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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220068</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220068</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Heart Failure in the Office Setting: How to Assemble this Puzzle?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Biolo</surname><given-names>Andreia</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6048-8317</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rover</surname><given-names>Marciane Maria</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#xFA;cleo de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca e Cardiomiopatias do Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">N&#xFA;cleo de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca e Cardiomiopatias do Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marciane Maria Rover</bold> &#x2022; Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#x2013; Cardiologia &#x2013; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>rovermm@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>316</fpage>
<lpage>318</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="10"/>
<page-count count="3"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most common form of heart failure (HF) in patients older than 65 years of age, accounting for more than 50% of all cases of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, despite more than 30 years of research on this intriguing and challenging heart disease, there is a lack of consensus on the diagnostic approach and a wide variation in guidelines&#x2019; criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This lack of uniformity in the definition and the difficult diagnosis are partly due to an incomplete understanding of the complexity of HFpEF &#x2013; its pathophysiology, phenotypic heterogeneity and natural history. The 2022 AHA/ACC guideline highlights that evidence supporting increased filling pressures at rest or during exercise is important for the diagnosis of this disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Therefore, the diagnosis of HFpEF remains a challenge in clinical practice. When assessing a patient with signs and symptoms of HFpEF, several &#x201C;pieces&#x201D; must be considered, as shown in detail in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. It is important to examine the patient, evaluate the comorbidities and risk factors for HFpEF, and to design an accurate approach, not necessarily an invasive or complex one, to establish the correct diagnosis and the best therapeutic approach.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Diagnostic tools in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Diagnostic tools in HFpEF </th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Criteria</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Remarks</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">History</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Dyspnea / Fatigue/ Orthopnea exertion intolerance Risk factors and comorbidities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Cardinal symptoms Highlights:<sup>5</sup> Exertional dyspnea in more than 90% of patients Fatigue in nearly 60%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Physical examination</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Jugular venous distension</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Rales</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Edema</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Third heart sound</p></list-item></list></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Low sensitivity to clinical signs<sup>5</sup> Edema in approximately 40% of patients Presence of other signs in less than 20%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Natriuretic peptides (NT-proBnp or BNP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">ESC major criteria: NT-proBNP &#x3E;220 or BNP&#x3E; 80 (sinus rhythm) NTproBNP &#x3E;660 or BNP &#x3E; 240 (AF); ESC minor criteria: NTproBNP &#x3E;125 or BNP&#x3E; 35 (sinus rhythm); and NTproBNP &#x3E; 365 or BNP &#x3E; 105 (FA)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Nearly 20% of patients with HFpEF by invasive methods have normal NT-proBNP (&#x3C;125) Sensitivity: 77% Specificity: 53%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Echocardiogram</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Diastolic dysfunction Lateral, mitral and septal tissue doppler; e&#x2019; and E/e&#x2019; ratio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ESC criteria: Septal e&#x2019; &#x3C;7 or lateral e&#x2019; &#x3C;10 (&#x3C;75 years old); Septal e&#x2019;&#x3C;5 or lateral e&#x2019;&#x3C;7 (&#x2265;75 years old); E/e&#x27; ratio: &#x2265;15 (major), 9&#x2013;14(minor)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Increased left atrial volume (mL/m2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">ESC criteria:<break/> <bold>Major:</bold> left atrial volume index &#x3E;34 (sinus rhythm), &#x3E;40 (AF);<break/> <bold>Minor:</bold> left atrial volume index = 29&#x2013;34 (sinus rhythm), 34&#x2013;40 (AF)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiopulmonary test</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Markers of functional impairment: peak VO2 and Ve/VCO2 slope</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Useful in discriminating HFpEF from non-cardiac dyspnea Sensitivity: 91% Specificity: 51%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-pro BNP: N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP; AF: atrial fibrillation. Adapted<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A common situation is that of patients coming to the office with dyspnea and/or exercise intolerance, whose clinical examination and natriuretic peptide levels give rise to diagnostic doubts. The most important step here is the application of the H2FPEF and the HFA-PEFF scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The H2FPEF score is a simple risk score, easy to use in the office setting. The score was first calculated based on the identification of clinical and imaging variables that were independently associated with the invasive diagnosis of HFpEF in a population cohort (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The odds of HFpEF doubles for each one-unit H2FPEF score increase, with a c-statistic of 0.841.