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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220057</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Diagnostic Scores in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname><given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1;</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1;, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#xF3;stico por Imagem</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#xF3;stico por Imagem, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva</bold> &#x2022; Departamento de Cl&#xED;nica M&#xE9;dica &#x2013; Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1; &#x2013; Rua General Carneiro, 181, 10&#xBA; andar. Postal Code <postal-code>80060-900</postal-code>, Alto da Gl&#xF3;ria, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>miguelmorita@ufpr.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>275</fpage>
<lpage>280</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>24</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) can be challenging and diagnostic scores have been proposed to help in the diagnostic process. This article reviews these scores to provide insights on their role and interpretation in clinical practice. To date, two scores have been validated for the diagnosis of HFpEF. The H2FPEF includes clinical &#x2013; obesity, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, age &#x2013; and echocardiographic data &#x2013; pulmonary hypertension and E/e&#x2019; ratio. The HFA-PEFF uses multiple echocardiographic parameters on structural and functional cardiac abnormalities and includes natriuretic peptide blood levels. The accuracy of the H2FPEF score appear to be superior to the HFA-PEFF score in identifying patients with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest or during exercise, but the gold-standard definition of HFpEF is still a matter of debate. A high rating in either of the two scores has a high positive predictive value, and the scores are most useful when HFpEF is clinically suspected, but the diagnosis is uncertain.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>Patients</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="10"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="22"/>
<page-count count="6"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) can be challenging. In the universal definition of heart failure (HF), HF is a syndrome with signs/symptoms caused by cardiac structural/functional abnormalities, corroborated by either elevated natriuretic peptides or objective evidence of systemic/pulmonary congestion by imaging method or hemodynamic measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In a patient with overt congestion and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#x2265; 50%, it is usually easy to diagnose HFpEF. Nevertheless, the diagnosis becomes difficult when signs/symptoms are not typical, such as in outpatients with exertional dyspnea, particularly in the presence of comorbidities. In the last years, two approaches have been proposed and validated for the diagnosis of HFpEF, which may help the clinician to make decisions in equivocal cases. This article reviews these approaches to provide insights on their role and interpretation in clinical practice.</p>
<sec>
<title>The H2FPEF score</title>
<p>The H2FPEF score was developed by Reddy at al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. The authors used data from 414 consecutive patients undergoing a supine cycle ergometry exercise test with hemodynamic catheterization to investigate dyspnea of unknown origin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> They defined HFpEF as elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) at rest (&#x2265;15 mm Hg) or during exercise (&#x2265;25 mmHg). Patients without evidence of cardiac cause for dyspnea after exhaustive clinical evaluation and with normal pressures at rest and during exercise were classified as having non-cardiac dyspnea.</p>
<p>From the results, they built a score using six parameters: obesity, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, age, pulmonary hypertension and elevated filling pressures &#x2013; the last two measured by echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Each parameter is given a score according to the presence of the respective criteria. The final H2FPEF score is calculated by the sum of points, indicating low probability (&#x3C; 2 points), intermediate probability (2-5 points) or high probability (&#x3E; 5 points) of HFpEF.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>H2FPEF score items<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle" />
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Points</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><bold>H</bold><sub>2</sub></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>H</bold>eavy</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">BMI &#x3E; 30 kg/m<sub>2</sub></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>H</bold>ypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x2265; 2 anti-hypertensive medications</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>F</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial <bold>F</bold>ibrillation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Persistent or paroxysmal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>P</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>P</bold>ulmonary hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PASP &#x3E; 35 mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>E</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>E</bold>lderly</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Age &#x3E; 60 years</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>F</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>F</bold>illing Pressures</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#x2019;&#x3E;9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>H2FPEF score</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sum (0-9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Interpretation</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0-1: Low probability (unlikely HFpEF) <break/>2-5: Intermediate probability <break/>6-9: High probability (likely HFpEF)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>BMI: body mass index; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p>Measured by echocardiogram.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>The HFA-PEFF score</title>
<p>A consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology proposed a four-step diagnostic algorithm for HFpEF: step 1 (P) &#x2013; pre-test assessment; step 2 (E) &#x2013; echocardiographic and natriuretic peptide HFpEF score; Step 3 (F1) &#x2013; Functional testing; and Step 4 (F2) &#x2013; Final etiology. On Step 2 (E), the authors proposed the HFA-PEFF score, which was based on echocardiographic and natriuretic peptide measurements. The echocardiographic criteria reflect consensus recommendations for the diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with specific cutoff points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The HFA-PEFF score has three domains: functional, morphological and biomarker (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). For each domain, a maximum of two points can be scored &#x2013; two points if any major criterium is met; one point if one minor criterium and no major criterium is met; and no point if no criteria (major or minor) are met. The HFA-PEFF score results from the sum of the points in each domain, which guides the next step in the algorithm. A score less than 2 points indicates that HFpEF is unlikely, and an alternative diagnosis should be considered, while a score above four points is considered diagnostic for HFpEF. Patients with intermediate score (2-4 points) need further evaluation, and a diastolic stress test is proposed as a next step (step 3, functional testing).