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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220062</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220062</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Flowchart for Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2532-1607</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Figueiredo</surname><given-names>Viviane Melo e Silva de</given-names></name>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5168-9424</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Vitor Soares</given-names></name>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7368-6494</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Galv&#xE3;o</surname><given-names>Nat&#xE1;lia Garcia</given-names></name>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3739-7702</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Figueiredo</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Albuquerque de</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#xE3;o</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina I</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Lu&#xED;s</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina I &#x2013; Universidade Federal do Maranh&#xE3;o S&#xE3;o Lu&#xED;s, MA &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Maranh&#xE3;o</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Caxias</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Maranh&#xE3;o (UEMA), Caxias, MA &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#xE9; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto</bold> &#x2022; Universidade Estadual do Maranh&#xE3;o (UEMA), Caxias, MA &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>jafneto@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>299</fpage>
<lpage>303</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>26</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) manifests as a heterogeneous syndrome, with pathophysiological variety, often associated with other comorbidities. Furthermore, the therapy performed in these patients is related to the treatment of correlated comorbidities. In this context, the specific pharmacological treatment of HFpEF is a challenge, given the lack of evidence from studies that would prove a significant reduction in mortality outcomes. In this article, we will analyze the management for the control of arterial hypertension and atrial fibrillation as well as evidence from studies on the use of the main classes of medications recommended for the treatment of patients with HFpEF, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, neprilysin inhibitors, and nitrates.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Medication Therapy Management</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="40"/>
<page-count count="5"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which is defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#x2265; 50%, accounts for at least 50% of all patients with heart failure (HF). In addition to the fact that its prevalence is increasing, it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>HFpEF is a heterogeneous disorder with contribution from comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic kidney disease, and specific causes such as cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Patients with HFpEF are older, and they are more frequently women. Furthermore, it is more common to observe non-cardiovascular comorbidities, chronic kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation (AF) in these patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Clinical trials have used varying definitions of HFpEF (for example, LVEF &#x2265; 40%, 45%, or 50%). In any case, diagnosis should include the following: (1) signs and symptoms of HF; (2) LVEF &#x2265; 50%; (3) objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities consistent with the presence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction/increased left ventricular filling pressures, including increased natriuretic peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>To date, no specific drug therapy has demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in trials on HFpEF. Therefore, the recommended management is the same as that for HF in general, with the use of diuretics, especially loop diuretics, to reduce congestion. Additionally, weight loss and physical exercise can improve symptoms and functional capacity; therefore, they should be considered in appropriate patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is necessary to identify symptoms and treat specific causes, such as amyloidosis, in addition to management of contributing comorbidities, such as hypertension, CAD, and AF.</p>
<sec>
<title>Control of arterial hypertension</title>
