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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220081</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220081</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pericardial Disease in Patients with Cancer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Luzuriaga</surname>
						<given-names>Georgina del Cisne Jadán</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dabarian</surname>
						<given-names>André</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Isabela Danziato</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Celano</surname>
						<given-names>Pietro Marburg</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valsi</surname>
						<given-names>Isabella Peterlini</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Queiroz</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Martins de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Danziato</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Madrini</surname>
						<given-names>Vagner</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mello</surname>
						<given-names>Dirceu</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santiago</surname>
						<given-names>José Augusto Duncan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Aguinaldo Figueiredo</given-names>
						<suffix>Jr</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor- HC FMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santo André</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário São Camilo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ipiranga</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário São Camilo, Ipiranga, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goiás</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Fabio Fernandes • Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clínicas Instituto do Coração – Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>fabio.fernandes@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>362</fpage>
			<lpage>366</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Pericardial effusion can develop in patients with acute pericarditis or in association with a wide variety of systemic diseases and is characterized as transudative, exudative, pyopericardium, or hemopericardium. Large effusions are usually related to tuberculous or neoplastic effusions. Primary pericardial tumors are rare, with the vast majority of cases resulting from secondary tumors. Pericardial effusion may be present in 7% to 53% of patients with cancer and is correlated with an advanced stage of the disease. The main types of cancer related to pericardial involvement are lung, breast, blood, and gastrointestinal cancers. The clinical presentation is variable; some patients are asymptomatic, whereas up to one-third may develop cardiac tamponade. In general, the severity of pericardial effusion ranges from moderate to significant, and the diagnostic process should focus mainly on the search for the primary disease and on the hemodynamic condition. The presence of pericardial effusion portends a grave prognosis, and treatment depends on the malignancy. Interventional treatments in patients with cancer include pericardiocentesis, pericardial window, and surgical pericardiectomy.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Etiology</kwd>
				<kwd>Pericardial</kwd>
				<kwd>Effusion</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="43"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The pericardial space consists of a potential cavity between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, which contains approximately 15 mL to 50 mL of plasma ultrafiltrate. The pathological accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space is called pericardial effusion (PE). PE is a common disease with a broad clinical spectrum, ranging from small asymptomatic effusions to cardiac tamponade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The main pericardial syndromes are acute or chronic pericarditis, PE, and constrictive pericarditis.</p>
			<p>PE etiology basically depends on the clinical presentation of the patient. The main causes include infections (viral, tuberculosis), cancer (lung, breast, lymphoma), rheumatic diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), metabolic diseases (uremia, hypothyroidism), aortic dissection, and postcardiac injury syndromes (postinfarction, postpericardiotomy).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In addition, the increasing number of invasive procedures has led to an increase in the rates of iatrogenic strokes, which result from myocardial perforation during pacemaker implantation, radiofrequency ablation, or cardiac catheterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Etiology Pericardial Effusion</title>
				<p>Corey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> evaluated 57 patients with PE &gt; 10 mm and reported that the most frequent etiology was infectious (27%), followed by neoplastic (23%). In a study of 322 patients with PE &gt; 10 mm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the most frequent etiology was idiopathic (29%), followed by iatrogenic (16%) and neoplastic (13%); 37% of participants developed cardiac tamponade. A study by Levy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> evaluated 204 patients with PE, and the most frequent etiologies were idiopathic (48%), infectious (16%), and neoplastic (15%). In our study of 254 patients with PE, the most common etiology was idiopathic (33.1%), followed by postsurgical (19.3%), neoplastic (16.9%), and postprocedural (8.7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The clinical context in which PE occurs provides important diagnostic clues, such as the presence of cancer, collagenosis, tuberculosis, myocardial infarction, acute pericarditis, hypothyroidism, or renal failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In patients with small PEs and no hemodynamic repercussions, inflammatory signs, or suspected potentially treatable systemic diseases, etiological investigation is usually unnecessary. In these cases, clinical evaluation and serial echocardiography are sufficient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Epidemiology</title>
