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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230010</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Advanced Heart Failure in the Cancer Patient</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7857-9863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Seguro</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lídia Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailng Address: Lídia Zytynski Moura • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – R. Imac. Conceição, 1155 – Prado Velho. Postal Code 80215-901, Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>lidia.zyt@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>395</fpage>
			<lpage>397</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Chemotherapy-induced Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Advanced Heart Failure: Ventricular Assist Devices</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="14"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Innovations in anti-neoplastic treatments have amplified the number of long-term survivors. Even with novel malignancy therapies, anthracyclines are the foundation of cancer treatment, especially in hematologic malignancies, sarcomas, and breast cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) has been described in up to 10% of tumor survivors, and the progression to end-stage HF in 2% to 3%. According to estimations grounded on retrospective registry data, such as United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) or Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) registries, 0.5-2.5% of patients undergoing advanced HF therapies such as left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and orthotopic heart transplantation have had previous cancer treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>These studies also revealed exceptional individualities of these patients with advanced HF. They are usually younger (44–53 years) and mostly women (62%–72%), and with less comorbidities. Despite the concern with the history of previous cancer and the sequelae of cancer treatment, many studies have suggested that these patients do not have worse outcomes than other cases of HF. Therefore, discussing advanced HF and its management in this population has become imperative.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Mechanical circulatory support in chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>Patients with chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy (CCMP) and advanced HF are often precluded from heart transplantation because of the history of recently treated or current cancer. In these cases, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) may work as bridge to candidacy, destination therapy or even bridge to recovery of the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Data are limited regarding MCS in CCMP.</p>
				<p>Analysis of the INTERMACS including 3812 patients between June 2006 and March 2011 compared 75 patients (2% of total) with chemotherapy-induced CCMP in MCS with 1345 ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP) patients and 2392 non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients (NICMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients with CCMP were younger, mostly women (72%) and with less comorbidities, and destination therapy was more common as an implantation strategy compared to the other two groups (33% versus 14% in non-ischemic and 22% in ischemic cardiomyopathy). There was no difference in INTERMACS profile or functional class, and left ventricular ejection fraction was similar between groups. Concomitant surgery (usually valve procedure) was more common in CCMP. Overall survival was similar between groups, and heart transplantation was possible for 29% of CCMP group, 32% of ICMP group and 36% of NICP group.</p>
				<p>However, biventricular involvement is common in CCMP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and in this publication,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> surrogate markers of right ventricular dysfunction were more frequent in CCMP patients compared to the other two groups: CCMP patients had higher atrial pressure, lower pulmonary systolic pressure, and higher central venous pressure/pulmonary wedge pressure ratio. These findings were translated in a 19% rate of need for right ventricular mechanical support in CCMP, compared to 11% in NICMP and 6% in ICMP (p=0.006). The need for right ventricular mechanical support was associated with worse survival, while CCMP patients on LVAD had similar survival compared to the other two groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In the analysis of INTERMACS registry, left ventricular recovery was present in only one patient in the group of CCMP. There are few case reports in literature of patients on LVAD or biventricular support in which MCS weaning was successful. A case report and literature review published in 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> presents a case of biventricular support in a female patient with anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy who was on a LVAD and had right ventricular assistance with a centrifugal pump and a membrane oxygenator. After 64 days, she was submitted to a mitral annuloplasty and was weaned from biventricular support eight days after the procedure. Other eight cases of LVAD support in CCMP patients were reviewed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and the time on support before weaning MCS varied from two to 17 months, suggesting recovery do not happen in the short term and long term MCS may be needed to enable recovery in this group of patients.</p>