<p>The role of blood pressure control is well established in preventing HF, as well as in reducing other cardiovascular events and mortality from HF in patients without baseline HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>The SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) and meta-analyses have established that patients at high cardiovascular risk benefit from more intense blood pressure control, as this significantly reduces HF and other cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> That said, recent guidelines on the clinical management of hypertension have established blood pressure targets in HFpEF that extrapolate those for the treatment of patients in general.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, optimal targets for blood pressure and antihypertensive regimens are not known for patients with HFpEF. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonists, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), aldosterone antagonists, and possibly neprilysin receptor antagonists, may be first-line agents, given the experience with their use in trials on HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> For adults with HFpEF who have persistent hypertension after treatment of volume congestion with diuretics, ACEIs or ARBs and titrated beta blockers should be prescribed to achieve systolic blood pressure below 130 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Beta blockers can be used to treat hypertension in patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> symptomatic CAD, or AF with rapid ventricular response. This medication interferes with chronotropism and, therefore, needs to have its effects balanced, with possible exercise intolerance in some patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors</title>
<p>The EMPEROR-Preserved (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction) demonstrated a significant benefit of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) empagliflozin in patients with symptomatic HF with LVEF &#x3E; 40% and elevated natriuretic peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
<p>Empaglifozin led to a 21% lower relative risk of the composite outcome of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF, which was mainly related to a 29% lower risk of hospitalization for HF with the use of the medication; lower cardiovascular death was not significant (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 1.0), with no benefit in all-cause mortality. The effects were observed consistently across all pre-specified subgroups, including patients with or without diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
<p>Although the benefit in the primary outcome did not have a significant difference between the pre-specified LVEF subgroups (&#x3C; 50%, 50% to 60%, and &#x3E; 60%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> in another study with subgroup analysis by ejection fraction, there was less benefit in the reduction of total hospitalizations (first and recurrent) due to HF heart failure with higher LVEF &#x3E; 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
<p>Empagliflozin, in addition to resulting in a decrease in total hospitalizations for HF, promoted a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and a modest improvement in quality of life at 52 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Management of atrial fibrillation</title>
<p>Large randomized clinical trial data are not available to guide a specific therapy in patients with AF and HFpEF. Currently, the comprehensive care of AF in this context is extrapolated from guidelines on clinical practice for AF, but with individualization strategies to control rhythm or frequency in these patients.</p>
<p>Although beta blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are often considered first-line agents for heart rate control in patients with HFpEF, recently, a smaller, open-label study, RATE-AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> was conducted in elderly patients with AF and symptoms of HF (the majority with preserved LVEF). This study compared the use of the beta blocker bisoprolol to digoxin, and the primary quality of life outcome was similar between both groups at the end of 6 months. In both groups, there was a similar decrease in heart rate, but adverse events such as dizziness, lethargy, and hypotension occurred more with the beta blocker than with digoxin. Moreover, several secondary endpoints of quality of life, functional capacity, and reduced NT-proBNP at the end of 12 months also favored digoxin.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists</title>
<p>The TOPCAT study investigated the effects of spironolactone in patients with HFpEF. In this study, a small reduction (hazard ratio, 0.89) was observed in the analysis of the composite outcome involving death, aborted cardiac death, and hospitalization for HF. However, this reduction was not statistically significant, although hospitalization for HF was reduced (hazard ratio, 0.83). Furthermore, the group that received the treatment had more adverse effects, such as hyperkalemia and increased creatinine levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Regarding the effects of breast pain and related gynecomastia that led to treatment discontinuation, they were equal between the different regions of the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>Careful monitoring of potassium, renal function, and diuretic dosing at baseline and follow-up are fundamental to minimizing the risks of hyperkalemia and worsening renal function.</p>
<p>A post hoc analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> showed efficacy in the Americas (hazard ratio, 0.83), but not in Russia-Georgia (hazard ratio, 1.10). In the Americas, linked to efficacy, more frequent occurrence of hyperkalemia and renal involvement was also observed. In Russia-Georgia, the same benefits were not observed, as was the case with the adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In the latter population, a sample in the active treatment arm showed no detectable levels of a spironolactone metabolite.</p>
<p>Post hoc analyses have limitations, but they do suggest a possible benefit in appropriately selected patients with symptomatic HFpEF (LVEF &#x2265; 45%, elevated BNP level, or admission for HF at 1 year, eGFR &#x3E; 30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, creatinine &#x3C; 2.5 mg/dL, and potassium &#x3C; 5.0 mEq/L).</p>
