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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220071</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220071</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>HFpEF: Evidence from Recent Clinical Trials and New Perspectives</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Saraiva</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Francisco Kerr</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Moraes</surname><given-names>Nathalia dos Reis de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica de Campinas</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio da PUC-Campinas</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca do Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio da PUC-Campinas, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#xE9; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</bold> &#x2022; Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica de Campinas &#x2013; Rua Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>13101-536</postal-code>, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>jfsaraiva@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>326</fpage>
<lpage>328</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
<kwd>Mortality</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="20"/>
<page-count count="3"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent clinical syndrome affecting more than 10% of the population older than 70 years of age, with a great impact on morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> HF is traditionally divided into three categories based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF): HF with reduced EF (EF&#x3C;40%; HFpEF), HF with intermediate EF (EF between 40% and 49%; HFiEF) and HF with preserved EF (EF&#x3E;50%; HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>HFpEF represents nearly half of HF cases in developed countries; its pathophysiology is complex and still little understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The great variety of HFpEF phenotypes, makes its diagnosis and treatment challenging. Unlike HFrEF, before the emergence of SGLT-2 inhibitors, no treatment had been shown effective in reducing the hard outcomes in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Also, the wide variability in diagnostic criteria of HFpEF adopted in different clinical trials may have contributed to the difficulty in showing therapeutic effectiveness in reducing mortality.</p>
<p>HFpEF accounts for more than 50% of all cases of HF and is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The prognosis of HFpEF patients is dismal, with a one-year mortality rate of 10-30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The diagnosis is more difficult as compared with HFrEF, since several mechanisms have been implicated in its pathophysiology. Patients with HFpEF, when compared with HFrEF patients, are usually older, of female sex, and have comorbidities such as arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, among others. The European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommended three criteria for the diagnosis of HFpEF &#x2013; signs and symptoms of HF, LVEF &#x2265; 50%, increased natriuretic peptides and relevant structural heart disease and/or evidence of diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, despite these recommendations, due to the lack of pathognomonic criteria, there are still many uncertainties in the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Several clinical trials have examined the use of proven-effective drugs in HFrEF. However, before the first results of studies on SGLT-2 inhibitors, all clinical trials had failed to demonstrate the benefits of pharmacological treatments in mortality and morbidity. The CHARM-Preserved trial showed that candesartan had an impact in preventing admissions for chronic HF but had no impact in reducing cardiovascular death compared with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Similarly, the PEP-CHF evaluated the effect of perindopril in HFpEF patients and did not show any significant difference in mortality or hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The study suggested, however, improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity and fewer hospitalizations for HF with perindopril. In the I-PRESERVE, irbesatan did not improve the outcomes of mortality, hospitalization or quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The TOPCAT trial demonstrated that spironolactone significantly reduced hospitalizations for HF. However, a post-hoc analysis revealed that this benefit was more pronounced in the Americas (the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina), while