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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230001</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230001</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Obstructive Cardiac Tumors</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1969-5135</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cauduro</surname>
						<given-names>Sanderson Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Coordination</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dutra</surname>
						<given-names>João Pedro Passos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Coordination</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Verônica Câmara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4551-1096</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rocha</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia dos Santos de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4521-4577</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mialski</surname>
						<given-names>Talita Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nobrega</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula Konig da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barberato</surname>
						<given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Erasto Gaertner – Cardio-Oncologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Erasto Gaertner – Cardio-Oncologia, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas (CEPON), Florianópolis, SC – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia – DCC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pequeno Príncipe</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Príncipe,Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>8</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>9</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">CardioEco Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Sanderson Antonio Cauduro • Hospital Erasto Gaertner – Cardio-Oncologia – Rua Dr. Ovande do Amaral, 201. Postal Code 81520-060, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>scauduro@gmail.com</email>, <email>cauduro.apple@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>367</fpage>
			<lpage>373</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Cardiac tumors are considered rare clinical entities and can affect any cardiac tissue. Metastatic (secondary) cardiac tumors are more frequently diagnosed than primary tumors (malignant or benign). Both types can cause valve and/or inflow and outflow tract obstructions in any cardiac chamber, leading to symptoms of heart failure, as well as embolization and arrhythmia. Treatment of benign tumors is usually surgical, and that of metastatic and primary malignant tumors will depend on their origin and type, with poor prognosis. Recurrence of benign tumors is frequent. The aim of this article is to provide the clinician with tools to optimize diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of tumors with obstructive features causing heart failure.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiac masses are a frequent finding in clinical practice, encompassing a wide range of presentations, such as tumors, thrombi, vegetations, and anomalous structural changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cardiac tumors, the type of mass to be discussed in this paper, can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary tumors are very rare, with a described incidence of 1.38/100 million individuals<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and less than 1:2,000 autopsies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is estimated that 90% of these tumors are benign and originate from the myocardium or pericardium, consisting mainly of myxomas in adults and rhabdomyomas in children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Malignant primary tumors, in turn, consist mainly of sarcomas, followed by lymphomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Secondary tumors (metastases) are malignant per se and have a higher incidence than primary tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cardiac tumors may be incidental findings, which has become increasingly more frequent in the last decade with advances in imaging methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> They may be asymptomatic or lead to systemic manifestations, embolisms, and cardiac structural impairment. Depending on tumor location and size, the most frequent symptoms are dyspnea, chest pain, hypotension, cyanosis, syncope, and arrhythmias. These symptoms result from mass effect, which interferes with function of cardiac structural and with coronary or intracavitary blood flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The differentiation between benign and malignant tumors is important for prognosis, although it bears highlighting that even benign tumors may have important clinical repercussions, related to their location and size. The use of multimodality imaging is usually necessary to assess the etiology of cardiac tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Mass location and aspect, image characteristics, and patient’s age are some useful factors for diagnosis, which often rules out the need for biopsy. Obstructive cardiac tumors show a relatively predictable distribution in ventricles, atria, and valves, as presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is worth emphasizing that the therapeutic approach should be individualized, considering factors such as possibility of tumor surgical resection, comorbidities, and prognosis of oncologic disease, in the case of secondary tumors. Therefore, treatment of cardiac tumors involves shared decision-making by the multidisciplinary team.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Specific location of the main obstructive cardiac tumors detected on transthoracic echocardiogram. Adapted from Griborio Guzman AG et al. † Malignant characteristic.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>This review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of primary and secondary cardiac tumors whose clinical manifestation is associated with the hemodynamic obstruction caused by tumor, leading to heart failure, syncope, and shock. Pericardial and extracardiac tumors associated with cardiac compression and low cardiac output syndrome will not be approached.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Use of cardiovascular imaging for diagnosis of obstructive cardiac tumors</title>
				<p>Intracardiac masses associated with shock, syncope, or low cardiac output require non-invasive investigation, avoiding invasive procedures such as tissue biopsy, if possible. Currently, multimodality imaging investigation allows for clarifying the etiology of most of these masses.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>1) Transthoracic echocardiogram</title>