<p>Furthermore, another post hoc analysis suggested that the potential efficacy of spironolactone was greater at the lower end of the LVEF spectrum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors</title>
<p>Although RAAS inhibition strategies have been successful in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and RAAS activation is suggested in HFpEF, clinical trials with RAAS inhibition have not shown great benefits in patients with HFpEF. For example, in a meta-analysis of 7,694 patients with HFpEF, comprising 4 studies evaluating ARB, there was no sign of benefit regarding hospitalization for HF (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.02) or in cardiovascular or all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
<p>The CHARM-Preserved trial (Candesartan in patients with chronic HF and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction) evaluated patients with LVEF &#x3E; 40%, who were randomized to an ARB, candesartan, or placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>The primary outcome (cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF) was not significantly different between the 2 groups (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 1.03, p = 0.118; hazard ratio adjusted for covariates, 0.86; p = 0.051).</p>
<p>Cardiovascular mortality was identical in both groups, whereas hospitalizations for HF were lower in the candesartan arm. However, this result was observed only in the covariate-adjusted analysis, and it was still borderline in relation to statistical significance (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.00; p = 0.047; unadjusted p = 0.072).</p>
<p>With respect to individuals hospitalized for HF (reported by the investigator), the results obtained with the candesartan group were better than with placebo (230 versus 279; p = 0.017). Furthermore, another improvement observed in the CHARM studies was identified through a post hoc analysis, in which these results with candesartan were found to be better at the lower end of the LVEF spectrum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Angiotensin receptor blockers and neprilysin inhibitors</title>
<p>The PARAMOUNT-HF (Prospective Comparison of ARNi with ARB on Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction) study, a phase II randomized clinical trial in patients with HFpEF (LVEF &#x2265; 45%), compared sacubitril-valsartan with the ARB valsartan. They observed a lower level of NT-proBNP after 12 weeks of treatment with the neprilysin and angiotensin receptor inhibitor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
<p>The PARAGON-HF study (Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor with Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Global Outcomes in Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction) was carried out with 4,822 patients with HFpEF (LVEF &#x2265; 45%, admission for HF at 9 months or elevated natriuretic peptides and eGFR &#x2265; 30 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>). In this study, the comparison between sacubitril-valsartan and valsartan did not achieve a significant reduction in the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular or total death or in first and recurrent hospitalizations for HF (rate ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 1.01; p = 0.06).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the sacubitril-valsartan group, 15% of patients had an improvement in New York Heart Association class at 8 months; 76.3% had no change, and 8.7% had a worsening of New York Heart Association class, in comparison with 12.6%, 77.8%, and 9.6%, respectively, in the valsartan group (odds ratio for improvement, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.86).</p>
<p>Given that the primary outcome was not met, further analyses are exploratory. That said, there was no benefit of sacubitril-valsartan regarding cardiovascular death (hazard ratio, 0.95) or total mortality (hazard ratio, 0.97), but there was a sign of a benefit with the angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor for hospitalizations due to HF (rate ratio, 0 .85; 95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.00; P = 0.056). The use of sacubitril-valsartan was less associated with hyperkalemia and increased serum creatinine, but a higher incidence of hypotension and angioedema was observed in this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>In pre-specified subgroup analyses, a differential effect was observed for LVEF and sex. The benefits of sacubitril-valsartan compared to valsartan were seen in patients with LVEF below the median (45% to 57%; rate ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.95) and in women (rate ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.90).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Nitrates</title>
<p>Nitrate therapy may reduce pulmonary congestion and improve exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. With respect to HFpEF, data from previous studies indicate that 15% to 50% of patients are treated with nitrates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nonetheless, the NEAT-HFpEF (Nitrate&#x27;s Effect on Activity Tolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction) study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> randomized 110 patients with LVEF &#x2265; 50% on stable HF therapy for comparison between isosorbide mononitrate and placebo. This analysis included patients who did not use nitrate and who had activities limited by dyspnea, fatigue, or chest pain. In the results of this study, no beneficial effects were observed regarding activity levels, quality of life, exercise tolerance, or NT-proBNP levels. In fact, daily activities showed a dose-dependent reduction effect among patients who received isosorbide mononitrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
