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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220078</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220078</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Asymptomatic Ventricular Dysfunction and HFrEF Secondary to Classic Chemotherapy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Marinho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hajjar</surname>
						<given-names>Ludhmila Abrahão</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) – Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Monica S. Avila • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>335</fpage>
			<lpage>342</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Anthracyclines</kwd>
				<kwd>Trastuzumab</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Advances in oncology, such as better access to the health care system, earlier cancer diagnosis, and new chemotherapies, have led to longer survival of patients with cancer over the last decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, this population is vulnerable to drug-related adverse cardiovascular events, like cardiomyopathy, which leads to heart failure and impairs survival and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Among different classes of chemotherapeutic agents, classically anthracyclines and trastuzumab stand out as the most related to cardiomyopathy. Anthracyclines may cause cardiac dysfunction in cancer survivals in 9% of cases depending on risk factors and cumulative dose, and trastuzumab may cause it in 18.6% of cases with adjuvant chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Mechanisms of aggression and pathophysiology</title>
				<p>Anthracyclines interfere with the replication of rapidly proliferating cancer cells by stabilizing the topoisomerase 2 complex, an enzyme that regulates DNA and RNA synthesis. In cardiomyocytes, as a consequence, they cause double-stranded DNA to break, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and subsequent cardiomyocyte injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additionally, anthracyclines bind with iron, also leading to ROS production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Anthracyclines cardiotoxicity usually leads to irreversible cardiomyocyte death.</p>
				<p>The mechanism of trastuzumab cardiotoxicity is not completely clear, but it is believed that blocking human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) leads to growth factor dysregulation, affecting cardiomyocyte growth and homeostasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, they rarely lead to cellular death, which partially explains the reversibility of myocardial injury caused by trastuzumab.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk factors</title>
				<p>There are known risk factors for cardiotoxicity: female sex; age below 18 years or over 65 years; comorbidities, such as hypertension or other previous cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and renal insufficiency; high cumulative anthracycline dose; chemotherapy association, especially trastuzumab and anthracyclines; genetic alterations, such as trisomy 21 and hemochromatosis; and mediastinal radiotherapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The incidence of cardiovascular events in the 10 days after anthracycline administration is less than 2% in the low-risk group and more than 5% in the high-risk group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Assessment of cardiotoxicity risk</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Therapy-related factors</th>
									<th align="left">Patient-related factors</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>Low risk of cardiotoxicity</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lower dose ANT (e.g. doxorubicin &lt; 200 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, epirubicin &lt; 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), liposomal formulations</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Age &gt; 18 and &lt; 50 years</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Trastuzumab without ANT</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>Medium risk of cardiotoxicity</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Modest-dose ANT (doxorubicin 200 – 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> or epirubicin 300 – 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="6" valign="top">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Age 50 – 64 years</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>1 or 2 CV risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, smoking</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ANT followed by trastuzumab</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Second- and third-generation Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Proteasome inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Combination immune checkpoint inhibitors</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"><bold>High risk of cardiotoxicity</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Simultaneous ANT and trastuzumab</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="top">
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Age ≥ 65 years &gt;</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>2 CV risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, smoking</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Diabetes</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Underlying CV disease: CAD, PAD, CMP, severe VHD, heart failure</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Reduced or low-normal LVEF (50% – 54%) pre-treatment Prior cancer therapy</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High-dose ANT (doxorubicin ≥ 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> or epirubicin ≥ 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Modest-dose ANT plus left chest radiation therapy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Elevated cardiac troponin post-ANT prior to HER2-targeted therapy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High-dose radiation therapy to central chest including heart in radiation field ≥ 30 Gy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors following previous ANT chemotherapy</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>ANT: anthracycline; Bcr-Abl: breakpoint cluster region-Abelson; CAD: coronary artery disease; CMP: cardiomyopathy; CV: cardiovascular; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PAD: peripheral artery disease; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VHD: valvular heart disease. Adapted from Celutkiene et al., 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Definition of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction</title>
				<p>The classic recognized definition of cardiotoxicity is based on changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A 10% drop to a value below 50% or associated with heart failure symptoms during or after the use of a cardiotoxic agent suggests cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the most recent international definition for cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> regarding cardiac dysfunction contemplates not only changes in ejection fraction, but also a global longitudinal strain (GLS) decline and/or a new rise in biomarkers and/or heart failure symptoms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="4"><bold>Symptomatic CTRCT (HF)</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>Very severe</bold></td>
