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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220064</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220064</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Physical Training in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-0891</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Tavares</surname><given-names>Dilane Cristina Ferreira</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4396-1787</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>Fiamma Ferreira</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-1283</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lyra</surname><given-names>Ana Carla Alves de Souza</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-6795</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>Taciana Queiroz Medeiros</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8497-0415</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Aguiar</surname><given-names>Maria In&#xEA;s Rem&#xED;gio de</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Grupo de Estudos e Forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Ergometria</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos e Forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Ergometria (GEFE), Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco &#x2013; Universidade de Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE), Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Cardiol&#xF3;gico Ov&#xED;dio Montenegro</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiol&#xF3;gico Ov&#xED;dio Montenegro - CECOM, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Real hospital de benefic&#xEA;ncia portuguesa de Pernambuco - RHP</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Real hospital de benefic&#xEA;ncia portuguesa de Pernambuco - RHP, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro</bold> &#x2022; Universidade de Pernambuco &#x2013; Miocardiopatias/ Transplante card&#xED;aco &#x2013; Rua dos Palmares, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brazil E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>310</fpage>
<lpage>315</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Physical training</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Preserved Ejection Fraction</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="2"/>
<ref-count count="39"/>
<page-count count="6"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome caused by functional and/or structural cardiac abnormalities in association with elevated natriuretic peptides or other objective evidence of pulmonary and/or systemic congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These abnormalities result in increased intracardiac pressures and/or inadequate cardiac output at rest and/or during exertion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), although it is included in this definition, is a pathology with a more challenging and complex approach, and it is more common in older patients, predominantly in the female sex, as well as in patients who have multiple comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, and other non-cardiovascular pathologies, which sometimes overlap with the patients&#x2019; clinical condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to more recent data, 50% of patients with HF have preserved ejection fraction, and its prevalence in relation to HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) continues to ascend at an annual rate of approximately 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diagnosis is still considered a challenge, and it involves the evaluation of various clinical, echocardiographic, and functional factors. The use of scores, such as the H2FPEF and the HFA-PEFF, is recommended to improve the accuracy of the process, and invasive hemodynamic measures may even be used in cases specific.<sup>2,4</sup></p>
<p>Few randomized clinical trials have shown positive outcomes, analyzing combined or secondary outcomes, mainly the reduction of hospitalizations due to HF, or they have shown benefits in subgroup analyses.<sup>5-8</sup> This characteristic reinforces the current concept of the presence of different phenotypes within the syndrome, which could then benefit from individualized approaches and therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Consequently, in this scenario, non-pharmacological treatment has become an essential first-line approach to strengthen therapy in order to promote improved survival and quality of life.</p>
<p>Evidence has shown that cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in HFpEF, based on aerobic exercise, promotes cardiovascular protection with multisystem benefits, such as inhibition of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy; reduced inflammation, fibrosis, and microvascular dysfunction; and improvement in mitochondrial metabolism and endothelial function. Randomized controlled studies have found varying results regarding the effects of exercise in this population, whereas other studies have shown an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise tolerance, and quality of life, as well as improved diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The objective of this review is to understand the rationale for the beneficial mechanisms of exercise in HFpEF, review the main scientific data that support this measure as part of the non-pharmacological treatment of this pathology, and describe how and why we should encourage our patients to adopt the practice of physical exercises in their daily lives.</p>
<sec>
<title/>
<sec>
<title>Pathophysiological rationale for the benefits of physical training in HFpEF</title>