				<p>Primary pericardial tumors are rare, with the vast majority of cases resulting from secondary tumors. PE may be present in 7% to 53% of patients with cancer and is correlated with an advanced stage of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Related mechanisms are implantation of tumor cells in the pericardium by direct extension, hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination of the primary tumor, chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced toxicity, and opportunistic infection related to cytotoxic immunosuppression and rapid immune response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In most cases, PE is secondary to a primary tumor. Cancers more typically associated with pericardial involvement are lung, breast, blood (mostly lymphoma and leukemia), and gastrointestinal cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Similarly, cardiac tamponade could be present in 32% of cases, with a recurrence rate of 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In our series, the most frequent type was lung cancer, followed by lymphoma and breast cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>PE in patients with cancer has prognostic value. According to the results of the study by Wagner et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> carried out in a tertiary care center for patients with cancer, 11% of those with PE undergoing surgical drainage had hemodynamic instability (pressor-dependent hypotension requiring intensive care unit admission), which portends a grave prognosis with a median survival of 35 days after the procedure.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical presentation</title>
				<p>The clinical presentation of PE is variable, ranging from asymptomatic patients to patients with nonspecific complaints and those with systemic symptoms typical of the underlying cancer, such as weight loss, asthenia, cough, palpitations, hemoptysis, malaise, weakness, fatigue, and nausea and vomiting. Up to one-third of patients may develop cardiac tamponade with clinical presentation of jugular distention, muffled heart sounds, hypotension, and paradoxical pulse (a drop in systolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg during inspiration). Other possible symptoms are tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, arrhythmia, ascites, and peripheral edema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnostic tests</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Electrocardiogram</title>
					<p>Although electrocardiographic findings are usually normal, the most frequent changes found in patients with cancer and PE are sinus tachycardia and low QRS voltage in the presence of cardiac tamponade (61% of cases), which is defined as amplitude &lt; 0.5 mV in limb leads. Occasionally, new-onset atrial fibrillation and electrical alternans may also be found.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Chest radiography</title>
					<p>Although chest radiography is not highly specific, it may show an enlarged heart, which is suggestive of significant PE. It may also show other findings, such as pleural effusion and abnormalities in the lung parenchyma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Echocardiogram</title>
					<p>Transthoracic echocardiography is the most available and efficient method for diagnosing PE and is useful for managing pericardiocentesis. PE can be identified on m-mode by the presence of an echo-free space between the epicardium and parietal pericardium; the presence in both systole and diastole suggests PE &gt; 50 mL. Likewise, PE can be distinguished from pleural effusion by analyzing the parasternal window on 2D short-axis view, which shows the PE between the descending aorta and the heart. PEs are classified as small (50 to 100 mL), moderate (100 to 500 mL), or large (&gt; 500 mL).</p>
					<p>On the echocardiogram, signs of cardiac tamponade include “swinging heart”, diastolic collapse of the right atrium and ventricle, left atrial compression, increased respiratory changes in tricuspid and mitral flow velocities, and inferior vena cava regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
					<p>Tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) are quite useful in the differential diagnosis of PE. They may show enlargement of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins, compression of the cardiac chambers, septal bounce, and reflux of contrast material into the azygos vein or inferior vena cava. These methods can also be used to evaluate pericardial thickening or calcifications, cysts, and masses, as well as to provide information on the possible nature of PE based on attenuation measurements. On CMRI, hemorrhagic fluid is characterized by low intensity signals on T1-weighted images and high intensity signals on cine images with steady-state free precession.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Other imaging methods</title>
					<p>Right-sided cardiac catheterization contributes to the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade because it provides important information, such as increased right atrial pressure and equalization of pressures between multiple chambers (right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The diagnosis of effusive-constrictive pericarditis is made when right atrial pressure does not fall by 50% or to a level lower than 10 mmHg after pericardiocentesis, when other causes that may elevate right atrial pressure, such as right ventricular failure or tricuspid regurgitation, have been excluded. Such condition may be found in patients undergoing radiation.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Cytological study</title>