<p>Although routine use of nitrates in patients with HFpEF does not appear to be beneficial, patients with HFpEF and symptomatic CAD can still receive symptomatic relief with nitrates.</p>
<p>With respect to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition, it increases the nitric oxide system, positively regulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate activity. The RELAX study (Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> randomized 216 patients with LVEF &#x2265; 50% on stable HF therapy with reduced exercise tolerance (peak oxygen consumption &#x3C; 60% predicted) for the use of sildenafil or placebo. However, this study observed a lack of improvement in oxygen consumption and exercise tolerance.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Studies related to approaches to treatment of HFpEF have shown advances. In this context, SGLT2i have showed a favorable result in terms of reducing cardiovascular death or hospitalization. For the first time, there is a medication that has demonstrated significant benefits in patients with preserved ejection fraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). This evolution in the study of HFpEF provides an opportunity to choose a therapy with a better cardiovascular outcome for patients.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Recommendations for patients with LVEF (&#x2265; 50%). Adapted from Heidenreich, P. A. et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines Circulation. 2022;145:e895&#x2013;e1032. Medication recommendations for HFpEF are exhibited. ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. *Greater benefit in patients with LVEF closer to 50%.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0299-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<volume>373</volume>
<issue>24</issue>
<fpage>2314</fpage>
<lpage>2324</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1510774</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Redfield MM, Anstrom KJ, Levine JA, Koepp GA, Borlaug BA, Chen HH, et al. Isosorbide Mononitrate in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(24):2314-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1510774.</mixed-citation>
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Redfield</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Borlaug</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Semigran</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition on Exercise Capacity and Clinical Status in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>309</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1268</fpage>
<lpage>1277</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2013.2024</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Redfield MM, Chen HH, Borlaug BA, Semigran MJ, Lee KL, Lewis G, et al. Effect of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition on Exercise Capacity and Clinical Status in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2013;309(12):1268-77. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.2024.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Fluxograma do Tratamento da Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2535-1607</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Figueiredo</surname><given-names>Viviane Melo e Silva de</given-names></name>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5168-9424</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Vitor Soares</given-names></name>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7368-6494</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Galv&#xE3;o</surname><given-names>Nat&#xE1;lia Garcia</given-names></name>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3739-7702</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Figueiredo</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Albuquerque de</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Lu&#xED;s</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina I &#x2013; Universidade Federal do Maranh&#xE3;o S&#xE3;o Lu&#xED;s, MA &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Caxias</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Maranh&#xE3;o (UEMA), Caxias, MA &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Jos&#xE9; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto</bold> &#x2022; Avenida dos Holandeses, n. 2 Ed. Iate Classic, ap.1202 Ponta D&#x27;areia. S&#xE3;o Lu&#xED;s, MA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jafneto@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEp) apresenta-se como uma s&#xED;ndrome heterog&#xEA;nea, variedade fisiopatol&#xF3;gica, frequentemente associada a outras comorbidades. Al&#xE9;m disso, a terap&#xEA;utica realizada nesses pacientes refere-se ao tratamento das comorbidades correlacionadas. Nesse &#xE2;mbito, o tratamento farmacol&#xF3;gico espec&#xED;fico da ICFEp apresenta-se como um desafio, haja vista a falta de evid&#xEA;ncias de estudos que comprovem redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa nos desfechos de mortalidade. Nesse artigo, analisaremos o manejo para o controle da hipertens&#xE3;o arterial e fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial e evid&#xEA;ncias de estudos sobre a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o das principais classes de medicamentos recomendados no tratamento para pacientes com ICFEp como inibidores do cotransportador de s&#xF3;dio-glicose 2, inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina, inibidor da neprilisina e nitratos.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada</kwd>