				<p>Myocarditis leading to cardiogenic shock may also be a consequence of cancer therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The use of the antimetabolite 5-fluoracil or high doses of cyclophosphamide may rarely lead to myocarditis, but more recently the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has been associated with fulminant myocarditis in up to 1% of cases, with high fatality rate of 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In ICI-related myocarditis, myocardium is infiltrated by T-lymphocytes and macrophages leading to myocyte death and acute cardiac dysfunction. Short-term MCS may be necessary in acute HF patients presenting cardiogenic shock, while immunosuppressive therapy with intravenous methylprednisolone is warranted. There are only case reports about MCS in this scenario,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and usual acute HF management is recommended by current guidelines in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Heart transplant</title>
				<p>Heart transplant (HTx) is an effective treatment for patients with advanced HF and may be considered in patients with cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Due to the potential risk of relapse of primary neoplasia, resulting in lower long-term survival, malignancy within five years was previously considered a contraindication to HTx. However, data from large registries did not confirm this hypothesis.</p>
				<p>In an analysis of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) registry of patients submitted to HTx between 2000 and 2008, 232 patients with chemotherapy-related cardiomyopathy were identified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The most common malignancies were leukemia or lymphoma (33%) and breast cancer (31%). Short-term and long-term survival rates were similar to those with other cardiomyopathies. Allograft rejection in the first year after transplant was significantly lower and hospitalizations for post-transplant infections were higher in patients with chemotherapy-related cardiomyopathy. Those findings may be explained by persistent immunosuppression from previous cancer therapies. Skin cancer, but not malignancy recurrence or death from cancer, was more frequent. Only one case of cancer recurrence was seen, suggesting that this is not a big concern in selected patients with CCMP.</p>
				<p>Similar results were found in an analysis of the UNOS registry comparing 453 HTx recipients with CCMP to 51,312 recipients with other causes of cardiomyopathy, between 1987 and 2011. Patients with CCMP were younger and more likely female. There was no significant difference in unadjusted 10-year survival or death due to malignancy rates between the groups. Actually, after adjusting for age, gender, and history of malignancy, the 10-year survival was even higher in the chemotherapy-related cardiomyopathy group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A more recent analysis of the UNOS registry was performed including patients listed for HTx from 2008 to 2018. This cohort included 18,270 patients (357 with CCMP, 10,662 with dilated cardiomyopathy and 7,251 with ischemic cardiomyopathy). Patients with chemotherapy-related cardiomyopathy were younger, predominantly women, less likely to be diabetic or to have an LVAD at the time of HTx. Breast cancer and hematologic malignancies were the most common type of neoplasia (44% and 25%, respectively). Short-term and long-term survival post-HTx were similar between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nevertheless, patients with restrictive CCMP and specially radiation seem to have worse prognosis. In another study using data collected between 2000 and 2015 from the UNOS registry, 87 patients with radiation-induced restrictive CMP were compared with patients with restrictive CMPs of other etiologies (n=1,049) and all the others (n=44,805). Patients with radiation-induced restrictive CMP were younger and more likely to have previous cardiac surgeries. They had longer lengths of stay after transplant and higher early and long-term mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Current guidelines suggest collaboration with oncology specialists to stratify patients according to their risk of tumor recurrence and no arbitrary observation time is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> HTx should be considered when tumor recurrence is low based on tumor type, response to therapy, and negative metastatic workup.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The management of patients with advanced HF due to CCMP is highly controversial, both because there are few studies in this population and because of issues about the underlying disease and sequelae of its treatment. This concern is justified, since, as we discussed, this population has some peculiarities that affect treatment response. Although the overall outcome of patients with CCMP is not inferior to that of other etiologies, these patients may have worse prognostic factors, such as biventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, among others. In addition, concerns about cancer and its treatment often impact the decision for heart transplantation, although more recent studies have shown a similar progression to other cardiomyopathies. Therefore, better understanding the peculiarities of this population is important and justifies the advances in cardio-oncology in recent years, especially in the field of advanced HF.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada no Paciente com Câncer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7857-9863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Seguro</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lídia Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Lídia Zytynski Moura • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - R. Imac. Conceição, 1155 – Prado Velho. CEP 80215-901, Curitiba, PR - Brasil E-mail: lidia.zyt@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Induzida por Quimioterapia</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada</kwd>