			<p>In patients with suspected malignant PE, cytological evaluation of pericardial fluid helps to diagnose the condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Pericardial biopsy (PB) with fluid cytology helps to reach a definitive diagnosis in 48% to 93% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, a negative result does not rule out malignancy, given that PB typically analyzes only one sample, which could be a false negative, and results also depend on the experience of the examiner. PB can be performed through subxiphoid pericardiostomy (window) or pericardioscopy; the latter directly evaluates the pericardial space, increasing the sensitivity of the biopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in combination with clinical and morphological characteristics provides a more specific diagnosis, which may eliminate the need for more invasive tissue sampling. IHC allows differentiating between a mesothelial or epithelial origin of isolated atypical cells and cell clusters, in addition to identifying the primary site of malignancy in patients with a history of multiple malignancies or a previously unidentified primary site.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Treatment</title>
			<p>There is currently no defined treatment for PE in patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The presence of PE portends a worse prognosis, and treatment depends on the underlying cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In patients with cancer with PE and no secondary pericardial implants, the treatment should focus on the malignancy, with indication for pericardial intervention in symptomatic cases (especially chest pain) and in patients with hemodynamic instability and signs of cardiac tamponade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Many patients with cancer-related PE are asymptomatic and do not require specific treatment for PE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Surgical treatments in patients with cancer include pericardiocentesis, prolonged catheter drainage, pericardial window, and pericardiectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In cases with recurrent PE or cardiac tamponade, pericardial window is an interesting option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> It involves creating a real window by a partial pericardiectomy, thereby creating a channel to allow for long-term drainage to an adjacent space, usually the pleural cavity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
			<p>For patients with recurrent PE requiring multiple approaches, some options are possible. Intrapericardial instillation of cytostatic/sclerosing agents can be considered in the management of malignant PEs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Several components have already been evaluated for pericardial instillation, such as tetracyclines, bleomycin, and sterile talc powder. These drugs rapidly form pericardial adhesions that obliterate the pericardial space and control effusion recurrence .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Despite the high success rate of these interventions, with a good safety profile and low morbidity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> the side effects resulting from chemical pleurodesis still limit their routine indication. The main side effects result from induced inflammation, which can lead to fever, pleuritic chest pain, and atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Conversely, pericardial injection of drugs, although effective for pericardial tamponade and recurrent PE, can only relieve symptoms temporarily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Systemic chemotherapy is effective for lymphoma and small cell lung cancer, which are sensitive to chemotherapy drugs. Immunotherapy has recently shown promising results in the treatment of neoplastic PE, constituting a new treatment option for these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Another possible line of treatment is immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Several recent studies have reported that, in patients with malignant PE, bevacizumab appears to be more effective than conventional chemotherapy drugs such as platinum and sclerosing agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The indication for radiotherapy is extensive pericardial infiltration of encapsulated or unresectable cardiac tumors, such as mediastinal tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Pericardial disorders and risk of cancer</title>
			<p>Some studies have drawn attention to an increased risk of cancer in patients diagnosed with pericardial conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup>In a population-based cohort study using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, pericarditis was associated with an increased subsequent risk of cancer (HR 3.03, 95% CI 2.74-3.36), and this association was particularly evident within 3 months of pericarditis diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In a Danish national cohort study, of 13,759 patients with acute pericarditis, 1,550 were subsequently diagnosed with cancer during follow-up. The cancer incidence rate was 1.5 (95% CI 1.4-1.5), with increased rates of lung, kidney, and bladder cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, and unspecified metastatic cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is unclear whether this finding is related to an etiologic misdiagnosis of pericarditis in the presence of PE. Therefore, it seems reasonable to justify investigations focused on patients with cancer who present with pericarditis/PE in combination with advanced age, obesity, and need for hospitalization.</p>
