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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220072</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220072</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Lessons from the EMPEROR Preserved</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8684-9010</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Bocchi</surname><given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo (UNTCI &#x2013; InCor &#x2013; HC-FMUSP), S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira Lima</bold> &#x2022; HCFMUSP &#x2013; UNTCI &#x2013; Av. Dr. En&#xE9;as de Carvalho, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>ivna_cunha@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>329</fpage>
<lpage>330</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="7"/>
<page-count count="2"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>In randomized clinical trials, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been shown effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular (CV) death and hospitalization for chronic heart failure (CHF), as well as renal outcomes, regardless of the presence of diabetes. Despite these findings in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF) (HFrEF), retrospective subanalyses of patients with type 2 diabetes have suggested that many of preventable events have occurred in patients with a left ventricular (LV) EF (LVEF) greater than 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this regard, the Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Preserved) was carried out to evaluate the safety and efficacy of empagliflozin in patients with HFpEF. A total of 5988 patients with LVEF &#x3E; 40% were randomized (Empagliflozin or placebo) and followed up for a median of 26.2 months; 45% of participants were women, symptomatic, with class II&#x2013;IV heart failure, one hospitalization in the last year and N-terminal pro&#x2013;B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels of more than 300 pg/mL if in sinus rhythm or &#x3E; 900 pg/mL if in atrial fibrillation NT-PRO-BNP. The primary outcome &#x2013; composite outcome of CV death or hospitalization for heart failure (HF) &#x2013; occurred in 13.8% in the empagliflozin group and in 17.1% in the placebo group, with a hazard ratio of 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.69 to 0.90; p&#x3C;0.001. No significant difference was found in CV death (HR 0.91, 95%CI 0.76-1.09), but a significant difference was observed in hospitalization for HF (HR 0.71, 95%CI 0.60-0.83), regardless of the presence of diabetes. However, this beneficial effect of empagliflozin was not detected in patients with EF&#x3E;60% (HR 0.87, 95%CI 0.69-1.1) in a subgroup analysis and its limitations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>When the outcomes were stratified by EF, 33% of patients had EF between 41 and 49% and the others an EF&#x3E;50%. No difference in the effect of the medication was seen between patients with EF &#x3E; 50% and patients with EF&#x3C;60% or 41-49% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Empagliflozin was superior to placebo in improving the combined outcome regardless of the presence of diabetes in patients with HFpEF. The effect was strengthened especially by the reduction in hospitalization for CHF rather than in CV mortality, which seems to be independent of baseline EF, even among patients with EF between 50% and 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> With these results, empagliflozin was approved for the treatment of patients with this profile, and generated enthusiasm in the scientific community. Previous medications such as candesartan, spironolactone and sacubitril-valsartan have shown no or modest beneficial effect, and predominantly in populations with lower EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Results of empagliflozin by ejection fraction strata</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="13%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Outcome</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% of events with empagliflozin EF &#x2265;50%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% of events with placebo EF &#x2265;50%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% of events with empagliflozin EF 41-49%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% of events with placebo EF 41-49%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Interaction p-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Combined</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6.7%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8.0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.2%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">All cause-mortality</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6.1%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6.1%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.84</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.7%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8.0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 0.05</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Total hospitalization rate</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4.5%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.7%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.013</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3.8%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6.5%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0.001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Quality of life (KCCQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4.24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2.78</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4.86</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.043</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.92</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>EF: ejection fraction; KCCQ: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; data extracted from the Emperor-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Although the mechanism of action of empagliflozin has not been elucidated, the marked reduction in hospitalizations for a condition with an increasing incidence in the world and high health care costs in public and private services seems quite relevant. Another issue to be discussed is the historical classification of CHF by EF cut-offs. Comparison of studies using different medications has shown that different ranges of EF are associated with distinguishable responses to the drugs; while in the lower strata (HFrEF) a reduction in mortality stands out, in the higher strata (HFpEF) a reduction in hospitalization is predominant.</p>
