<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20230006</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20230006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardio-Protection Against Cancer Treatment-Related Cardiac Dysfunction: Who is at Risk?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macedo</surname>
						<given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisas Clínicas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisas Clínicas, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">DASA Centro de Pesquisa Clínica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">DASA Centro de Pesquisa Clínica do Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo • Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo – Cardiologia – Rua Dr. Cesário da Mota Junior, 112. CEP 01221-020, Santa Cecília, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>arianevsm@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>333</fpage>
			<lpage>334</lpage>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Medical Oncology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="9"/>
				<page-count count="2"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Long-term survival of cancer patients has improved, and the sequelae of treatment have become more evident. Mortality rates of cancer patients, adjusted for age, have decreased globally, with a reduction by 17% from 1990 to 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The prevention of left ventricular dysfunction secondary to cancer treatment is still a medical challenge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is the main limiting factor for the administration of higher doses of anthracyclines. Addressing the anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is particularly important for pediatric cancer survivors, as it remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Other classes of antineoplastic agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-HER2 therapies, and immunotherapy can also have a negative impact on myocardial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, there is a need for (a) the development of strategies to identify and control cardiotoxicity; (b) further data on the long-term risk in these patients; and (c) effective primary and secondary prevention strategies. It is known that the precise evaluation of baseline characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors allow an individualized approach to each patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Cardioprotective therapies represent an important way to reduce the cardiotoxicity secondary to cancer treatment. However, the ideal duration, the strategy and the long-term efficacy of empiric cardio-protection remain unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There is still no clear consensus on recommendations for cardioprotective pharmacotherapy. However, it is known that the first step in preventing cardiotoxicity is to be aware of the cardiovascular risk, and to identify the high-risk patients. A pro-active approach is essential, towards the identification of risk factors and pre-existing cardiovascular diseases in oncologic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This is a continuous process that must be applied during the whole treatment period. In patients who require high doses of anthracyclines, continuous infusion of anthracyclines, the use of liposomal doxorubicin and dexrazoxane have been shown to attenuate cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Current data do not support the routine use of neuro-humoral antagonists as cardioprotective agents in patients treated with cardiotoxic chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This lack of evidence on cardioprotective therapies may be attributed to the high heterogeneity and modest size of the samples in most studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although small studies have been included in the meta-analyses, the considerable heterogeneity in the study design and method, as well as in patients’ risk makes interpretation and generalization of results quite challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In the absence of definite results from large-scale studies, the question about which patients are most likely to benefit from cardioprotective treatment with neurohormonal antagonists remains unanswered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although risk-based strategies may be attractive, currently available randomized trials do not support the use of interventions guided by images or biomarkers. This may be explained by the fact that the effect of interventions with neurohormonal antagonists may be lower in the absence of an elevated neurohormonal activation. Besides, in general, neurohormonal antagonists are not specifically targeted to the cardiotoxic effects of anti-cancer treatments, but rather, used to attenuate potential negative effects of neurohormonal activation in response to myocardial lesion. Future studies should develop new targeted cardioprotective agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>In contrast, there is a strong consensus on the importance of a strict control and treatment of risk factors. In this context, the interaction and collaboration among oncologists, cardiologists, and cardio-oncologists play a key role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The design of larger, collaborative, multicentric studies have been a high priority in cardio-oncology. Fortunately, there is currently an international effort to develop multicentric, randomized trials on cardioprotection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, it is important to incorporate cardiovascular outcomes into pivotal studies in oncology. The design of conventional clinical trials in oncology has been mostly focused on the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy to the detriment of valuable information on cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes. To achieve a balance between efficacy and potential risk of cardiotoxicity of oncologic treatment, research in oncology should integrate baseline cardiovascular data with pre-established cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The improvement of survival rates in several types of cancer should not be accompanied by an increased risk of treatment-related cardiotoxicity. A continuous search for methods to identify more precisely those patients at higher risk should continue, together with the development of interventions directed at cardio-protection in oncology.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results [Internet]. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2021. [cited 2023 Jan 15]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.healthdata.org/gbd/2019">https://www.healthdata.org/gbd/2019</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results</source>
					<comment>Internet</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Seattle</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</publisher-name>
					<year>2021</year>
					<date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2023 Jan 15</date-in-citation>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.healthdata.org/gbd/2019">https://www.healthdata.org/gbd/2019</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Hajjar LA, Costa IBSDSD, Lopes MACQ, Hoff PMG, Diz MDPE, Fonseca SMR, et al. Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(5):1006-43. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201006.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hajjar</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>IBSDSD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lopes</surname>