<kwd>Conduta do Tratamento Medicamentoso</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEp), definida como fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#x2265; 50%, representa pelo menos 50% de todos os pacientes com insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC), e, al&#xE9;m de sua preval&#xEA;ncia estar aumentando, possui associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com morbidade e mortalidade significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ICFEp &#xE9; um dist&#xFA;rbio heterog&#xEA;neo que recebe contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o de comorbidades como hipertens&#xE3;o, diabetes, obesidade, doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana (DAC), doen&#xE7;a renal cr&#xF4;nica e causas espec&#xED;ficas, como amiloidose card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os pacientes com ICFEp s&#xE3;o mais velhos e mais frequentemente do sexo feminino. Al&#xE9;m disso, &#xE9; mais comum observar comorbidades n&#xE3;o cardiovasculares, doen&#xE7;a renal cr&#xF4;nica e fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial (FA) nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Ensaios cl&#xED;nicos usaram defini&#xE7;&#xF5;es vari&#xE1;veis de ICFEp (por exemplo, FEVE &#x2265; 40%, 45% ou 50%). De todo modo, o diagn&#xF3;stico deve incluir o seguinte: (1) sinais e sintomas de IC; (2) FEVE &#x2265; 50%; (3) evid&#xEA;ncia objetiva de anormalidades card&#xED;acas estruturais e/ou funcionais consistentes com a presen&#xE7;a de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo/press&#xF5;es de enchimento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo aumentadas, incluindo pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos aumentados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>At&#xE9; o momento nenhuma terapia medicamentosa espec&#xED;fica demonstrou redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mortalidade cardiovascular nos ensaios de ICFEp. Portanto, o manejo recomendado &#xE9; aquele utilizado para IC em geral, e com uso de diur&#xE9;ticos para reduzir congest&#xE3;o, em especial os de al&#xE7;a. Al&#xE9;m disso a perda de peso e a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de exerc&#xED;cios f&#xED;sicos podem melhorar os sintomas e a capacidade funcional, por isso, devem ser considerados em pacientes apropriados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#xC9; preciso realizar a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de sintomas e tratamento de causas espec&#xED;ficas, como amiloidose, e gest&#xE3;o de comorbidades contribuintes, como hipertens&#xE3;o, DAC e FA.</p>
<sec>
<title>Controle da hipertens&#xE3;o arterial</title>
<p>O papel do controle da press&#xE3;o arterial est&#xE1; bem estabelecido na preven&#xE7;&#xE3;o da IC, bem como na redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de outros eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade por IC em pacientes sem IC basal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo SPRINT (<italic>Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial</italic>) e as metan&#xE1;lises estabeleceram que pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular se beneficiam do controle mais intenso da press&#xE3;o arterial, pois isso reduz significativamente a IC e outros desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Dito isso, recentes diretrizes sobre o manejo cl&#xED;nico da hipertens&#xE3;o estabelecem metas de press&#xE3;o arterial na ICFEp que extrapolam aquelas para o tratamento dos pacientes em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>No entanto, a meta ideal de press&#xE3;o arterial e os regimes anti-hipertensivos n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o conhecidos para pacientes com ICFEp. Antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), incluindo inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina (BRA), antagonistas da aldosterona e possivelmente antagonistas do receptor de neprilisina, podem ser agentes de primeira linha, dada a experi&#xEA;ncia com seu uso em ensaios de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A adultos com ICFEp que apresentem hipertens&#xE3;o persistente ap&#xF3;s tratamento de congest&#xE3;o vol&#xEA;mica com diur&#xE9;ticos, devem ser prescritos IECA ou BRA e betabloqueadores titulados para atingir press&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xF3;lica inferior a 130 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Betabloqueadores podem ser usados para tratar hipertens&#xE3;o em pacientes com hist&#xF3;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#xE1;rdio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> DAC sintom&#xE1;tica ou FA com resposta ventricular r&#xE1;pida. Essa medica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interfere no cronotropismo e, portanto, precisa ter seus efeitos equilibrados com uma poss&#xED;vel intoler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio em alguns pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Os inibidores do Cotransportador de S&#xF3;dio-glicose 2</title>