<p>When these data are put into perspective, despite potential differences between populations and outcomes, there are three main trials that evaluated the classes of drugs used in the treatment of HFpEF: the PARAGON<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (neprilysin inhibitors), the EMPEROR-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (SGLT2i) and the TOPCAT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists). In the PARAGON-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (patients with EF&#x3E;45%), no benefit was found for the combined outcome, for hospitalization or for CV death. Analysis of subgroups raised the hypothesis, to be confirmed, that the composite outcome of hospitalization and CV death would be reduced by sacubitril&#x2013;valsartan in the EF &#x3C;57% stratum and in women. This hypothesis was also suggested by an exploratory analysis of the pool of patients of the PARAGON-HF and PARADIGM-HF trials. In the TOPCAT trial (patients with EF &#x3E; 45%), spironolactone was shown to have a modest effect on hospitalization for HF, which was a component of the primary outcome, together with CV death and aborted cardiac arrest. There was a higher incidence of hyperkalemia and increased creatinine levels. A subgroup analysis (without an interaction test) suggested that patients with EF lower than the median (but not lower than 50%) would benefit the most from the drug.</p>
<p>Despite the differences for the outcome hospitalization for IC, exploratory and subgroup analyses that need confirmation, suggest the hypothesis that patients with EF between 40% and 60% would benefit from sacubitril-valsartan or spironolactone. However, so far, empagliflozin was the only medication that has been shown to reduce hospitalization for HF both in patients with EF &#x2264;40% and in patients with EF &#x3E;40%, as reported in the EMPEROR-REDUCED and EMPEROR-PRESERVED studies, respectively. These results give rise to discussion about patient classification based on EF cut-offs and creates an evidence gap for the subgroup of patients with EF&#x3E;60%, in which the benefits obtained in the subgroup analysis are not maintained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>In conclusion, although the mechanism of action of SGLT2i are not fully understood, these drugs reduce hospitalizations for HF regardless of the presence of diabetes and apparently of EF also. Among the therapeutic options available, this class of drugs seems to offer the greatest benefit. Nevertheless, unanswered questions remain, like how and when will medications that effectively affect CV and all-cause mortality in HFpEF patients be available, and why apparently none of these medications are effective in patients with EF&#x3E;60%.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Li&#xE7;&#xF5;es do EMPEROR Preserved</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8684-9010</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Bocchi</surname><given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#xE3;o Paulo (UNTCI &#x2013; InCor &#x2013; HC-FMUSP), S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Ivna Girard Cunha Vieira Lima</bold> &#x2022; HCFMUSP &#x2013; UNTCI &#x2013; Av. Dr. En&#xE9;as de Carvalho, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>ivna_cunha@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca Diast&#xF3;lica</kwd>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>Em ensaios cl&#xED;nicos randomizados, os inibidores do cotransportador de s&#xF3;dio e glicose tipo 2 (iSGLT2) se mostraram eficazes em reduzir o risco de morte cardiovascular (CV) e hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca cr&#xF4;nica (ICC), al&#xE9;m de desfechos renais, independente da presen&#xE7;a de diabetes. Apesar desses achados em pacientes com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (FE) reduzida (ICFEr), suban&#xE1;lises realizadas retrospectivamente em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 sugerem que muitos dos eventos prevenidos aconteceram em pacientes com FE ventricular esquerda (FEVE) maior que 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, foi publicado o EMPEROR-Preserved que teve como objetivo avaliar a seguran&#xE7;a e efic&#xE1;cia da empagliflozina na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o com ICFEp. Um total de 5988 pacientes com FEVE &#x3E; 40% foram randomizados (empagliflozina ou placebo) e acompanhados por 26,2 meses; 45% dos participantes eram mulheres, sintom&#xE1;ticas com classe funcional de NYHA II a IV, uma hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o no &#xFA;ltimo ano e com N-terminal pr&#xF3;-pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico tipo-B (NT-PRO-BNP) acima de 300 pg/mL se em ritmo sinusal ou acima de 900 pg/mL se em FA. Os resultados encontrados para o desfecho combinado de morte CV ou interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC, para empagliflozina vs. placebo, foi de 13,8% vs. 17,1% com um hazard-ratio (HR) de 0,79 e intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95% (IC) de 0,69-0,90, p &#x3C; 0,001. N&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;a significativa em morte CV, com HR de 0,91 (IC 95% 0,76-1,09), mas se observou significativa diferen&#xE7;a em interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC com HR 0,71 (IC 95% 0,60-0,83), independente da presen&#xE7;a de diabetes. Por&#xE9;m, esse efeito ben&#xE9;fico da empagliflozina n&#xE3;o foi detectado nos pacientes com FE &#x3E;60% com HR de 0,87 (IC 95% 0,69-1,1), em an&#xE1;lise de subgrupos com suas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Quando estratificamos os desfechos por FE, vemos que 33% dos pacientes tinham FE entre 41 e 49% e o restante tinha FE &#x3E;50%. N&#xE3;o houve modifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do efeito da medica&#xE7;&#xE3;o quando comparamos pacientes com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o maior que 50% e menor que 60% ou entre 41 e 49%, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 1</xref>. A empagliflozina foi superior ao placebo na melhoria do desfecho combinado independentemente da presen&#xE7;a de diabetes em pacientes com ICFEp. O benef&#xED;cio foi impulsionado principalmente pela redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o na hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por ICC e n&#xE3;o pela mortalidade CV, o que parece ser independente da FE de base, inclusive entre pacientes com FE entre 50% e 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Com esses resultados, a empagliflozina foi aprovada para o tratamento de pacientes com esse perfil e gerou entusiasmo na comunidade cient&#xED;fica. Medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es usadas previamente, como candesartana, espironolactona e sacubitril-valsartana, quando tiveram algum benef&#xED;cio, esse foi modesto e predominante em popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es com FE menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Resultados da empagliflozina para diferentes