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>HFA-PEFF score items<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Domain</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Major criteria (2 points)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Minor criteria (1 point)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Score <break/>(Max 2 points per domain)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Functional</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Septal e&#x2019; &#x3C; 7 <break/>Lateral e&#x2019; &#x3C; 10 <break/>Average E/e&#x2019; ratio &#x2265; 15 <break/>TR velocity &#x3E; 2.8 m/s <break/>(PASP &#x3E; 35 mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Average E/e&#x27;ratio 9-14 <break/>GLS &#x3C; 16%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Morphological</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">LAVI &#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> ou <break/>LVMI &#x3E; 149/122 g/m<sup>2</sup> (m/w) and RWT &#x3E; 0.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">LAVI 29 - 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> <break/>LVMI &#x3E; 115/95 g/m<sup>2</sup> (m/w) <break/>RWT &#x3E; 0,42 <break/>LVWT &#x2265; 12 mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Biomarker (Sinus Rhythm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP &#x3E; 220 pg/mL <break/>BNP &#x3E; 80 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP 125 - 220 pg/mL <break/>BNP 35 - 80 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Biomarker (Atrial fibrillation)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP &#x3E; 660 pg/mL <break/>BNP &#x3E; 240 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP 365 - 660 pg/mL <break/>BNP 105 - 240 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">HFA-PEFF score</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sum (0-6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Interpretation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0-1: Low probability (unlikely HFpEF) <break/>2-4: Intermediate probability <break/>5-6: High probability (HFpEF diagnosis)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>TR: tricuspid regurgitation; PASP: pulmonar artery systolic pressure; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; m: men; w: women; RWT: relative wall thickness; LVWT: left ventricular wall thickness; GLS: global longitudinal strain; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Performance of H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores for the diagnosis of HFpEF</title>
<p>The performance of diagnostic tests can be evaluated by their sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, along with their discrimination and calibration performances. Model discrimination is related to its ability to distinguish between individuals with and without the disease and is measured by the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Model calibration reflects how closely the predicted probabilities agree with the actual outcomes. To estimate the performance of a diagnostic score in clinical practice, they should be externally validated &#x2013; i.e. discrimination and calibration should be measured in a sample that was not used to build the score.</p>
<p>Both H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores have been externally validated in different populations, such as patients with unexplained dyspnea or those recently hospitalized for HF. Overall, they showed good discrimination with an AUC consistently estimated as above 0.80 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). They also showed good model calibration, with predicted probabilities that were similar to observed ones (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test p values above 0.05).</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Diagnostic scores for heart failure and preserved ejection fraction</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Author, year of publication</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Country</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Population</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Accuracy (AUC [95% Confidence Interval])</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Definitive &#x201C;Gold Standard&#x201D; HFpEF diagnosis</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Reddy et al. 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">United States</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with unexplained dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.886 [0.789-0.941]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Elevated PCWP at rest <break/>(&#x2265; 15 mmHg) or during exercise (&#x2265; 25 mmHg)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sepehrvand et al. 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Canada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Patients at-risk for HF with LVEF &#x2265; 50%, known HFpEF and age- and sex-matched healthy controls</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">424</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.80 (0.75&#x2013;0.84)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Clinical consensus from two <break/>HF specialists.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aizpurua et al. 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Netherlands and United States</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Outpatients with suspected HFpEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">270</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF: 0.90 (0.84&#x2013;0.96)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Clinical consensus from two <break/>HF specialists.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ouwerkerk et al. 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Singapore</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Asian adults with clinical diagnosis of HFpEF vs hypertensive controls<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#xA7;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">506</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.822 [0.788-0.857] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0.821 [0.784-0.821]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Clinical HF diagnosis from a <break/>HF specialist.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Wijk et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Netherlands</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Outpatients with suspected HFpEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">363</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.77 [0.71-0.83] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0.88 [0.82-0.93]<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#x2021;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Clinical consensus from two <break/>HF specialists.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tada et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Japan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Patients recently hospitalized for HFPEF vs non-HFPEF patients referred to echo for dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">372</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.89 [0.86-0.93] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0.82 [0.78-0.86]<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#x2021;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Clinical diagnosis of acute HF according to Framingham criteria by two experienced cardiologists.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Parcha et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Multiple countries</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFpEF patients included in the TOPCAT and RELAX trials vs age-sex-race matched participants with unexplained dyspnea from ARIC cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">934</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.838 <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0.800</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Inclusion in HFPEF trials.