<p>O EMPEROR-Preserved (<italic>Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</italic>) mostrou um benef&#xED;cio significativo do inibidor do cotransportador de s&#xF3;dio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2), empagliflozina em pacientes sintom&#xE1;ticos com IC com FEVE &#x3E; 40% e pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos elevados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
<p>A empaglifozina levou a um risco relativo 21% menor no desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC, que foi principalmente relacionado a um risco 29% menor de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC, com o uso dessa droga (morte cardiovascular menor n&#xE3;o significativa [<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,91; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 0,76 a 1,0]), sem benef&#xED;cio na mortalidade por todas as causas. Os efeitos foram observados de forma consistentes em todos os subgrupos pr&#xE9;-especificados, incluindo pacientes com ou sem diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
<p>Embora o benef&#xED;cio no desfecho prim&#xE1;rio n&#xE3;o tenha tido uma diferen&#xE7;a significativa entre os subgrupos pr&#xE9;-especificados de FEVE (&#x3C; 50%, 50% a 60% e &#x3E; 60%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> em outro estudo com an&#xE1;lise por subgrupo por fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o houve menor benef&#xED;cio na redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es totais (primeiras e recorrentes) por IC em FEVEs mais altas &#x3E; 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
<p>A empagliflozina, al&#xE9;m de ter resultado em diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o no total hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC, promoveu decl&#xED;nio da taxa de filtra&#xE7;&#xE3;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) e uma melhora modesta na qualidade de vida em 52 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Manejo da fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial</title>
<p>Grandes dados de ensaios cl&#xED;nicos randomizados n&#xE3;o est&#xE3;o dispon&#xED;veis para orientar uma terapia espec&#xED;fica em pacientes com FA e ICFEp. Atualmente, o cuidado integral da FA nesse contexto &#xE9; extrapolado das diretrizes da pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica para a FA, mas com estrat&#xE9;gias de individualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o para controle de ritmo ou frequ&#xEA;ncia nesses pacientes.</p>
<p>Embora os betabloqueadores e os bloqueadores dos canais de c&#xE1;lcio n&#xE3;o dihidropirid&#xED;nicos sejam frequentemente considerados como agentes de primeira linha para o controle da frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca em pacientes com ICFEp, recentemente, um estudo menor e aberto, RATE-AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> foi conduzido em pacientes idosos com FA e sintomas de IC (a maioria com FEVE preservada). Este estudo comparou o uso do betabloqueador bisoprolol &#xE0; digoxina e o desfecho prim&#xE1;rio de qualidade de vida foi semelhante entre os 2 grupos ao final de 6 meses. Em ambos os grupos, houve redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o semelhante de frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, mas os eventos adversos, como tontura, letargia e hipotens&#xE3;o ocorreram mais com o betabloqueador do que com a digoxina. Al&#xE9;m disso, v&#xE1;rios <italic>endpoints</italic> secund&#xE1;rios de qualidade de vida, capacidade funcional, e a pr&#xF3;pria redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do NT-proBNP ao final dos 12 meses, tamb&#xE9;m favoreceram a digoxina.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Antagonistas dos receptores dos mineralocorticosteroides</title>
<p>O estudo TOPCAT investigou os efeitos da espironolactona em pacientes com ICFEp. Nesse estudo, observou-se uma pequena redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,89) na an&#xE1;lise do desfecho composto que envolve &#xF3;bito, morte card&#xED;aca abortada e interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC. No entanto, essa redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o apresentou signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica, embora a interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC tenha sido reduzida (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,83). Ademais, o grupo que recebeu o tratamento apresentou mais efeitos adversos, como hipercalemia e aumento dos n&#xED;veis de creatinina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos efeitos de mastalgia e ginecomastia relacionados que motivaram o abandono do tratamento, observou-se igualdade entre as diferentes regi&#xF5;es do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>O monitoramento cuidadoso de pot&#xE1;ssio, fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o renal e dosagem de diur&#xE9;ticos no in&#xED;cio e no acompanhamento s&#xE3;o fundamentais para minimizar o risco de hipercalemia e piora da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o renal.</p>