					<list list-type="alpha-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p>Two-dimensional Doppler: widely available method, consisting of the front-line technique for diagnostic investigation in suspected intracavitary mass. This test can determine tumor location, size, type of fixation, mobility, and hemodynamic consequences, in addition to assess the presence of pericardial effusion or other associated abnormalities. Furthermore, the use of Doppler allows for evaluating cardiac output and instant gradient between the chambers, important in cases of tumor obstruction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Its utility can be limited in patients with unfavorable acoustic window, such as obese patients, those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or subcutaneous emphysema, or in the investigation of masses coming from venae cavae or pulmonary branches.</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f02">
									<label>Figure 2</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Giant left atrial myxoma in an adult at two-dimensional echocardiogram. A) Parasternal long axis view. B) four-chamber apical view. In both images, the tumor blocks the left ventricular inflow tract. C) Continuous Doppler showing increased mean gradient (14 mmHg) compatible with obstruction.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf02.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Three-dimensional echocardiogram: it provides additional anatomical data for the spatial tumor characterization, which makes it possible to increase diagnostic accuracy of the method, help in surgical strategy, and monitor immediate and late outcomes of procedures.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Transesophageal echocardiogram: useful to supplement anatomical and functional assessment when the echocardiogram findings were not conclusive and for intraoperative assessment.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Contrast echocardiogram: malignant tumors, such as sarcomas, are highly vascularized, whereas benign ones, such as myxomas, are not. Thrombi, a very frequent and avascular condition, are the main differential diagnoses. Therefore, endocavitary contrast allows for characterizing the limits and the shape of masses, and also inform on the presence or absence of neovascularization surrounding the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2) Cardiac computed tomography</title>
					<p>It has great accuracy for the anatomical definition of the tumor and its surrounding structures, enabling to assess the obstructive potential of these structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Furthermore, it allows for complementary evaluation of coronary circulation, being useful in the assessment of concomitant obstructive coronary artery disease and possible surgical planning. Its use requires administering ionizing radiation and iodine contrast. Therefore, its use should be considered when other imaging tests were not conclusive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cardiac computed tomography from a 58-year-old male patient evidencing myxoma on right and left atria (arrows). A,B) Short axis images of the left atrium revealing tumor protrusion into the mitral valve, partially blocking the left ventricular inflow tract. C) Two-chamber image showing the size of the mass in its larger axis. D) Four-chamber image of the heart in which is possible to observe a tumor pedicle adhered to the interatrial septum and the relationship between the mass and the mitral valve orifice. Image Courtesy of Dr. Tiago Augusto Magalhães.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf03.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3) Cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
					<p>This diagnostic method is essential in the etiologic definition of cardiac tumors and masses. It allows for tissue characterization, making it possible to define whether the content of the structure assessed is fat, fluid, fibrosis, or thrombus, for example. Assessment of cardiac tumor perfusion can define the magnitude of its vascularization, showing evidence of malignancy. It has excellent special/time resolution, allowing for an anatomical assessment of obstruction caused by tumor in the inflow and outflow tracts of cardiac chambers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>) and of intracavitary flows.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cardiac magnetic resonance of 34-year-old female patient with a voluminous mass occupying the right atrium (arrows). A) Four-chamber cine magnetic resonance imaging scan showing a right atrial mass occupying part of the tricuspid valve plane during ventricular diastole and partially blocking the right ventricular inflow tract. This image also reveals discrete pericardial effusion (arrow heads). In B), short axis view of the right atrium depicts partial obstruction of inferior vena cava ostium by the atrial mass. C,D) Late enhancement images showing paramagnetic contrast uptake, which makes the diagnosis of intracavitary thrombus unlikely. Dynamic perfusion images of the mass (not shown) revealed signs of a highly vascularized structure, suggesting the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm. Image Courtesy of Dr. Tiago Augusto Magalhães.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf04.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>4) PET/CT</title>
					<p>Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is a method that combines CT from radiology and PET scan from nuclear medicine in a single test and helps in tumor staging and in the assessment of recurrence and therapeutic response of several types of cancer. This test has no limitations with regard to acoustic window, metallic prostheses, and kidney failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> PET/CT uses radiopharmaceuticals to define images, such as fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>F-FDG). The uptake of this substance by tumor cells reflects their metabolic activity and level of disease aggressiveness, helping to differentiate between malignant and benign tumors and thus avoiding cardiac biopsies and unnecessary invasive treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Secondary Obstructive Cardiac Tumors</title>
			<p>Secondary cardiac tumors, such as cardiac metastases, are the most frequent cardiac tumors in clinical practice, being 22 to 132 times more common than primary cardiac neoplasms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Cardiac metastases may occur by four routes: a) direct extension, b) bloodstream, c) lymphatic system (more frequent), d) intracavitary diffusion through the vena cava or pulmonary veins. Right cardiac chambers receive most of the lymph drained and are more affected by metastases. Secondary tumors are located on the myocardium, endocardium, or pericardium and can affect all ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Cardiac metastases may be found in up to 18% of individuals with stage IV cancer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> especially melanoma and lymphoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Thoracic neoplasms such as lung, breast, and esophagus cancer, are also among those more commonly associated with cardiac metastases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In most cases, cardiac metastases are clinically silent and diagnosed only on post-mortem examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> When symptomatic, their main clinical manifestation