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Churchill et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">United States</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with unexplained dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">156</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.74 [0.66-0.81] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0.73 [0.65-0.81]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Elevated PCWP at rest <break/>(&#x2265; 15 mmHg) or during exercise (&#x2265; 25 mmHg) coupled with a PCWP/cardiac output <break/>slope &#x3E; 2.0 mmHg. L<sub>&#x2013;</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>.min<sup>&#x2212;1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Reddy et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">United States, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Australia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with unexplained dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">485</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0.845 [0.810-0.875] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0.710 [0.659-0.756]<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#x2020;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Elevated PCWP at rest <break/>(&#x2265; 15 mmHg) or during exercise (&#x2265; 25 mmHg)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4"><p>PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HF: heart failure.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN5"><label>*</label><p>From the testing data subset for external validation in the original publication.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN6"><label>&#x2020;</label> <p>p for AUC comparison between the two scores &#x3C; 0.001.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN7"><label>&#x2021;</label> <p>p for AUC comparison between the two scores &#x3C; 0.01.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN8"><label>&#xA7;</label> <p>The study reported validation for two cohorts, but only one is being reported here</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Comparison between the H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores</title>
<p>The HFA-PEFF score requires the measurement of natriuretic peptides and a large number of echocardiographic parameters compared with the H2FPEF score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). This narrows the use of the HFA-PEFF score to settings where the resources needed to calculate it are available.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption><title>Characteristics of the H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF score</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF score</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Gold standard HF definition in the score derivation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Invasive hemodynamic test</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Expert consensus recommendation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Number of parameters</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Echocardiographic variables</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inclusion of natriuretic peptides</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN9"><p>HF: heart failure.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Also, these scores disagree with each other in clinical practice, which can further complicate their use. Almost two fifths (28 to 41%) of patients have discordant estimates of the probability of HFPEF from H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Studies have compared the accuracy of the two scores, with divergent findings. While two studies showed superior discriminating power with the H2FPEF score, other two showed they were similar, and one study showed superior AUC with the HFA-PEFF score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). These discrepancies likely result from methodological differences, sample size, lack of appropriate control group and criteria for defining HFpEF as &#x201C;gold standard&#x201D; (see below).</p>
<p>When the hemodynamic definition of HFPEF was used &#x2013; i.e. increased PCWP at rest or during exercise, the H2FPEF seemed to perform better, while the HFA-PEFF had higher false negative rates. For instance, 25% of patients with low H2FPEF scores (0-1 points), but 56% of those with low HFA-PEFF scores had HFpEF by the hemodynamic definition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> On the other hand, when both scores were high, 94% had HFpEF.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Lack of gold standard definition for the diagnosis of HFpEF</title>
<p>The main issue on validating the diagnostic scores is the lack of a &#x201C;gold standard&#x201D; for the diagnosis of HFpEF. Because HF is a syndrome, the diagnosis relies on a combination of signs, symptoms and multiple complementary exams. While this argues for an expert consensus to define HFpEF, this is also subject to subjectivity and high inter-observer variability, particularly in equivocal cases where scores are expected to be used. On the other hand, defining HFpEF by increased filling pressures at rest or during the exercise is more appealing, since invasive measurements are highly reproducible, and it is strongly related to mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In this regard, the hemodynamic exercise testing has been proposed as the gold standard method for the diagnosis of HFPEF, although it has not been widely accepted.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores in the prognosis of HFpEF</title>
<p>Although the H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores have been developed for the diagnosis of HFpEF, they are also associated with HF-related events. The ability to predict HF hospitalization, which is supposedly pathognomonic of HF (due to overt congestion), could indicate whether the score is detecting cases that will progress to an unequivocal diagnosis of HF. In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort, both scores were directly associated with increased risk of HF hospitalization or mortality in individuals with unexplained dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Noteworthy, the event rates in those with elevated H2FPEF and/or HFA-PEFF were similar to those with previously diagnosed HFpEF. This suggests that these scores helped to identify patients with either undiagnosed HFpEF or at higher risk of developing clinical HF.</p>
<p>In patients with stablished HFpEF, both scores were also related to the prognosis, with patients with high scores having increased risk of HF-related events (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption><title>Association between scores for HFPEF and prognosis</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Author, year of publication</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Design</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Sample</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Score criteria (vs comparator)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Results<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Myhre et al. 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort (from a clinical trial)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFpEF patients in the TOPCAT trial</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">362</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF per 1-point increase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR: 1.12 (1.02&#x2013;1.23) for the composite of CV mortality, HF hospitalization or aborted cardiac arrest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Selvaraj et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Unexplained dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">641</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 5 (vs asymptomatic individuals) <break/>HFA-PEFF &#x2265; 4 (vs asymptomatic individuals)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR: 2.38 (1.80&#x2013;3.16); <break/>HR: 2.67 (2.11&#x2013;3.38) for the composite of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sotomi et al. 