<p>When we compare patients with HFpEF to a control group of patients with hypertension or other comorbidities, we see that the former&#x27;s peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) is 30% to 70% lower than that of the other groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparison of aerobic capacity between patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; patients from a control group matched by age, sex, and other comorbidities without heart failure; and patients with hypertension without heart failure. Adapted from Haykowsky, M et al.<sup><italic>10</italic></sup> <italic>HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; Hyp: hypertension; VO<sup>2</sup>: oxygen consumption.</italic></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0310-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Reduced VO<sub>2</sub> is a parameter of reduced aerobic functional capacity, which is currently considered a new vital sign, as well as a marker of independence for daily activities, which increases the chance of functional dependence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Several mechanisms seem to explain this fact in patients with HFpEF. An initial study by Kitzman et al hypothesized that the following 3 mechanisms are involved in this reduction in functional capacity: a reduction in cardiac output on exertion, a rapid increase in pulmonary capillary pressure, and a smaller difference in the arterial-venous oxygen gradient,<sup>12,13</sup> with several subsequent studies diverging as to which pathophysiological mechanism would be predominant in HFpEF. It is especially interesting that the reduction in the arterial-venous oxygen gradient possibly occurs due to hypoperfusion of peripheral skeletal muscles<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> or to a decrease in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Both mechanisms reinforce the hypothesis of &#x201C;peripheral hearts&#x201D;, which will be subsequently discussed. Another mechanism that seems to explain exercise intolerance in this group of patients is chronotropic incompetence,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which is particularly important in patients with specific etiologies of HFpEF, such as cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Clinical studies involving exercise or cardiovascular rehabilitation and HFpEF</title>
<p>In spite of similar prevalence between HFpEF and HFrEF, there are considerably fewer data on the role of physical training in HFpEF. Nonetheless, 7 controlled trials (5 randomized, 1 multicenter) on exercise training in patients with HFpEF have demonstrated that physical training is a safe and effective intervention to improve symptoms, increase aerobic capacity and endurance, and improve self-reported quality of life.<sup>17-24</sup> We will describe some of these studies in the following paragraphs.</p>
<p>In HFrEF, it is known that physical training improves exercise capacity and reduces morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> As suggested by previous meta-analyses, Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF-ACTION) showed that an exercise training program prescribed in patients with chronic symptomatic HFrEF was safe, with a modest reduction in clinical events when added to optimal medical therapy.<sup>26,27</sup></p>
<p>In 2007, a prospective, multicenter study on physical training in HFpEF was conducted to investigate whether exercise training would improve exercise performance, diastolic function, and quality of life in patients with HFpEF over 3 months. The results showed that the mean increase in peak VO<sub>2</sub> was 2.6 ml/min/kg in the physical training group compared to a slight decrease of 0.7 ml/min/kg in the control group. The net benefit of training was 3.3 ml/min/kg (95% confidence interval: 1.8 to 4.8, p = 0.001), translating to a number needed to treat of 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 2.0 to 12.0, p = 0.006) to achieve an increase of at least 3 ml/min/kg at the individual level. Diastolic function in exercise with an increase in peak VO<sub>2</sub> was correlated with improved E/e&#x2019; ratio (r = &#x2212;0.37, p = 0.002), thus improving diastolic function and quality of life in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Another 2:1 randomized, prospective study, carried out in Israel, selected patients with HF with preserved, mildly reduced, and reduced ejections fractions to practice guided physical activity, with the control group receiving only routine treatment without guidance regarding physical exercise. Their results showed an improvement in ejection fraction (p = 0.02), and there was an improvement in exercise tolerance in the group of patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>A systematic review of exercise-based rehabilitation among patients with HF regardless of ejection fraction evaluated outcomes such as all-cause mortality, all-cause hospitalizations, and quality of life. The study suggests that there is a reduction in mortality only after 12 months of follow-up (RR 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 1.2), in addition to a reduction in all-cause hospitalizations (RR 0.70, interval of 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.83) and hospitalizations due to HF in fewer than 12 months (RR 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 0.84). It also suggests improved quality of life according to the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (mean difference &#x2212;7.11, 95% confidence interval &#x2212;10.49 to &#x2212;3.73). Unfortunately, this publication did not analyze HFrEF and HFpEF populations separately.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>Another publication of a Portuguese cross-sectional study, which was specific to the population with HFpEF, provided evidence of a direct relationship between quality of life and physical fitness, which was evaluated according to the following 3 parameters: cardiorespiratory fitness, dynamic balance, and mobility and muscular fitness. The parameter of dynamic balance and mobility was shown to be the only predictor independently associated with the quality of life score according to the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire in the physical (beta 0.570, p = 0.04) and emotional (beta 0.611 p = 0.002) dimensions, making it possible to infer the importance of including this group of exercises in these patients&#x2019; rehabilitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>Notwithstanding proof of positive outcomes in patients with HF, an Italian study showed that a rehabilitation program with moderate intensity exercises for patients with HF, regardless of ejection fraction, during the first 4 months, did not show a significant change in ejection fraction (HFpEF: 54.61% &#xB1; 3.31% versus 54.21% &#xB1; 2.32% and HFrEF: 36.56% &#xB1; 2.31% versus 39.59% &#xB1; 2.95%;p group = 0.0001, p time = 0.57, p interaction = 0.46), left ventricular systolic diameter (HFpEF: 36.22 &#xB1; 1.57 versus 40.93 &#xB1; 4.15 and HFrEF: 51.67 &#xB1; 2.84 versus 51.90 &#xB1; 3.19 mm; p group = 0.004, p time = 0.19, p interaction = 0.24), left ventricular systolic diameter (HFpEF: 55.00 &#xB1; 1.58 versus 50.78 &#xB1; 1.93 and HFrEF: 65.33 &#xB1; 2.80 versus 65.49 &#xB1; 3.44 mm; p group = 0.002, p time = 0.12, p interaction = 0.10), or global longitudinal strain analysis (HFpEF: &#x2212;13.73 % &#xB1; 1.23% versus &#x2212;12.74% &#xB1; 0.95% and HFrEF: &#x2212;9.59% &#xB1; 0.94% versus &#x2212;9.77% &#xB1; 0.98%;p group = 0.0001, p time = 0.57, p interaction = 0.46).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