		</sec>
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				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Queiroz</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Martins de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Danziato</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Madrini</surname>
						<given-names>Vagner</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mello</surname>
						<given-names>Dirceu</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santiago</surname>
						<given-names>José Augusto Duncan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Aguinaldo Figueiredo</given-names>
						<suffix>Jr</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor- HC FMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário São Camilo, Ipiranga, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Fabio Fernandes • Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clínicas Instituto do Coração – Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: fabio.fernandes@incor.usp.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O derrame pericárdico pode se desenvolver em pacientes com pericardite aguda ou em associação com uma grande variedade de doenças sistêmicas, manifestando-se como um transudato, exsudato, piopericárdio ou hemopericárdio. As efusões mais volumosas geralmente estão relacionadas com a origem tuberculosa ou neoplásica. Os tumores pericárdicos primários são raros, portanto, a grande maioria dos casos é decorrente de tumores secundários. O derrame pericárdico pode estar presente em 7% a 53% dos pacientes oncológicos e está relacionado a um estágio avançado da doença. Os principais tipos de câncer associados ao envolvimento pericárdico são os de pulmão, mama, hematológicos e trato gastrointestinal. A apresentação clínica é variável, desde pacientes assintomáticos, e até quadro de tamponamento cardíaco, presente em um terço dos pacientes. No geral, os derrames pericárdicos são moderados a graves, e o trabalho diagnóstico deve focar principalmente na busca da doença primária e no quadro hemodinâmico. A presença de derrame pericárdico confere um pior prognóstico, e o tratamento depende da condição oncológica de base. Os tratamentos intervencionistas em pacientes com neoplasia incluem a pericardiocentese, a janela pericárdica e a pericardiectomia cirúrgica.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Derrame Pericárdico</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O espaço pericárdico é representado por uma cavidade virtual separada pelos folhetos visceral e parietal, que contêm cerca de 15mL a 50mL de ultrafiltrado plasmático. O acúmulo patológico de líquido nessa cavidade é denominado derrame pericárdico (DP). Trata-se de uma doença comum e com espectro clínico amplo, variando desde pequenos derrames assintomáticos até o tamponamento cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>As principais síndromes pericárdicas são a pericardite aguda ou crônica, o derrame pericárdico e a pericardite constritiva.</p>
				<p>A etiologia do derrame depende basicamente do contexto clínico do paciente. As principais causas são infecções virais; a tuberculose; as neoplasias de pulmão, mama, e o linfoma; as doenças reumatológicas como o lúpus e a artrite reumatoide; as doenças metabólicas como a uremia e o hipotireoidismo; a dissecção de aorta; e as síndromes de injúria pericárdica do pós-infarto e pós-pericardiotomia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Além disso, com o crescente número de procedimentos invasivos, os derrames iatrogênicos têm aumentado, que ocorrem por perfuração miocárdica durante o implante de marca-passo, ablação por radiofrequência ou cateterismo cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Etiologia Derrame Pericárdico</title>
					<p>Corey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> avaliaram 57 pacientes com derrame pericárdico &gt;10mm, constatando que a etiologia mais frequente foi infecciosa (27%) seguida de neoplásica (23%). Em um estudo com 322 pacientes com derrame pericárdico &gt;10mm realizado por Sagristà-Sauleda et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a etiologia mais frequente foi idiopática (29%), seguida de iatrogênica (16%) e neoplásica (13%); 37% da amostra apresentou tamponamento cardíaco. Um estudo de 2003 de Levy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> avaliou 204 pacientes com derrame pericárdico, e as etiologias mais frequentes foram idiopática (48%), infecciosa (16%) e neoplásica (15%). Em nosso estudo de 254 pacientes com derrame pericárdico, a maioria tinha etiologia idiopática (33,1%), seguida de pós-cirúrgico (19,3%), neoplásico (16,9%) e pós-procedimento (8,7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O contexto clínico em que o derrame ocorre fornece importantes pistas diagnósticas. Alguns exemplos são presença de neoplasias, colagenoses, tuberculose, infarto do miocárdio, pericardite aguda, hipotireoidismo e insuficiência renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em pacientes com derrame pericárdico pequeno, sem repercussão hemodinâmica, sinais inflamatórios ou suspeita de doenças sistêmicas potencialmente tratáveis, a investigação etiológica usualmente não é necessária. Nesses casos, a avaliação clínica e o ecocardiograma seriados são suficientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Epidemiologia</title>
					<p>Os tumores pericárdicos primários são raros, sendo a grande maioria dos casos decorrente de tumores secundários.</p>