							<given-names>MACQ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoff</surname>
							<given-names>PMG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Diz</surname>
							<given-names>MDPE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonseca</surname>
							<given-names>SMR</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1006</fpage>
					<lpage>1043</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201006.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Lipshultz SE, Karnik R, Sambatakos P, Franco VI, Ross SW, Miller TL. Anthracycline-Related Cardiotoxicity in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2014;29(1):103-12. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000034.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lipshultz</surname>
							<given-names>SE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Karnik</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sambatakos</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Franco</surname>
							<given-names>VI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ross</surname>
							<given-names>SW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miller</surname>
							<given-names>TL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Anthracycline-Related Cardiotoxicity in Childhood Cancer Survivors</article-title>
					<source>Curr Opin Cardiol</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>29</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>103</fpage>
					<lpage>112</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HCO.0000000000000034.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4229-61. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lyon</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-Fernández</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Couch</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Asteggiano</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aznar</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>41</issue>
					<fpage>4229</fpage>
					<lpage>4261</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Lyon AR, Dent S, Stanway S, Earl H, Brezden-Masley C, Cohen-Solal A, et al. Baseline Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Cancer Patients Scheduled to Receive Cardiotoxic Cancer Therapies: A Position Statement and New Risk Assessment Tools from the Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in Collaboration with the International Cardio-Oncology Society. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(11):1945-60. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1920.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lyon</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dent</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stanway</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Earl</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brezden-Masley</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Baseline Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Cancer Patients Scheduled to Receive Cardiotoxic Cancer Therapies: A Position Statement and New Risk Assessment Tools from the Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in Collaboration with the International Cardio-Oncology Society</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1945</fpage>
					<lpage>1960</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1920.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Omland T, Heck SL, Gulati G. The Role of Cardioprotection in Cancer Therapy Cardiotoxicity: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol. 2022;4(1):19-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.01.101.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Omland</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Heck</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gulati</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Role of Cardioprotection in Cancer Therapy Cardiotoxicity: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
					<source>JACC CardioOncol</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>19</fpage>
					<lpage>37</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.01.101.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Armenian SH, Lacchetti C, Barac A, Carver J, Constine LS, Denduluri N, et al. Prevention and Monitoring of Cardiac Dysfunction in Survivors of Adult Cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(8):893-911. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.70.5400.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Armenian</surname>
							<given-names>SH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lacchetti</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barac</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carver</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Constine</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Denduluri</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prevention and Monitoring of Cardiac Dysfunction in Survivors of Adult Cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Oncol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>893</fpage>
					<lpage>911</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2016.70.5400.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Sayed A, Abdelfattah OM, Munir M, Shazly O, Awad AK, Ghaith HS, et al. Long-Term Effectiveness of Empiric Cardio-Protection in Patients Receiving Cardiotoxic Chemotherapies: A Systematic Review &amp; Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2022;169:82-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.024.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sayed</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abdelfattah</surname>
							<given-names>OM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Munir</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shazly</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Awad</surname>
							<given-names>AK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghaith</surname>
							<given-names>HS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Long-Term Effectiveness of Empiric Cardio-Protection in Patients Receiving Cardiotoxic Chemotherapies: A Systematic Review &amp; Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Cancer</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>169</volume>
					<fpage>82</fpage>
					<lpage>92</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.024.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Curigliano G, Lenihan D, Fradley M, Ganatra S, Barac A, Blaes A, et al. Management of Cardiac Disease in Cancer Patients Throughout Oncological Treatment: ESMO Consensus Recommendations. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(2):171-90. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2019.10.023.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Curigliano</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lenihan</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fradley</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ganatra</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barac</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blaes</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Management of Cardiac Disease in Cancer Patients Throughout Oncological Treatment: ESMO Consensus Recommendations</article-title>