									<td align="left">HF requiring inotropic support, mechanical circulatory support, or consideration of transplantation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Severe</bold></td>
									<td>HF hospitalization</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Moderate</bold></td>
									<td>Need for outpatient intensification of diuretic and HF therapy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Mild</bold></td>
									<td>Mild HF symptoms, no intensification of therapy required</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3"><bold>Asymptomatic CTRCT</bold></td>
									<td><bold>Severe</bold></td>
									<td>New LVEF reduction to &lt; 40%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Moderate</bold></td>
									<td>New LVEF reduction by 10 percentage points to an LVEF of 40% – 49% OR New LVEF reduction by &lt; 10 percentage points to an LVEF of 40% – 49% AND either new relative decline in GLS by &gt; 15% from baseline OR new rise in cardiac biomarkers</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Mild</bold></td>
									<td>LVEF ≥ 50% AND new relative decline in GLS by &gt; 15% from baseline AND/OR new rise in cardiac biomarkers</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>CTRCT: cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity; GLS: global longitudinal strain; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. Adapted from European Society of Cardiology 2022 Cardio-Oncology Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical presentation</title>
				<p>Active surveillance regarding cardiac function during chemotherapy with anthracycline and trastuzumab is recommended in current guidelines; thus, patients are commonly still asymptomatic by the time of the diagnosis of cardiotoxicity. Heart failure symptoms are the classic presentation, with signs of congestion. Acute heart failure presentation is possible, requiring hospitalization and even inotropes or mechanical circulatory support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Subclinical cardiotoxicity markers</title>
				<p>Traditionally, LVEF by echocardiogram has been used as a fundamental tool to detect cardiac dysfunction. However, LVEF reduction may represent a late stage of myocardial injury; therefore, it only allows diagnosis at a point where full recovery is less likely. In order to improve detection of cardiotoxicity, there is a growing body of evidence on the use of biomarkers elevation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and myocardial strain reduction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> as subclinical cardiotoxicity markers.</p>
				<p>Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) elevation was described in one third of patients after high-dose anthracycline,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and the degree of cTnI elevation was associated with the cumulative anthracycline dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This biomarker is also associated with the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. In one cohort, patients reaching cTnI level over 0.5 ng/mL presented significant and persistent LVEF reduction, while patients with transient LVEF decrease had cTnI levels below 0.5 ng/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In another study, cTnI values persisting &gt; 0.08 ng/mL over a month after therapy was associated with 84% risk of cardiotoxicity, while cTnI below the reference range was associated with 1% risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Besides troponins, other biomarkers have been studied in subclinical cardiotoxicity. Natriuretic peptides have controversial correlation with cardiotoxicity in literature. Some evidence suggests an association between NT-proBNP level and cumulative dose of anthracycline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, in two cohorts, while cTn predicted cardiac toxicity, natriuretic peptides did not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are also targets of research,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> but they are less used in clinical practice.</p>
				<p>Early identification of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction is also possible using GLS, which is an evaluation of two-dimensional speckle-tracking that allows for a study of global and regional myocardial deformation to detect subtle alterations in systolic function, particularly related to anthracyclines chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The use of GLS could identify patients with higher risk of cardiotoxicity and improve cardiac surveillance.</p>
				<p>Evidence from a metanalysis including 21 studies and 1782 patients with cancer suggests that GLS can identify subclinical myocardial dysfunction and that it also has prognostic implications regarding chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity or heart failure, despite some limitations of the trials, such as: significant statistical heterogeneity between studies, variable GLS cutoff values, and publication bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Using this rationale, the SUCCOUR study evaluated a GLS-based approach to initiation of cardioprotection compared to standard care to reduce the risk of future LVEF decrement, interruption of cancer therapy or cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Anthracycline-exposed patients with another risk factor for heart failure were enrolled to start cardioprotection with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and betablocker after 10% LVEF reduction to less than 55% or 5% reduction with symptoms of heart failure or after relative GLS reduction of 12%. Comparing both groups, there was no difference in final ejection fraction. However, at the final follow-up, 44 patients in the GLS-guided arm were treated with cardioprotective drugs versus only 20 patients who received the same treatment in the ejection fraction-guided arm. As a result, 21 patients (13.7%) in the ejection fraction-guided arm, compared to only 9 patients (5.8%) in the GLS-guided arm, met criteria for cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (p = 0.022). In a post-hoc analysis, the study also showed lower reduction in the ejection fraction among GLS-treated patients (2.9%) compared to ejection fraction-treated patients (9.1%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Monitoring</title>
				<p>The frequency of cardiovascular evaluation in monitorization of cardiotoxicity depends on both cardiovascular risk, which involves individual risk factors, and intrinsic chemotherapy risk, leading to different protocols based on individual risk.</p>
				<p>The European Society of Cardiology published in 2022 the Cardio-oncology Guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> in which they suggest monitorization using echocardiogram (including GLS and 3D LVEF), electrocardiogram, and biomarkers in order to identify subclinical markers of cardiotoxicity and consider cardioprotective medications based on individual cardiovascular risk and type of chemotherapy.</p>