<p>Uma an&#xE1;lise <italic>post hoc</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> mostrou efic&#xE1;cia nas Am&#xE9;ricas (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0,83), mas n&#xE3;o na R&#xFA;ssia-Ge&#xF3;rgia (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 1,10). Nas Am&#xE9;ricas, atrelados &#xE0; efic&#xE1;cia, observou-se tamb&#xE9;m ocorr&#xEA;ncia mais frequente de hipercalemia e acometimento renal. Na R&#xFA;ssia-Ge&#xF3;rgia, os mesmos benef&#xED;cios n&#xE3;o foram observados, assim como os efeitos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nessa &#xFA;ltima popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o, uma amostra no bra&#xE7;o de tratamento ativo n&#xE3;o apresentou n&#xED;veis detect&#xE1;veis de um metab&#xF3;lito espironolactona.</p>
<p>As an&#xE1;lises <italic>post hoc</italic> t&#xEA;m limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es, mas sugerem uma possibilidade de benef&#xED;cio em pacientes adequadamente selecionados com ICFEp sintom&#xE1;tica (FEVE &#x2265; 45%, n&#xED;vel elevado de BNP ou admiss&#xE3;o por IC em 1 ano, TFGe &#x3E; 30 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, creatinina &#x3C; 2,5 mg /dL e pot&#xE1;ssio &#x3C; 5,0 mEq/L).</p>
<p>Al&#xE9;m disso, outra an&#xE1;lise post hoc sugeriu que a efic&#xE1;cia potencial da espironolactona era maior na extremidade inferior do espectro de FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina</title>
<p>Embora as estrat&#xE9;gias de inibi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do SRAA tenham sido bem sucedidas no tratamento da insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o reduzida, e a ativa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do SRAA seja sugerida na ICFEp, ensaios cl&#xED;nicos com inibi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do SRAA n&#xE3;o mostraram muito benef&#xED;cio em pacientes com ICFEp. Por exemplo, em uma metan&#xE1;lise de 7.694 pacientes com ICFEp, composta por 4 estudos avaliando BRA, n&#xE3;o houve sinal de benef&#xED;cio na hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,92; intervalo de confian&#xE7;e de 95%, 0,83 a 1,02), nem nas mortalidades cardiovasculares ou por todas as causas (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 1,02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo CHARM-Preserved (<italic>Candesartan in patients with chronic HF and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction</italic>) avaliou pacientes com FEVE &#x3E; 40%, que foram randomizados para um BRA, candesartana ou placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>O desfecho prim&#xE1;rio (morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC) n&#xE3;o foi significativamente diferente entre os 2 grupos (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,89; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 0,77 a 1,03, p = 0,118; <italic>hazard ratio</italic> ajustado por covari&#xE1;veis, 0,86; p = 0,051).</p>
<p>A mortalidade cardiovascular foi id&#xEA;ntica nos 2 grupos; j&#xE1; as hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC foram menores no bra&#xE7;o candesartana. No entanto, esse resultado foi observado apenas na an&#xE1;lise ajustada por covari&#xE1;veis e ainda se revelou lim&#xED;trofe em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,84; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 0,70 a 1,00; p = 0,047; p n&#xE3;o ajustado = 0,072).</p>
<p>Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o aos indiv&#xED;duos hospitalizados por IC (relatado pelo investigador), os resultados obtidos com o grupo candesartana foram melhores que com placebo (230 versus 279; p = 0,017). Al&#xE9;m disso, outra melhora observada nos estudos CHARM foi identificada atrav&#xE9;s de uma an&#xE1;lise post hoc, na qual percebeu-se que esses resultados com candesartana foram melhores na extremidade inferior do espectro da FEVE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina e inibidores da neprilisina</title>
<p>No estudo PARAMOUNT-HF (<italic>Prospective Comparison of ARNi With ARB on Management of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction</italic>), um ensaio cl&#xED;nico randomizado de fase II em pacientes com ICFEp (FEVE &#x2265; 45%) realizou compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o sacubitril-valsartana com o BRA, valsartana. O que foi observado foi um n&#xED;vel mais baixo de NT-proBNP, ap&#xF3;s 12 semanas de tratamento com o inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo PARAGON-HF (<italic>Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor With Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Global Outcomes in Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction</italic>) foi realizado em 4.822 pacientes com ICFEp (FEVE &#x2265; 45%, admiss&#xE3;o por IC em 9 meses ou n&#xED;veis de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos elevados e TFGe &#x2265; 30 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>). Nesse estudo, a compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre sacubitril-valsartana e valsartana n&#xE3;o alcan&#xE7;ou redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa no desfecho composto prim&#xE1;rio de morte cardiovascular ou total, nem nas hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC - primeira e recorrentes - (<italic>raz&#xE3;o de taxas</italic>, 0,87; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 0,75 a 1,01; p = 0,06).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>No grupo sacubitril-valsartana, 15% dos pacientes tiveram uma melhora na classe NYHA em 8 meses, 76,3% n&#xE3;o tiveram altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o e 8,7% tiveram uma classe NYHA pior, em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com 12,6%, 77,8% e 9,6%, respectivamente, no grupo valsartana (raz&#xE3;o de chances de melhora, 1,45; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 1,13 a 1,86).</p>
