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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220056</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220056</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Echocardiography in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: From Primary Care to Tertiary Hospitals</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-7742</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Garcia</surname><given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/><role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#xF3;-Card&#xED;aco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#xF3;-Card&#xED;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#xED;nica S&#xE3;o Vicente da G&#xE1;vea</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cl&#xED;nica S&#xE3;o Vicente da G&#xE1;vea, RJ &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Iorio Garcia</bold> &#x2022; Rua Euclides Figueiredo, casa 2. Postal Code <postal-code>22261-070</postal-code>, Jardim Bot&#xE2;nico, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>mioriogarcia@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>268</fpage>
<lpage>274</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>18</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>30</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="31"/>
<page-count count="7"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent and incident clinical syndrome that mostly affects older adults. It is one of the main causes of hospital admission, which is a strong prognostic marker, considering that approximately 50% of hospitalized patients will be readmitted within 6 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is hemodynamically defined as an inability of the heart to meet adequate metabolic demands under normal filling pressures. This concept is fundamental, given that patients with normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) (&#x3E; 50%) usually have normal cardiac output, but are only able to maintain this output at the expense of increased filling pressures. Some patients are known to show signs of congestion at rest, but the vast majority only presents clinical symptoms during effort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Echocardiography (ECHO) is the main tool used in this population. It is highly available, noninvasive, and easily applicable. However, EF assessment alone may not be sufficient to support the presence of HFpEF.</p>
<sec>
<title>Concepts in the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
<p>HFpEF is currently defined as a clinical syndrome of HF with LVEF &#x3E; 50% in the absence of a previously reduced EF. Patients&#x2019; symptoms fundamentally result from increases in LV filling pressures at rest or during effort. Documenting this increase in pressure using practical and reproducible means is one of the major challenges in the diagnostic process. Guidelines define HFpEF according to:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Presence of signs and symptoms of HF</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>LVEF &#x2265; 50%</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Absence of syndromes &#x201C;simulating&#x201D; HFpEF</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Evidence of increased filling pressures or correlated noninvasive markers (elevated E/e&#x2019; ratio, increased left atrial volume, and increased levels of natriuretic peptides)</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Clinical syndromes that mimic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
<p>Patients with HFpEF are typically older, obese, and female and have predisposing comorbidities such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, lung disease, and renal failure. Differentiating a cardiac origin from noncardiac conditions is very difficult for the physician when faced with patients with nonspecific symptoms suggestive of HF, such as fatigue, reduced effort capacity, dyspnea on exercise, and lower limb edema. This is a very common problem in clinical practice.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Diagnostic scores</title>
<p>Two diagnostic algorithms &#x2013; the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score and the HFA-PEFF algorithm of the European Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#x2013; assess pre-test probability in order to distinguish HFpEF from dyspnea of noncardiac origin. The combination of clinical and laboratory data, including electrocardiogram and ECHO analysis, will estimate whether the probability of HFpEF is low, intermediate, or high. The Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> has objectively summarized this line of reasoning (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows how to apply these scores.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CLINICAL VARIABLE</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CHARACTERISTICS</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">POINTS</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">H<sub>2</sub></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Heavy Hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">BMI &#x3E; 30 2 or more anti-hypertensive drugs</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Paroxysmal or persistent</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">P</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PASP &#x3E; 35 mm Hg (echocardiogram)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Older patients</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Age &#x3E; 60 years</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Filling pressures</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#x27; &#x3E; 9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Marcondes Braga et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>.