is pericardial effusion, with varied degrees of severity. In tumors affecting the myocardium, infiltration and cardiac wall edema, causing arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation or flutter, and even atrioventricular block. Manifestations associated with systolic or diastolic ventricular dysfunction may occur, especially in patients with tumors with a diffuse ventricular involvement. Acute myocardial infarction is rare and may result from thrombus or from perivascular or extrinsic compression. In tumors that disseminate through the vena cava, such as renal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, there may be complete right atrial obstruction and tricuspid valve block, resulting in a clinical pattern similar to that of pericardial constriction or myocardial restrictive disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As previously highlighted, right cardiac chambers are the most involved in secondary tumors, with right chamber obstruction being one of the most severe presentations of metastatic tumors. These cases manifest with signs and symptoms of right heart failure, such as ascites, jugular swelling, lower limb edema, cyanosis, syncope, right bundle branch block, systolic ejection murmur along left sternal border, pulmonary hypertension, and even sudden death. Cases of pulmonary embolism secondary to tumor fragmentation and displacement<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> have already been described. Neuroendocrine tumors can be more associated with heart failure due to valve involvement, as occurs in carcinoid syndrome. A study reported the case of a metastatic nonfunctioning neuroendocrine tumor that caused outflow obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There are numerous case reports of metastases causing ventricular outflow tract obstruction related to neoplasms of several primary sites, such as soft tissue sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, liposarcoma, ovary carcinoma, renal cell adenocarcinoma, hepatic tumors, pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinoma, and even squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the mouth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although less common, there are reports of left ventricular inflow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>) and outflow obstruction in individuals with synovial sarcoma of the foot and grade III pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma, both undergoing treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy and evolving to death after 3 and 6 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The main manifestation of left ventricular obstruction is progressive dyspnea. The masses can infiltrate ventricular wall and advance to the outflow tract, causing flow restriction. Similar presentations were also described in an individual with clear cell carcinoma; even after surgical removal of the mass, the patient died after 1 month.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Transthoracic echocardiogram (parasternal longitudinal view). Tumor metastasis (osteosarcoma) originating from the right superior pulmonary vein and extending to the left atrium and protruding into the left ventricle. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; Tu: tumor; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; RV: right ventricle. Image created by the authors.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>One of the most important invasive diagnostic methods is pericardioscopy, which allows inspection of the pericardium and epicardium and permits tissue acquisition. It is a powerful diagnostic tool, especially in diseases of unknown origin, particularly when combined with pathological and molecular methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In cases of right ventricular obstruction, the use of a Swan-Ganz catheter may be useful, and catheterization may allow for tumor biopsy, although the procedure carries a non-negligible risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The treatment of secondary cardiac tumors depends on the analysis of complications and clinical manifestations associated with the presence of cardiac metastasis, prognosis, and patient’s functional status,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> with no specific guidelines for each situation. Hemodynamically significant arrhythmias should be treated with cardioversion and radiofrequency ablation, when indicated. In cases of advanced blocks, implantation of a pacemaker may be necessary. Surgical treatment should be considered in the following cases: a) prognosis is favorable; b) no involvement of other metastatic sites; c) when the tumor can be completely removed; or d) in the presence of obstructive tumors. Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy should be performed together, according to tumor specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>For obstructive tumors, more aggressive measures are often necessary to ensure hemodynamic stability. Treatment strategies such as placement of prostheses (stents) on the right ventricular outflow tract in a patient with metastatic sarcomatoid carcinoma and emergency surgery with or without pulmonary and/or tricuspid valve repair followed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy have already been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In many cases, cardiac metastases are found in already disseminated tumors, in which palliative treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is one of the only alternatives. The prognosis is usually poor, with death occurring in less than 6 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Primary cardiac tumors</title>
			<p>Cardiac tumors are rare (0.001% to 0.3%, according to pathological studies), and are classified as benign or malignant, and as primary or secondary (metastatic).</p>
			<p>Secondary tumors occur more frequently. They have a variable location (myocardium, endocardium, and pericardium), different histopathological characteristics, can affect all ages. Furthermore, their clinical manifestations depend on location and hemodynamic involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the pediatric population, most cases have a benign pattern and a satisfactory prognostic evolution. The primary benign tumors with greater prevalence and obstructive potential are, in an increasing order of frequency, rhabdomyomas, teratomas, fibromas, and myxomas.</p>
			<p>Malignant tumors occur in nearly 10% of the cases and show an aggressive pattern, with limited prognosis and high mortality rates. Additionally, the most prevalent primary subtype is rhabdomyosarcoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Benign primary tumors</title>