				<kwd>Dispositivos de Assistência Ventricular</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante Cardíaco</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Inovações nos tratamentos antineoplásicos possibilitaram o aumento no número de sobreviventes em longo prazo. Mesmo diante de novas terapias, as antraciclinas continuam a base do tratamento para o câncer, especialmente em doenças hematológicas, sarcomas, e câncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) foi descrita em até 10% dos sobreviventes do câncer, e a progressão para IC terminal em 2-3%. Segundo estimativas baseadas em registros retrospectivos, tais como o do <italic>United Network for Organ Sharing</italic> (UNOS) e o <italic>Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support</italic> (INTERMACS), 0,5-2,5% dos pacientes submetidos a terapias para IC avançada, tais como dispositivo de assistência ventricular esquerda (DAVE) e transplante cardíaco ortotópico, foram submetidos a um tratamento antineoplásico previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Esses estudos também revelaram particularidades excepcionais desses pacientes com IC avançada. Os pacientes são geralmente mais jovens (44-53 anos), a maioria do sexo feminino (62-72%), e com menos comorbidades. Apesar da preocupação existente com história de câncer e sequelas do tratamento, muitos estudos sugeriram que esses pacientes não apresentam piores desfechos em comparação a outros casos de IC. Assim, discutir IC avançada e seu manejo nessa população tornou-se imperativo.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Suporte circulatório mecânico em quimioterapia e cardiomiopatia induzida por quimioterapia</title>
					<p>Pacientes com cardiomiopatia (CMP) induzida por quimioterapia e IC avançada geralmente não são elegíveis para transplante cardíaco devido à presença de câncer atual ou câncer recentemente tratado. Nesses casos, o suporte circulatório mecânico (SCM) pode servir como ponte para candidatura ao transplante, terapia de destino ou mesmo ponte para recuperação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dados sobre SCM na CMP induzida por quimioterapia são ainda limitados.</p>
					<p>Análise do INTERMACS incluindo 3812 pacientes entre junho de 2006 e março de 2011 comparou 75 pacientes (2% do total) com CMP induzida por quimioterapia em SCM com 1345 pacientes com CMP isquêmica (CMPi) e 2392 pacientes com CMP não isquêmica (CMPNi).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia eram mais jovens, maioria mulheres (72%), e com menos comorbidades, e a terapia de destino foi mais comum como estratégia de implante em comparação aos outros dois grupos (33% versus 14% CMPNi e 22% na CMPi). Não houve diferença no perfil INTERMACS ou classe funcional, e a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda foi similar entre os grupos. Cirurgia concomitante (geralmente procedimento valvar) foi mais comum na CMP induzida por quimioterapia. A sobrevida global foi similar entre os grupos, e o transplante cardíaco foi possível para 29% do grupo com CMP induzida por quimioterapia, 32% no grupo CMPi e 36% no grupo CMPNi.</p>
					<p>Contudo, o envolvimento biventricular é comum na CMP induzida por quimioterapia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e nessa publicação,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> marcadores alternativos da disfunção ventricular direita não foram mais frequentes nos pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia em comparação aos outros dois grupos: os pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia apresentaram maior pressão atrial, pressão sistólica pulmonar mais baixa, e maior razão entre pressão venosa central/pressão propulsora pulmonar. Esses achados foram traduzidos em uma taxa de 19% de necessidade de suporte mecânico do ventrículo direito na CMP induzida por quimioterapia, em comparação a uma taxa de 11% na CMPNi e 6% na CMPi (p=0,006). A necessidade de suporte mecânico ventricular direito foi associada a pior sobrevida, e pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia em DAVE apresentaram sobrevida similar em comparação aos dois outros grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na análise do registro INTERMACS, a recuperação do ventrículo esquerdo esteve presente em somente um paciente no grupo da CMP induzida por quimioterapia. Existem poucos relatos de casos na literatura de pacientes em DAVE ou suporte biventricular em que o desmame do SCM tenha sido bem-sucedido. Um relato de caso e revisão da literatura publicada em 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> apresenta um caso de suporte biventricular em uma paciente em DAVE e que recebeu assistência ventricular direita com bomba centrífuga e suporte de oxigenação por membrana. Após 64 dias, a paciente foi submetida a uma anuloplastia mitral e retirada do suporte biventricular oito dias após o procedimento. Outros oito casos de suporte por DAVE em pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia foram revisados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e o tempo em suporte antes do desmame do SCM variou entre dois e 17 meses, sugerindo que a recuperação não ocorre em curto prazo, e um SCM de longo prazo pode ser necessário para a recuperação nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
