et al. The Influence of Aetiology on the Benefits of Exercise Training in Patients with Heart Failure. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(4):365-372. doi: 10.1177/2047487316683530.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Antunes-Correa</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ueno-Pardi</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Trevizan</surname>
							<given-names>PF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>MR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>CH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Franco</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Influence of Aetiology on the Benefits of Exercise Training in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>365</fpage>
					<lpage>372</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487316683530</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18 Downing J, Balady GJ. The Role of Exercise Training in Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(6):561-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.020.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Downing</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balady</surname>
							<given-names>GJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Role of Exercise Training in Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>58</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>561</fpage>
					<lpage>569</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.020</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19. Hayward R, Lien CY, Jensen BT, Hydock DS, Schneider CM. Exercise Training Mitigates Anthracycline-Induced Chronic Cardiotoxicity in a juvenile rat model. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(1):149-54. doi: 10.1002/pbc.23392.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hayward</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lien</surname>
							<given-names>CY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jensen</surname>
							<given-names>BT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hydock</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schneider</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Exercise Training Mitigates Anthracycline-Induced Chronic Cardiotoxicity in a juvenile rat model</article-title>
					<source>Pediatr Blood Cancer</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>59</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>149</fpage>
					<lpage>154</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pbc.23392</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20. Parry TL, Hayward R. Exercise Training Does Not Affect Anthracycline Antitumor Efficacy While Attenuating Cardiac Dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;309(6):R675-83. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00185.2015.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Parry</surname>
							<given-names>TL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hayward</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Exercise Training Does Not Affect Anthracycline Antitumor Efficacy While Attenuating Cardiac Dysfunction</article-title>
					<source>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>309</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>R675</fpage>
					<lpage>R683</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpregu.00185.2015</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21. Lee Y, Kwon I, Jang Y, Cosio-Lima L, Barrington P. Endurance Exercise Attenuates Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(1):25-36. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002094.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kwon</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cosio-Lima</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barrington</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Endurance Exercise Attenuates Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity</article-title>
					<source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>25</fpage>
					<lpage>36</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/MSS.0000000000002094</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>22. Wonders KY, Hydock DS, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Acute Exercise Protects Against Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity. Integr Cancer Ther. 2008;7(3):147-54. doi: 10.1177/1534735408322848.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wonders</surname>
							<given-names>KY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hydock</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schneider</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hayward</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Acute Exercise Protects Against Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity</article-title>
					<source>Integr Cancer Ther</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>147</fpage>
					<lpage>154</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1534735408322848</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation>23. Lien CY, Jensen BT, Hydock DS, Hayward R. Short-Term Exercise Training Attenuates Acute Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity. J Physiol Biochem. 2015;71(4):669-78. doi: 10.1007/s13105-015-0432-x.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lien</surname>
							<given-names>CY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jensen</surname>
							<given-names>BT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hydock</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hayward</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Short-Term Exercise Training Attenuates Acute Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity</article-title>
					<source>J Physiol Biochem</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>71</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>669</fpage>
					<lpage>678</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13105-015-0432-x</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation>24. Hydock DS, Lien CY, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Exercise Preconditioning Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(5):808-17. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318163744a.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hydock</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lien</surname>
							<given-names>CY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schneider</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hayward</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Exercise Preconditioning Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction</article-title>
					<source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>40</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>808</fpage>