			<p><bold>Rhabdomyoma –</bold> The most common primary cardiac neoplasm in children, accounting for more than 60% of cardiac tumors in this population. Nearly 75% of the cases are diagnosed in the first year of life, mostly in the prenatal (through fetal echocardiography) or neonatal periods. It may be asymptomatic or manifest with signs of blood flow obstruction, as well as myocardial function involvement and arrhythmias. There is a strong correlation between cardiac rhabdomyoma and tuberous sclerosis, since this disease is present in 50% of children with the tumor, which may be ser unique or multiple.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Rhabdomyoma has a biphasic growth pattern, with a progressive increase up to the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy and total or partial regression up to the first year of life, which is why management tends to be conservative, unless the patient shows signs of cardiac decompensation. Rhabdomyoma is a non-infiltrative, non-metastasizing tumor usually located in the ventricles, especially in the septal region, and may cause fixed or dynamic obstruction of inflow or outflow tracts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
			<p><bold>Teratoma</bold> – Although rare, it accounts for 2/3 of pediatric cardiac tumors and is usually diagnosed in the fetal period. It is commonly located next to base vessels, and causes pericardial effusion and local myocardial impairment, which may lead to fetal or sudden death.</p>
			<p>As well as other teratomas, cardiac teratoma is a solid mass with cystic and neuroepithelial components.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p><bold>Fibroma –</bold> This type of tumor may be associated with Gorlin syndrome, is mostly located in the septum or in the ventricular free wall, is usually nodular and solitary, can be well or poorly delimited, can present with calcifications or not, and has no tendency to regression. Treatment is surgical and involves complete resection, but it not always possible, due to tumor size and infiltrative aspect, which may lead to indication of heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			<p><bold>Myxoma</bold> – It is more common in adults, but may also occur in older children, and is often associated with genetic syndromes (LAMB, NAME and Carney) and endocrine diseases (adrenal hyperplasia, gigantism, and testicular Sertoli cell tumor).</p>
			<p>It is mainly located in the left atrium, adhered to atrial septum or adjacent to the oval fossa, are typically pedunculated, and may also originate from the ventricular wall or from cardiac valves in variable proportions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Frequency of myxomas and their distribution according to cardiac chambers</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Myxomas</th>
								<th>Frequency (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Right atrium</td>
								<td align="center">12.7-28.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left atrium</td>
								<td align="center">60.0-90.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Biatrial</td>
								<td align="center">1.3-8.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left ventricle</td>
								<td align="center">0.6-4.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Right ventricle</td>
								<td align="center">1.7-8.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Multifocal</td>
								<td align="center">0.8-1.6</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>It may have an atrioventricular obstructive clinical pattern and cause embolic phenomena (paradoxical embolism) both for the pulmonary artery tree and for its periphery or the brain vascular territory, depending on the affected side (often the left one). It can also manifest with arrhythmias and signs and symptoms of decompensated acute heart failure, which brings potential risk of death.</p>
			<p>Differential diagnosis is made with organized thrombus and with inflammatory diseases, due to the possibility of manifesting with constitutional symptoms resulting from cytokine release. It requires immediate diagnosis and surgical resection, due to the high risk of embolization (observed in up to 1/3 of patients).</p>
			<p>Transthoracic echocardiogram is the initial diagnostic method, and transesophageal echocardiogram is the one with the highest sensitivity (95% vs. 100%). Cardiac magnetic resonance is a supplemental method that provides excellent tissue characterization and allows for identifying local invasion, in addition to permitting differentiation between myxoma and other types of tumors. PET /CT may be useful in differentiating malignancy and diagnosing neuroendocrine tumors. The prognosis of myxomas is excellent when they are treated with immediate surgical resection. Overall rates of survival are similar to those of the general population with the same age, although studies found a rate of postoperative recurrence from 1% to 6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Primary malignant tumors</title>
			<p>They are rare and show poor prognosis. Sarcomas are the most prevalent ones, although germ cell tumors, rhabdoid tumors, and lymphomas have also been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			<p><bold>Rhabdomyosarcoma</bold> - This is the most prevalent sarcoma subtype in the pediatric population, accounting for nearly 4 to 7% and often affecting cardiac valves. Clinical presentation is associated with the invasive or obstructive nature of the tumor, whose semiological characterization is difficult, due to its rapid growth. Nearly 46% of patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, which disseminated either via lymphatic system or by contiguity, and pulmonary artery tree obstruction is a manifestation to be considered. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy and is limited by tumor aggressiveness, thus resulting in low survival rates, which are below 1 year in most cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This review about obstructive intracardiac tumors showed that their incidence is low, but they should be considered in patients diagnosed with intracardiac masses and showing hemodynamic impairment compatible with low cardiac output. In adults and children, myxoma stands out as the most common benign tumor, whereas tumor metastases (especially from melanomas and lung, kidney, and colon cancers) characterize the most frequent malignant cases and have limited prognosis.</p>
			<p>Echocardiogram is still the most traditional diagnostic imaging method, providing the initial characteristics of the mass under investigation. Other methods, such as cardiac magnetic resonance, may be used in additional investigations. Special attention should be given to patients that have already been diagnosed with certain types of cancer and who evolve with progressive dyspnea.</p>
			<p>In addition to frequent causes, such as anemia, differential diagnoses with obstructive intracardiac tumor should be considered as effects of chemotherapy, sarcopenia, ventricular diastolic or systolic dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, and restrictive syndromes. Treatment can be curative, such as in myxomas, or palliative, always considering the prognosis of the initial primary tumor.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tumores Cardíacos Obstrutivos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1969-5135</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cauduro</surname>
						<given-names>Sanderson Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Coordenação</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dutra</surname>