					<p>A miocardite que leva ao choque cardiogênico também pode ser uma consequência do tratamento do câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O uso do antimetabólito 5-fluoracil ou altas doses de ciclofosfamida raramente causam miocardite, mas, mais recentemente, o uso de inibidores de <italic>checkpoint</italic> imunológicos (ICI) foi associado à miocardite fulminante em até 1% dos casos, com alta taxa de fatalidade (50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Na miocardite relacionada aos ICI, o miocárdio é infiltrado por linfócitos T e macrófagos, levando à morte de miócitos e disfunção cardíaca aguda. Pacientes com IC aguda e choque cardiogênico necessitam de terapia imunossupressora com metilprednisolona intravenosa, e SCM de curto prazo pode ser necessário. Há somente relatos de caso sobre SCM nesse cenário,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e o usual manejo da IC aguda é recomendado por diretrizes atuais nesses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
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					<title>Transplante cardíaco</title>
					<p>O transplante cardíaco é um tratamento eficaz para pacientes com IC avançada e pode ser considerado em paciente com disfunção cardíaca relacionada ao tratamento oncológico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Devido ao potencial risco de recidiva da neoplasia primária, resultando em menor sobrevida em longo prazo, a ocorrência de doença maligna em cinco anos foi considerada uma contraindicação para o transplante. Contudo, dados de grandes registros não confirmaram essa hipótese.</p>
					<p>Em uma análise do registro da sociedade internacional de transplante cardíaco e pulmonar (ISHLT, <italic>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic>), de pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco entre 2000 e 2008, foram identificados 232 pacientes com CMP relacionada à quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As doenças malignas mais comuns foram leucemia ou linfoma (30%) e câncer de mama (31%). As taxas de sobrevida de curto prazo e de longo prazo foram similares às de pacientes com outras CMPs. A rejeição a aloenxerto no primeiro ano após o transplante foi significativamente mais baixa, e as taxas de internação por infecção pós-transplante foram mais altas nos pacientes com CMP relacionada à quimioterapia. Esses achados podem ser explicados por imunossupressão persistente de tratamentos oncológicos anteriores. Câncer de pele foi mais frequente nesses pacientes, diferentemente de recorrência ou morte por câncer. Observou-se somente um caso de recorrência de câncer, sugerindo que isso não seja uma preocupação importante em pacientes selecionados com CMP induzia por quimioterapia.</p>
					<p>Resultados similares foram obtidos por uma análise do registro do UNOS comparando 453 receptores de transplante com CMP induzida por quimioterapia com 51312 receptores com CMP induzida por outras causas, entre 1987 e 2011. Os pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia eram mais jovens, e com maior probabilidade de serem mulheres. Não se observou diferença significativa nas taxas de sobrevida de 10 anos ou de morte por doença maligna entre os grupos. De fato, após ajuste por idade, sexo e história de doença maligna, a sobrevida em dez anos foi ainda maior no grupo com CMP relacionada à quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Uma análise mais recente do registro UNOS foi realizada incluindo pacientes listados para transplante de 2008 a 2018. Essa coorte incluiu 18270 pacientes (357 com CMP induzida por quimioterapia, 10662 com CMP dilatada, e 7251 com CMPi). Os pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia eram mais jovens, predominantemente do sexo feminino, menos propensos a apresentarem diabetes ou um DAVE no momento do transplante. O câncer de mama e doenças malignas hematológicas foram os tipos mais comuns de neoplasia (44% e 25%, respectivamente). A sobrevida em curto e em longo prazo pós-transplante cardíaco foi similar entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Contudo, pacientes com CMP restritiva, induzida por quimioterapia, e aqueles submetidos à radiação parecem ter um pior prognóstico. Em outro estudo usando dados coletados entre 2000 e 2015 do registro UNOS, 87 pacientes com CMP restritiva induzida por radiação foram comparados com pacientes com CMPs de outras etiologias (n=1049) e todos os demais (n=44805). Pacientes com CMP restritiva induzida por radiação eram mais jovens e com maior probabilidade de apresentaram cirurgias cardíacas. Eles apresentaram maior tempo de permanência após o transplante e maior mortalidade em longo e em curto prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Diretrizes atuais sugerem colaboração com especialistas em oncologia para estratificar os pacientes de acordo com o risco de recorrência de tumor e não recomendam nenhum período de observação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O transplante cardíaco deve ser considerado quando a taxa de recorrência de tumor for baixa, com base no tipo do tumor, resposta à terapia, e exames negativos para metástases.</p>
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				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O manejo de pacientes com IC avançada é muito controverso, tanto por haver poucos estudos nessa população e por questões relacionadas à doença de base e sequelas do tratamento. Tal preocupação procede, uma vez que, conforme discutimos, essa população apresenta algumas peculiaridades que afetam a resposta ao tratamento. Embora o desfecho global dos pacientes com CMP induzida por quimioterapia não seja inferior à CMP com outras etiologias, esses pacientes podem apresentar piores fatores prognósticos, tais como disfunção biventricular, hipertensão pulmonar, entre outros. Ainda, considerações sobre o câncer e seu tratamento geralmente influenciam na decisão sobre transplante cardíaco, embora estudos mais recentes mostraram uma evolução similar para outras CMPs. Assim, um melhor entendimento sobre as peculiaridades dessa população é importante, e justifica os avanços na cardio-oncologia nos últimos anos, principalmente no âmbito da IC avançada.</p>
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					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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