</attrib>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>BMI: body mass index; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>HFA-PEFF score for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Criteria</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Major <break/>(2 points)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Minor <break/>(1 point)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle">Functional</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">Septal e&#x27; &#x3C; 7 <break/>Lateral e&#x27; &#x3C; 10 or E/e&#x27; &#x3E; 15 or TRV &#x3E; 2.8 m/s <break/>(PASP &#x3E; 35 mm Hg)</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#x27; 9-14 or GLS &#x3C; 16%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Morphological</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Indexed LAV &#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> or <break/>LV mass 149/122 g/m<sup>2</sup> (M/W) and RWT &#x3E; 0.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Indexed LAV 29-34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> or LV mass &#x3E; 115/95 g/m<sup>2</sup> (M/W) or IVS or PW &#x2265; 12 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Biomarker (sinus rhythm) <break/>Biomarker (atrial fibrillation)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP &#x3E; 220 pg/mL or BNP &#x3E; 80 pg/mL <break/>NT-proBNP &#x3E; 660 pg/mL or BNP &#x3E; 240 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP 125-220 pg/mL or BNP 35-80 pg/mL <break/>NT-proBNP 365-660 pg/mL or BNP 105-240 pg/mL</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>GLS: global longitudinal strain; IVS: intraventricular septum; LAV: left atrial volume; M: men; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro&#x2013;B-type natriuretic peptide; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PW: posterior wall; RWT: relative wall thickness; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; W: women. Source: Marcondes Braga et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Diagnostic flowchart of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). ECG: electrocardiogram; ECHO: echocardiography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf01.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Marcondes Braga et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Echocardiography</title>
<p>We will now describe the main objective of our review, which consists of extracting the greatest number of data from this great diagnostic tool. Notice the amount of information obtained from ECHO when creating the HFA-PEFF score for HFpEF diagnosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). In addition to ventricular diameters and LVEF calculation, an estimate of the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), the E/e&#x2019; ratio by tissue Doppler, the indexed left atrial volume (LAV), the indexed LV mass, the relative wall thickness (RWT) and, if possible, the study of myocardial deformation (global longitudinal strain) will be obtained. The accuracy of the variables provided by the ECHO will be analyzed, as well as how to use them.</p>
<sec>
<title>Ejection fraction</title>
<p>LVEF should be obtained from a biplanar study, classically using Simpson&#x27;s method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The limitations of using EF assessment alone in decision making have been previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, in the setting of HF, a LVEF &#x3E; 50% is considered significant, thus starting the clinical reasoning within the HFpEF model.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Estimation of mean left atrial pressure in patients with normal ejection fraction</title>
<p>Careful quantification of cavity dimensions and volumes is extremely important before estimating filling pressures. The presence of structural changes, such as LV hypertrophy and/or left atrial (LA) dilatation, indicates a more marked cavity remodeling. The correct assessment of diastolic function will allow an adequate extraction of volume data. Diastolic dysfunction is a combination of abnormal ventricular relaxation, myocyte deformation, and LA function, culminating in elevated filling pressures.</p>
<p>The first step consists of analyzing the mitral flow pattern, known as the E/A ratio. In many cases, this pattern alone may be sufficient. Patients with an E/A ratio &#x2264; 0.8 and an E wave velocity &#x2264; 50 cm/s have a normal mean LA pressure, whereas those with an E/A ratio &#x2265; 2 have an elevated LA pressure. In intermediate cases, other variables will be used, such as the E/e&#x2019; ratio, indexed LAV, and peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Diastole and volume estimation in heart failure. LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf02.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: adapted from Nagueh SF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Diagnostic algorithm based on echocardiographic data. EF: ejection fraction; LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf03.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: adapted from Nagueh SF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<p>The relationship between flow velocity in early diastole (E wave, measured by pulsed Doppler) and mitral annular velocity (e&#x2019; wave, which represents mean septal and lateral annular velocities, measured by tissue Doppler) reflects the mean capillary pressure (CP). An E/e&#x2019; ratio &#x2265; 15 at rest has good diagnostic sensitivity in identifying an elevated CP, reinforcing the likelihood of HFpEF as the etiology of symptoms. However, an E/e&#x2019; ratio in the intermediate range (9-14) is much less sensitive and should not be used as an isolated echocardiographic parameter; the entire diagnostic algorithm should be used instead.