						<given-names>João Pedro Passos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Coordenação</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Verônica Câmara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4551-1096</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rocha</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia dos Santos de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4521-4577</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mialski</surname>
						<given-names>Talita Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7002"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nobrega</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula Konig da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barberato</surname>
						<given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9002"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Erasto Gaertner – Cardio-Oncologia, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas (CEPON), Florianópolis, SC – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia – DCC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7002">
				<label>7</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8002">
				<label>8</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9002">
				<label>9</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Sanderson Antonio Cauduro • Hospital Erasto Gaertner - Cardio-Oncologia – Rua Dr. Ovande do Amaral, 201. CEP 81520-060, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: scauduro@gmail.com, cauduro.apple@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Tumores cardíacos são entidades clínicas consideradas raras e podem acometer qualquer tecido cardíaco. Os tumores cardíacos metastáticos (secundários) são mais frequentemente diagnosticados que os tumores primários (malignos ou benignos). Ambos podem causar obstruções valvares e/ou das vias de entrada e saída de quaisquer câmaras cardíacas, causando sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca, além de embolizações e arritmias. O tratamento dos tumores benignos geralmente é cirúrgico, e o dos tumores metastáticos e malignos primários dependerá da origem e do tipo, com prognóstico reservado. A recorrência dos tumores benignos é frequente. O objetivo deste artigo é proporcionar ao clínico ferramentas para otimizar o diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento de tumores com características obstrutivas, causadores de insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias Cardíacas</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico por Imagem</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O achado de massas cardíacas é um desafio frequente na prática clínica. Elas abrangem uma ampla gama de apresentações tais como tumores, trombos, vegetações e alterações estruturais anômalas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os tumores cardíacos, massas a serem abordadas neste artigo, podem ser divididos em primários e secundários. Os primários são muito raros, com a incidência descrita como 1,38/100 milhões de indivíduos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e achados em menos de 1:2.000 necrópsias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estima-se que 90% deles sejam benignos e originados no miocárdio ou no pericárdio, sendo na sua maioria mixomas nos adultos e rabdomiomas em crianças.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Já os tumores primários malignos na maioria são sarcomas, seguidos pelos linfomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os tumores secundários (metástases) são malignos por definição e apresentam incidência mais elevada que os tumores primários.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os tumores cardíacos podem ser achados incidentais, algo que se tornou mais frequente na última década com os avanços dos métodos de imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Podem ser assintomáticos ou levar a manifestações sistêmicas, embolias e comprometimento das estruturas cardíacas. Dependendo da localização e tamanho do tumor, os sintomas mais frequentes são dispneia, dor torácica, hipotensão, cianose, síncope e arritmias. Esses sintomas são resultados do efeito da massa que interfere na função das estruturas cardíacas e no fluxo sanguíneo coronário ou intracavitário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A diferenciação entre tumores benignos e malignos é importante do ponto de vista prognóstico, mas devemos ressaltar que mesmo tumores benignos podem ter repercussão clínica importante relacionada a sua localização e tamanho. O emprego de multimodalidade de imagem geralmente é necessário para avaliação da etiologia dos tumores cardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A localização e o aspecto da massa, características da imagem e idade do paciente são alguns fatores úteis para o diagnóstico, que na maioria das vezes exclui a necessidade de biópsia. Os tumores cardíacos obstrutivos apresentam distribuição relativamente previsível nos ventrículos, átrios e valvas, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Devemos destacar que a abordagem terapêutica deve ser individualizada, levando em consideração fatores como possibilidade de ressecção cirúrgica do tumor, comorbidades e o prognóstico da doença oncológica, no caso dos tumores secundários. Dessa forma, o tratamento dos tumores cardíacos envolve decisões compartilhadas pela equipe multidisciplinar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Localização específica dos principais tumores cardíacos obstrutivos detectados à ecocardiografia transtorácica. Adaptado de Griborio Guzman AG et al. † Característica maligna.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Nesta revisão focaremos no diagnóstico e tratamento dos tumores cardíacos primários e secundários cuja manifestação clínica está associada à obstrução hemodinâmica causada pelo tumor, desencadeando insuficiência cardíaca, síncope e choque. Os tumores de pericárdio e tumores extracardíacos associados à compressão e síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco não serão abordados.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Utilização da imagem cardiovascular para diagnóstico de tumores cardíacos obstrutivos</title>
					<p>Massas intracardíacas associadas a choque, síncope ou baixo débito cardíaco demandam investigação não invasiva, se possível evitando procedimentos invasivos, como biópsia do tecido investigado. Atualmente, a investigação por multimodalidade de imagem permite esclarecer a etiologia da maioria dessas massas.</p>
					<sec>
						<title>1) Ecocardiograma transtorácico</title>
						<list list-type="alpha-lower">
							<list-item>
								<p>Bidimensional com Doppler: método amplamente disponível, constitui a técnica de imagem de primeira linha para a investigação diagnóstica na suspeita de massa intracavitária cardíaca. O exame pode delinear a localização, tamanho, tipo de fixação, mobilidade e consequências hemodinâmicas, além da presença de derrame pericárdico ou outras anormalidades associadas. Além disso, o uso do Doppler permite avaliar débito cardíaco e gradiente instantâneo entre as câmaras, importante em casos de obstrução tumoral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). Sua utilidade pode ser limitada em pacientes com janela acústica desfavorável, como em obesos, naqueles com DPOC ou enfisema subcutâneo, ou na investigação de massas oriundas de veias cavas ou ramos pulmonares.</p>