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In light of the possibility of HFpEF, the H2FPEF score can be used to either exclude HFpEF among patients with a low score (0-1) or to confirm the diagnosis of the disease, with reasonable reliability, among patients with higher scores (6-9). However, there remain patients with intermediate scores (in any of the scores), who require further tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Description of the H2FPEF diagnostic algorithm</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Points</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">H2 - Heavy (obesity)<break/>&#x2003;&#xA0; - Hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">BMI &#x3E; 30Kg/m2 2 or more antihypertensive medicines</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2<break/> 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F - Atrial fibrillation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Paroxysmal or persistent</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">P - Pulmonary hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PASP&#x3E;35mmhg (echocardiogram)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E - Elder</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Age &#x3E; 60 years</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F - Filling pressures</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#x2019;&#x3E; 9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>BMI: body mass index; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Adapted<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>It is worth pointing out that the therapeutic approach in the office setting has improved with the implementation of scores and tools available. However, clinical examination &#x2013; symptoms, comorbidities, risk factors and cardinal signs &#x2013; assessment of natriuretic peptides, echocardiogram and diagnostic scores may not be sufficient to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of HFpEF. When the basic approach is not sufficient, it is necessary to go beyond. The flowchart presented in the Brazilian guidelines on heart failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) indicates the pathways in this scenario of intermediate probability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> One more piece needs to be added here. Patient referral for exercise stress echocardiogram, invasive hemodynamic monitoring at rest and during exercise is an indispensable step. Also, it is important to evaluate the etiology of secondary HFpEF, with special attention to the &#x201C;red flags&#x201D;, in which additional diagnostic tests and specific therapies for infiltrative cardiomyopathies would be needed, as in suspected cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0316-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>During the last years, HFpEF has been increasingly recognized as a highly complex syndrome, with different phenotypes, in which the heart is definitely not the only organ affected. Identifying the limitations in assessing these patients was a big step. Current diagnostic approach, putting the pieces together, has certainly enhanced our capacity to diagnose this increasingly prevalent disease. However, not all pieces of this amazing puzzle &#x2013; the HFpEF &#x2013; have been identified, and we do not always get to a definite diagnosis in the office; yet, there is still a way to go. In situations where uncertainty remains high after the careful use of available tools, we must go on, with complementary tests (exercise stress and/or diastolic stress test) and referral to specialized centers, and do not stop until all the pieces are put together.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Simplified diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the office setting &#x2013; assembling the puzzle; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0316-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Viste</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Diagn&#xF3;stico de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada no Consult&#xF3;rio: Como Montar este Quebra-cabe&#xE7;a?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Biolo</surname><given-names>Andreia</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6048-8317</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rover</surname><given-names>Marciane Maria</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">N&#xFA;cleo de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca e Cardiomiopatias do Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Marciane Maria Rover</bold> &#x2022; Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#x2013; Cardiologia &#x2013; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910. CEP <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>rovermm@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada</kwd>