<p>A very interesting subanalysis of physical activity in patients with HFpEF came from the TOPCAT trial. Some interesting points are raised in this article. First, only 11% of the 1751 patients followed the physical activity recommendations given by the guidelines at the time, which shows the poor adherence (by patients or by physicians themselves) to physical activity in this group of patients. Second, when comparing patients with a worse degree of physical activity with those with levels close to ideal, there was an increase in hospitalization due to HF and mortality in the first group. Finally, there was a dose-response relationship, where only physical activity levels above those recommended by the guidelines were related to a lower risk of hospitalization and mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Incidence rates of the primary endpoint (cardiovascular death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or hospitalization due to heart failure) in patients from the TOPCAT trial, according to baseline physical activity level. Adapted from Hegde et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0310-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>When evaluating the types of physical training in HFpEF, there is evidence showing that intervals of high-intensity exercises seem to present better peak VO<sub>2</sub> and improved diastolic ventricular diameter compared to moderate-intensity training,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> making it possible to infer that there is an exercise profile with better results in this population.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>How to practice or prescribe physical exercise in HFpEF?</title>
<p>In the mid-1980s, Weber demonstrated the clinical applicability of the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) through the use of peak VO<sub>2</sub> in classification of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In 1991, Mancini stratified the risk of cardiovascular death using peak VO<sub>2</sub> values in patients with advanced HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Since these 2 studies, but mainly after the 2000s, with the discovery and use of new variables, the method has been gaining ground in therapeutic and prognostic evaluation and in the prescription of exercise for patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Over the past 10 years, with the advance of pathophysiological knowledge of HFpEF, the method has also been used in the evaluation of exercise intolerance and in the prescription of physical rehabilitation in patients with preserved systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>The CPET allows for objective and quantitative evaluation of functional capacity through the measurement of VO<sub>2</sub> at peak effort. In the context of exercise prescription, the intensity of aerobic training can be calculated using the heart rate (HR) reserve, or preferably, the HR corresponding to determined percentages of peak VO<sub>2</sub>.<sup>35,36</sup> In patients with HFpEF, continuous aerobic exercise is recommended for 45 to 60 minutes, 3 to 5 times a week, at moderate to high intensity. During the first few weeks of exercise, training HR should correspond to 40% to 50% of peak VO<sub>2</sub>. During the following weeks, training HR should be gradually increased to 70% to 80% of peak VO<sub>2</sub>. Alternatively, a percentage of HR reserve can be used as a measure of training intensity. HR reserve is the value of the difference between the peak HR obtained on the conventional exercise stress test and the baseline resting HR (peak HR &#x2212; resting HR), and it corresponds to the increase in HR obtained at the maximum effort achieved. For exercise prescription, the HR range for beginning training is calculated as follows: 40% to 70% (peak HR &#x2212; Resting HR) + resting HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> For instance, if a patient has a resting HR of 70 bpm and they reached a peak HR of 160 bpm, they have a HR reserve of 90 bpm. Thus:</p>
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</sec>
<sec>
<title>Progressively, the training range should be increased during the rehabilitation process.</title>
<p>Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in patients with HFpEF. This type of training appears to improve cardiac autonomic function, through baroreflex modulation, reduced arterial stiffness, and mediation of vagal control resulting from reduced circulating angiotensin II. HIIT is based on the repetition of short to long activities of high-intensity exercises interspersed with periods of active or passive recovery (15 to 60 seconds of exercise at HR at 80% to 100% of peak VO<sub>2</sub>, followed by 15 to 60 seconds of exercise at 40% to 60% of VO<sub>2</sub> peak, for example). Patients with HFpEF should start training at short intervals and gradually increase the exercise time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The Borg scale of perceived exertion can also be used to guide the progression of training, regardless of whether the modality is continuous or interval. A brief period (3 to 5 minutes) of warm-up and cool-down should be recommended before and after each training session.