								<p>
									<fig id="f02002">
										<label>Figura 2</label>
										<caption>
											<title>– Mixoma gigante em átrio esquerdo de adulto no ecocardiograma bidimensional. A) corte paraesternal de eixo longo. B) corte apical de quatro câmaras. Em ambas as imagens, o tumor obstrui a via de entrada do ventrículo esquerdo. C) Doppler contínuo mostra elevação de gradiente médio (14 mmHg) compatível com obstrução.</title>
										</caption>
										<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf02-pt.tif"/>
									</fig>
								</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Ecocardiograma tridimensional: fornece dados adicionais anatômicos na caracterização espacial do tumor, capazes de aumentar a acurácia diagnóstica do método, auxiliar na estratégia cirúrgica e monitorar resultados imediatos e tardios de procedimentos.</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Ecocardiograma transesofágico: útil para complementar a avaliação anatômica e funcional quando o ecocardiograma não foi esclarecedor e para avaliação intraoperatória.</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Ecocardiograma com contraste: tumores malignos, como os sarcomas, são bastante vascularizados, enquanto os benignos, como os mixomas, não têm essa característica. Os trombos, uma condição avascular bastante frequente, são os principais diagnósticos diferenciais. Assim, os contrastes endocavitários permitem caracterizar os limites e o formato das massas, além de informar sobre a presença ou ausência de neovascularização adjacente ao miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>2) Tomografia computadorizada cardíaca</title>
						<p>Apresenta ótima acurácia para definição anatômica do tumor e de estruturas adjacentes, possibilitando avaliar o potencial obstrutivo dessas estruturas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>). Além disso, permite avaliação complementar da circulação coronariana, útil na avaliação de doença coronariana obstrutiva concomitante e eventual planejamento cirúrgico. Seu uso exige o emprego de radiação ionizante e contraste iodado. Dessa forma, sua utilização deve ser considerada quando os demais exames de imagem não forem conclusivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03002">
								<label>Figura 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Tomografia cardíaca de paciente masculino, 58 anos, evidenciando mixoma em topografia de átrio direito e esquerdo (setas). A,B) Imagens em eixo curto do átrio esquerdo demonstrando protrusão do tumor no plano da valva mitral, obstruindo parcialmente a via de entrada do ventrículo esquerdo. C) Imagem em duas câmaras, evidenciando extensão da massa em seu maior eixo. D) Imagem em corte das quatro câmaras do coração, observando-se pedículo tumoral aderido ao septo interatrial e a relação da massa com o orifício valvar mitral. Imagem cortesia do Dr. Tiago Augusto Magalhães.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf03-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>3) Ressonância magnética cardíaca</title>
						<p>Trata-se de modalidade diagnóstica indispensável na definição etiológica de tumores e massas cardíacas. Apresenta a possibilidade de caracterização tecidual, permitindo a definição do conteúdo da estrutura estudada como gordura, líquido, fibrose ou trombo, por exemplo. A avaliação da perfusão dos tumores cardíacos pode definir a magnitude de sua vascularização, apontando indícios de malignidade. Tem ótima resolução espacial/temporal, permitindo avaliação anatômica da presença de obstrução causada pelo tumor nas vias de entrada e saída das câmaras cardíacas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>), assim como fluxos intracavitários.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f04002">
								<label>Figura 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Ressonância Magnética do coração em paciente de 34 anos, portadora de volumosa massa ocupando átrio direito (setas). A) Imagem de cine-ressonância em incidência 4 câmaras apresentam massa atrial direita ocupando parte do plano valvar tricúspide durante a diástole ventricular, com obstrução parcial à via de entrada do ventrículo direito. Adicionalmente, observa-se derrame pericárdico discreto (cabeças de seta). Em B), observa-se plano do eixo curto do átrio direito, onde se evidencia obstrução parcial do óstio da veia cava inferior pela massa atrial. C, D) Imagens de realce tardio demonstram captação de contraste paramagnético, o que torna improvável o diagnóstico de trombo intracavitário. Imagens de perfusão dinâmica da massa (não demonstradas) demostraram que essa estrutura apresentava sinais de alta vascularização, sugerindo o diagnóstico de neoplasia maligna. Imagem cortesia do Dr. Tiago Augusto Magalhães.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf04-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>4) PET/CT</title>
						<p>A tomografia por emissão de pósitrons associada a tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT) é uma modalidade que une a CT da radiologia e a PET da medicina nuclear em um único exame, ajudando no estadiamento e na avaliação de recidiva e de resposta terapêutica de vários tipos de câncer. Esse exame não apresenta limitações quanto a janela acústica, próteses metálicas e insuficiência renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O PET/CT emprega radiofármacos para definir as imagens, como a fluordesoxiglicose marcada com flúor-18 (<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>F-FDG). A captação dessa substância pelas células tumorais reflete atividade metabólica e grau de agressividade da doença, ajudando na diferenciação entre tumores malignos e benignos e, assim, evitando biópsias cardíacas e tratamentos invasivos desnecessários.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tumores cardíacos secundários obstrutivos</title>
				<p>Os tumores cardíacos secundários, como as metástases cardíacas, são os tumores cardíacos mais frequentes na prática clínica, sendo 22 a 132 vezes mais comuns que as neoplasias primárias do coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As metástases cardíacas podem ocorrer por quatro vias: a) extensão direta, b) corrente sanguínea, c) sistema linfático (mais frequente), d) disseminação intracavitária através da veia cava ou das veias pulmonares. As câmaras cardíacas direitas recebem a maior parte da drenagem linfática, sendo mais acometidas por metástases. Os tumores secundários apresentam localização miocárdica, endocárdica ou pericárdio e podem afetar todas as faixas etárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> As metástases cardíacas podem ser encontradas em até 18% de indivíduos com câncer estágio IV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> principalmente melanoma e linfoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Neoplasias torácicas como pulmão, mama e esôfago também estão entre os cânceres mais comumente associados a metástases para o coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na maioria dos casos, as metástases