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>This algorithm showed good accuracy (84%) in identifying patients with HFpEF when applied to those with normal LVEF and complaints of fatigue during effort. Clinical evaluation, which included chest radiography and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide levels, was only 64% accurate. The use of these echocardiographic variables was also evaluated with regard to the prediction of hospital readmission in 30 days. When the E/e&#x2019; ratio was added to the clinical score, there was a 29% increase in the prediction of readmission risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Patterns of diastolic dysfunction are also prognostic markers, as they show changes in left atrial compliance, with atrial dilatation, mitral regurgitation, and atrial fibrillation (AF), the so-called progressive atrial remodeling (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The indexed LAV represents a marker of chronic remodeling and is much more accurate than the diameter measure. In patients in sinus rhythm without valve disease, an indexed LAV &#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> was an independent predictor of death, HF, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Different cut-off values are recommended for the indexed LAV in patients in sinus rhythm and patients with AF. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows major and minor criteria according to the indexed LAV.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Patterns of diastolic dysfunction. LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf04.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: personal archive.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>The PASP is calculated by peak TRV, using the modified Bernoulli equation (PASP = 4 x TRV squared, added to the estimated right atrial pressure). Elevated PASP, especially if associated with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, is an important variable of poor prognostic in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A peak TRV &#x3E; 2.8 m/s indicates elevated PASP and represents an indirect marker of diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Structural changes</title>
<p>Initial studies suggested that patients with HFpEF have concentric LV hypertrophy, which leads to reduced distensibility and, consequently, elevated filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In addition, indexed LV mass has also shown a modest relationship with invasive measurement of filling pressures (r = 0.41-0.48).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> However, several studies have shown that many patients with HFpEF exhibit concentric remodeling in the absence of hypertrophy or normal ventricular geometry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Corroborating this affirmation, LV hypertrophy was recently shown to be highly specific (88%) but not very sensitive (26%) in the diagnosis of HFpEF, meaning that the absence of LV hypertrophy does not rule out HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> LV geometry is often classified using RWT, which consists of multiplying the LV posterior wall thickness (PWT) by 2 and dividing it by its end-diastolic diameter (EDD) (RWT = 2xEPP/PWT). There are four different patterns, described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Patterns of ventricular geometry.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf05.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: adapted from Lang RM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<p>According to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, assigned points differ according to mass and RWT values. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> summarizes the accuracy of the main markers used.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Objective evidence of structural and functional cardiac abnormalities consistent with the presence of diastolic dysfunction/elevated left ventricular filling pressures</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Cut-off values</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Observations</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Indexed LV mass <break/>Relative wall thickness</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 115/95 g/m<sup>2</sup> (M/W) <break/>&#x3E; 0.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Although the presence of concentric remodeling or hypertrophy is a marker of HFpEF, the absence of hypertrophy does not exclude the diagnosis of HFpEF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Indexed LA volume</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (sinus rhythm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">In the absence of valve disease, LA dilation reflects chronically elevated LV filling pressures (in AF, the threshold is &#x3E; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e&#x27; ratio at rest</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 59% for the presence of HFpEF confirmed by invasive exercise testing. If a higher cut-off value (&#x3E; 13) is used, the sensitivity is reduced to 46%, but with greater specificity (86%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity at rest</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 2.8 m/s</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sensitivity of 54% and specificity of 85% for the presence of HFpEF confirmed by invasive stress test</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>LA: left atrium; AF: atrial fibrillation; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV: left ventricle.</p></fn>