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Physical training programs should involve not only aerobic exercises, but also stretching, strength, and breathing exercises. In 1984, Rigatto et al, in a study on cardiovascular physiology, defended the idea of &#x201C;peripheral hearts&#x201D; affirming that the circulatory pump function was not exclusive to the heart and that other organs also act as sources for the transportation of blood and uptake of oxygen by the body. Strengthening the &#x201C;pulmonary heart&#x201D; by training the intercostal and diaphragmatic muscles improves respiratory mechanics, increases blood flow, and relieves the sensation of dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Strength exercises should be prescribed 2 to 3 times a week with a load defined by percentages of &#x201C;maximum resistance&#x201D; (MR). MR corresponds to the greatest absolute weight that a patient can support when exercising a certain muscle group. This training should be prescribed at low intensity with higher number of repetitions (30% to 40% of RM, 10 to 15 repetitions) or at higher intensity with lower number of repetitions (40% to 60% of RM, 8 to 12 repetitions). For instance, a patient who has a MR of 3 kg for biceps flexion should start strength training with a load of 1.2 kg (40% of 3 kg). Progressively, the load and the number of repetitions should be increased under the supervision of a physical therapy or physical education professional. With the increase in muscle mass, there is an increase in peripheral oxygen uptake (with an increase in the arterial-venous oxygen gradient) and a consequent increase in the peak VO<sub>2</sub> value, as reflected by the improvement in functional capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>HFpEF is a clinical syndrome, which, like HFrEF, leads to an accentuated exercise limitation. Therapeutic approaches are still limited, and they remain unsatisfactory, to the extent that they do not modify the natural course of the disease. As a non-pharmacological intervention, physical training has emerged as a potential strategy to be included in the therapeutic arsenal of HFpEF.</p>
<p>Cardiac rehabilitation causes exercise capacity to increase and clinical symptoms to improve.<sup>39</sup> Physical training is a fundamental component of these programs, in conjunction with dietary guidelines, encouraging adherence to medication, preventive measures such as vaccination, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, and medical consultations. Prescriptions should ideally be individualized, taking into consideration the combination of moderate- and/or high-intensity aerobic training, localized muscular resistance exercises, and respiratory muscle training (ventilatory training).</p>
<p>Unfortunately, the data related to hard outcomes, such as mortality, are still not conclusive enough for us to be able to affirm that cardiovascular rehabilitation has any impact on them. Nevertheless, the improvement in these patients&#x2019; peak VO<sub>2</sub>, functional capacity, and independence for activities of daily living, in addition to the fact that it assists in controlling the multiple comorbidities that normally accompany these patients with HFpEF, lead us to conclude that physical training plays an important part in their treatment.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Treinamento F&#xED;sico na Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca de Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Montenegro</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-0891</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Tavares</surname><given-names>Dilane Cristina Ferreira</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4396-1787</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>Fiamma Ferreira</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-1283</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lyra</surname><given-names>Ana Carla Alves de Souza</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-6795</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>Taciana Queiroz Medeiros</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8497-0415</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Aguiar</surname><given-names>Maria In&#xEA;s Rem&#xED;gio de</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos e Forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Ergometria (GEFE), Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco &#x2013; Universidade de Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE), Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiol&#xF3;gico Ov&#xED;dio Montenegro - CECOM, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Real hospital de benefic&#xEA;ncia portuguesa de Pernambuco - RHP, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro</bold> &#x2022; Universidade de Pernambuco &#x2013; Miocardiopatias/ Transplante card&#xED;aco &#x2013; Rua dos Palmares, S/N. CEP <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Treinamento F&#xED;sico</kwd>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada</kwd>
<kwd>Reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC) &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica causada por anormalidades funcionais e/ou estruturais card&#xED;acas em associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pept&#xED;dios natriur&#xE9;ticos ou outra evid&#xEA;ncia objetiva de congest&#xE3;o pulmonar e/ou sist&#xEA;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas anormalidades resultam em aumento das press&#xF5;es intracard&#xED;acas e/ou em inadequado d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco em repouso e/ou durante o esfor&#xE7;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A IC de fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEp), apesar de estar contemplada nessa defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o, &#xE9; uma patologia de abordagem mais desafiadora e complexa, sendo mais comum em pacientes de idade mais avan&#xE7;ada, predominantemente do sexo feminino, que possuem m&#xFA;ltiplas comorbidades como fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, doen&#xE7;a renal cr&#xF4;nica, e outras patologias n&#xE3;o cardiovasculares, as quais, &#xE0;s vezes, se sobrep&#xF5;em ao quadro cl&#xED;nico do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Segundo dados mais recentes, 50% dos portadores de IC tem fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada e sua preval&#xEA;ncia em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; IC de fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o reduzida (ICFEr) continua em ascens&#xE3;o em uma taxa anual de cerca de 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>O seu diagn&#xF3;stico ainda &#xE9; considerado desafiador, envolvendo a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de v&#xE1;rios fatores cl&#xED;nicos, ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos e funcionais, sendo recomendado o uso de escores como o H2FPEF e o HFA-PEFF para melhorar a acur&#xE1;cia do processo, podendo, inclusive, serem necess&#xE1;rias avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es hemodin&#xE2;micas em casos espec&#xED;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Poucos estudos cl&#xED;nicos randomizados mostraram desfechos positivos, analisando desfechos combinados ou secund&#xE1;rios, &#xE0;s custas principalmente da redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o nas hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC ou da evid&#xEA;ncia dos benef&#xED;cios em an&#xE1;lises de subgrupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essa caracter&#xED;stica refor&#xE7;a o conceito atual da presen&#xE7;a de diferentes fen&#xF3;tipos dentro da s&#xED;ndrome, os quais poderiam ent&#xE3;o se beneficiar de abordagens e terap&#xEA;uticas individualizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Consequentemente, nesse cen&#xE1;rio, o tratamento n&#xE3;o farmacol&#xF3;gico torna-se uma abordagem essencial e de primeira linha para fortalecer a terap&#xEA;utica, a fim de promover melhora de sobrevida e de qualidade de vida.</p>