cardíacas são clinicamente silenciosas e diagnosticadas apenas na avaliação <italic>post-mortem</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Quando sintomáticos, a principal manifestação clínica é o derrame pericárdio, com grau de gravidade variável. Nos tumores que acometem o miocárdio, pode ocorrer infiltração e edema da parede, causando arritmias, como fibrilação ou flutter atrial, e até bloqueios atrioventriculares. Podem ocorrer manifestações associadas a disfunção sistólica ou diastólica ventricular, principalmente naqueles tumores com acometimento difuso dos ventrículos. O infarto agudo do miocárdio é raro, podendo ser ocasionado por trombo, compressão perivascular ou extrínseca. Nos tumores que se disseminam através da veia cava, como carcinoma renal e carcinoma hepatocelular, pode haver obstrução completa do átrio direito e bloqueio da valva tricúspide, resultando em clínica semelhante a pericardite constritiva ou miocardiopatia restritiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Como já ressaltado, as câmaras cardíacas direitas são as mais envolvidas pelos tumores secundários, sendo uma das apresentações mais graves dos tumores metastáticos a obstrução das câmaras direitas. Esses casos se manifestam com sinais e sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca direita, tais como ascite, turgência jugular, edema de membros inferiores, cianose, síncope, bloqueio de ramo direito, sopro sistólico ejetivo na borda paraesternal esquerda, hipertensão pulmonar e até morte súbita. Casos de embolismo pulmonar secundários a fragmentação e deslocamento do tumor<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> já foram descritos. Tumores neuroendócrinos podem ser mais associados com insuficiência cardíaca por envolvimento valvar, como na síndrome carcinoide. Há relato de tumor neuroendócrino não funcionante metastático para ventrículo direito, levando à obstrução da via de saída.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Existem inúmeros relatos de casos de metástases causando obstrução da via de saída ventricular relacionados a neoplasias com sítio primário de diversas origens, tais como sarcoma de tecidos moles, linfoma, leucemia, lipossarcoma, carcinoma de ovário, adenocarcinoma renal, tumores hepáticos, adenocarcinoma (pâncreas e colorretal), e até carcinoma de células escamosas de base de língua.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Embora menos comuns, existem relatos de obstrução da via de entrada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref>) e via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo em indivíduos com sarcoma sinovial de pé e leiomiossarcoma pleomórfico grau III, ambos submetidos a tratamento com quimioterapia e radioterapia paliativos e evolução para óbito entre 3 e 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A obstrução do ventrículo esquerdo tem como principal manifestação a dispneia progressiva. As massas podem infiltrar a parede ventricular e avançar para a via de saída, causando restrição ao fluxo. Uma apresentação semelhante foi descrita também em um indivíduo com carcinoma renal de células claras; mesmo após retirada cirúrgica da massa, óbito ocorreu após 1 mês.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico (corte paraesternal longitudinal). Metástase tumoral (osteossarcoma) originando-se em veia pulmonar superior direita com extensão para o átrio esquerdo e protrusão para o ventrículo esquerdo. AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; Tu: tumor; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito. Imagem dos autores.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0367-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Entre os métodos diagnósticos invasivos, destaca-se a pericardioscopia, que permite a inspeção do pericárdio e epicárdio e, então, a realização da biópsia do tecido. É uma potente aliada para o diagnóstico, sobretudo em doenças de origem desconhecida, principalmente quando associada a estudos de avaliação patológica e molecular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nos casos em que há obstrução de ventrículo direito, o uso de cateter de Swan-Ganz pode ser útil, e a cateterização pode permitir biópsia do tumor, entretanto com risco não desprezível no procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O tratamento relacionado aos tumores cardíacos secundários depende da análise das complicações e manifestações clínicas associadas à presença da metástase cardíaca, prognóstico e status funcional do paciente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> não havendo diretrizes específicas para cada situação. Arritmias hemodinamicamente significativas devem ser tratadas com cardioversão e ablação por radiofrequência, quando indicadas. Em casos de bloqueios avançados, o suporte com implante de marcapasso pode ser necessário. O tratamento cirúrgico deve ser considerado em: a) casos cujo prognóstico é favorável; b) ausência de envolvimento de outros sítios metastáticos; c) quando o tumor pode ser completamente removido; ou d) na presença de tumores obstrutivos. Quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia adjuvantes devem ser realizadas em conjunto conforme a especificidade do tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Para tumores obstrutivos, muitas vezes são necessárias medidas mais agressivas para garantir a estabilidade hemodinâmica. Estratégias de tratamentos como próteses (stents) na via de saída do ventrículo direito em carcinoma sarcomatoide metastático, e mesmo cirurgia de emergência com ou sem reconstrução valvar pulmonar e/ou tricúspide seguida de quimioterapia neoadjuvante, já foram descritas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em boa parte dos casos, as metástases cardíacas são encontradas em tumores já muito disseminados, nos quais o tratamento paliativo com quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia é uma das únicas alternativas. Em geral o prognóstico é ruim, com óbito em menos de 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tumores cardíacos primários</title>
				<p>Os tumores cardíacos são raros (0,001% a 0,3%, segundo estudos patológicos), sendo classificados como benignos ou malignos, primários ou secundários (metastáticos).</p>
				<p>Os secundários ocorrem com maior frequência. Apresentam localização variável (miocárdio, endocárdio e pericárdio), características histopatológicas distintas e manifestações clínicas dependentes da localização e comprometimento hemodinâmico, podendo abranger todas as faixas etárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na população pediátrica, a maioria dos casos apresenta padrão benigno com evolução prognóstica satisfatória. Dentre os tumores primários benignos, os mais prevalentes e com potencial obstrutivo estão representados, por ordem crescente de frequência, pelos rabdomiomas, teratomas, fibromas e mixomas.</p>
				<p>Os tumores malignos ocorrem em cerca de 10% dos casos e apresentam comportamento agressivo com prognóstico limitado e alta mortalidade, sendo o rabdomiossarcoma o subtipo primário mais prevalente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tumores primários benignos</title>