<attrib>Source: adapted from McDonagh.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>When evaluating LV morphology, pathologies that mimic HFpEF should be excluded. Whenever significant hypertrophy is identified, the diagnosis of amyloidosis should be considered, especially in the presence of pericardial effusion or apical sparing pattern (the LV apex is &#x201C;spared&#x201D; from involvement) by global longitudinal strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In a series of patients with thicknesses &#x3E; 12 mm, amyloidosis accounted for 13% of hospitalized patients with &#x201C;HFpEF&#x201D;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref> shows an example of amyloidosis.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><title>Cardiac amyloidosis with extensive myocardial infiltration, valves, and interatrial septum. RV: right ventricle; RA: right atrium; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf06.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: personal archive.</attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Diastolic stress echocardiography &#x2013; assessment of patients with dyspnea, normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and normal left atrial pressure at rest</title>
<p>Much of the difficulty in diagnosing HFpEF is associated with the fact that filling pressures are often normal at rest and only become elevated during exercise testing. Thus, invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing has emerged as the gold standard to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of HFpEF as a cause of dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Recent studies have evaluated whether similar data can be obtained noninvasively using diastolic stress ECHO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Information acquisition during effort can unmask systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The most frequently studied parameters are the E/e&#x2019; ratio and peak TRV, which indicate increases in CP and PASP, respectively. The European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography recommend a staged protocol, preferably on a semi-supine bicycle, until the patient reaches the predicted maximum heart rate or develops limiting symptoms. The test is considered abnormal if the E/e&#x2019; ratio at peak stress is &#x2265; 15, with or without TRV &#x3E; 3.4 m/s. It should be noted that increased TRV alone should not be used for the diagnosis of HFpEF, as it may simply represent a normal hyperdynamic response to effort, caused by increased pulmonary flow, even in the absence of diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the presence of inconclusive results, one should consider performing an invasive stress test, measuring CP at rest and during effort (algorithm described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Special cases</title>
<p>In patients with AF, the determination of the diastolic function pattern is compromised, given the absence of the A wave. However, filling pressures may be estimated using the E/e&#x2019; ratio or other variables. In cases of high filling pressures, the E-wave deceleration time and the isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) will be reduced.</p>
<p>In patients with pulmonary hypertension who develop RV overload, ventricular interdependence is usually altered, with a paradoxical septal movement. In these cases, only the lateral mitral annular velocity should be used, as the septal annular velocity will be reduced.</p>
<p>Another common situation, especially among older adults, is mitral annular calcification, which considerably reduces e&#x2019; wave velocity, overestimating the E/e&#x2019; ratio. In these cases, the E/A pattern on pulsed Doppler and the IVRT should be used instead of the E/e ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Diagnosing HFpEF is not simple, and the interaction between the clinician and the echocardiographer plays a key role in this process. The examiner has great responsibility and may even screen some patients in the outpatient setting, identifying higher risk phenotypes. Identifying specific imaging features can reduce the time until diagnosis; however, in most cases, clinical suspicion will be raised in a detailed report. There are controversies about the best indexes for obtaining LV filling pressures noninvasively, which are often tested in different settings and with different objectives. The adequate use of each discussed marker, respecting their limitations, will be of great value for the clinician in their etiological search.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>O Ecocardiograma na Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca com Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o Preservada: Da Aten&#xE7;&#xE3;o B&#xE1;sica ao Hospital Terci&#xE1;rio</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-7742</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Garcia</surname><given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/><role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#xF3;-Card&#xED;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cl&#xED;nica S&#xE3;o Vicente da G&#xE1;vea, RJ &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Marcelo Iorio Garcia</bold> &#x2022; Rua Euclides Figueiredo, casa 2. CEP <postal-code>22261-070</postal-code>, Jardim Bot&#xE2;nico, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>mioriogarcia@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Progn&#xF3;stico</kwd>