<p>Evid&#xEA;ncias t&#xEA;m mostrado que a reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o cardiopulmonar na ICFEp, baseada no exerc&#xED;cio aer&#xF3;bico, promove prote&#xE7;&#xE3;o cardiovascular com benef&#xED;cios multissist&#xEA;micos, como inibi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da hipertrofia do cardiomi&#xF3;cito, redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de inflama&#xE7;&#xE3;o, fibrose e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o microvascular, assim como melhora no metabolismo mitocondrial e na fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o endotelial. Estudos controlados e randomizados encontraram resultados vari&#xE1;veis sobre os efeitos do exerc&#xED;cio nessa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o, enquanto outros estudos evidenciaram incremento na aptid&#xE3;o cardiorrespirat&#xF3;ria, toler&#xE2;ncia ao esfor&#xE7;o, qualidade de vida, assim como melhora na fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O objetivo dessa revis&#xE3;o &#xE9; de entender o racional para os mecanismos ben&#xE9;ficos do exerc&#xED;cio na ICFEp, revisar os principais dados cient&#xED;ficos que suportam essa medida como parte do tratamento n&#xE3;o farmacol&#xF3;gico desta patologia e descrever como e porque devemos estimular nossos pacientes a adotar a pr&#xE1;tica de exerc&#xED;cios f&#xED;sicos no seu dia a dia.</p>
<sec>
<title/>
<sec>
<title>Racional fisiopatol&#xF3;gico para os benef&#xED;cios do treinamento f&#xED;sico na ICFEp</title>
<p>Quando comparamos os pacientes com ICFEp com um grupo controle de pacientes com hipertens&#xE3;o ou com outras comorbidades, vemos que os primeiros t&#xEA;m um pico de consumo de oxig&#xEA;nio (VO2) 30% a 70% menor que os outros grupos, como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o da capacidade aer&#xF3;bica entre pacientes com insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca de fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada, pacientes do grupo controle pareados por idade, sexo e outras comorbidades sem insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (controle) e pacientes com hipertens&#xE3;o sem insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca. Adaptado de Haykowsky, M et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ICFEp: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca de fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada; VO2: consumo de oxig&#xEA;nio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0310-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O VO2 reduzido &#xE9; um par&#xE2;metro de capacidade funcional aer&#xF3;bica reduzida, o que atualmente &#xE9; considerado como um novo sinal vital, al&#xE9;m de ser um marcador de independ&#xEA;ncia para as atividades di&#xE1;rias, o que aumenta a chance de depend&#xEA;ncia funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> V&#xE1;rios mecanismos parecem explicar este fato em pacientes com ICFEp. Um estudo inicial de Kitzman <italic>et al</italic>. levantou a hip&#xF3;tese de que 3 mecanismos estariam envolvidos nessa redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de capacidade funcional: a redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco no esfor&#xE7;o, um aumento r&#xE1;pido na press&#xE3;o capilar pulmonar e uma menor diferen&#xE7;a no gradiente art&#xE9;rio-venoso de oxig&#xEA;nio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> com v&#xE1;rios estudos subsequentes divergindo em qual mecanismo fisiopatol&#xF3;gico seria predominante na ICFEp. O mais interessante &#xE9; que a redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do gradiente art&#xE9;rio-venoso de oxig&#xEA;nio possivelmente ocorre por hipoperfus&#xE3;o dos m&#xFA;sculos esquel&#xE9;ticos perif&#xE9;ricos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> ou por uma diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o do metabolismo oxidativo da musculatura esquel&#xE9;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> ambos os mecanismos refor&#xE7;ando a hip&#xF3;tese dos &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xF5;es perif&#xE9;ricos&#x201D;, como abordaremos mais &#xE0; frente. Outro mecanismo que parece explicar a intoler&#xE2;ncia aos esfor&#xE7;os nesse grupo de pacientes &#xE9; a incompet&#xEA;ncia cronotr&#xF3;pica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que &#xE9; particularmente importante em pacientes com etiologias espec&#xED;ficas de ICFEp, como, por exemplo, a amiloidose card&#xED;aca.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Estudos cl&#xED;nicos envolvendo exerc&#xED;cio ou reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o cardiovascular e ICFEp</title>
<p>Apesar da preval&#xEA;ncia semelhante entre ICFEp e ICFEr, h&#xE1; consideravelmente menos dados sobre o papel do treinamento f&#xED;sico na ICFEp. No entanto, 7 ensaios controlados (5 randomizados, 1 multic&#xEA;ntrico) de treinamento f&#xED;sico em pacientes com ICFEp demonstraram que o treinamento f&#xED;sico &#xE9; uma interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o segura e eficaz para melhorar os sintomas, aumentar a capacidade e resist&#xEA;ncia aer&#xF3;bica, e melhorar a qualidade de vida auto-relatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Descreveremos alguns desses estudos nos par&#xE1;grafos a seguir.</p>