				<p>The Brazilian Cardio-oncology Guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> suggests a slightly different approach (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>). Different intervals are also used depending on baseline LVEF. For anthracyclines, if baseline LVEF is &gt; 55%, only echocardiogram is recommended after 3, 6, and 12 months. If LVEF is between 50% and 55%, in addition to echocardiogram, troponin and natriuretic peptides analysis is also recommended &lt; 72 hours after exposure to anthracyclines. If LVEF is &lt; 50%, prompt heart failure treatment should be initiated, and first image evaluation should be made after 45 days. For trastuzumab, if LVEF is &gt; 55%, echocardiogram should be done after 12 and 24 weeks and at the end of treatment. If LVEF is between 50% and 55%, besides echocardiogram, troponin and natriuretic peptides analysis is also recommended &lt; 72 hours after exposure. If LVEF is &lt; 50%, prompt heart failure treatment should be initiated, and image evaluation should be made after 12 weeks, 18 weeks, and at the end of treatment.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Echocardiographic monitoring and analysis of biomarkers in patients using anthracyclines suggested by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Echo: echocardiogram; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; QT: chemotherapy.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Echocardiographic monitoring and analysis of biomarkers in patients using anti-HER2 drugs suggested by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Echo: echocardiogram; HF: heart failure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; RF: risk factors.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Primary prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>Non-pharmacological prevention, such as stopping smoking, consuming healthy diet, and adopting moderate aerobic exercise, should always be stimulated to reduce cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> It is also important to control weight, treat comorbidities, and, if possible, minimize cardiac radiation. Regarding pharmacological therapy, there are two approaches in primary prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: reducing the cardiotoxic effects of anthracycline and initiating cardioprotective medication.</p>
				<p>The first approach is possible by decreasing cumulative dose of the agent (&lt; 360 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of doxorubicin or equivalent dose of anthracycline analogues), using continuous infusion and preferring liposomal forms of the drug.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Less cardiotoxic anthracycline analogues (epirubicin, idarubicin, and mitoxantrone) should also be preferred.</p>
				<p>In the second approach, cardioprotective medications are initiated expecting reduction of myocardial injury. So far, only dexrazoxane has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to avoid anthracycline cardiotoxicity in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have received &gt; 300 mg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> of doxorubicin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Dexrazoxane is an iron chelator that changes topoisomerase 2B configuration, preventing anthracycline interaction and thus preventing its cardiotoxic effect. Different trials have shown reduction of cardiovascular events and of the incidence of heart failure among patients with breast cancer, and a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on the efficacy of dexrazoxane in patients with breast cancer showed that dexrazoxane reduced the risk of clinical heart failure (risk ratio: 0.19; 95% confidence interval: 0.09 to 0.40; p &lt; 0.001) and cardiac events (risk ratio: 0.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.27 to 0.49; p &lt; 0.001), irrespective of previous exposure to anthracyclines, and the rate of partial or complete oncological response, overall survival, and progression-free survival were not affected by dexrazoxane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Cardiovascular drugs such as beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have shown controversial results and are not recommended as a routine in patients under chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Earlier small randomized studies suggested that carvedilol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and nebivolol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> were protective against LVEF changes. In one of the first randomized clinical trials comparing placebo versus carvedilol in patients treated with high doses of anthracycline chemotherapy, Kalay et al. found a higher reduction in LVEF in the placebo group (69% to 53%) than in carvedilol (70% to 69%) (p &lt; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Differently, the PRADA (Prevention of cardiac dysfunction during adjuvant breast cancer therapy)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> trial evaluated cardioprotection using metoprolol and candesartan in 130 patients and showed benefit of candesartan with a less pronounced decrease in LVEF compared to the metoprolol group and placebo. In 2021, the 2-year result of the PRADA trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> also showed that candesartan treatment was associated with a significant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic volume compared with the non-candesartan group (p = 0.021) and attenuated decline in GLS (p = 0.046) at 2 years, but no differences were found in the metoprolol group, and there was no difference in cardiac troponins between groups.</p>
				<p>Cardinale et al. studied cardioprotection using enalapril, an angiotensin converter inhibitor widely used in the management of heart failure, in 114 patients who developed positive troponin during anthracycline treatment, compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The enalapril group had significantly lower incidence of heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction. The same author studied 273 patients comparing enalapril in one arm in all patients before chemotherapy versus another arm using enalapril only in patients who developed positive troponin during chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> There was no difference between groups, suggesting enalapril use could be triggered by troponin elevation. The largest randomized trial evaluating carvedilol versus placebo in cardiotoxicity, the CECCY trial (Carvedilol Effect in Preventing Chemotherapy Induced Cardiotoxicity),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> included 200 patients with breast cancer and use of anthracyclines, and it showed no difference in LVEF between both groups. There was a slight decrease in left ventricle diastolic diameter in the carvedilol group. However, the rate of events was lower than calculated (14.5% in the carvedilol group and 13.5% in the placebo group), which may have interfered with the results. Interestingly, despite the negative primary outcome, the carvedilol arm had lower troponin values than the placebo arm, raising the possibility of subclinical cardiotoxicity protection. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the main trials evaluating cardioprotective medications in primary prevention.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Summary of the most important clinical trials in primary prevention of cardiotoxicity</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="17%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Study</th>
									<th>Patients</th>
									<th>Chemotherapy Regimen</th>
									<th>Cardioprotective Drug</th>
									<th align="left">Primary Outcome</th>