<kwd>Diagn&#xF3;stico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC) com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEP) &#xE9; a forma mais comum de IC em pacientes com mais de 65 anos e representa mais de 50% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, apesar dos mais de 30 anos de pesquisas relacionadas a essa intrigante e desafiadora doen&#xE7;a card&#xED;aca, h&#xE1; uma falta de consenso na abordagem diagn&#xF3;stica e uma enorme varia&#xE7;&#xE3;o nos crit&#xE9;rios nas diretrizes/guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A falta de uniformidade na defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o e o desafio no diagn&#xF3;stico decorrem em parte da compreens&#xE3;o incompleta da complexidade da doen&#xE7;a: fisiopatologia, heterogeneidade fenot&#xED;pica e hist&#xF3;ria natural. A diretriz da AHA/ACC de 2022 enfatiza a demonstra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de press&#xF5;es de enchimento elevadas em repouso ou esfor&#xE7;o para diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Desta forma, o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP &#xE9; ainda um desafio na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica. Diante de um paciente com sinais ou sintomas cl&#xED;nicos de IC e que apresente a FE preservada, a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o deve considerar v&#xE1;rias &#x201C;pe&#xE7;as&#x201D;, conforme aspectos detalhados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. &#xC9; fundamental que se conhe&#xE7;a o paciente, suas comorbidades e fatores de risco para desenvolver ICFEP, e que se desenhe uma abordagem precisa, n&#xE3;o necessariamente invasiva e complexa, para estabelecer o diagn&#xF3;stico correto e a melhor abordagem terap&#xEA;utica.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ferramentas diagn&#xF3;sticas na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Ferramentas diagn&#xF3;sticas ICFEP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Crit&#xE9;rios</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Observa&#xE7;&#xF5;es</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Hist&#xF3;ria</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Dispneia / Fadiga/ Ortopneia Intoler&#xE2;ncia aos esfor&#xE7;os Fatores de risco e comorbidades</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Sintomas cardinais Destaque<sup>5</sup> para: Dispneia aos esfor&#xE7;os em mais de 90% dos pacientes Fadiga em quase 60%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Exame F&#xED;sico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Turg&#xEA;ncia jugular</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Crepitantes</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Edema</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<label>&#x2013;</label><p>Terceira bulha</p></list-item></list></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Sensibilidade baixa para sinais cl&#xED;nicos<sup>5</sup> Edema em cerca de 40% Demais sinais presentes em menos de 20%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos (NT-proBNP ou BNP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">ESC crit&#xE9;rio maior: NTproBNP &#x3E;220 ou BNP&#x3E; 80 (ritmo sinusal) NTproBNP &#x3E;660 ou BNP &#x3E; 240 (FA); ESC crit&#xE9;rio menor: NTproBNP &#x3E;125 ou BNP&#x3E; 35 (sinusal); e NTproBNP &#x3E; 365 ou BNP &#x3E; 105 (FA)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Cerca de 20% dos pacientes com ICFEP por m&#xE9;todos invasivos tem NT-proBnp normal (&#x3C;125) Sensibilidade: 77% Especificidade: 53%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Ecocardiograma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica Doppler tecidual do anel mitral, septal e lateral; e&#x27; e rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x27;</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ESC crit&#xE9;rios: Septal e&#x27;&#x3C;7 ou lateral e&#x27;&#x3C;10 (&#x3C;75 anos); Septal e&#x27;&#x3C;5 or lateral e&#x27;&#x3C;7 (&#x2265;75 anos); E/e&#x27; ratio: &#x2265;15 (maior), 9&#x2013;14(menor)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">Aumento do volume atrial esquerdo (ml/m2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;">ESC crit&#xE9;rios:<break/> <bold>Maior:</bold> Volume do AE indexado &#x3E;34 (sinusal), &#x3E;40 (FA);<break/> <bold>Menor:</bold> Volume do AE indexado = 29&#x2013;34 (sinusal), 34&#x2013;40 (FA)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Teste cardiopulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Marcadores de limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o funcional: VO2 pico e inclina&#xE7;&#xE3;o Ve/VCO2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#xDA;til para diferenciar ICFEP de dispneia n&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca. Sensibilidade: 91% e Especificidade: 51%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>ICFEP: Insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada; por&#xE7;&#xE3;o N-terminal do pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico tipo B; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; FA: fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo. Adaptada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Um cen&#xE1;rio comum no consult&#xF3;rio &#xE9; o de pacientes com queixas de dispneia e/ou intoler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio, cuja avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica com pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos n&#xE3;o &#xE9; definitiva, restando d&#xFA;vidas quanto ao diagn&#xF3;stico. O passo mais importante aqui &#xE9; a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos escores diagn&#xF3;sticos (H2FPEF e o HFA-PEFF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O H2FPEF &#xE9; o escore diagn&#xF3;stico mais simples e de f&#xE1;cil uso no consult&#xF3;rio. A pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o desse escore foi criada a partir da identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de vari&#xE1;veis clinicas e de imagem, independentemente associadas com o diagn&#xF3;stico invasivo de ICFEP em uma coorte populacional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A chance de ICFEP dobra a cada aumento de um ponto do escore, com estat&#xED;stica <italic>c</italic> de 0,841.