<p>Dado que o desfecho prim&#xE1;rio n&#xE3;o foi atendido, outras an&#xE1;lises s&#xE3;o explorat&#xF3;rias. Dito isso, n&#xE3;o houve benef&#xED;cio de sacubitril-valsartana na morte cardiovascular (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,95) ou mortalidade total (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, 0,97), mas houve sinal de benef&#xED;cio do inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina para interna&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC (raz&#xE3;o de taxas, 0,85; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 0,72 a 1,00; p = 0,056). O uso do sacubitril-valsartana esteve menos associado &#xE0; hipercalemia e &#xE0; eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o s&#xE9;rica de creatinina, mas observou-se maior incid&#xEA;ncia de hipotens&#xE3;o e angioedema nesse grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em an&#xE1;lises de subgrupos pr&#xE9;-especificadas, observou-se um efeito diferencial por FEVE e sexo. Os benef&#xED;cios de sacubitril-valsartana em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com valsartana foram observados em pacientes com FEVE abaixo da mediana (45% a 57%; <italic>raz&#xE3;o de taxas</italic>, 0,78; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 0,64 a 0,95) e em mulheres (<italic>raz&#xE3;o de taxas</italic>, 0,73; intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%, 0,59 a 0,90).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Nitratos</title>
<p>A terapia com nitrato pode reduzir a congest&#xE3;o pulmonar e melhorar a toler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio em pacientes com insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o reduzida. Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; ICFEp, dados de estudos pr&#xE9;vios indicam que 15% a 50% dos pacientes s&#xE3;o tratados com nitratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
<p>No entanto, o estudo NEAT-HFpEF (<italic>Nitrate&#x27;s Effect on Activity Tolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> randomizou 110 pacientes com FEVE &#x2265; 50% em terapia de IC est&#xE1;vel para compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o mononitrato de isossorbida e o placebo. Nessa an&#xE1;lise, foram inclusos os pacientes que n&#xE3;o faziam uso de nitrato e que tinham atividades limitadas por dispneia, fadiga ou dor tor&#xE1;cica. Nos resultados desse estudo n&#xE3;o foram observados efeitos ben&#xE9;ficos nos n&#xED;veis de atividade, qualidade de vida, toler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio ou n&#xED;veis de NT-proBNP. De fato, as atividades di&#xE1;rias apresentaram um efeito de redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o dose-dependente entre os pacientes que receberam o mononitrato de isossorbida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
<p>No entanto, embora o uso rotineiro de nitratos em pacientes com ICFEp n&#xE3;o pare&#xE7;a ben&#xE9;fico, pacientes com ICFEp e DAC sintom&#xE1;tica ainda podem receber al&#xED;vio sintom&#xE1;tico com nitratos.</p>
<p>Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; inibi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fosfodiesterase-5, esta aumenta o sistema de &#xF3;xido n&#xED;trico, regulando positivamente a atividade do cGMP. O estudo RELAX (<italic>Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> randomizou 216 pacientes com FEVE &#x2265; 50% em terapia de IC est&#xE1;vel e com toler&#xE2;ncia reduzida ao exerc&#xED;cio (consumo de oxig&#xEA;nio de pico observado, &#x3C; 60% do previsto) para o uso de sildenafil ou placebo. No entanto, o que se observou nesse estudo foi uma aus&#xEA;ncia de melhora no consumo de oxig&#xEA;nio ou toler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio.</p>
</sec></sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Estudos relacionados &#xE0; abordagem no tratamento da ICFEp v&#xEA;m apresentando avan&#xE7;os. Nesse contexto, o iSGLT2 evidenciou resultado favor&#xE1;vel no que se refere &#xE0; redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Pela primeira vez, existe um medicamento que tem demonstrado benef&#xED;cios significativos em pacientes com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Essa evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o no estudo da ICEFp possibilita oportunidade de escolha terap&#xEA;utica com melhor desfecho cardiovascular para o paciente.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es para pacientes com FEVE (&#x2265; 50%). Adaptada de Heidenreich, P. A. et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines Circulation. 2022;145:e895&#x2013;e1032. As recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es de medica&#xE7;&#xE3;o para ICFEp s&#xE3;o exibidas. ARB: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; ARNi: inibidor de receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; IC: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca; ICFEp: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada; FEVE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; MRA: antagonista do receptor mineralocortic&#xF3;ide; SGLT2i: inibidor do cotransportador-2 s&#xF3;dio-glicose. *Maior benef&#xED;cio em pacientes com FEVE mais pr&#xF3;xima de 50%.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0299-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
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<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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</sub-article>
</article>