<p>Na ICFEr, &#xE9; sabido que o treinamento f&#xED;sico melhora a capacidade de exerc&#xED;cio e reduz a morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Como sugerido por metan&#xE1;lises pr&#xE9;vias, o HF-ACTION (Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca: um Ensaio Controlado Investigando Resultados do Treinamento de Exerc&#xED;cios) mostrou que um programa de treinamento de exerc&#xED;cios prescrito para pacientes com ICFEr sintom&#xE1;tica cr&#xF4;nica &#xE9; seguro, com uma redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o modesta de eventos cl&#xED;nicos, quando adicionado &#xE0; terapia m&#xE9;dica otimizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em 2007, foi realizado um estudo multic&#xEA;ntrico e prospectivo em treinamento f&#xED;sico na ICFEp para investigar se o mesmo melhora o desempenho no exerc&#xED;cio, a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica e a qualidade de vida em pacientes com ICFEp ao longo de 3 meses. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento m&#xE9;dio do VO2 pico foi de 2,6 ml/min/kg no grupo do treinamento f&#xED;sico em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com uma leve diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 0,7 ml/min/kg no grupo controle. O benef&#xED;cio l&#xED;quido do treinamento foi de 3,3 ml/min/kg (intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%: 1,8 a 4,8, p = 0,001), traduzindo em um n&#xFA;mero necess&#xE1;rio para tratar de 3,5 (intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%: 2,0 para 12,0, p = 0,006) para alcan&#xE7;ar um aumento de pelo menos 3 ml/min/kg a n&#xED;vel individual. A fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica, no exerc&#xED;cio, com o aumento do VO2 pico foi correlacionada com a melhora da rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; (r = &#x2212;0,37, p = 0,002), melhorando assim a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica e a qualidade de vida em pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Outro estudo prospectivo randomizado 2:1, realizado em Israel, selecionou pacientes com IC com fra&#xE7;&#xF5;es de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada, levemente reduzida e reduzida para realizar atividade f&#xED;sica orientada, sendo o grupo controle s&#xF3; de cuidados habituais sem orienta&#xE7;&#xF5;es quanto a exerc&#xED;cios f&#xED;sicos. Obtiveram como resultado a melhora na fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (p = 0,02) e houve melhora na toler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio no grupo de pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica sobre reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o baseada no exerc&#xED;cio entre pacientes com IC independente da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o avaliou desfechos como mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por qualquer causa e qualidade de vida. O estudo sugere que h&#xE1; redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mortalidade somente a partir de doze meses de segmento (RR 0,88, intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95% 0,75 a 1,2), redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por qualquer causa (RR 0,70, intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95% 0,60 a 0,83) e de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC em menos de doze meses (RR 0,59, intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95% 0,42 a 0,84), e sugere melhora da qualidade de vida de acordo com o Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (diferen&#xE7;a m&#xE9;dia &#x2212;7,11, intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95% &#x2212;10,49 a &#x2212;3,73), por&#xE9;m infelizmente essa publica&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o analisou separadamente as popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es de ICFEr e ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>Outra publica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um estudo transversal, portugu&#xEA;s, espec&#xED;fico para a popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o portadora de ICFEp evidenciou a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o direta entre qualidade de vida e aptid&#xE3;o f&#xED;sica, que foi avaliada de acordo com tr&#xEA;s par&#xE2;metros: aptid&#xE3;o cardiorrespirat&#xF3;ria, equil&#xED;brio din&#xE2;mico e mobilidade e aptid&#xE3;o muscular. O par&#xE2;metro de equil&#xED;brio din&#xE2;mico e mobilidade se mostrou como &#xFA;nico preditor com associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o independente ao escore de qualidade de vida do Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire nas dimens&#xF5;es f&#xED;sica (beta 0,570, p = 0,04) e emocional (beta 0,611 p = 0,002), inferindo a import&#xE2;ncia da inclus&#xE3;o deste grupo de exerc&#xED;cios na reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar de comprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o de desfechos positivos em pacientes com IC, um estudo italiano mostrou que um programa de reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o com exerc&#xED;cios de moderada intensidade para pacientes com IC, independente da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o, nos primeiros quatro meses n&#xE3;o mostrou altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (ICFEp: 54,61% &#xB1; 3,31% versus 54,21% &#xB1; 2,32% e ICFEr: 36,56% &#xB1; 2,31% versus 39,59% &#xB1; 2,95%; p grupo = 0,0001, p tempo = 0,57, p intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o = 0,46), do di&#xE2;metro sist&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (ICFEp: 36,22 &#xB1; 1,57 versus 40,93 &#xB1; 4,15 e ICFEr: 51,67 &#xB1; 2,84 versus 51,90 &#xB1; 3,19 mm; p grupo = 0,004, p tempo = 0,19, p intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o = 0,24), do di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (ICFEp: 55,00 &#xB1; 1,58 versus 50,78 &#xB1; 1,93 e ICFEr: 65,33 &#xB1; 2,80 versus 65,49 &#xB1; 3,44 mm; p grupo = 0,002, p tempo = 0,12, p intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o = 0,10) e na an&#xE1;lise do global longitudinal strain (ICFEp: &#x2212;13,73% &#xB1; 1,23% versus &#x2212;12,74% &#xB1; 0,95% e ICFEr: &#x2212;9,59% &#xB1; 0,94% versus &#x2212;9,77% &#xB1; 0,98%; p grupo = 0,0001, p tempo = 0,57, p intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o = 0,46).