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalized HFpEF patients</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">804</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF 6 (vs 2 to 5) at discharge</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 1.45 (1.10 &#x2013; 1.90) for HF re-hospitalization and all-cause death</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Verbrugge et al. 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalized HFpEF patients</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">443</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF - every 1-point increase <break/>HF2FPEF &#x2013; every 10%-probability-increase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 1.19 (1.04 &#x2013; 1.38) and 1.17 (1.05 &#x2013; 1.33) for HF re-hospitalization and all-cause death</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sun et al. 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalized HFpEF patients</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">358</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF &#x2265; 5 (vs &#x2264; 2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 5.29 (1.24&#x2013;22.59) for all-cause death</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sun et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalized HFpEF patients</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">476</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 6 (vs &#x3C;2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 6.35 (1.48&#x2013;27.22) for all-cause mortality <break/>Adj HR: 2.06 (1.35&#x2013;3.14) for re-hospitalization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hwang et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalized HFpEF patients</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1105</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 6 (vs &#x3C;2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 1.29 (1.06&#x2013;1.59) for the composite of all-cause mortality and HF re-hospitalization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Suzuki et al. 2010<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with at least one cardiovascular risk factor</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">356</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF per 1-point increase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 1.91 (1.46&#x2013;2.50) for the composite of cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Seoudy et al. 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Post-TAVI with preserved EF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">570</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 6 (vs &#x3C;5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 2.70 (1.70&#x2013;4.28) for the composite of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Egashira et al. 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cohort</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalized HFpEF patients</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">502</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEF &#x2265; 5 (vs 2 to 4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adj HR: 1.66 (1.11 &#x2013; 2.50) for HF re-hospitalization</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN10"><label>*</label><p>Data presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). HR: Hazard ratio; HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; EF: ejection fraction; HF: heart failure.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Final comments and how the scores should be used</title>
<p>The main indication for the use of diagnostic scores in HFpEF is the uncertainty in the diagnosis. The scores have been well validated for patients with unexplained dyspnea and suspected HF. Therefore, they should not be applied to asymptomatic patients, with symptoms clearly due to an alternative cause or when the diagnosis of HF is unequivocal.</p>
<p>In practice, we can interpret a high score of either instrument (H2FPEF &#x3E; 5 or HFA-PEFF &#x3E; 4) as highly suggestive of HFPEF, while a low score in both instruments (H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF &#x3E; 2) virtually rule out HFpEF. Nevertheless, the low scoring in one algorithm only is more likely to be a false negative result, particularly for the HFA-PEFF. For instance, a patient with low HFA-PEFF score and high clinical suspicious of HFpEF would warrant further investigation.</p>
<p>Compared with the HFA-PEFF score, the H2FPEF score uses a simpler approach and seems to be more accurate in detecting HFpEF defined by the hemodynamic criteria. Although this might suggest a preference for the H2FPEF score, the diagnosis of HFPEF lacks a gold standard to validate against. The definition of HFPEF has evolved and results of recent positive clinical trials in this population may guide the development of more definitive diagnostic criteria that will help finding patients who will benefit from interventions that change their prognosis.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Escores Diagn&#xF3;sticos na Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname><given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1;, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#xF3;stico por Imagem, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva</bold> &#x2022; Departamento de Cl&#xED;nica M&#xE9;dica &#x2013; Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1; &#x2013; Rua General Carneiro, 181, 10&#xBA; andar. CEP <postal-code>80060-900</postal-code>, Alto da Gl&#xF3;ria, Curitiba, PR &#x2013; Brasil E-mail: <email>miguelmorita@ufpr.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>O diagn&#xF3;stico de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEP) pode ser desafiador e escores diagn&#xF3;sticos t&#xEA;m sido propostos para auxiliar no manejo diagn&#xF3;stico. Este artigo revisa esses escores e fornece insights sobre seu papel e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica. At&#xE9; o momento, dois escores foram validados para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP. O H2FPEF inclui dados cl&#xED;nicos &#x2013; obesidade, hipertens&#xE3;o, fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, idade &#x2013; e ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos &#x2013; hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar e rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019;. O HFA-PEFF usa m&#xFA;ltiplos par&#xE2;metros ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos em anormalidades card&#xED;acas estruturais e funcionais, e requer n&#xED;veis sangu&#xED;neos de pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico. A acur&#xE1;cia do escore H2FPEF parece ser superior ao escore HFA-PEFF para identificar pacientes com press&#xE3;o capilar pulmonar elevada em repouso ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio, mas a defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o padr&#xE3;o-ouro de ICFEP ainda &#xE9; motivo de debate. Uma pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o alta em qualquer dos dois escores tem alto valor preditivo positivo, e os escores s&#xE3;o mais &#xFA;teis quando h&#xE1; suspeita cl&#xED;nica de ICFEP, mas o diagn&#xF3;stico &#xE9; incerto.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca Diast&#xF3;lica</kwd>
<kwd>Diagn&#xF3;stico</kwd>