									<th>Follow-up (months)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardinale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> 2006</td>
									<td align="center">114</td>
									<td align="center">Epirubicin Idarubicin Daunorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Enalapril</td>
									<td>Cardiotoxicity incidence: Control: 43% Enalapril: 0% p &lt; 0.001</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Kalay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> 2006</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin Epirubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
									<td>LVEF change pre/post chemotherapy Placebo: 68.9%/52.3%; p &lt; 0.001 Carvedilol: 70.5%/69.7%; p = 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Georgakopoulos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> 2010</td>
									<td align="center">125</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Metoprolol Enalapril</td>
									<td>No change in LVEF</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bosch<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> 2013/ OVERCOME</td>
									<td align="center">201</td>
									<td align="center">Idarubicin Daunorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol Enalapril</td>
									<td>Mean change in LVEF reduction (%) Control: −3.1; p = 0.035 Enalapril + Carvedilol: −0.17%; p = ns</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Kaya<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> 2013</td>
									<td align="center">45</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin Epirubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Nebivolol</td>
									<td>LVEF change pre/post chemotherapy Placebo: 66.6%/57.5%; p = 0.001 Nebivolol: 65.6%/63.8%; p = 0.5</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gulati<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>2016/PRADA</td>
									<td align="center">126</td>
									<td align="center">Epirubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Metoprolol Candesartana</td>
									<td>Mean change in LVEF reduction (%) Placebo: −2.6 Candesartan: 0.8; p = 0.026 Metoprolol: −1.6%; p = ns</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pituskin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> 2017/MANTICORE</td>
									<td align="center">94</td>
									<td align="center">Trastuzumab</td>
									<td align="center">Bisoprolol Perindopril</td>
									<td>No change in LVEF</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Avila<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>2018/CECCY</td>
									<td align="center">200</td>
									<td align="center">Doxorubicin</td>
									<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
									<td>No change in LVEF</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Guglin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> 2019</td>
									<td align="center">468</td>
									<td align="center">Trastuzumab</td>
									<td align="center">Lisinopril Carvedilol</td>
									<td>Cardiotoxicity rate Placebo 47% versus lisinopril 37% versus carvedilol 31%</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ns: not significant.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment of asymptomatic and symptomatic ventricular dysfunction</title>
				<p>During cancer treatment, if LVEF drops below 50%, cardioprotective medications should be promptly started.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Depending on the severity of cardiac dysfunction, chemotherapy should be interrupted, but discontinuation should be always discussed in a multidisciplinary team. In general, guidelines recommend that when LVEF drops below 40%, antineoplastic treatment should be suspended temporarily. The feasibility of returning the same chemotherapy depends on the involved agent and multidisciplinary team discussion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Algorithm of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for the management of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction induced by anthracyclines. chemo: chemotherapy; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Algorithm of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for the management of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction induced by anti-HER2 therapy. chemo: chemotherapy; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>GLS reduction and a rise in biomarkers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> are now incorporated in both Brazilian and European guidelines as markers of subclinical injury, and both guidelines recommend considering cardioprotective medications in this scenario.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prognosis</title>
				<p>Despite contemporary heart failure treatment, up to 36% of patients with anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity do not experience complete recovery when treatment is started within 2 months after the end of chemotherapy, and this percentage gradually decreases after this time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>In order to avoid decreasing LVEF and exposing patients to the risk of irreversible cardiac dysfunction, even with heart failure treatment, prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity has been the focus of research in the last years.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The increasing number of cancer survival patients is also leading to an increasing number of patients suffering from chemotherapy complications, especially cardiotoxicity. Since most patients using anthracyclines do not recover cardiac function completely, the prevention of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction is fundamental, especially by controlling cardiovascular risk factors and encouraging physical activities. Current evidence suggests that it is possible to identify patients with subclinical myocardial damage and, therefore, identify the subgroup that could benefit from intensive surveillance and cardioprotective medications, in order to reduce morbimortality in this population.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Disfunção Ventricular Assintomática e Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida Secundária à Quimioterapia Clássica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Belfort</surname>
						<given-names>Deborah de Sá Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Marinho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hajjar</surname>
						<given-names>Ludhmila Abrahão</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) – Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Monica S. Avila • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403000, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: mo_avila@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Antraciclinas</kwd>
				<kwd>Trastuzumabe</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Avanços na oncologia, tais como melhor acesso ao sistema de saúde, diagnóstico precoce do câncer e novas quimioterapias, têm levado a uma maior sobrevida de pacientes com câncer nas últimas décadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, essa população é vulnerável a eventos cardiovasculares adversos relacionados a medicamentos, como a cardiomiopatia, que leva à insuficiência cardíaca e compromete a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dentre as diferentes classes de quimioterápicos, classicamente as antraciclinas e o trastuzumabe se destacam como os mais relacionados à cardiomiopatia. As antraciclinas podem causar disfunção cardíaca em sobreviventes de câncer em 9% dos casos, dependendo dos fatores de risco e dose cumulativa, e o trastuzumabe pode causá-la em 18,6% dos casos com quimioterapia adjuvante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Mecanismos de agressão e fisiopatologia</title>