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma suban&#xE1;lise muito interessante sobre atividade f&#xED;sica em pacientes com ICFEp veio do TOPCAT trial. Alguns pontos interessantes s&#xE3;o levantados nesse artigo. Em primeiro lugar, o fato de que apenas 11% dos 1.751 pacientes seguiram as recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es sobre atividade f&#xED;sica dadas pelas diretrizes &#xE0; &#xE9;poca, o que mostra a m&#xE1; ades&#xE3;o (por parte dos pacientes ou dos pr&#xF3;prios m&#xE9;dicos) &#xE0; atividade f&#xED;sica nesse grupo de pacientes. Segundo, quando se comparou os pacientes com pior grau de atividade f&#xED;sica, com aqueles com n&#xED;veis pr&#xF3;ximos do ideal, houve um aumento de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC e de mortalidade no primeiro grupo. E por &#xFA;ltimo, houve uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dose-resposta, onde apenas n&#xED;veis de atividade f&#xED;sica acima dos recomendados pelas diretrizes estiveram relacionados a menor risco de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o e de mortalidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Taxas de incid&#xEA;ncia do desfecho prim&#xE1;rio (morte cardiovascular, parada card&#xED;aca ressuscitada ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca) em pacientes do TOPCAT, de acordo com grau de atividade f&#xED;sica na linha de base. Adaptado de Hegde et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0310-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Quando se avaliam os tipos de treinamento f&#xED;sico na ICFEp, h&#xE1; evid&#xEA;ncias que mostram que exerc&#xED;cios de alta intensidade intervalados parecem apresentar melhor VO2 pico e melhora do di&#xE2;metro ventricular diast&#xF3;lico em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com treinamentos de moderada intensidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> inferindo que existe um perfil de exerc&#xED;cios com melhores resultados nesta popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Como fazer ou prescrever exerc&#xED;cio f&#xED;sico na ICFEp?</title>
<p>Em meados dos anos 80, Weber demonstrou a aplicabilidade cl&#xED;nica do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#xED;cio (TCPE) atrav&#xE9;s da utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VO2 pico na classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Em 1991, Mancini estratificou o risco de morte cardiovascular utilizando os valores do VO2 pico em pacientes com IC avan&#xE7;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Desde estes 2 estudos, mas principalmente depois dos anos 2000, com a descoberta e a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de novas vari&#xE1;veis, o m&#xE9;todo vem ganhando espa&#xE7;o na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o terap&#xEA;utica, progn&#xF3;stica e na prescri&#xE7;&#xE3;o de exerc&#xED;cio de pacientes com ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Nos &#xFA;ltimos 10 anos, com o avan&#xE7;o do conhecimento fisiopatol&#xF3;gico da ICFEp, o m&#xE9;todo tamb&#xE9;m tem sido utilizado na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da intoler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio e na prescri&#xE7;&#xE3;o da reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o f&#xED;sica em pacientes com fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>O TCPE permite a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o objetiva e quantitativa da capacidade funcional atrav&#xE9;s da medida do VO2 no pico do esfor&#xE7;o. No contexto da prescri&#xE7;&#xE3;o de exerc&#xED;cios, a intensidade do treino aer&#xF3;bico pode ser calculada, utilizando-se a frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (FC) de reserva, ou preferencialmente, a FC correspondente a determinados percentuais do VO2 pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Em pacientes com ICFEp, os exerc&#xED;cios aer&#xF3;bicos cont&#xED;nuos s&#xE3;o recomendados por 45 a 60 minutos, 3 a 5 vezes por semana, em intensidade moderada ou alta. Nas primeiras semanas de exerc&#xED;cio, a FC de treino deve corresponder de 40% a 50% do VO2 de pico. J&#xE1; nas semanas seguintes, a FC de treino deve ser incrementada gradualmente de 70% at&#xE9; 80% do VO2 de pico. Alternativamente, pode-se utilizar como medida de intensidade do treino, um percentual da FC de reserva. A FC de reserva &#xE9; o valor da diferen&#xE7;a entre a FC de pico obtida no teste ergom&#xE9;trico convencional e a FC basal de repouso (FC de pico &#x2212; FC de repouso), e corresponde ao acr&#xE9;scimo de FC obtido no m&#xE1;ximo esfor&#xE7;o alcan&#xE7;ado. Para prescri&#xE7;&#xE3;o de exerc&#xED;cio, a faixa de FC para in&#xED;cio de treino &#xE9; calculada: 40% a 70% (FC de pico &#x2212; FC de repouso) + FC de repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Exemplificando, se um paciente tem uma FC de repouso de 70 bpm e alcan&#xE7;ou uma FC de pico de 160 bpm, tem uma FC de reserva de 90 bpm. Sendo assim:</p>
<disp-formula id="eq2">
<mml:math id="m2" display="block"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtable columnalign='left'><mml:mtr columnalign='left'><mml:mtd columnalign='left'><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Limite&#xA0;inferior&#xA0;de&#xA0;FC&#xA0;de&#xA0;treino</mml:mtext><mml:mo>:</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr columnalign='left'><mml:mtd columnalign='left'><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#xD7;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>90</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>70</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>36</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>70</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>106</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;bpm</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr columnalign='left'><mml:mtd columnalign='left'><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Limite&#xA0;superior&#xA0;da&#xA0;FC&#xA0;de&#xA0;treino</mml:mtext><mml:mo>:</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr columnalign='left'><mml:mtd columnalign='left'><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>7</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#xD7;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>90</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>70</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>63</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>70</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>133</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;bpm</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr columnalign='left'><mml:mtd columnalign='left'><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Faixa&#xA0;de&#xA0;treino&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy='false'>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext>inicial</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy='false'>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mtext>&#xA0;de&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>106</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;a&#xA0;</mml:mtext><mml:mn>133</mml:mn><mml:mtext>&#xA0;bpm</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Progressivamente, a