<kwd>Pacientes</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O diagn&#xF3;stico de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEP) pode ser dif&#xED;cil. Na defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o universal de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a IC &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome com sinais/sintomas causados por anormalidades estruturais/funcionais card&#xED;acas, corroborados por pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos elevados ou evid&#xEA;ncia objetiva de congest&#xE3;o sist&#xEA;mica/pulmonar em um m&#xE9;todo de imagem ou aferi&#xE7;&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em um paciente com franca congest&#xE3;o e fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) &#x2265; 50%, geralmente &#xE9; f&#xE1;cil diagnosticar ICFEP. No entanto, o diagn&#xF3;stico torna-se dif&#xED;cil quando os sinais/sintomas n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o t&#xED;picos, como em pacientes ambulatoriais com dispneia de esfor&#xE7;o, particularmente na presen&#xE7;a de comorbidades. Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, duas abordagens foram propostas e validadas para o diagn&#xF3;stico de HFpEF, podendo ajudar o m&#xE9;dico a tomar decis&#xF5;es nos casos duvidosos. Este artigo revisa essas abordagens para fornecer insights sobre seu papel e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica.</p>
<sec>
<title>O escore H2FPEF</title>
<p>O escore H2FPEF foi desenvolvido por Reddy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> na Cl&#xED;nica Mayo em Rochester, EUA. Os autores utilizaram dados de 414 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a um teste de esfor&#xE7;o em cicloerg&#xF4;metro na posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o supina com cateterismo hemodin&#xE2;mico simult&#xE2;neo para investigar dispneia de causa desconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Eles definiram ICFEP pela presen&#xE7;a de press&#xE3;o de capilar pulmonar (PCP) elevada em repouso (&#x2265;15 mm Hg) ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio (&#x2265;25 mmHg). Pacientes sem evid&#xEA;ncia de causa card&#xED;aca para dispneia ap&#xF3;s avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica exaustiva e que apresentaram press&#xF5;es normais em repouso e durante o exerc&#xED;cio foram classificados como tendo dispneia n&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca.</p>
<p>A partir dos resultados, eles constru&#xED;ram um escore utilizando seis par&#xE2;metros: obesidade, hipertens&#xE3;o, fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, idade, hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar e press&#xF5;es elevadas de enchimento &#x2013; as duas &#xFA;ltimas medidas no ecocardiograma (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cada par&#xE2;metro recebe uma pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o de acordo com a presen&#xE7;a do respectivo crit&#xE9;rio. O escore H2FPEF final &#xE9; calculado pela soma dos pontos, que indica baixa probabilidade (&#x3C; 2 pontos), probabilidade intermedi&#xE1;ria (2-5 pontos) ou alta probabilidade (&#x3E; 5 pontos) da ICFEP.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Itens do escore H2FPEF2</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle" />
<th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#xE2;metro</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Caracter&#xED;stica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontos</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><bold>H<sub>2</sub></bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>O</bold>beso (<bold>H</bold>eavy)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IMC &#x3E; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>H</bold>ipertens&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x2265; 2 medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>F</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>F</bold>ibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Persistente ou parox&#xED;stica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>P</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#xE3;o <bold>P</bold>ulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PSAP &#x3E; 35 mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>E</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idoso (<bold>E</bold>lderly)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Idade &#x3E; 60 anos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>F</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#xF5;es de enchimento (<bold>F</bold>illing pressures)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#x2019;&#x3E;9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Escore H2FPEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Soma <break/>(0-9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0-1: Baixa probabilidade <break/>(ICFEP improv&#xE1;vel) <break/>2-5: Probabilidade intermedi&#xE1;ria <break/>6-9: Alta probabilidade (provavelmente ICFEP)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN11"><p>IMC: &#xED;ndice de massa corporal; PSAP: press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar; ICFEP: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN12"><label>*</label><p>Medido no ecocardiograma.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>O escore HFA-PEFF</title>
<p>Um consenso da Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca (HFA) da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia prop&#xF4;s um algoritmo de quatro etapas para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP: passo 1 (P) &#x2013; avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;-teste; passo 2 (E) &#x2013; escore ecocardiogr&#xE1;fico e de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos para ICFEP; passo 3 (F1) &#x2013; teste funcional; e passo 4 (F2) &#x2013; etiologia final. No passo 2 (E), os autores propuseram o escore HFA-PEFF, que foi baseado nas medidas ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas e n&#xED;veis de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos. Os crit&#xE9;rios ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos refletem recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es de consenso para o diagn&#xF3;stico de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo com pontos de corte espec&#xED;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O escore HFA-PEFF tem tr&#xEA;s dom&#xED;nios: funcional, morfol&#xF3;gico e biomarcador (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). Para cada dom&#xED;nio, pode-se marcar no m&#xE1;ximo dois pontos &#x2013; dois pontos quando crit&#xE9;rios maiores s&#xE3;o preenchidos; um ponto quando s&#xE3;o preenchidos crit&#xE9;rios menores, mas nenhum crit&#xE9;rio maior; e nenhum ponto se nenhum crit&#xE9;rio (maior ou menor) for preenchido. O escore HFA-PEFF resulta da soma dos pontos em cada dom&#xED;nio, os quais guiam o pr&#xF3;ximo passo no algoritmo. Uma pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o inferior a dois pontos indica que o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP &#xE9; improv&#xE1;vel, e um diagn&#xF3;stico alternativo deve ser considerado, enquanto uma pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o acima de quatro pontos &#xE9; considerada diagn&#xF3;stica de ICFEP. Pacientes com pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o intermedi&#xE1;ria (2-4 pontos) precisam de uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o adicional, sendo proposto um teste de estresse diast&#xF3;lico como um pr&#xF3;ximo passo (passo 3, teste funcional).