					<lpage>817</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/MSS.0b013e318163744a</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>25. Hydock DS, Lien CY, Jensen BT, Parry TL, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Rehabilitative Exercise in a Rat Model of Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity. Exp Biol Med. 2012;237(12):1483-92. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012137.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hydock</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lien</surname>
							<given-names>CY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jensen</surname>
							<given-names>BT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parry</surname>
							<given-names>TL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schneider</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hayward</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Rehabilitative Exercise in a Rat Model of Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity</article-title>
					<source>Exp Biol Med</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>237</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>1483</fpage>
					<lpage>1492</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1258/ebm.2012.012137</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation>26. Okwuosa TM, Ray RM, Palomo A, Foraker RE, Johnson L, Paskett ED, et al. Pre-Diagnosis Exercise and Cardiovascular Events in Primary Breast Cancer: Women’s Health Initiative. JACC CardioOncol. 2019;1(1):41-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2019.08.014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Okwuosa</surname>
							<given-names>TM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ray</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Palomo</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Foraker</surname>
							<given-names>RE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Johnson</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paskett</surname>
							<given-names>ED</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Pre-Diagnosis Exercise and Cardiovascular Events in Primary Breast Cancer: Women’s Health Initiative</article-title>
					<source>JACC CardioOncol</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>41</fpage>
					<lpage>50</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaccao.2019.08.014</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation>27. Schmid D, Leitzmann MF. Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Predictor of Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(2):272-8. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu250.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Schmid</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leitzmann</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Predictor of Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
					<source>Ann Oncol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>26</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>272</fpage>
					<lpage>278</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/annonc/mdu250</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation>28. Tomic-Canic M, DiPietro LA. Cellular Senescence in Diabetic Wounds: When Too Many Retirees Stress the System. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(5):997-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.02.019.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tomic-Canic</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DiPietro</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cellular Senescence in Diabetic Wounds: When Too Many Retirees Stress the System</article-title>
					<source>J Invest Dermatol</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>139</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>997</fpage>
					<lpage>999</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jid.2019.02.019</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<label>29</label>
				<mixed-citation>29. Bozkurt B, Fonarow GC, Goldberg LR, Guglin M, Josephson RA, Forman DE, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients with Heart Failure: JACC Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(11):1454-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.030.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bozkurt</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonarow</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goldberg</surname>
							<given-names>LR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guglin</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Josephson</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Forman</surname>
							<given-names>DE</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients with Heart Failure: JACC Expert Panel</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>77</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1454</fpage>
					<lpage>1469</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.030</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<label>30</label>
				<mixed-citation>30. Venturini E, Iannuzzo G, D’Andrea A, Pacileo M, Tarantini L, Canale ML, et al. Oncology and Cardiac Rehabilitation: An Underrated Relationship. J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1810. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061810.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Venturini</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Iannuzzo</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>D’Andrea</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pacileo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tarantini</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Canale</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Oncology and Cardiac Rehabilitation: An Underrated Relationship</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Med</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<size units="pages">1810</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm9061810</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Reabilitação Cardiovascular em Pacientes com Câncer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Vellosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Obtenção de dados,Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gonzales</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Renata R. T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Ensino para o Diagnóstico (CAPED) – Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Ipanema Health Club – Cardiologia do Esporte, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina – Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Pedro Vellosa Schwartzmann • Universidade de São Paulo Campus de Ribeirão Preto - Faculdade de Medicina – Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14040-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil E-mail: pedrovs.usp@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Os avanços do tratamento do câncer aumentaram tanto a sobrevida dos pacientes quanto sua susceptibilidade às doenças cardiovasculares, não somente pelo aumento dos fatores de risco como também em decorrência do próprio tratamento. A cardiotoxicidade relacionada às drogas antineoplásicas é um dos efeitos cardiovasculares mais temidos durante ou após o tratamento quimioterápico e está associada à piora do prognóstico em sobreviventes de câncer, além de reduzir consideravelmente a capacidade física e a qualidade de vida. Neste cenário, o modelo multimodal da reabilitação cardio-oncológica torna-se uma estratégia fundamental em pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular ou para o desenvolvimento de cardiopatias secundárias ao tratamento oncológico, bem como naqueles com cardiopatia já estabelecida. Nesse artigo abordaremos o papel da reabilitação cardíaca em pacientes oncológicos e suas particularidades.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Reabilitação</kwd>