					<p>As antraciclinas interferem na replicação de células cancerígenas de proliferação rápida, estabilizando o complexo topoisomerase 2, uma enzima que regula a síntese de DNA e RNA. Nos cardiomiócitos, como consequência, causam a quebra do DNA de fita dupla, levando à disfunção mitocondrial, à liberação de espécies reativas de oxigênio e subsequente lesão do cardiomiócito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, as antraciclinas se ligam ao ferro, levando também à produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A cardiotoxicidade por antraciclinas geralmente leva à morte irreversível dos cardiomiócitos.</p>
					<p>O mecanismo da cardiotoxicidade por trastuzumabe não está completamente esclarecido, mas acredita-se que o bloqueio do receptor 2 do fator de crescimento epidérmico humano (HER2) leve à desregulação do fator de crescimento, afetando o crescimento e a homeostase dos cardiomiócitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, raramente levam à morte celular, o que explica em parte a reversibilidade da lesão miocárdica causada pelo trastuzumabe.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fatores de risco</title>
					<p>Existem fatores de risco conhecidos para cardiotoxicidade: sexo feminino; idade inferior a 18 anos ou superior a 65 anos; comorbidades como hipertensão ou outra doença cardiovascular prévia, diabetes, obesidade e insuficiência renal; alta dose cumulativa de antraciclina; associação de quimioterápicos, principalmente trastuzumabe e antraciclinas; alterações genéticas, como trissomia do cromossomo 21 e hemocromatose; e radioterapia mediastinal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A incidência de eventos cardiovasculares nos 10 dias após a administração de antraciclina é inferior a 2% no grupo de baixo risco e superior a 5% no grupo de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Avaliação do risco de cardiotoxicidade</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Fatores relacionados à terapia</th>
										<th align="left">Fatores relacionados ao paciente</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2"><bold>Baixo risco de cardiotoxicidade</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT de dose mais baixa (por exemplo, doxorrubicina &lt; 200 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, epirrubicina &lt; 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), formulações lipossomais</td>
										<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Idade &gt; 18 e &lt; 50 anos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Trastuzumabe sem ANT</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2"><bold>Médio risco de cardiotoxicidade</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT de dose moderada (doxorrubicina 200 a 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> ou epirrubicina 300 a 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
										<td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="top">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Idade 50 a 64 anos</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>1 ou 2 fatores de risco CV, como hipertensão, dislipidemia, obesidade, resistência à insulina, tabagismo</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT seguido de trastuzumabe</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de tirosina quinase VEGF</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de tirosina quinase Bcr-Abl de segunda e terceira geração</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de proteassoma</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Combinação de inibidores do checkpoint imunológico</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2"><bold>Alto risco de cardiotoxicidade</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT e trastuzumabe simultaneamente / simultâneos</td>
										<td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="top">
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>Idade ≥ 65 anos &gt;</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>2 fatores de risco CV, como hipertensão, dislipidemia, obesidade, resistência à insulina, tabagismo</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Diabetes</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Doença CV subjacente: DAC, DAP, CMP, doença cardíaca valvular grave, insuficiência cardíaca</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>FEVE pré-tratamento reduzida ou baixa-normal (50% a 54%)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Terapia oncológica anterior</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT de alta dose (doxorrubicina ≥ 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> ou epirrubicina ≥ 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ANT de dose moderada mais radioterapia no tórax esquerdo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Troponina cardíaca elevada pós-ANT antes da terapia direcionada a HER2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Radioterapia de alta dose no tórax central, incluindo o coração no campo de radiação ≥ 30 Gy</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores de tirosina quinase VEGF após quimioterapia anterior com ANT</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>ANT: antraciclina; Bcr-Abl: região de cluster de ponto de interrupção-Abelson; CMP: cardiomiopatia; CV: cardiovascular; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; DAP: doença arterial periférica; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; HER2: receptor 2 do fator de crescimento epidérmico humano; VEGF: fator de crescimento endotelial vascular. Adaptado de Celutkiene et al., 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Definição de disfunção cardíaca relacionada à terapia do câncer</title>
					<p>A definição clássica reconhecida de cardiotoxicidade é baseada em alterações na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uma queda de 10% para um valor abaixo de 50% ou associada a sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca durante ou após o uso de um agente cardiotóxico sugere cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, a definição internacional mais recente para toxicidade cardiovascular relacionada à terapia do câncer<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> em relação à disfunção cardíaca contempla não apenas alterações na fração de ejeção, mas também um declínio do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) e/ou um novo aumento em biomarcadores e/ou sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cardiotoxicidade relacionada à terapia do câncer</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="4"><bold>CTRTC sintomática (IC)</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>Muito grave</bold></td>
										<td align="left">IC que requer suporte inotrópico, suporte circulatório mecânico ou consideração de transplante</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Grave</bold></td>
										<td>Hospitalização por IC</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Moderada</bold></td>
										<td>Necessidade de intensificação ambulatorial de terapia diurética e de IC</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Leve</bold></td>