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t7">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Itens do escore HFA-PEFF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Dom&#xED;nio</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Crit&#xE9;rios maiores (2 pontos)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Crit&#xE9;rios menores (1 ponto)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o <break/>(M&#xE1;ximo 2 pontos por dom&#xED;nio)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Funcional</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">e&#x27; septal &#x3C; 7 <break/>e&#x27; lateral &#x3C; 10 <break/>E/e (m&#xE9;dio) &#x2265; 15 <break/>Velocidade RT &#x3E; 2,8 m/s <break/>(PSAP &#x3E; 35 mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e (m&#xE9;dio) 9-14 <break/>GLS &#x3C; 16%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Morfol&#xF3;gico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IVAE &#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> ou <break/>IMVE &#x3E; 149/122 g/m<sup>2</sup> (h/m) e <break/>ERP &#x3E; 0,42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IVAE 29 - 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> <break/>IMVE &#x3E; 115/95 g/m<sup>2</sup> (h/m) <break/>ERP &#x3E; 0,42 <break/>PP &#x2265; 12 mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Biomarcador (Ritmo Sinusal)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP &#x3E; 220 pg/mL <break/>BNP &#x3E; 80 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP 125 - 220 pg/mL <break/>BNP 35 - 80 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Biomarcador (fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP &#x3E; 660 pg/mL <break/>BNP &#x3E; 240 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP 365 - 660 pg/mL <break/>BNP 105 - 240 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Escore HFA-PEFF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Soma (0-6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0-1: Baixa probabilidade (ICFEP improv&#xE1;vel) <break/>2-4: Probabilidade intermedi&#xE1;ria <break/>5-6: Alta probabilidade (diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN13"><p>RT: regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o tric&#xFA;spide; PSAP: press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar; IVAE: &#xED;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo; IMVE: &#xED;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; h: homens; m mulheres; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; PP: espessura da parede ventricular esquerda; GLS: strain longitudinal global; BNP: Pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico do tipo B; NT-proBNP: Pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico do tipo B N-terminal; ICFEP: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Desempenho dos escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP</title>
<p>A performance dos testes diagn&#xF3;sticos pode ser avaliada por sua sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo, juntamente com seu desempenho em discrimina&#xE7;&#xE3;o e calibra&#xE7;&#xE3;o. A discrimina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um modelo reflete sua capacidade de distinguir entre indiv&#xED;duos com e sem a doen&#xE7;a, e &#xE9; medida pela &#xE1;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC). A calibra&#xE7;&#xE3;o do modelo reflete o qu&#xE3;o pr&#xF3;ximas as probabilidades previstas est&#xE3;o dos resultados reais. Para estimar o desempenho de um escore diagn&#xF3;stico na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica, o escore deve ser validado externamente &#x2013; ou seja, discrimina&#xE7;&#xE3;o e calibra&#xE7;&#xE3;o devem ser medidas em uma amostra que n&#xE3;o foi utilizada para construir o escore.</p>
<p>Ambos os escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF foram validados externamente em diferentes popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como pacientes com dispneia de causa indeterminada ou rec&#xE9;m-hospitalizados por IC. No geral, eles mostraram boa discrimina&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com uma AUC estimada consistentemente acima de 0,80 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). Os escores tamb&#xE9;m apresentaram boa calibra&#xE7;&#xE3;o do modelo, com probabilidades previstas semelhantes &#xE0;s probabilidades observadas (Hosmer-Lemeshow bondade-de-ajuste p valores acima de 0,05).</p>
<table-wrap id="t8">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption><title>Pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o diagn&#xF3;stica para insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca e fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Autor, ano de publica&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pa&#xED;s</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Acur&#xE1;cia (AUC [intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%))</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP <break/>&#x22;Padr&#xE3;o Ouro&#x22;</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Reddy et al. 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Estados Unidos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com dispneia de origem indeterminada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,886 [0,789-0,941]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PCP elevada em repouso (&#x2265; 15 mmHg) ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio (&#x2265; 25 mmHg)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sepehrvand et al. 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Canad&#xE1;</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes em risco para IC com FEVE &#x2265; 50%, ICFEP conhecida e controles saud&#xE1;veis pareados por idade e sexo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">424</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,80 [0,75-0,84]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Consenso cl&#xED;nico de dois especialistas em IC.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aizpurua et al. 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Holanda e Estados Unidos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com suspeita de ICFEP no ambulat&#xF3;rio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">270</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF: 0,90 [0,84-0,96]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Consenso cl&#xED;nico de dois especialistas em IC.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ouwerkerk et al. 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cingapura</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Adultos asi&#xE1;ticos com diagn&#xF3;stico cl&#xED;nico de ICFEP vs controles hipertensivos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#xA7;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">506</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,822 [0,788-0,857] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0,821 [0,784-0,821]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Diagn&#xF3;stico cl&#xED;nico de IC por um especialista.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Wijk et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pa&#xED;ses Baixos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com suspeita de ICFEP no ambulat&#xF3;rio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">363</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,77 [0,71-0,83] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0,88 [0,82-0,93] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#x2021;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Consenso cl&#xED;nico de dois especialistas em IC.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tada et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Jap&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes recentemente hospitalizados por ICFEP vs pacientes sem ICFEP encaminhados para eco por dispneia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">372</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,89 [0,86-0,93] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0,82 [0,78-0,86] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#x2021;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Diagn&#xF3;stico cl&#xED;nico de IC aguda segundo crit&#xE9;rios de Framingham por dois cardiologistas experientes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Parcha et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">V&#xE1;rios pa&#xED;ses</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com ICFEP inclu&#xED;dos nos ensaios TOPCAT e RELAX vs participantes da coorte ARIC com dispneia de origem indeterminada da coorte pareados por idade, sexo e ra&#xE7;a</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">934</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,838 <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0,800</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Inclus&#xE3;o em ensaios de ICFEP.