				<kwd>Câncer</kwd>
				<kwd>Atividade Física</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A detecção precoce e o tratamento assertivo transformaram o câncer de uma doença praticamente fatal para, em muitos casos, uma condição crônica. Devido ao progresso no tratamento oncológico e aumento da sobrevida, o tempo de exposição aos fatores de risco cardiovascular tornou-se maior e com isso cresceu a prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes com câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O sucesso do tratamento oncológico muitas vezes só é possível com o uso de medicamentos com elevado potencial de toxicidade cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Assim, em diversos tipos de câncer, não é incomum que o risco de morte cardiovascular supere o risco de recorrência do tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Neste contexto, Patnaik e col. reportaram que a doença cardiovascular foi a principal causa de morte em mulheres idosas sobreviventes de câncer de mama sem doença cardiovascular previamente diagnosticada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Com relação à incidência, a ocorrência de cardiotoxicidade varia nas séries clínicas entre 5% e 30%, sendo mais frequente em um subgrupo com fatores de risco conhecidos: extremos de idade, disfunção ventricular prévia, hipertensão arterial, diabetes, uso de associação de quimioterápicos e radioterapia mediastinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Considerando que a maioria dos cânceres atualmente pode ser considerada como doença crônica e que o treinamento físico é sabidamente benéfico no tratamento de diversas doenças cardiovasculares, nas últimas duas décadas diversos pesquisadores debruçaram-se sobre o tema atividade física e câncer. Tais estudos culminaram com a orientação de treinamento físico não só para a prevenção, mas também como terapia adjuvante frente ao diagnóstico de diferentes tipos de câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a reabilitação cardiovascular oncológica no contexto atual.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação pré-participação</title>
					<p>Com relação à avaliação cardiológica inicial dos pacientes envolvidos no tratamento do câncer e que serão submetidos a terapias potencialmente cardiotóxicas, esta deve incluir cuidadosa anamnese e exame físico, um eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 derivações e avaliação da função ventricular esquerda pela ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>É importante o monitoramento de sinais e sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) durante o tratamento quimioterápico, visto que, embora ocorra raramente, as manifestações clínicas precoces de toxicidade do tratamento oncológico podem culminar em quadros de miocardite aguda fulminante e/ou arritmias graves. Como a toxicidade pode apresentar-se em qualquer momento após o uso dos quimioterápicos (até vários anos após o término do tratamento), é fundamental uma vigilância constante de manifestações clínicas de IC, especialmente durante o primeiro ano pós-quimioterapia.</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> contém informações importantes a serem contempladas antes do início da atividade física nos pacientes oncológicos, tais como: avaliação clínica do paciente, com sugestão de realização de exames de esforço pré-participação, avaliação de peculiaridades das consequências do tratamento oncológico (ausência de anemia ou plaquetopenia importantes, ausência de neutropenia), além de fatores intrínsecos ao tratamento oncológico (bem estar, ausência de náuseas/vômitos, sem infecções ativas ou doenças metabólicas).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Avaliação complementar pré-participação de reabilitação no paciente oncológico. Adaptado de Gilchrist et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="100%">
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Teste funcional normal</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>TCPE</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PA em respouso ≤160/90 mm Hg</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Resposta normal da PA no exercício</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausência de isquemia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausência de arritmias ventriculares</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Saturação normal de O<sub>2</sub></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausência de sintomas</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Teste de caminhada dos 6 min</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PA em repouso ≤160/90 mm Hg</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausência de anemia severa (&lt;8,0 g/dL)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausência de netrofilia &gt;500 mm<sup>3</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Plaquetas&gt;50000/µL</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Ausência de sintomas</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Náusea durante exercício</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Vômitos nas últimas 24h</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Desorientação</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Turvação visual</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Complicações associadas ao câncer</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Infecção aguda</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Doença metabólica aguda</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Linfedema novo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Alteração mental ou física durante exercício</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ferida não cicatrizada</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Metástase óssea ou cerebral</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Capacidade de se auto-monitorar</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Compreender as funções dos exercícios</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Entender como usar o aparelho</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Papel da capacidade funcional e atividade física</title>