no significant differences were observed in Russia or Georgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Given the divergence of results between populations, issues about the homogeneity of patients, and likely randomization of less severe patients in the east European countries were raised. Results of the PARAGON HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> trial revealed a trend, but not significant, of reduced risk of hospitalization for heart failure or death with the use of the angiotensin receptor&#x2013;neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI). A subgroup analysis, however, suggested benefit in patients with an EF between 45 and 57% and in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> An interesting subanalysis of this population showed that the presence of HF signs and symptoms, particularly orthopnea and rales, were correlated with a higher risk for adverse CV events in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Another important finding was a better blood pressure control in HFpEF patients and resistant hypertension treated with sacubitril&#x2013;valsartan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This result is particularly important considering the high prevalence of hypertension HFpEF and a close relationship between these clinical conditions.</p>
<p>A meta-analysis of 14 studies with a total of 19,573 demonstrated that none of the drugs tested significantly reduced mortality. However, ARNI and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) were associated with a lower risk of hospitalizations in HFpEF patients (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95%CI 0.60&#x2013;0.87 and HR 0.64, 95% CI0.43&#x2013;0.96, respectively), and ARNIs were superior to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in reducing admissions for HF (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71&#x2013;0.91).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Another meta-analysis including five studies corroborated this hypothesis &#x2013; the study evaluated different renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and did not find statistically significant differences in cardiovascular mortality between the drugs. Also, ARNI was more effective in reducing hospitalizations compared with the other RAAS inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Despite the adoption of a LVEF &#x2265; 50% for the diagnosis of HFpEF, patients with a LVEF in the range of 40-49% have been included in these studies, which leads to a methodological limitation. Different classifications have been proposed and several inclusion criteria have been used in the clinical trials over the years, contributing to a high heterogeneity of the studied populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The discrepant results among the clinical trials could be explained by differences in the standardization of LVEF in randomized patients and in atrial natriuretic peptide (BNP) cut-offs used in the studies. These frustrating results call attention to the fact that the known effects of the RAAS blockade and beta-adrenergic blockers in reducing mortality and morbidity in HFeEF have not been demonstrated in HFpEF.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of clinical, morphometric and laboratory data of these studies, in addition to the lack of well-established diagnostic criteria of HFpEF stresses the need of establishing stricter inclusion criteria in HFpEF studies addressing not only clinical but also morphological and neuro-humoral aspects.</p>
<p>Throughout this long journey in search of pharmacological interventions, recent studies that tested sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have generated great enthusiasm in the treatment of HF, as these medications reduced both cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF in both HFrEF and HFpEF. The first clinical trial on this drug class was the EMPEROR Preserved, that included patients with EF &#x3E; 40% and NT-proBNP &#x2265; 300 pg (&#x2265; 900 pg in patients with atrial fibrillation) and showed the superiority of empagliflozin versus placebo. The primary outcome (cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF) occurred in 415 (13.8%) of patients in the empagliflozin group vs 511 (17.1%) patients in the placebo group, <italic>i.e</italic>., 6.9 vs. 8.7 events per 100 patient-years; (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69 &#x2013; 0.90; p&#x3C;0.001). The secondary outcome, hospitalization for HF, occurred in 8.6% in the empagliflozin group and in 11.8% in the placebo group (p&#x3C;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Subgroup analyses showed that patients aged older than 70 years and NYHA functional class II seemed to respond better to therapy. Results of the DELIVER trial were recently published; the study compared the effects of dapagliflozin with placebo in 6263 patients with HF and mildly reduced LVEF (40-49%) or HF with LVEF &#x3C; 40% (recovered HF), with median NT-proBNP of 1011pg/mL. Patients were randomly assigned to receive dapagliflozin (at a dose of 10 mg once daily) or placebo. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death or worsening HF (hospitalization for HF or an urgent visit for HF). After a median follow-up of 2.3 years, dapagliflozin reduced the primary outcome by 18%; it occurred in 16.4% in the dapagliflozin group and 19.5% in the placebo group; HR 0.82; 95%CI 0.73-0.92; p &#x3C; 0.001). When the components of the primary outcome were analyzed individually, the benefit was mostly due to the reduction in worsening HF (HR 0,79; IC 95% 0,69-0,91),0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.05). In addition, individuals treated with dapagliflozin showed an improvement in quality of life (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire). There was no increase in the incidence of adverse events (acute renal failure, hypoglycemia, or volume depletion) with dapagliflozin. The results of the primary outcome were consistent among the subgroups, including patients with and without diabetes, patients with EF greater or lower than 60%, and even in those with recovered EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>A recently published, pre-specified meta-analysis of the DELIVER and the EMPEROR-Preserved trials, with data of the 12251 participants of these studies, showed that SGLT2 inhibitors reduced the composite outcome of cardiovascular death or first hospitalization for HF in 20% (HR 0.80 [95%CI 0.73-0.87]), with a decrease in both components: cardiovascular death (0.88 [0.77&#x2013;1.00]) first hospitalization for HF (0.74 [0.67&#x2013;0.83]). These data reflect a change of paradigm in the treatment of HFpEF, in which, for the first time, significant reductions in mortality or hospitalization were observed in HFpEF.</p>
<p>Altogether, the studies evaluating the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in HF, in a continuous spectrum of EF, have suggested a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF in a wide range of patients. Such benefit in the continuum of EF contributes to the understanding of common pathophysiological mechanisms in different phenotypic profiles.</p>
<p>In conclusion, SGLT-2 inhibitors have emerged as a new therapeutical option in HF, an alternative to the well-known, gold standard triple therapy. In addition to reducing hard outcomes, SGLT-2 inhibitors improved the quality of life of HF patients and become a mandatory therapeutic approach in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>With the increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of HF and targeting several steps in the neurohumoral and inflammatory pathways, many molecules have been tested in robust clinical trials. These molecules include mineralocorticoid antagonists, single- and dual-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and inflammatory markers. It is hence expected that advances in the blockade of the complex mechanisms involved in HFpEF will reduce the morbidity and mortality of HFpEF and its increasing prevalence.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn></fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>ICFEp: Evid&#xEA;ncias de Ensaios Cl&#xED;nicos Recentes e Novas Perspectivas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Saraiva</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Francisco Kerr</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Moraes</surname><given-names>Nathalia dos Reis de</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca do Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio da PUC-Campinas, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Jos&#xE9; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</bold> &#x2022; Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica de Campinas &#x2013; Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n. CEP <postal-code>13101-536</postal-code>, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>jfsaraiva@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Volume Sist&#xF3;lico</kwd>
<kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca (IC) &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica de grande preval&#xEA;ncia que atinge mais de 10% da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acima de 70 anos e apresenta grande impacto na morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A IC &#xE9; classicamente dividida em tr&#xEA;s categorias baseadas no c&#xE1;lculo da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (FE) do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo: FE reduzida (FE&#x3C; 40%; ICFEr), FE intermedi&#xE1;ria entre 40 e 49% (ICFEi) e FE preservada (FE &#x3E; 50%; ICFEp).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ICFEp representa cerca de metade dos casos de IC nos pa&#xED;ses desenvolvidos e sua fisiopatologia &#xE9; complexa e ainda pouco compreendida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Devido &#xE0; grande variedade de fen&#xF3;tipos da doen&#xE7;a, seu diagn&#xF3;stico e tratamento tornam-se um desafio. Diferentemente da ICFEr, at&#xE9; a chegada dos inibidores da SGLT-2 (ISGLT-2), nenhum tratamento na ICFEp mostrou-se eficaz na redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de desfechos duros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ainda, a grande variabilidade de crit&#xE9;rios diagn&#xF3;sticos de ICFEp utilizada nos diferentes ensaios cl&#xED;nicos podem ter contribu&#xED;do para a dificuldade em comprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o de benef&#xED;cio em redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mortalidade.</p>
<p>A ICFEp constitui mais de 50% de todos os casos de IC e est&#xE1; associada a consider&#xE1;vel morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O progn&#xF3;stico desses pacientes &#xE9; reservado, com mortalidade em 1 ano entre 10% e 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O seu diagn&#xF3;stico &#xE9; mais dif&#xED;cil comparado ao da ICFEr, visto que h&#xE1; v&#xE1;rios mecanismos implicados em sua fisiopatologia. Comparados aos pacientes com ICFEr, pacientes com ICFEp costumam ser mais idosos, do sexo feminino e portadores de comorbidades como hipertens&#xE3;o arterial, doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana, fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar, diabetes mellitus, doen&#xE7;a renal cr&#xF4;nica, entre outras. A Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) recomenda, para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEp, a exist&#xEA;ncia de tr&#xEA;s crit&#xE9;rios: sinais e sintomas de IC, FEVE &#x2265; 50%, n&#xED;veis elevados de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos e doen&#xE7;a card&#xED;aca estrutural relevante e/ou evid&#xEA;ncia de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar das recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es, considerando a inexist&#xEA;ncia de crit&#xE9;rios patognom&#xF4;nicos, existem muitas incertezas na confirma&#xE7;&#xE3;o diagn&#xF3;stica da ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>V&#xE1;rios ensaios cl&#xED;nicos testaram o uso de f&#xE1;rmacos comprovadamente eficazes na ICFEr; no entanto, at&#xE9; chegarem os primeiros resultados com os estudos envolvendo os ISGLT-2 todos falharam em demonstrar benef&#xED;cios em redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de morbimortalidade. O estudo CHARM-Preserved mostrou que o candesartan, apesar de reduzir as admiss&#xF5;es hospitalares por IC cr&#xF4;nica, n&#xE3;o mostrou impacto na redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mortalidade cardiovascular em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Da mesma maneira, o PEP-CHF avaliou o efeito do perindopril em pacientes com ICFEp, n&#xE3;o mostrando diferen&#xE7;a significativa na mortalidade ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo sugeriu, no entanto, melhora de sintomas e na capacidade de exerc&#xED;cio, e menos hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC com o uso de perindopril. No I-PRESERVE, a irbesartana n&#xE3;o mostrou vantagens em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o a mortalidade, hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es ou qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> J&#xE1; o estudo TOPCAT demonstrou que o uso de espironolactona reduziu significativamente hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC. Entretanto, uma an&#xE1;lise post hoc mostrou que para pa&#xED;ses do continente americano que participaram do estudo (EUA, Canada, Brasil e Argentina), o benef&#xED;cio foi mais claro, enquanto na R&#xFA;ssia e na Georgia n&#xE3;o se observaram diferen&#xE7;as significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Devido &#xE0; essa diverg&#xEA;ncia de resultados entre popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es, questionou-se a equiparidade dos doentes e uma poss&#xED;vel randomiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes menos graves pelos pa&#xED;ses do Leste Europeu. Resultados do PARAGON HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> mostraram que o uso de inibidor da neprilisina e angiotensina (INRA) mostrou uma tend&#xEA;ncia, por&#xE9;m n&#xE3;o significativa, na redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa na taxa de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC ou mortalidade cardiovascular. No entanto, an&#xE1;lise de subgrupo sugeriu poss&#xED;vel benef&#xED;cio em mulheres e pacientes com FEVE entre 45 &#x2013; 57%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Uma interessante sub-an&#xE1;lise dessa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o mostrou a presen&#xE7;a de sinais e sintomas de IC, particularmente ortopneia e estertores, relacionou-se a um risco maior de eventos cardiovasculares adversos e mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outro resultado importante foi um melhor controle da press&#xE3;o arterial nos indiv&#xED;duos com ICFEP e hipertens&#xE3;o arterial resistente que receberam sacubitril-valsartana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esse &#xE9; achado torna-se relevante quando consideramos a alta preval&#xEA;ncia de hipertens&#xE3;o na ICFEp e a &#xED;ntima rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o que guarda com sua fisiopatologia.</p>
<p>Uma metan&#xE1;lise que incluiu 14 estudos com 19573 pacientes mostrou que nenhuma droga reduziu significantemente mortalidade. Por&#xE9;m, INRA e inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) foram associados a menor risco de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es em portadores de ICFEp [<italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) 0,73, IC95% 0,60-0,87 e HR 0,64, IC95% 0,43-0,96, respectivamente) e INRA foi superior ao bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina (BRA) em redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC (HR 0,80, IC95% 0,71&#x2013;0,91).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Outra metan&#xE1;lise que incluiu cinco estudos corroborou esta hip&#xF3;tese. Ao avaliar efeito dos diferentes antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), n&#xE3;o foi identificada diferen&#xE7;a estat&#xED;stica na mortalidade cardiovascular entre os medicamentos. Ainda, INRA mostrou-se melhor que os demais inibidores do SRAA em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar da ICFEp ser definida como pacientes com FEVE &#x2265; 50%, frequentemente observamos em todos esses estudos a inclus&#xE3;o de pacientes com FEVE entre 40-49%, o que leva a uma limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o metodol&#xF3;gica. V&#xE1;rias classifica&#xE7;&#xF5;es foram propostas e diversos crit&#xE9;rios de inclus&#xE3;o foram estabelecidos nos ensaios cl&#xED;nicos nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, contribuindo para a elevada heterogeneidade de indiv&#xED;duos estudados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os resultados discrepantes dos diversos ensaios cl&#xED;nicos poderiam ser explicados por diferen&#xE7;as tanto na padroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da FEVE dos pacientes randomizados quanto no valor de corte de pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico atrial (BNP) utilizado. Os resultados frustrantes desses estudos destacam que os conhecidos efeitos do bloqueio do SRAA e bloqueadores beta adren&#xE9;rgicos na redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da morbimortalidade na ICFEr n&#xE3;o foram demonstrados na ICFEp.</p>
<p>Entretanto, a heterogeneidade de dados cl&#xED;nicos, morfom&#xE9;tricos e laboratoriais desses estudos bem como a falta de crit&#xE9;rios bem estabelecidos para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEp refor&#xE7;a a necessidade de se estabelecerem crit&#xE9;rios de inclus&#xE3;o mais rigorosos em estudos com ICFEp contemplando n&#xE3;o apenas crit&#xE9;rios cl&#xED;nicos, mas tamb&#xE9;m aspectos morfol&#xF3;gicos e neuro-humoral.</p>
<p>Nessa longa jornada na busca de interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es farmacol&#xF3;gicas, estudos mais recentes que testaram os inibidores da prote&#xED;na co-transportadora de s&#xF3;dio-glicose tipo 2 (ISGLT2) trouxeram grande entusiasmo no tratamento da IC, visto que esses medicamentos reduziram morte cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC tanto na ICFEr como na ICFEp. O primeiro ensaio cl&#xED;nico publicado com essa classe de medica&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi o estudo EMPEROR Preserved que incluiu pacientes com FE &#x3E; 40% e NT-proBNP &#x2265; 300 pg (&#x2265; 900 pg em portadores de fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial) e mostrou que o uso de empaglifozina foi superior ao placebo. O desfecho prim&#xE1;rio (morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC) ocorreu em 415 (13.8%) pacientes do grupo empaglifozina vs 511 (17.1%) pacientes do grupo placebo, ou seja, 6.9 vs 8.7 eventos por 100 pacientes-ano (RR 0.79; 0.69 &#x2013; 0.90 com p &#x3C; 0.001). O desfecho secund&#xE1;rio, hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC, foi 8.6% grupo empaglifozina vs 11.8% grupo placebo (p &#x3C; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A an&#xE1;lise de subgrupos mostrou que idosos com idade acima de 70 anos e classe funcional NYHA II pareceram ser melhor respondedores ao tratamento. Recentemente, foram publicados os resultados do estudo DELIVER; o estudo avaliou os efeitos da dapagliflozina em 6.263 pacientes com IC e FE levemente reduzida (40-49<italic>%</italic>) e indiv&#xED;duos com IC pregressa e FE abaixo de 40% (IC recuperada) com NT-proBNP mediano de 1011 pg/mL. Os pacientes foram randomizados para dapagliflozina 10 mg versus placebo. O desfecho prim&#xE1;rio do estudo foi morte cardiovascular ou piora da IC (hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC ou visitas &#xE0;s unidades de urg&#xEA;ncia/emerg&#xEA;ncia). Ap&#xF3;s um seguimento mediano de 2,3 anos, a dapagliflozina reduziu em 18% o desfecho prim&#xE1;rio, que ocorreu em 16,4% no grupo depagliflozina e em 19,5% no grupo placebo; HR 0,82; IC 95% 0,73-0,92; p &#x3C; 0,001). Quando analisados os componentes individualmente do desfecho prim&#xE1;rio, verificou-se que o benef&#xED;cio se deu &#xE0;s custas de redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de piora da IC (HR 0,79; IC 95% 0,69-0,91), e uma redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mortalidade cardiovascular n&#xE3;o significativa de 12% (HR 0,88; IC 95% 0,74-1,05). Observou-se tamb&#xE9;m que os indiv&#xED;duos que receberam a dapagliflozina tiveram uma melhora na qualidade de vida avaliada pelo KCCQ (<italic>Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire</italic>). N&#xE3;o se observou aumento na incid&#xEA;ncia de eventos adversos (insufici&#xEA;ncia renal aguda, hipoglicemia ou deple&#xE7;&#xE3;o de volume) com a dapagliflozina. Os resultados do desfecho prim&#xE1;rio foram consistentes em diversos subgrupos, incluindo pacientes com ou sem diabetes, pacientes com FE maior ou menor que 60%, ou mesmo naqueles indiv&#xED;duos com FE recuperada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma metan&#xE1;lise recentemente publicada pr&#xE9;-especificada dos estudos DELIVER e EMPEROR-Preserved reunindo os dados dos 12251 participantes desses estudos mostraram que os inibidores de SGLT2 reduziram o desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular ou primeira hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC em 20% (HR 0,80 [IC 95% 0,73-0,87]) com redu&#xE7;&#xF5;es em ambos os componentes: morte cardiovascular (0,88 [0,77&#x2013;1,00]) e primeira hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (0&#xB7;74 [0&#xB7;67&#x2013;0&#xB7;83]). Esses dados refletem uma mudan&#xE7;a de paradigmas no tratamento da ICFEp onde pela primeira vez foi poss&#xED;vel observar redu&#xE7;&#xF5;es significativas de mortalidade ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC na ICFEp.</p>
<p>Por fim, a reuni&#xE3;o dos estudos envolvendo a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de ISGLT-2 na IC, em um espectro cont&#xED;nuo da FE, sugere que esses medicamentos reduziram o risco de morte cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC em uma ampla gama de pacientes. Esse benef&#xED;cio no continuum da FE traz mais um passo na compreens&#xE3;o de mecanismos fisiopatol&#xF3;gicos comuns dos v&#xE1;rios perfis fenot&#xED;picos.</p>
<p>Em conclus&#xE3;o, os ISGLT-2 trouxeram uma nova op&#xE7;&#xE3;o terap&#xEA;utica na IC &#xE0; conhecida terapia tr&#xED;plice &#x201C;padr&#xE3;o-ouro&#x201D;. Al&#xE9;m de reduzir desfechos duros, esses agentes propiciaram uma melhora na qualidade de vida de pacientes com IC, transformando-se em terap&#xEA;utica obrigat&#xF3;ria nessa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>Com os avan&#xE7;os na compreens&#xE3;o da fisiopatologia da IC, e buscando atuar em v&#xE1;rios pontos da cadeia neuro-humoral e inflamat&#xF3;ria, v&#xE1;rias mol&#xE9;culas v&#xEA;m sendo testadas em estudos cl&#xED;nicos robustos. Entre elas, podemos citar o uso de novos antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de agonistas simples e com efeito duplo de <italic>Glucagon-like Peptide &#x2212;1</italic> (GLP-1), al&#xE9;m de bloqueadores de marcadores inflamat&#xF3;rios. Dessa forma, espera-se que avan&#xE7;os sejam feitos no bloqueio de complexos mecanismos envolvidos na ICFEp, reduzindo sua morbimortalidade e crescente preval&#xEA;ncia.</p>
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<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
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<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
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