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Churchill et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Estados Unidos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com dispneia de origem indeterminada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">156</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,74 [0,66-0,81] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0,73 [0,65-0, 81]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PCP elevada em repouso (&#x2265; 15 mmHg) ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio (&#x2265; 25 mmHg) juntamente com uma inclina&#xE7;&#xE3;o PCP/d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco &#x3E; 2,0 mmHg. L<sup>&#x2212;1</sup>.min<sup>&#x2212;1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Reddy et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Estados Unidos, Holanda, Dinamarca e Austr&#xE1;lia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com dispneia de origem indeterminada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">485</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF: 0,845 [0,810-0,875] <break/>HFA-PEFF: 0,710 [0,659-0,756]<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#x2020;</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PCP elevada em repouso (&#x2265; 15 mmHg) ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio (&#x2265; 25 mmHg)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN14"><p>PCP: press&#xE3;o capilar pulmonar; ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; IC: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca; FEVE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; ICFEP: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN15"><label>*</label><p>A partir do subconjunto de dados de teste para valida&#xE7;&#xE3;o externa na publica&#xE7;&#xE3;o original de pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN16"><label>&#x2020;</label> <p>p para compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o AUC entre os dois escores &#x3C; 0,001.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN17"><label>&#x2021;</label> <p>p para compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o AUC entre os dois escores &#x3C; 0,01.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN18"><label>&#xA7;</label> <p>O estudo relatou valida&#xE7;&#xE3;o para as duas coortes, mas somente uma est&#xE1; sendo apresentada aqui.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre os escores de H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
<p>O escore HFA-PEFF requer a aferi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos e um grande n&#xFA;mero de par&#xE2;metros ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao escore H2FPEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Isso limita o uso do escore HFA-PEFF &#xE0;s situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es em que dispomos dos recursos necess&#xE1;rios para calcul&#xE1;-lo.</p>
<table-wrap id="t9">
<label>Tabela 4</label>
<caption><title>Caracter&#xED;sticas dos escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#xED;stica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o do H2FPEF</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o de HFA-PEFF</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#x201C;padr&#xE3;o-ouro&#x201D; de IC na constru&#xE7;&#xE3;o do escore</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Teste hemodin&#xE2;mico invasivo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Consenso de especialistas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">N&#xFA;mero de par&#xE2;metros</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;veis ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Exig&#xEA;ncia de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">N&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN19"><p>IC: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>O que pode complicar ainda mais o uso dos escores na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica &#xE9; que muitas vezes eles discordam entre si. Quase dois quintos (28 a 41%) dos pacientes t&#xEA;m estimativas discordantes da probabilidade de HFPEF de H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos compararam a acur&#xE1;cia entre os dois escores com diferentes achados. Enquanto dois estudos mostraram poder discriminat&#xF3;rio superior com o escore de H2FPEF, outros dois mostraram que eles s&#xE3;o semelhantes, e um apresentou AUC superior com o escore HFA-PEFF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). Essas discrep&#xE2;ncias provavelmente resultam de diferen&#xE7;as metodol&#xF3;gicas, tamanho da amostra, falta de grupo controle adequado e crit&#xE9;rios para definir o ICFEP como &#x201C;padr&#xE3;o-ouro&#x201D; (veja abaixo).</p>
<p>Quando a defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica de ICFEP foi usada &#x2013; ou seja, aumento do PCP em repouso ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio, o H2FPEF pareceu ter melhor desempenho, enquanto o HFA-PEFF teve taxas mais elevadas de falso negativo. Por exemplo, 25% dos pacientes com baixos escores de H2FPEF (0-1 pontos), mas 56% dos que tinham baixa pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o pelo HFA-PEFF tinham ICFEP pela defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por outro lado, quando ambos os escores eram elevados, 94% tinham ICFEP.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Aus&#xEA;ncia de padr&#xE3;o-ouro para o diagn&#xF3;stico da ICFEP</title>
<p>A principal quest&#xE3;o na valida&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos escores diagn&#xF3;sticos &#xE9; a falta de um &#x201C;padr&#xE3;o-ouro&#x201D; para o diagn&#xF3;stico de HFpEF. Como a IC &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome, o diagn&#xF3;stico conta com uma combina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de sinais, sintomas e m&#xFA;ltiplos exames complementares. Embora isso argumente a favor de um consenso de especialistas para definir a HFpEF, isso tamb&#xE9;m est&#xE1; sujeito &#xE0; subjetividade e alta variabilidade inter-observador, particularmente nos casos equ&#xED;vocos, em que se espera que os escores sejam usados. Por outro lado, a defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o de ICFEP pelo aumento das press&#xF5;es de preenchimento em repouso ou durante o exerc&#xED;cio &#xE9; mais atraente, uma vez que as medidas invasivas s&#xE3;o altamente reprodut&#xED;veis, e est&#xE1; fortemente ligada aos mecanismos subjacentes &#xE0; fisiopatologia do ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Neste contexto, o teste de exerc&#xED;cio hemodin&#xE2;mico tem sido proposto como o m&#xE9;todo padr&#xE3;o-ouro para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP, embora n&#xE3;o tenha sido amplamente aceito.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF no progn&#xF3;stico da ICFEP</title>
<p>Embora os escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF tenham sido desenvolvidos para o diagn&#xF3;stico de HFpEF, eles tamb&#xE9;m est&#xE3;o associados a eventos relacionados a IC. A capacidade de prever a interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC, que &#xE9; supostamente patognom&#xF4;nica de IC (pelo quadro de franca congest&#xE3;o), poderia indicar se o escore est&#xE1; detectando casos que ir&#xE3;o evoluir para um diagn&#xF3;stico inequ&#xED;voco de IC. Na coorte norte americana Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, ambos os escores estiveram diretamente associados ao aumento do risco de interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou mortalidade por IC em indiv&#xED;duos com dispneia de origem indeterminada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Notadamente, a incid&#xEA;ncia de eventos naqueles indiv&#xED;duos com H2FPEF e/ou HFA-PEFF elevados foram semelhantes &#xE0; dos pacientes com ICFEP previamente diagnosticado. Tal fato sugere que os escores ajudaram a identificar pacientes com ICFEP n&#xE3;o diagnosticada ou com maior risco de desenvolver IC cl&#xED;nica no futuro.</p>