					<p>Capacidade funcional é um forte preditor de mortalidade e de eventos cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> sendo utilizado tanto para prognóstico como para indicação de intervenção terapêutica em uma gama variável de doenças cardiovasculares e não cardiovasculares. Estudos observacionais reportaram uma redução do número de eventos cardiovasculares em pessoas que realizavam atividade física aeróbica regularmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Pacientes com câncer apresentam uma capacidade física marcadamente reduzida em estágios precoces da doença. Um estudo realizado com mulheres com câncer de mama com idades entre 40 e 50 anos mostrou uma redução em média de 32% da capacidade física em relação ao controle saudável, em diferentes fases do tratamento, esse mesmo estudo também mostrou que o consumo de oxigênio pico (VO<sub>2</sub>) pode ser um preditor independente de sobrevida na doença metastática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Existem evidências de que o tratamento do câncer também age negativamente na capacidade física, independente da presença de cardiotoxicidade. Uma metanálise de 27 estudos envolvendo mulheres com câncer de mama, mostrou uma redução de 17% e 25% da capacidade física antes e após a terapia adjuvante, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um dos efeitos adversos mais preocupantes da terapia antineoplásica sem dúvida é a cardiotoxicidade. A presença de disfunção ventricular sistólica resulta em aumento significativo da mortalidade, além da piora da qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Além de alterações cardiovasculares, o tratamento adjuvante compromete outros sistemas como o músculo esquelético, resultando em perda de massa magra e da função muscular com consequente impacto na capacidade funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um estudo retrospectivo com sobreviventes de câncer infantil mostrou uma correlação positiva entre o aumento da dose de antraciclina e a redução da capacidade física. Nesse mesmo estudo, apesar de níveis mais elevados de NT-proBNP, somente disfunção diastólica foi encontrada como alteração estrutural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia estão associadas à redução da capacidade física em pacientes com câncer. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> mostramos os principais determinantes da baixa capacidade física em pacientes com câncer.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Determinantes da baixa capacidade física em pacientes com câncer.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0398-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Sabe-se que a intolerância ao esforço é uma das características mais marcantes da IC e está associada à piora da capacidade física, qualidade de vida e prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Estudos já demonstraram que a redução da capacidade física em pacientes com IC ocorre de forma semelhante em diferentes etiologias, como isquêmica, idiopática ou hipertensiva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> porém estudos em humanos que desenvolveram IC secundário ao tratamento do câncer são ainda escassos na literatura.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Benefícios da atividade física no paciente oncológico</title>
					<p>Em pacientes portadores de IC, estudos controlados também demonstraram impacto positivo da atividade física como medida terapêutica adicional, com melhora da tolerância ao esforço.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Um estudo publicado por Antunes-Correa e col., mostrou que a melhora da capacidade física após 4 meses de treinamento físico ocorre de forma semelhante nos pacientes com IC, independente da etiologia. No entanto esse estudo não incluiu pacientes com cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em estudos experimentais, há sugestão de que exercício pré-utilização de antracíclicos ou o treinamento aeróbico antes e durante a infusão de antraciclinas poderiam reduzir o impacto de cardiotoxicidade. Hayward et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> utilizaram um modelo juvenil de rato para avaliar se um protocolo de treinamento reduziria o impacto da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela antraciclina. Um grupo foi submetido a treinamento aeróbico concomitantemente à infusão da doxorrubicina e a conclusão do trabalho foi de que o treinamento aeróbico, concomitante ao início da infusão de doxorrubicina, reduziu a cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina em comparação aos ratos não treinados. Outro estudo, de Parry et al. demonstraram que a eficácia terapêutica da doxorrubicina não foi afetada em ratos treinados previamente ao tratamento com as antraciclinas, mas houve redução de disfunção ventricular no grupo de ratos treinado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Diversos outros estudos também sugerem um papel de proteção do exercício tanto na toxicidade aguda da doxorrubicina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> quanto na redução de incidência de IC e disfunção ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em pacientes oncológicos, diversos pequenos estudos randomizados demonstraram efeitos positivos do exercício, como aumento de VO<sub>2</sub> pico, melhora da função vascular e da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Um outro estudo mais robusto, com 4015 pacientes seguidos por 8 anos, documentou redução de risco de eventos proporcional à realização de atividade física antes do diagnóstico do câncer; a sobrevida livre de eventos foi superior naqueles pacientes previamente praticantes de atividade física.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Há também uma metanálise com mais de 70 mil pacientes oncológicos que demonstrou forte associação entre capacidade funcional e prognóstico, com redução de mortalidade em pacientes com melhor capacidade funcional em um seguimento de 16 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cenários oncológicos estudados com atividade física e desfechos observados. Apesar de pequenos, há diversos estudos com variados desfechos como melhora de capacidade funcional, redução de mortalidade, melhora de função vascular e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> ACR: aptidão cardiorrespiratória; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; DCV: doença cardiovascular; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0398-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Um aspecto importante nesses pacientes oncológicos é que, muitas vezes, eles são submetidos a agressões de diversos agentes, seja relacionada aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares já presentes antes mesmo do diagnóstico do câncer, à lesão direta induzida pelo tratamento oncológico ou consequências indiretas do tratamento como sedentarismo, ganho de peso, perda de massa muscular, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Desse modo, o exercício surge como uma proposta terapêutica de atenuação desses múltiplos “hit points”, uma vez que atua controlando os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, melhorando a capacidade funcional dos pacientes, reduzindo fadiga e trazendo melhora de qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Componentes da reabilitação no paciente oncológico</title>