										<td>Sintomas leves de IC, sem necessidade de intensificação da terapia</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3"><bold>CTRTC assintomática</bold></td>
										<td><bold>Grave</bold></td>
										<td>Nova redução da FEVE para &lt; 40%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Moderada</bold></td>
										<td>Nova redução da FEVE em 10 pontos percentuais para FEVE de 40% a 49% OU Nova redução da FEVE &lt; 10 pontos percentuais para FEVE de 40% a 49% E novo declínio relativo no SLG em &gt; 15% da linha de base OU novo aumento nos biomarcadores cardíacos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Leve</bold></td>
										<td>FEVE ≥ 50% novo declínio relativo no SLG em &gt; 15% da linha de base E/OU novo aumento nos biomarcadores cardíacos</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>CTRTC: cardiotoxicidade relacionada à terapia do câncer; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; SLG: strain longitudinal global. Adaptado das Diretrizes de Cardio-oncologia da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia de 2022.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Apresentação clínica</title>
					<p>A vigilância ativa em relação à função cardíaca durante a quimioterapia com antraciclina e trastuzumabe é recomendada nas diretrizes atuais; assim, os pacientes frequentemente ainda estão assintomáticos no momento do diagnóstico de cardiotoxicidade. Os sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca são a apresentação clássica, com sinais de congestão. A apresentação de insuficiência cardíaca aguda é possível e requer hospitalização e até mesmo inotrópicos ou suporte circulatório mecânico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Marcadores de cardiotoxicidade subclínica</title>
					<p>Tradicionalmente, a FEVE por ecocardiograma tem sido utilizada como ferramenta fundamental para detectar disfunção cardíaca. No entanto, a redução da FEVE pode representar um estágio tardio de lesão miocárdica; portanto, permite apenas o diagnóstico em um ponto em que a recuperação total é menos provável. Com a finalidade de melhorar a detecção de cardiotoxicidade, há um crescente corpo de evidências sobre o uso de elevação de biomarcadores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e redução do <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> como marcadores de cardiotoxicidade subclínica.</p>
					<p>A elevação da troponina I cardíaca foi descrita em um terço dos pacientes após altas doses de antraciclina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e o grau de elevação da troponina I cardíaca foi associado à dose cumulativa de antraciclina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esse biomarcador também está associado ao grau de disfunção ventricular esquerda. Em uma coorte, pacientes que atingiram nível de troponina I cardíaca acima de 0,5 ng/mL apresentaram redução significativa e persistente da FEVE, enquanto pacientes com diminuição transitória da FEVE apresentaram níveis de troponina I cardíaca abaixo de 0,5 ng/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, valores persistentes de troponina I cardíaca &gt; 0,08 ng /mL mais de um mês após a terapia foram associados a 84% de risco de cardiotoxicidade, enquanto troponina I cardíaca abaixo do intervalo de referência foi associado a 1% de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além das troponinas, outros biomarcadores têm sido estudados na cardiotoxicidade subclínica. Os peptídeos natriuréticos apresentam correlação controversa com a cardiotoxicidade na literatura. Algumas evidências sugerem uma associação entre o nível de NT-proBNP e a dose cumulativa de antraciclina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, em duas coortes, enquanto a troponina cardíaca previu a cardiotoxicidade, os peptídeos natriuréticos não.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Marcadores de inflamação e disfunção endotelial também são alvos de pesquisa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> mas são menos utilizados na prática clínica.</p>
					<p>A identificação precoce de disfunção ventricular esquerda subclínica também é possível por meio de SLG, que é uma avaliação do <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> bidimensional que permite o estudo da deformação miocárdica global e regional para detectar alterações sutis na função sistólica, especialmente relacionadas à quimioterapia com antraciclinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O uso de SLG poderia identificar pacientes com maior risco de cardiotoxicidade e melhorar a vigilância cardíaca.</p>
					<p>Evidências de uma metanálise incluindo 21 estudos e 1.782 pacientes com câncer sugerem que o SLG pode identificar disfunção miocárdica subclínica e também tem implicações prognósticas em relação à cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia ou insuficiência cardíaca, apesar de algumas limitações dos estudos, como: heterogeneidade estatística significativa entre estudos, valores de corte de SLG variáveis e viés de publicação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Usando esse raciocínio, o estudo SUCCOUR avaliou uma abordagem baseada em SLG para iniciar a cardioproteção em comparação com o tratamento padrão para minimizar os riscos de redução futura da FEVE, de interrupção da terapia do câncer ou de disfunção cardíaca relacionada à terapia do câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Pacientes expostos a antraciclinas com outro fator de risco para insuficiência cardíaca foram inscritos para iniciar cardioproteção com um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina e betabloqueador após redução de 10% da FEVE para menos de 55% ou redução de 5% com sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca ou após redução relativa de SLG de 12%. Comparando os dois grupos, não houve diferença na fração de ejeção final. Porém, no acompanhamento final, 44 pacientes no braço guiado por SLG foram tratados com medicamentos cardioprotetores, em comparação com apenas 20 pacientes que receberam o mesmo tratamento no braço guiado por fração de ejeção. Como resultado, 21 pacientes (13,7%) no braço guiado por fração de ejeção, em comparação com apenas 9 pacientes (5,8%) no braço guiado por SLG, preencheram os critérios para disfunção cardíaca relacionada à terapia do câncer (p = 0,022). Em uma análise post-hoc, o estudo também mostrou menor redução na fração de ejeção entre os pacientes tratados com base no SLG (2,9%) em comparação com os pacientes tratados com base na fração de ejeção (9,1%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Monitoramento</title>
					<p>A frequência da avaliação cardiovascular na monitorização da cardiotoxicidade depende tanto do risco cardiovascular, que envolve fatores de risco individuais, quanto do risco intrínseco da quimioterapia, levando a protocolos diferentes baseados no risco individual.</p>
					<p>Em 2022, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia publicou as Diretrizes Cardio-oncológicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que sugerem a monitorização com ecocardiograma (incluindo SLG e FEVE tridimensional), eletrocardiograma e biomarcadores para identificar marcadores subclínicos de cardiotoxicidade e considerar medicamentos cardioprotetores com base no risco cardiovascular individual e tipo de quimioterapia.</p>