					<source>Ann Oncol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>171</fpage>
					<lpage>190</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.annonc.2019.10.023.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardioproteção para Disfunção Cardíaca Relacionada ao Tratamento do Câncer: Quem é o Paciente de Risco?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macedo</surname>
						<given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisas Clínicas, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">DASA Centro de Pesquisa Clínica do Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo • Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo – Cardiologia – Rua Dr. Cesário da Mota Junior, 112. CEP 01221-020, Santa Cecília, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: arianevsm@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
				<kwd>Doenças Cardiovasculares</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias</kwd>
				<kwd>Oncologia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>As taxas de sobrevivência em longo prazo do câncer estão melhorando, e as sequelas do tratamento podem ser mais evidentes à medida que os pacientes com câncer vivem mais. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer padronizadas pela idade estão caindo globalmente, com declínio de 17% de 1990 a 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A prevenção da disfunção ventricular esquerda predominantemente induzida pelo tratamento do câncer ainda representa um desafio na medicina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A cardiotoxicidade relacionada ao fármaco é o principal fator limitante na administração de doses mais altas de antraciclinas. Abordar a cardiotoxicidade associada à antraciclina tem particular importância para os sobreviventes de câncer pediátrico, pois continua uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade nessa população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Outras classes de antineoplásicas como os inibidores de tirosinaquinase, as terapias anti-HER2 e a imunoterapia também podem ter impacto negativo sobre a função miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, tornam-se necessários (a) o desenvolvimento de estratégias para identificar e controlar a cardiotoxicidade; (b) mais dados sobre os riscos de longo prazo em tais pacientes; e (c) estratégias eficazes de prevenção primária e secundária. Sabemos que a avaliação precisa das características basais e dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares permite uma abordagem individualizada para modificar o risco de cada paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As terapias cardioprotetoras representam um caminho importante para reduzir as cardiotoxicidades limitantes secundárias ao tratamento oncológico. No entanto, a duração ideal, a estratégia e a eficácia em longo prazo da cardioproteção empírica permanecem desconhecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Não há ainda um consenso claro sobre as recomendações para a farmacoterapia cardioprotetora. Entretanto, sabemos que o primeiro passo na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade é estar ciente do risco cardiovascular, juntamente com a identificação de pacientes de alto risco. É fundamental uma abordagem pró-ativa com otimização dos fatores de risco e identificação das doenças cardiovasculares já existentes nos pacientes oncológicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa avaliação é um processo contínuo que deve ser feito ao longo da jornada da terapia do câncer. Em pacientes que necessitam de altas doses de antraciclinas, as infusões contínuas de antraciclinas, o uso de doxorrubicina lipossomal ou dexrazoxano já se mostraram capazes de atenuar a cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os dados atuais não suportam o uso rotineiro de antagonistas neuro-hormonais como agentes cardioprotetores em pacientes tratados com quimioterapias cardiotóxicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Tal deficiência de evidências sobre as terapias cardioprotetoras pode ser atribuída à grande heterogeneidade e ao tamanho modesto da amostra da maioria dos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora estudos pequenos tenham sido utilizados nas meta-análises, a presença de considerável heterogeneidade no desenho, metodologia e no risco do paciente torna a interpretação e generalização dos resultados das meta-análises bastante desafiadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na ausência de resultados definitivos vindos de estudos em larga escala, a questão sobre quais pacientes mais se beneficiarão de tratamento cardioprotetor com antagonistas neuro-hormonais permanece indefinida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora as estratégias baseadas em risco para identificar esses pacientes sejam atrativas, os estudos randomizados existentes ainda não apoiam o uso de intervenções guiadas por imagem ou biomarcadores. Isso pode ser aplicado pelo fato de que o efeito das intervenções com antagonistas neuro-hormonais possa ser relativamente menor na ausência de uma ativação neuro-hormonal acentuada. Além disso, os antagonistas neuro-hormonais geralmente não são direcionados especificamente para o efeito cardiotóxico das terapias contra o câncer, e sim usados para atenuar o possível efeito prejudicial da ativação de sistemas neuro-hormonais em resposta à lesão miocárdica. Um objetivo para o futuro deve ser o desenvolvimento de novos agentes cardioprotetores direcionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em contraste, há amplo consenso sobre a importância do controle e tratamento rigorosos dos fatores de risco. Nesse contexto, a interação e a colaboração entre oncologistas, cardiologistas e cardio-oncologistas desempenham um papel central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O desenho de estudos multicêntricos maiores e colaborativos tem sido uma prioridade para a área da cardio-oncologia. Felizmente, há um esforço conjunto internacional com estudos multicêntricos e randomizados em andamento abordando a cardioproteção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, é importante incorporar os desfechos cardiovasculares aos estudos pivotais em oncologia. O desenho de ensaios clínicos convencionais em oncologia tem sido, em grande parte, centrado na eficácia do tratamento do câncer ignorando informações valiosas sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares e seus desfechos. A fim de equilibrar a eficácia da terapia oncológica e o seu potencial risco de cardiotoxicidade, a pesquisa em oncologia deverá integrar dados cardiovasculares basais e desfechos cardiovasculares pré-definidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A melhora das taxas de sobrevida de diversos tipos de câncer não deve vir acompanhada de um risco aumentado de cardiotoxicidade relacionada ao tratamento. Uma busca contínua por métodos para identificar com mais precisão aqueles em maior risco deve continuar, em conjunto com o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais direcionadas para a cardioproteção em oncologia.</p>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>