				<p><bold>Rabdomioma –</bold> Neoplasia cardíaca primária mais comum em crianças, correspondendo a mais de 60% dos tumores cardíacos nessa faixa etária. Aproximadamente 75% dos casos são diagnosticados no primeiro ano de vida, sendo a maioria no período pré-natal (eco fetal) ou neonatal. Pode ser assintomática ou manifestar-se por sinais de obstrução ao fluxo sanguíneo, além de comprometimento da função miocárdica e arritmias. Existe uma forte correlação entre a presença de rabdomioma cardíaco e a esclerose tuberosa, presente em 50% das crianças com o tumor, que pode apresentar-se como massa única ou múltiplas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apresenta padrão de crescimento bifásico, com aumento progressivo até o início do terceiro trimestre de gestação, com regressão total ou parcial até o primeiro ano de vida, razão pela qual a conduta tende a ser conservadora, a menos que a paciente apresente sinais de descompensação cardíaca. É um tumor não infiltrativo, não metastatizante, geralmente localizado nos ventrículos, principalmente na região septal, podendo causar obstrução fixa ou dinâmica nas vias de entrada ou saída.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>Teratoma</bold> – Embora raro, corresponde a 2/3 dos tumores cardíacos pediátricos, e é particularmente diagnosticado no período fetal. Localiza-se comumente próximo aos vasos da base, determinando derrame pericárdico e comprometimento miocárdico local e podendo levar ao óbito fetal ou morte súbita.</p>
				<p>Assim como outros teratomas, são massas sólidas com componentes císticos e neuroepiteliais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>Fibroma –</bold> Pode estar associado à Síndrome de Gorlin. Localiza-se preferencialmente no septo ou na parede livre ventricular, é geralmente nodular e único, pode ser bem ou mal delimitado, pode ter calcificações ou não, e não tem tendência à regressão. O tratamento é cirúrgico, através da ressecção completa, mas nem sempre é possível, devido ao tamanho e ao aspecto infiltrativo, o que pode levar a indicação de transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>Mixoma</bold> – Mais comum em adultos, mas pode ocorrer em crianças mais velhas, e é frequentemente associado a síndromes genéticas (LAMB, NAME e Carney) e endocrinopatias (hiperplasia adrenal, gigantismo e tumor de células de Sertoli testicular).</p>
				<p>Localizado principalmente no átrio esquerdo, aderido ao septo atrial ou adjacentes à fossa oval, tipicamente pedunculado, podendo também se originar na parede ventricular ou em valvas cardíacas em proporções variáveis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Tabela 1 – Frequência dos mixomas e sua distribuição entre as câmaras cardíacas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Mixomas</th>
									<th>Frequência (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Átrio direito</td>
									<td align="center">12,7-28,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Átrio esquerdo</td>
									<td align="center">60,0-90,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Biatriais</td>
									<td align="center">1,3-8,5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventrículo esquerdo</td>
									<td align="center">0,6-4,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventrículo direito</td>
									<td align="center">1,7-8,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Multifocal</td>
									<td align="center">0,8-1,6</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Pode apresentar clínica obstrutiva atrioventricular e fenômenos embólicos (embolia paradoxal) tanto para a árvore arterial pulmonar quanto para a periferia ou território vascular cerebral, a depender do lado acometido (mais frequentemente do lado esquerdo). Também pode se manifestar através de arritmias e sinais e sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada, o que traz potencial risco de morte.</p>
				<p>O diagnóstico diferencial é realizado com trombo organizado e com doenças inflamatórias, pela possibilidade de manifestar-se como sintomas constitucionais devidos à liberação de citocinas. Requer diagnóstico imediato e ressecção cirúrgica, pelo alto risco de embolização (observada em até 1/3 dos pacientes).</p>
				<p>O ecocardiograma transtorácico é o método diagnóstico inicial, sendo o transesofágico o de maior sensibilidade (95% <italic>versus</italic> 100%). A ressonância magnética cardíaca é um método complementar que oferece excelente caracterização tecidual e identificação de invasão local, além da diferenciação com outros tipos de tumores. O PET/CT pode ser útil na diferenciação de malignidade e no diagnóstico de tumores neuroendócrinos. O prognóstico dos mixomas é excelente quando tratado com ressecção cirúrgica imediata. As taxas de sobrevida global são análogas às da população geral da mesma idade, apresentando porém taxas de recorrência pós-cirúrgica entre 1% a 6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tumores primários malignos</title>
				<p>São raros, com prognóstico reservado. Os sarcomas são os mais prevalentes; entretanto, há descrições de tumores de células germinativas, tumor rabdoide e linfomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>Rabdomiossarcoma</bold> – Dentre os sarcomas, é o subtipo mais prevalente na população pediátrica, representando cerca de 4 a 7%, e afeta frequentemente as valvas cardíacas. A apresentação clínica está associada ao caráter invasivo ou obstrutivo, com difícil caracterização semiológica, devido ao seu rápido crescimento. Cerca de 46% dos pacientes apresentam doença metastática ao diagnóstico, a qual se disseminou por via linfática ou por contiguidade, e a obstrução da árvore arterial pulmonar é uma manifestação a ser considerada. O tratamento envolve cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia e é limitado pela agressividade do tumor, que pode resultar em baixas taxas de sobrevida, na maioria dos casos inferior a 1 ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Esta revisão sobre tumores intracardíacos obstrutivos nos mostra que sua incidência é baixa, mas devem ser considerados em casos em que se detectam massas intracardíacas com comprometimento hemodinâmico compatível com baixo débito. Em adultos e crianças, destacamos os mixomas como os tumores benignos mais comuns, enquanto as metástases tumorais (principalmente oriundos de melanomas, câncer de pulmão, rim e cólon) caracterizam os casos malignos mais frequentes e com prognóstico limitado.</p>
				<p>O ecocardiograma ainda é o método diagnóstico por imagem mais tradicional, fornecendo características iniciais sobre a massa a ser investigada. Outros métodos, como a ressonância magnética cardíaca, podem ser aplicados nas investigações adicionais. Atenção especial deve ser dada aos pacientes que já tenham diagnóstico de certos tipos de câncer e que evoluam com dispneia progressiva.</p>
				<p>Além de causas frequentes, como anemia, diagnósticos diferenciais com tumor obstrutivo intracardíaco devem ser considerados como efeitos da quimioterapia, sarcopenia, disfunção sistólica ou diastólica ventricular, embolia pulmonar e síndromes restritivas. O tratamento pode ser curativo, como nos mixomas, ou paliativo, sempre considerando o prognóstico do tumor inicial primário.</p>
			</sec>
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