faixa de treino deve ser incrementada no decorrer do processo de reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>V&#xE1;rios estudos t&#xEA;m demonstrado a efic&#xE1;cia e a seguran&#xE7;a do treino HIIT (treino intervalado de alta intensidade) nos pacientes com ICFEp. Este tipo de treino parece melhorar a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o auton&#xF4;mica card&#xED;aca, atrav&#xE9;s de modula&#xE7;&#xE3;o do barorreflexo, da redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da rigidez arterial e da media&#xE7;&#xE3;o do controle vagal secund&#xE1;ria &#xE0; redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de angiotensina II circulante. O HIIT baseia-se na repeti&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atividades curtas a longas, de exerc&#xED;cios de alta intensidade intercaladas com per&#xED;odos de recupera&#xE7;&#xE3;o ativa ou passiva (15 a 60 segundos de exerc&#xED;cio em FC de 80% a 100% do VO2 pico, seguidos de 15 a 60 segundos de exerc&#xED;cios em FC de 40% a 60% do VO2 pico, por exemplo). Os pacientes com ICFEp devem iniciar o treino com intervalos de curta dura&#xE7;&#xE3;o e, gradualmente, incrementar o tempo de exerc&#xED;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A escala de Borg de percep&#xE7;&#xE3;o do esfor&#xE7;o tamb&#xE9;m pode ser utilizada na orienta&#xE7;&#xE3;o da progress&#xE3;o do treino, independente da modalidade, cont&#xED;nua ou intervalada. Um breve per&#xED;odo (3 a 5 minutos) de aquecimento e de resfriamento deve ser recomendado antes e depois de cada sess&#xE3;o de treino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os programas de treinamento f&#xED;sico devem envolver n&#xE3;o apenas exerc&#xED;cios aer&#xF3;bicos, mas tamb&#xE9;m alongamentos, exerc&#xED;cios de for&#xE7;a e respirat&#xF3;rios. Em 1984, Rigatto <italic>et al</italic>., em estudo sobre a fisiologia cardiovascular, defendeu a ideia dos &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xF5;es perif&#xE9;ricos&#x201D; quando afirmou que a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de bomba circulat&#xF3;ria n&#xE3;o era exclusiva do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o e que outros &#xF3;rg&#xE3;os tamb&#xE9;m atuavam como fontes para o transporte de sangue e capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de oxig&#xEA;nio pelo corpo. O fortalecimento do &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o pulmonar&#x201D; atrav&#xE9;s do treinamento da musculatura intercostal e diafragm&#xE1;tica melhora a mec&#xE2;nica respirat&#xF3;ria, aumenta o fluxo sangu&#xED;neo e alivia a sensa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dispneia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Os exerc&#xED;cios de for&#xE7;a devem ser prescritos 2 a 3 vezes por semana com carga definida por percentuais da &#x201C;resist&#xEA;ncia m&#xE1;xima&#x201D; (RM). A RM corresponde ao maior peso absoluto que um paciente pode suportar exercitando determinado grupo muscular. Esses treinos devem ser prescritos com baixa intensidade e maior n&#xFA;mero de repeti&#xE7;&#xF5;es (30% a 40% da RM, 10 a 15 repeti&#xE7;&#xF5;es) ou com maior intensidade e menor n&#xFA;mero de repeti&#xE7;&#xF5;es (40% a 60% da RM, 8 a 12 repeti&#xE7;&#xF5;es). Por exemplo, um paciente que apresente RM de 3 kg para flex&#xE3;o de b&#xED;ceps, deve iniciar seu treino de for&#xE7;a com carga de 1,2 kg (40% de 3 kg). Progressivamente, a carga e o n&#xFA;mero de repeti&#xE7;&#xF5;es devem ser elevados de acordo com a supervis&#xE3;o de profissional de Fisioterapia ou de Educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o F&#xED;sica. Com o incremento da massa muscular, h&#xE1; aumento da capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o perif&#xE9;rica de oxig&#xEA;nio (com aumento tamb&#xE9;m do gradiente arterio-venoso de oxig&#xEA;nio) e consequente eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o do valor do VO<sub>2</sub> de pico, refletindo na melhora da capacidade funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xF5;es</title>
<p>A ICFEp &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica, que assim como a ICFEr, leva a uma limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o acentuada ao exerc&#xED;cio. As abordagens terap&#xEA;uticas ainda s&#xE3;o limitadas e permanecem insatisfat&#xF3;rias, na medida em que n&#xE3;o modificam a evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o natural da doen&#xE7;a. Como uma interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o farmacol&#xF3;gica, o treinamento f&#xED;sico surge como uma estrat&#xE9;gia potencial a ser inclu&#xED;da no arsenal terap&#xEA;utico da ICFEp.</p>
<p>A reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca faz com que a capacidade de exerc&#xED;cio aumente e os sintomas cl&#xED;nicos melhorem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> O treinamento f&#xED;sico &#xE9; o componente fundamental desses programas, caminhando junto &#xE0;s orienta&#xE7;&#xF5;es diet&#xE9;ticas, ao incentivo &#xE0; ader&#xEA;ncia &#xE0;s medica&#xE7;&#xF5;es, a medidas preventivas como vacina&#xE7;&#xE3;o, abstin&#xEA;ncia ao &#xE1;lcool e tabagismo e &#xE0;s consultas m&#xE9;dicas. As prescri&#xE7;&#xF5;es idealmente devem ser individualizadas, levando-se em considera&#xE7;&#xE3;o a combina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de treinamentos aer&#xF3;bicos de moderada e/ou alta intensidade, exerc&#xED;cios de resist&#xEA;ncia muscular localizada e treinamento da musculatura respirat&#xF3;ria (treinamento ventilat&#xF3;rio).</p>
<p>Infelizmente, os dados em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o a desfechos duros, como mortalidade, ainda s&#xE3;o inconclusivos para que possamos afirmar que a reabilita&#xE7;&#xE3;o cardiovascular tenha algum impacto nos mesmos, mas a melhora do pico de VO2, da capacidade funcional e da independ&#xEA;ncia desses pacientes para as atividades de vida di&#xE1;ria, al&#xE9;m do fato de ajudar no controle das m&#xFA;ltiplas comorbidades que normalmente acompanham esses pacientes com ICFEp, nos leva a concluir que o treinamento f&#xED;sico seja parte importante no tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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