					<p>O DP pode estar presente em 7% a 53% dos pacientes oncológicos e está relacionado a um estágio avançado da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os mecanismos implicados são a implantação de células tumorais no pericárdio por extensão direta, a disseminação por via hematogênica ou linfática do tumor primário e a toxicidade da quimioterapia ou radioterapia. A infecção oportunista está relacionada à imunossupressão citotóxica e à rápida resposta imune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na maioria dos casos, o DP é secundário a uma neoplasia primária. Os principais tipos de câncer relacionados ao envolvimento pericárdico são as neoplasias de pulmão; de mama; hematológicos, principalmente linfoma e leucemia; e trato gastrointestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Na mesma linha, o tamponamento cardíaco (TC) pode estar presente em 32% dos casos, com taxa de recorrência de 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>Em nossa casuística, os tipos mais frequentes foram câncer de pulmão, seguido de linfoma e câncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O DP nos pacientes oncológicos tem valor prognóstico. Conforme resultados do estudo de Wagner et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> feito em um centro terciário de câncer em pacientes com DP submetidos à drenagem cirúrgica, em 11% houve instabilidade hemodinâmica caracterizada por hipotensão vasopressor-dependente exigindo admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva, e marcando um prognóstico grave com sobrevida média de 35 dias após o procedimento.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Quadro clínico</title>
					<p>A apresentação clínica é variável, desde pacientes assintomáticos, com queixas inespecíficas e com sintomas sistêmicos próprios da neoplasia de base, como perda de peso, astenia, tosse, palpitações, hemoptise, mal-estar, fraqueza, fadiga, náuseas e vômitos. Até um terço dos pacientes podem apresentar quadro de TC, com apresentação clínica de turgência jugular, abafamento das bulhas cardíacas, hipotensão arterial e presença de pulso paradoxal. Outros sinais possíveis são a taquicardia, o atrito pericárdico, as arritmias, a ascite e o edema periférico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Exames diagnósticos</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
						<p>A maioria não apresenta alterações eletrocardiográficas, mas quando encontradas, as mais frequentes nos pacientes com câncer e DP são a taquicardia sinusal e a baixa voltagem do complexo QRS na vigência de tamponamento (61% dos casos), definida como amplitude &lt;0,5mV nas derivações dos membros. Ocasionalmente, fibrilação atrial de início recente e alternância elétrica são relatadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Radiografia de tórax</title>
						<p>Não é um método de avaliação com alta especificidade, mas pode apresentar área cardíaca aumentada, com aspecto em “moringa”, sugerindo DP importante. Além disso, pode apresentar outros achados, como derrame pleural ou alterações no parênquima pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Ecocardiograma</title>
						<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica é o método disponível mais eficiente para o diagnóstico de DP, sendo útil para orientar a pericardiocentese. Pode ser identificado pelo modo M com a persistência de um espaço livre de eco entre o epicárdico e o pericárdio parietal e, se estiver presente tanto na sístole como na diástole, sugere DP &gt;50mL. Sendo assim, o derrame pleural é distinguido do pericárdico pela avaliação da janela paraesternal (2D) no eixo longo, pois exibe o DP entre a aorta descendente e o coração. O DP pode ser classificado como pequeno (50mL a 100mL), moderado (100mL a 500mL) ou grande (&gt;500mL).</p>
						<p>Pelo ecocardiograma, os sinais de TC incluem “<italic>swinging heart</italic>”, colapso diastólico do átrio e ventrículo direitos, compressão do átrio esquerdo e aumento das variações respiratórias das velocidades de fluxo tricúspide e mitral, assim como regurgitação da veia cava inferior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Tomografia e ressonância magnética cardíaca</title>
						<p>Tem bastante utilidade na avaliação do diagnóstico diferencial. Pode mostrar aumento da veia cava inferior e veias hepáticas, compressão das câmaras cardíacas, arqueamento do septo interventricular e refluxo do contraste para a veia ázigos ou veia cava inferior. Além disso, avalia espessamento ou calcificações pericárdicas, cistos e massas e diferencia a natureza do DP pelas medidas de atenuação. Na ressonância, o conteúdo hemorrágico pode ser identificado pela baixa intensidade em T1 e alta intensidade nas imagens da cine-ressonância com técnica de precessão em estado de equilíbrio (SSFP, <italic>steady-state free precession</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Outros métodos de imagem</title>
						<p>O cateterismo cardíaco direito contribui no diagnóstico de tamponamento porque fornece informações importantes, como pressão atrial direita elevada e equalização das pressões entre as múltiplas câmaras, ou seja, átrio direito, ventrículo direito e pressão em cunha capilar pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O diagnóstico da pericardite efusivo-constritiva é realizado quando, após a pericardiocentese, não há queda de 50% da pressão atrial direita ou a um nível menor que 10mmHg após a exclusão de causas que possam levar a elevações de pressão atrial direita, como falência ventrículo direito ou regurgitação tricúspide. Tal entidade pode ser encontrada em casos de pacientes submetidos à radiação.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Estudo citológico</title>