estratos de fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="13%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Desfecho</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% de eventos empagliflozina FE &#x2265;50%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% de eventos placebo FE &#x2265;50%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% de eventos empagliflozina FE 41 e 49%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">% de eventos placebo FE 41 e 49%</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p da intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Combinado</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6,7%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,2%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Morte por todas as causas</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6,1%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6,1%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,84</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,7%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8,0%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 0,05</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o total</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4,5%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,7%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.013</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3,8%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6,5%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0,001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Qualidade de vida (KCCQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4,24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,78</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4,86</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,043</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,92</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>FE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o; KCCQ: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; dados retirados do estudo Emperor-Preserved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Apesar de o mecanismo de a&#xE7;&#xE3;o da droga n&#xE3;o ser bem entendido, uma redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o importante em hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o devido a uma causa com incid&#xEA;ncia crescente no mundo e que gera altos custos aos servi&#xE7;os de sa&#xFA;de p&#xFA;blicos e privados parece ser relevante. Outro ponto a ser discutido &#xE9; o da classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o hist&#xF3;rica da ICC conforme cortes de FEVE. A compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trabalhos com as medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es utilizadas para o seu tratamento sugere que em diferentes espectros de FE temos diferentes tipos de resposta &#xE0;s drogas usadas. Nos estratos mais baixos (ICFEr), observa-se um benef&#xED;cio em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; mortalidade e nos estratos mais altos (ICFEp), melhorias na redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>Colocando esses resultados em perspectiva, a despeito das potenciais diferen&#xE7;as entre as popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es e desfechos analisados, temos tr&#xEA;s principais <italic>trials</italic> que testaram as classes de rem&#xE9;dios para o tratamento de ICFEp: o PARAGON-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (inibidores de neprilisina), o EMPEROR-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (iSGLT2) e o TOPCAT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides). No estudo PARAGON-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (pacientes com FE &#x3E; 45%) n&#xE3;o houve benef&#xED;cio nem para desfecho combinado, nem para hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou morte CV. Realizando uma an&#xE1;lise de subgrupos, gerou-se a hip&#xF3;tese a ser confirmada de que o desfecho combinado de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o e morte CV seria reduzido com sacubitril-valsartana para o estrato de FE &#x3C; 57% e em mulheres. Uma an&#xE1;lise explorat&#xF3;ria do &#x201C;pool&#x201D; de pacientes dos estudos PARAGON-HF e PARADIGM-HF tamb&#xE9;m sugerem esta hip&#xF3;tese. No estudo TOPCAT (pacientes com FE &#x3E; 45%) a espironolactona mostrou ter efeito modesto nas hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC, que era um componente do desfecho prim&#xE1;rio juntamente com morte CV e parada card&#xED;aca abortada. Houve maior incid&#xEA;ncia de hiperpotassemia e aumento dos n&#xED;veis de creatinina. Uma an&#xE1;lise de subgrupo sem intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o, sugeriu que pacientes com FE menor que a mediana (mas n&#xE3;o menor que 50%) poderiam se beneficiar mais da medica&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>Apesar das diferen&#xE7;as para o desfecho de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC, an&#xE1;lises explorat&#xF3;rias/subgrupos a serem comprovadas sugerem a hip&#xF3;tese que pacientes com FE entre 40% e 60% poderiam se beneficiar com sacubitril-valsartana, ou espironolactona. Entretanto, a empaglifozina foi a &#xFA;nica medica&#xE7;&#xE3;o que at&#xE9; o momento mostrou benef&#xED;cio na hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC tanto em pacientes com FE &#x2264;40% ou FE &#x3E;40% conforme os estudos EMPEROR-REDUCED e EMPEROR-PRESERVED respectivamente. Esses resultados colocam em discuss&#xE3;o o uso de pontos de corte para FE na classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos pacientes e abrem um gap na evid&#xEA;ncia sobre o que acontece na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o com FE maior que 60%, onde os benef&#xED;cios conseguidos e avaliados por an&#xE1;lises de subgrupo n&#xE3;o se mant&#xEA;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em conclus&#xE3;o, apesar de o mecanismo de a&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos iSGLT2 n&#xE3;o ser totalmente esclarecido, essas medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es t&#xEA;m efeito em reduzir hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por ICC, independente da presen&#xE7;a de diabetes e aparentemente a despeito da FE. Dentre as possibilidades terap&#xEA;uticas dispon&#xED;veis, essa classe de drogas parece ter o maior benef&#xED;cio encontrado at&#xE9; ent&#xE3;o. Entretanto, ainda existem questionamentos n&#xE3;o solucionados, como o de como e quando efetivamente conseguiremos medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es que atuam na mortalidade CV ou de qualquer causa em pacientes com ICFEp e por que nenhuma das drogas parece ser efetiva na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o com FE maior que 60%.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