<p>Em pacientes com ICFEP estabelecida, ambos os escores tamb&#xE9;m foram associados ao progn&#xF3;stico, em que pacientes com escores elevados apresentaram risco mais alto de eventos relacionados &#xE0; IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t10">
<label>Tabela 5</label>
<caption><title>Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre pontua&#xE7;&#xF5;es para ICFEP e progn&#xF3;stico</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Autor, ano de publica&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Desenho</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Amostra</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Crit&#xE9;rios do escore (vs comparador)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Resultados<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Myhre et al. 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte (de um ensaio cl&#xED;nico)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com ICFEP do estudo TOPCAT</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">362</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF para cada 1 ponto de aumento</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR: 1,12 (1,02-1,23) para desfecho composto de mortalidade cardiovascular, interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC ou parada card&#xED;aca abortada</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Selvaraj et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dispneia de origem indeterminada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">641</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 5 (vs indiv&#xED;duos assintom&#xE1;ticos) <break/>HFA-PEFF &#x2265; 4 (vs indiv&#xED;duos assintom&#xE1;ticos)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR: 2,38 (1,80-3,16); <break/>HR: 2,67 (2,11-3,38) para o desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sotomi et al. 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes hospitalizados por ICFEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">804</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF 6 (vs 2 a 5) na alta</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 1,45 (1,10 &#x2013; 1,90) para reinterna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC e morte por todas as causas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Verbrugge et al. 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes hospitalizados do ICFEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">443</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF - a cada 1 ponto de aumento <break/>HF2FPEF &#x2013; a cada aumento de 10% de probabilidade</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 1,19 (1,04 &#x2013; 1,38) e 1,17 <break/>(1,05 &#x2013; 1,33) para reinterna&#xE7;&#xE3;o e morte por todas as causas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sun et al. 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes hospitalizados do ICFEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">358</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEFF &#x2265; 5 (vs &#x2264; 2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 5,29 (1,24&#x2013;22,59) para morte por todas as causas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sun et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte Retrospectiva</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes hospitalizados do ICFEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">476</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 6 (vs &#x3C;2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 6,35 (1,48-27,22) para mortalidade por todas as causas <break/>HR ajustado: 2,06 (1,35-3,14) para reinterna&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hwang et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte Retrospectiva</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes hospitalizados do ICFEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1105</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 6 (vs &#x3C;2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 1,29 (1,06-1,59) para o desfecho composto de reinterna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC e morte por todas as causas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Suzuki et al. 2010<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">356</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF para cada 1 ponto de aumento</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 1,91 (1,46-2,50) para desfecho composto de interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC e mortalidade cardiovascular</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Seoudy et al. 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">P&#xF3;s-TAVI com FE preservada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">570</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">H2FPEF &#x2265; 6 (vs &#x3C;5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 2,70 (1,70-4,28) para desfecho composto de interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC e mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Egashira et al. 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes hospitalizados por ICFEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">502</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HFA-PEF &#x2265; 5 (vs 2 a 4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HR ajustado: 1,66 (1,11 &#x2013; 2,50) para reinterna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN20"><label>*</label><p>Dados apresentados como hazard ratio (Intervalo de confian&#xE7;a de 95%). HR: Hazard ratio; ICFEP: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada; TAVI: implante percut&#xE2;neo de v&#xE1;lvula a&#xF3;rtica; FE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o; IC: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Coment&#xE1;rios finais e como usar os escores</title>
<p>O uso dos escores de diagn&#xF3;stico na ICFEP &#xE9; principalmente indicado quando h&#xE1; incerteza no diagn&#xF3;stico. Os escores foram bem validados para pacientes com dispneia de origem indeterminada e suspeita de IC. Por isso, n&#xE3;o devem ser aplicados a pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos, com sintomas com causa alternativa ou quando o diagn&#xF3;stico de IC &#xE9; inequ&#xED;voco.</p>
<p>Na pr&#xE1;tica, podemos interpretar uma pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o elevada de um dos escores (H2FPEF &#x3E; 5 ou HFA-PEFF &#x3E; 4) como altamente sugestiva de um diagn&#xF3;stico final de ICFEP, enquanto uma baixa pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o (H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF &#x3E; 2) para ambos os escores praticamente exclui ICFEP. No entanto, uma baixa pontua&#xE7;&#xE3;o de apenas um algoritmo tem maior chance de ser falso negativo, particularmente para o HFA-PEFF. Por exemplo, um paciente com baixo escore de HFA-PEFF e alta suspeita cl&#xED;nica de ICFEP justificaria uma investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais aprofundada.</p>
<p>Comparado com o escore HFA-PEFF, o H2FPEF usa uma abordagem mais simples e parece ter melhor acur&#xE1;cia para detectar ICFEP definida pelos crit&#xE9;rios hemodin&#xE2;micos. Embora isso possa sugerir uma prefer&#xEA;ncia pelo escore H2FPEF, o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP n&#xE3;o tem um padr&#xE3;o-ouro contra o qual deva ser validado. A defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o de ICFEP est&#xE1; evoluindo e os resultados de ensaios cl&#xED;nicos positivos recentes nesta popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o poder&#xE3;o orientar o desenvolvimento de crit&#xE9;rios diagn&#xF3;sticos mais definitivos que ajudar&#xE3;o a encontrar pacientes que se beneficiar&#xE3;o de interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es que mudem seu progn&#xF3;stico.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