				<p>Em pacientes com suspeita de DP maligno, a avaliação citológica do líquido pericárdico serve para elucidação diagnóstica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A biópsia pericárdica (BP) com a citologia do líquido auxilia na determinação de um diagnóstico específico em 48% a 93% dos procedimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No entanto, um resultado negativo não exclui o diagnóstico de malignidade, pois considera-se que, muitas vezes, uma amostra única poderia representar um falso-negativo, além de haver uma dependência da experiência do examinador. A BP pode ser realizada através de pericardiostomia subxifoide (janela) ou por pericardioscopia, esta última avalia de forma direta o espaço pericárdico aumentando a sensibilidade da biópsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os painéis direcionados de colorações imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) em combinação com características clínicas e morfológicas fornecem diagnósticos mais específicos, o que pode eliminar a necessidade de amostragem de tecido mais invasiva. Através da IHQ, é possível diferenciar a origem mesotelial ou epitelial de células atípicas isoladas e de aglomerados de células, além de identificar o local primário de malignidade num paciente com histórico de múltiplas malignidades ou um local primário não identificado previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tratamento</title>
				<p>O tratamento para DP em pacientes oncológicos ainda é indefinido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A presença de DP confere um pior prognóstico, e o tratamento depende da condição oncológica de base.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nos pacientes oncológicos com DP em que não se encontra implantes pericárdicos secundários, o foco do tratamento deve ser no quadro oncológico, com indicação de intervenção pericárdica nos casos de sintomas, especialmente dor torácica, ou quadro de comprometimento hemodinâmico em pacientes com sinais de TC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Muitos pacientes com DP associado ao quadro oncológico são assintomáticos, sem necessidade de tratamento específico para DP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os tratamentos cirúrgicos em pacientes com neoplasia incluem pericardiocentese, extensão da drenagem por cateter, janela pericárdica e pericardiectomia cirúrgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Para os casos com DP recorrente ou tamponamento, a janela pericárdica pode ser uma opção interessante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Tal procedimento envolve a criação de uma janela real por uma pericardiectomia parcial, gerando, assim, um canal para permitir a drenagem de longo prazo para um espaço adjacente, geralmente a cavidade pleural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Para pacientes com quadro de DP recorrente com necessidade de múltiplas abordagens, algumas opções são possíveis. A instilação intrapericárdica de agentes citostáticos/esclerosantes pode ser considerada no manejo de DP maligno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diversos componentes já foram avaliados para a instilação pericárdica, como tetraciclinas, bleomicina e talco estéril. Essas drogas formam rapidamente pontes de adesão pericárdica que determinam a obliteração da cavidade pericárdica e o controle da recorrência do derrame.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Apesar da alta taxa de sucesso dessas intervenções, com bom perfil de segurança e baixa morbidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> os efeitos colaterais decorrentes da pleurodese química ainda limitam sua indicação rotineira. Os principais efeitos colaterais são decorrentes de inflamação induzida, podendo gerar quadro de febre, dor torácica pleurítica e fibrilação atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por outro lado, a injeção pericárdica de drogas, mesmo eficaz para tamponamento pericárdico e DP recorrente, só pode aliviar temporariamente os sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A quimioterapia sistêmica é eficaz no linfoma e no câncer de pulmão de pequenas células, que são sensíveis a drogas quimioterápicas. Recentemente, a imunoterapia mostrou resultados no tratamento de DP neoplásico, constituindo uma nova opção de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outra linha de tratamento são os anticorpos monoclonais imunomodulatórios contra o receptor do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular. Vários estudos recentes relataram que, em pacientes com DP maligno, o bevacizumabe parece ser mais eficaz do que os quimioterápicos convencionais, como platina e agentes esclerosantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A indicação para radioterapia é a infiltração pericárdica extensa de tumores cardíacos encapsulados ou irressecáveis, como tumores mediastinais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Afecções pericárdicas e risco de câncer</title>
				<p>Alguns estudos têm chamado atenção para um risco aumentado de câncer em pacientes com diagnóstico de afecções pericárdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Em um estudo de coorte de base populacional do UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a pericardite foi associada a um risco subsequente elevado de câncer (razão de risco [HR] 3,03; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 2,74 a 3,36), e essa associação foi particularmente evidente em três meses a partir do diagnóstico de pericardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em outro estudo de coorte nacional dinamarquês com 13.759 pacientes com pericardite aguda, 1.550 foram posteriormente diagnosticados com câncer durante o acompanhamento. A taxa de incidência de câncer foi de 1,5 (IC95% 1,4 a 1,5), com aumento das taxas de câncer de pulmão, rim e bexiga, linfoma, leucemia e câncer metastático não especificado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Não está claro se o achado está relacionado a um diagnóstico etiológico errôneo de pericardite na presença de DP. Dessa forma, parece razoável justificar investigações direcionadas para câncer em pacientes que apresentam pericardite/DP em combinação com idade avançada, obesidade ou necessidade de hospitalização.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>