					<p>A Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-oncologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> sugere uma abordagem um pouco diferente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2</xref>). Intervalos diferentes também são usados dependendo da FEVE basal. Para antraciclinas, se a FEVE basal for &gt; 55%, recomenda-se apenas ecocardiograma após 3, 6 e 12 meses. Se a FEVE estiver entre 50% e 55%, além do ecocardiograma, recomenda-se também a análise da troponina e dos peptídeos natriuréticos menos de 72 horas após a exposição às antraciclinas. Se a FEVE for &lt; 50%, deve-se iniciar prontamente o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca, e a primeira avaliação por imagem deve ser feita após 45 dias. Para trastuzumabe, se a FEVE for &gt; 55%, o ecocardiograma deve ser feito após 12 e 24 semanas e ao final do tratamento. Se a FEVE estiver entre 50% e 55%, além do ecocardiograma, recomenda-se também a análise da troponina e dos peptídeos natriuréticos menos de 72 horas após a exposição. Se a FEVE for &lt; 50%, deve-se iniciar prontamente o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca e a avaliação por imagem deve ser realizada após 12 semanas, 18 semanas e ao final do tratamento.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Monitoramento ecocardiográfico e análise de biomarcadores em pacientes em uso de antraciclinas conforme recomendação da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. ECO: ecocardiograma; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B; QT: quimioterapia; tto: tratamento.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Monitoramento ecocardiográfico e análise de biomarcadores em pacientes em uso de fármacos anti-HER2, de acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. ECO: ecocardiograma; FR: fatores de risco; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; sem: semanas; tto: tratamento; VE: ventricular esquerda.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prevenção primária da cardiomiopatia induzida por quimioterapia</title>
					<p>A prevenção não farmacológica, como parar de fumar, consumir uma dieta saudável e praticar exercícios aeróbicos moderados, deve ser sempre estimulada para reduzir o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Também é importante controlar o peso, tratar comorbidades e, se possível, minimizar a radiação cardíaca. Em relação à terapia farmacológica, existem duas abordagens na prevenção primária da cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas: reduzir os efeitos cardiotóxicos da antraciclina e iniciar medicação cardioprotetora.</p>
					<p>A primeira abordagem é realizada pela diminuição da dose cumulativa do agente (&lt; 360 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de doxorrubicina ou dose equivalente de análogos de antraciclina), usando infusão contínua e preferindo formas lipossomais do medicamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Análogos de antraciclina menos cardiotóxicos (epirrubicina, idarrubicina e mitoxantrona) também são preferíveis.</p>
					<p>Na segunda abordagem, medicamentos cardioprotetores são iniciados com a expectativa de uma redução da lesão miocárdica. Até o momento, apenas o dexrazoxano foi aprovado pela Food and Drug Administration dos Estados Unidos para evitar a cardiotoxicidade por antraciclina em pacientes com câncer de mama metastático que receberam dose superior a 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de doxorrubicina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O dexrazoxano é um quelante de ferro que altera a configuração da topoisomerase 2B, prevenindo a interação da antraciclina, evitando assim o seu efeito cardiotóxico. Diferentes ensaios demonstraram redução de eventos cardiovasculares e da incidência de insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes com câncer de mama, e uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos randomizados e não randomizados sobre a eficácia do dexrazoxano em pacientes com câncer de mama mostrou uma redução no risco de insuficiência cardíaca clínica (<italic>risk ratio</italic>: 0,19; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,09 a 0,40; p &lt; 0,001) e eventos cardíacos (<italic>risk ratio</italic>: 0,36; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,27 a 0,49; p &lt; 0,001), independentemente de exposição prévia a antraciclinas, e a taxa de resposta oncológica parcial ou completa, a sobrevida global e a sobrevida livre de progressão não foram afetadas pelo dexrazoxano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Medicamentos cardiovasculares como betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina têm mostrado resultados controversos e não são recomendados como rotina em pacientes em quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Pequenos estudos randomizados anteriores sugeriram que carvedilol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e nebivolol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> foram protetores contra alterações na FEVE. Em um dos primeiros ensaios clínicos randomizados comparando placebo versus carvedilol em pacientes tratados com altas doses de quimioterapia com antraciclina, Kalay et al. encontraram maior redução da FEVE no grupo placebo (69% a 53%) do que no grupo carvedilol (70% a 69%) (p &lt; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Diferentemente, o ensaio PRADA (Prevention of cardiac dysfunction during adjuvant breast cancer therapy)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> avaliou a cardioproteção com metoprolol e candesartana em 130 pacientes e mostrou benefício da candesartana com redução menos pronunciada da FEVE em comparação ao grupo metoprolol e placebo. Em 2021, o resultado de 2 anos do ensaio PRADA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> também mostrou que o tratamento com candesartana foi associado a uma redução significativa no volume diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo em comparação com o grupo sem candesartana (p = 0,021) e declínio atenuado no SLG (p = 0,046) em 2 anos, mas não foram encontradas diferenças no grupo metoprolol, e não houve diferença nas troponinas cardíacas entre os grupos.</p>
					<p>Cardinale et al. estudaram a cardioproteção com enalapril, um inibidor conversor de angiotensina amplamente utilizado no manejo da insuficiência cardíaca, em 114 pacientes que desenvolveram troponina positiva durante o tratamento com a antraciclina, em comparação com placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O grupo enalapril apresentou incidência significativamente menor de insuficiência cardíaca e disfunção ventricular assintomática. O mesmo autor estudou 273 pacientes comparando enalapril em um braço em todos os pacientes antes da quimioterapia versus outro braço usando enalapril apenas em pacientes que desenvolveram troponina positiva durante a quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Não houve diferença entre os grupos, sugerindo que o uso de enalapril poderia ser desencadeado pela elevação da troponina. O maior estudo randomizado avaliando carvedilol versus placebo na cardiotoxicidade, o estudo CECCY (Carvedilol Effect in Preventing Chemotherapy Inposed Cardiotoxicity),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> incluiu 200 pacientes com câncer de mama em uso de antraciclinas e não mostrou diferença na FEVE entre os dois grupos. Houve uma ligeira diminuição no diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo no grupo carvedilol. Entretanto, a taxa de eventos foi menor do que a calculada (14,5% no grupo carvedilol e 13,5% no grupo placebo), o que pode ter interferido nos resultados. Curiosamente, apesar do desfecho primário negativo, o braço do carvedilol apresentou valores de troponina mais baixos do que o braço do placebo, levantando a possibilidade de proteção contra cardiotoxicidade subclínica. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os principais ensaios que avaliaram medicamentos cardioprotetores na prevenção primária.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Resumo dos ensaios clínicos mais importantes na prevenção primária da cardiotoxicidade</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo</th>