					<p>Os benefícios do programa de reabilitação cardiovascular para pacientes não oncológicos, portadores de comorbidades cardiovasculares como doença coronária e IC são bem estabelecidos e constam de recomendações classe I nível de evidência A em todas as diretrizes de cardiologia.</p>
					<p>Sendo assim, há uma similaridade considerável na avaliação de pacientes oncológicos em relação aos componentes e recomendações da prescrição de atividade física. Nas duas situações (reabilitação cardiovascular e oncológica), há recomendação de equipe multidisciplinar, com prescrição de atividade física aeróbica e exercícios de força (resistido), além de educação quanto à doença, tratamento, avaliação psicossocial e intervenções no estilo de vida, para otimizar o controle de fatores de risco cardiovasculares (como hipertensão arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidade e tabagismo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Esses componentes podem ser oferecidos em centros de reabilitação com maior supervisão multidisciplinar ou exercícios realizados fora do centro de reabilitação, sendo altamente recomendada a individualização na prescrição da atividade física e reavaliações periódicas para adequação do estímulo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> traz sugestões práticas de implementação de estratégias para serviços de reabilitação e possíveis aplicações para monitorar o paciente que realiza atividades fora do centro de reabilitação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Estratégias para serviços de reabilitação e soluções para monitorar a adesão dos pacientes fora do centro de reabilitação.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0398-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Contudo, apesar de semelhanças nesses componentes, há diversas particularidades na orientação do paciente oncológico. Um exemplo dessa limitação diz respeito aos efeitos adversos da quimioterapia, sendo que o paciente pode apresentar fadiga, náuseas, indisposição, perda de massa muscular ou convalescência pós-operatória – fatores esses que não representam a rotina do paciente cardiológico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> contém dados que sumarizam essa comparação da reabilitação cardiovascular com a reabilitação cardio-oncológica, com diversas particularidades relacionadas ao paciente oncológico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Particularidades da reabilitação cardio-oncológica em relação à reabilitação cardiovascular. Adaptado de Sase et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Reabilitação Cardíaca</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th align="left">Reabilitação Cardio-Oncológica</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="7"><bold>Condições gerais</bold></td>
										<td rowspan="7"> </td>
										<td>Tipo de câncer, estágio, metástase</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Condições de saúde</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Alterações cardiovasculares associadas ao tratamento</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Linfoma, ostomias, infecção</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hemograma (contagem celular)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Depressão, fadiga, qualidade de vida</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Capacidade funcional</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="8"><bold>Modificação de estilo de vida</bold></td>
										<td>Nutrição</td>
										<td>Avaliação nutricional específica para câncer</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Controle do peso</td>
										<td>Composição corporal (ganho ou perda de massa de gordura)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pressão arterial</td>
										<td>Tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Perfil lipídico</td>
										<td>Controle da dislipidemia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
										<td>Controle glicêmico</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tabagismo</td>
										<td>Encaminhamento específico</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Acompanhamento psicossocial</td>
										<td>Suporte mental</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Atividade física</td>
										<td>Redução do sedentarismo, aumento atividade física</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Prescrição de exercício físico</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td>Desenvolvimento de diretrizes de treinamento, implementação de reabilitação cardio-oncológica, estratégias para melhorar desfechos em pacientes com câncer</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Em relação à prescrição objetiva de intensidade, frequência e duração dos exercícios aeróbico e resistido, não há uma recomendação formal específica para os pacientes oncológicos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> contém recomendações objetivas para a prescrição de exercício provenientes de orientações em pacientes de reabilitação cardiovascular e podem servir de parâmetro para a prescrição nesse outro cenário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Recomendações práticas de prescrição de exercícios aeróbico e resistido. Adaptado de Bozkurt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th align="left">Exercício Aeróbio</th>
										<th align="left">Exercício Resistido</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Frequência</td>
										<td>5 dias/semana, moderada intensidade 3 dias/semana, alta intensidade</td>
										<td>2 a 3 dias consecutivos/ semana</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intensidade</td>
										<td>Limite de frequência cardíaca Variar intensidade (intervalado)</td>
										<td>Definir carga e repetições. Objetivo de 8 a 10 exercícios, 1 a 3 séries, 8 a 16 repetições</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tempo</td>
										<td>30 a 60 minutos, ou menos se alta intensidade</td>
										<td>Varia conforme capacidade</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tipo</td>
										<td>Qualquer atividade que aumente a frequência cardíaca, como corrida, caminhada, ciclismo ou dança</td>
										<td>Elásticos, halteres, aparelhos ou próprio peso</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A reabilitação é uma intervenção multidisciplinar com grande impacto na melhora de capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida e redução de desfechos cardiovasculares. O paciente oncológico, além de também frequentemente possuir fatores de risco cardiovasculares, é submetido à terapêutica oncológica que pode causar cardiotoxicidade e culminar com sedentarismo e perda de força muscular. Desse modo, com as devidas particularidades nesse perfil de paciente, a reabilitação oncológica deve ser estimulada e prescrita com o intuito de complementar a terapêutica específica oncológica.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>