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ao se estabelecer a probabilidade de doen&#xE7;a, o escore H2FPEF pode ser usado para descartar efetivamente a doen&#xE7;a entre pacientes com escores baixos (escores 0 ou 1), ou para estabelecer o diagn&#xF3;stico com confian&#xE7;a razoavelmente alta em escores mais altos (escores 6 a 9). Entretanto, ainda restam pacientes com pontua&#xE7;&#xF5;es intermedi&#xE1;rias em qualquer desses escores, para os quais s&#xE3;o necess&#xE1;rios testes adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Escore diagn&#xF3;stico H2FPEF</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel cl&#xED;nica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Caracter&#xED;stica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontos</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">H2 - Obesidade (heavy)<break/>&#x2003;&#xA0; - Hipertens&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IMC &#x3E; 30Kg/m2 2 ou + anti-hipertensivos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 pontos 1 ponto</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F - Fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Parox&#xED;stica ou permanente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 pontos</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">P - Hipertens&#xE3;o Pulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PSAP&#x3E;35mmhg (ecocardiograma)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E - Idade avan&#xE7;ada <italic>(elderly)</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Idade &#x3E; 60 anos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F - Press&#xF5;es de enchimento <italic>(filling pressures)</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#x2019;&#x3E; 9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 ponto</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4">
<p>IMC: &#xED;ndice de massa corporal; PSAP: press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar. Adaptada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>&#xC9; importante ressaltar que a abordagem de consult&#xF3;rio evoluiu muito com a incorpora&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos escores e de diversas ferramentas dispon&#xED;veis. Entretanto, a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica &#x2013; sintomas, comorbidades, fatores de risco e sinais cardinais de IC &#x2013; avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos, ecocardiograma e escores diagn&#xF3;sticos podem n&#xE3;o ser o bastante para confirmar ou excluir a hip&#xF3;tese diagn&#xF3;stica de ICFEP. Quando a abordagem b&#xE1;sica n&#xE3;o for suficiente, &#xE9; preciso ir al&#xE9;m. O fluxograma apresentado na diretriz brasileira de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) sinaliza os caminhos neste cen&#xE1;rio de probabilidade intermedi&#xE1;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Aqui, mais uma pe&#xE7;a se torna necess&#xE1;ria nesse quebra-cabe&#xE7;a. O encaminhamento para centros de refer&#xEA;ncia para realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de ecocardiograma com estresse f&#xED;sico, ou ainda, avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica invasiva em repouso e estresse s&#xE3;o o passo que n&#xE3;o pode faltar. Vale ainda ressaltar a import&#xE2;ncia da avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o etiol&#xF3;gica nos casos espec&#xED;ficos de ICFEP secund&#xE1;ria, atentando-se, por exemplo, para os &#x201C;red flags&#x201D; onde ser&#xE3;o necess&#xE1;rios exames diagn&#xF3;sticos adicionais e tratamentos espec&#xED;ficos para cardiopatias infiltrativas, como na suspeita de amiloidose card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Fluxograma SBC diagn&#xF3;stico de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0316-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, evolu&#xED;mos sobremaneira no entendimento de que a ICFEP &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome complexa, com fen&#xF3;tipos diversos, e onde o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o definitivamente n&#xE3;o est&#xE1; sozinho. Reconhecer as limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses pacientes foi um passo fundamental. A abordagem diagn&#xF3;stica atual, juntando as v&#xE1;rias pe&#xE7;as necess&#xE1;rias, certamente incrementou nossa capacidade de diagn&#xF3;stico dessa doen&#xE7;a cuja preval&#xEA;ncia cresce constantemente. Por&#xE9;m, ainda n&#xE3;o conhecemos todas as pe&#xE7;as deste incr&#xED;vel quebra-cabe&#xE7;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) que &#xE9; a ICFEP, e nem sempre chegamos a um diagn&#xF3;stico definitivo no consult&#xF3;rio, mas ainda assim temos um caminho. Nos cen&#xE1;rios em que a incerteza permanece ap&#xF3;s a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o criteriosa das ferramentas dispon&#xED;veis, devemos prosseguir, seja com os testes complementares de esfor&#xE7;o e/ou estresse diast&#xF3;lico, seja com o referenciamento para centros especializados, sem nos contentarmos at&#xE9; que todas as pe&#xE7;as estejam devidamente encaixadas.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Diagn&#xF3;stico simplificado da insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEP) no consult&#xF3;rio - montagem do quebra cabe&#xE7;a; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#xED;cio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0316-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</body>
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<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
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<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
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<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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