										<th>Pacientes</th>
										<th>Regime de quimioterapia</th>
										<th>Medicamento cardioprotetor</th>
										<th align="left">Desfecho primário</th>
										<th>Acompanhamento (meses)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Cardinale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> 2006</td>
										<td align="center">114</td>
										<td align="center">Epirrubicina Idarrubicina Daunorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Enalapril</td>
										<td>Incidência de cardiotoxicidade: Controle: 43% Enalapril: 0% p &lt; 0,001</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Kalay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> 2006</td>
										<td align="center">50</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina Epirrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
										<td>Alteração da FEVE pré/pós quimioterapia Placebo: 68,9%/52,3%; p &lt; 0,001 Carvedilol: 70,5%/69,7%; p = 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Georgakopoulos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> 2010</td>
										<td align="center">125</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Metoprolol Enalapril</td>
										<td>Nenhuma alteração na FEVE</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bosch<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> 2013/ OVERCOME</td>
										<td align="center">201</td>
										<td align="center">Idarrubicina Daunorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol Enalapril</td>
										<td>Alteração média na redução da FEVE (%) Controle: −3,1; p = 0,035 Enalapril + carvedilol: −0,17%; p = ns</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Kaya<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> 2013</td>
										<td align="center">45</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina Epirrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Nebivolol</td>
										<td>Alteração da FEVE pré/pós quimioterapia Placebo: 66,6%/57,5%; p = 0,001 Nebivolol: 65,6%/63,8%; p = 0,5</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gulati<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>2016/PRADA</td>
										<td align="center">126</td>
										<td align="center">Epirrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Metoprolol Candesartana</td>
										<td>Alteração média na redução da FEVE (%) Placebo: −2,6 Candesartana: 0,8; p = 0,026 Metoprolol: −1,6%; p = ns</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pituskin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> 2017/MANTICORE</td>
										<td align="center">94</td>
										<td align="center">Trastuzumabe</td>
										<td align="center">Bisoprolol Perindopril</td>
										<td>Nenhuma alteração na FEVE</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Avila<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> 2018/CECCY</td>
										<td align="center">200</td>
										<td align="center">Doxorrubicina</td>
										<td align="center">Carvedilol</td>
										<td>Nenhuma alteração na FEVE</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Guglin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> 2019</td>
										<td align="center">468</td>
										<td align="center">Trastuzumabe</td>
										<td align="center">Lisinopril Carvedilol</td>
										<td>Taxa de cardiotoxicidade Placebo: 47% versus lisinopril: 37% versus carvedilol: 31%</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ns: não significativo.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento da disfunção ventricular assintomática e sintomática</title>
					<p>Durante o tratamento oncológico, se a FEVE cair abaixo de 50%, os medicamentos cardioprotetores devem ser prontamente iniciados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Dependendo da gravidade da disfunção cardíaca, a quimioterapia deve ser interrompida, mas a interrupção deve sempre ser discutida em equipe multidisciplinar. Em geral, as diretrizes recomendam que, quando a FEVE cair abaixo de 40%, o tratamento antineoplásico seja suspenso temporariamente. A viabilidade de retornar à mesma quimioterapia depende do agente envolvido e da discussão da equipe multidisciplinar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Algoritmo da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para o manejo da insuficiência cardíaca e disfunção ventricular por antraciclinas. ECO: ecocardiograma; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; QT: quimioterapia; tto: tratamento.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Algoritmo da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para o manejo da insuficiência cardíaca e da disfunção ventricular por terapia anti-HER2. ECO: ecocardiograma; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; QT: quimioterapia; tto: tratamento.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-04-0335-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A redução do SLG e o aumento dos biomarcadores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> estão atualmente incorporados nas diretrizes brasileiras e europeias como marcadores de lesão subclínica, e ambas as diretrizes recomendam considerar medicamentos cardioprotetores nesse cenário.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prognóstico</title>
					<p>Apesar do tratamento contemporâneo da insuficiência cardíaca, até 36% dos pacientes com cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas não apresentam recuperação completa quando o tratamento é iniciado dentro de 2 meses após o término da quimioterapia, e esse percentual diminui gradativamente após esse período.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Com a finalidade de evitar a diminuição da FEVE e a exposição dos pacientes ao risco de disfunção cardíaca irreversível, mesmo com o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca, a prevenção da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela quimioterapia tem sido o foco das pesquisas nos últimos anos.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O número crescente de pacientes que sobrevivem ao câncer também está levando a um número crescente de pacientes que sofrem de complicações da quimioterapia, especialmente a cardiotoxicidade. Como a maioria dos pacientes em uso de antraciclinas não recupera totalmente a função cardíaca, a prevenção da disfunção cardíaca relacionada à terapia do câncer é fundamental, principalmente pelo controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular e incentivo à prática de atividade física. As evidências atuais sugerem que é possível identificar pacientes com dano miocárdico subclínico e, portanto, identificar o subgrupo que poderia se beneficiar de uma vigilância intensiva e medicamentos cardioprotetores, com a finalidade de reduzir a morbimortalidade nessa população.</p>
			</sec>
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					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>