<kwd>Diagn&#xF3;stico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC) &#xE9; uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica altamente prevalente e incidente, afetando em especial a popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o idosa. &#xC9; uma das principais causas de interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o hospitalar, evento que determina um forte marcador progn&#xF3;stico, considerando que cerca de 50% dos pacientes internados ser&#xE3;o readmitidos nos 6 meses subsequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>A IC com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEP) &#xE9; definida do ponto de vista hemodin&#xE2;mico como uma incapacidade de o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o alcan&#xE7;ar suas demandas metab&#xF3;licas adequadas em condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de press&#xF5;es de enchimento normais. Esse conceito &#xE9; fundamental, pois pacientes com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (FEVE) normal (&#x3E; 50%) usualmente apresentam um d&#xE9;bito card&#xED;aco normal, por&#xE9;m s&#xF3; conseguem manter esse d&#xE9;bito &#xE0;s custas de uma eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o nas press&#xF5;es de enchimento. Sabemos que alguns pacientes j&#xE1; apresentam sinais de congest&#xE3;o em repouso, por&#xE9;m a grande maioria s&#xF3; se manifesta clinicamente em vig&#xEA;ncia de esfor&#xE7;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma (ECO) &#xE9; a principal ferramenta utilizada nessa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o. &#xC9; altamente dispon&#xED;vel, n&#xE3;o invasivo e de f&#xE1;cil aplicabilidade. No entanto, veremos que a determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o isolada da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (FE) poder&#xE1; n&#xE3;o ser suficiente para corroborar a s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica que leva o paciente a buscar aten&#xE7;&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dica.</p>
<sec>
<title>Conceitos no diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP</title>
<p>A defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o atual de ICFEP &#xE9; de uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica de IC com FEVE &#x3E; 50%, na aus&#xEA;ncia de FE previamente reduzida. A sintomatologia apresentada pelos pacientes se deve fundamentalmente &#xE0;s eleva&#xE7;&#xF5;es nas press&#xF5;es de enchimento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE), em repouso ou durante o esfor&#xE7;o. Este &#xE9; o primeiro grande desafio: a documenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o desse aumento press&#xF3;rico por meios pr&#xE1;ticos e reprodut&#xED;veis. As diretrizes definem como ICFEP:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Presen&#xE7;a de sinais e sintomas de IC</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>FEVE &#x2265; 50%</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Exclus&#xE3;o de s&#xED;ndromes que &#x201C;simulam&#x201D; ICFEP</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Evid&#xEA;ncia de press&#xF5;es de enchimento elevadas ou marcadores n&#xE3;o invasivos que se correlacionam (rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; elevada, aumento do volume atrial esquerdo, eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pept&#xED;deos natriur&#xE9;ticos)</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>S&#xED;ndromes cl&#xED;nicas que simulam a ICFEP</title>
<p>Os pacientes com ICFEP s&#xE3;o tipicamente idosos, obesos, frequentemente mulheres e portadores de comorbidades predisponentes, como hipertens&#xE3;o, s&#xED;ndrome metab&#xF3;lica, doen&#xE7;a pulmonar e insufici&#xEA;ncia renal. &#xC9; muito dif&#xED;cil para o m&#xE9;dico, diante desse cen&#xE1;rio &#x2013; pacientes com sintomas inespec&#xED;ficos que lembram IC, como fadiga, capacidade de esfor&#xE7;o reduzida, dispneia ao exerc&#xED;cio e edema de membros inferiores &#x2013;, diferenciar origem card&#xED;aca de condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es n&#xE3;o card&#xED;acas. Esse &#xE9; um problema muito frequente na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Escores diagn&#xF3;sticos</title>
<p>Dois algoritmos diagn&#xF3;sticos &#x2013; o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e o algoritmo HFA-PEFF da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#x2013; avaliam a probabilidade pr&#xE9;-teste visando distinguir ICFEP de dispneia de origem n&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca. A combina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados &#x2013; cl&#xED;nicos, laboratoriais, an&#xE1;lise do eletrocardiograma e an&#xE1;lise do ecocardiograma &#x2013; estimar&#xE3;o se estamos diante de uma probabilidade de ICFEP baixa, intermedi&#xE1;ria ou alta. A atualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> sintetizou de uma forma bem objetiva essa linha de racioc&#xED;nio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">2</xref>). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel observar como aplicar esses escores de uma forma pr&#xE1;tica.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF para o diagn&#xF3;stico de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel cl&#xED;nica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Caracter&#xED;sticas</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontos</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">H<sub>2</sub></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Obesidade (<italic>heavy</italic>) Hipertens&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">IMC &#x3E; 30 &#x2265; 2 anti-hipertensivos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Parox&#xED;stica ou permanente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">P</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">PSAP &#x3E; 35 mm Hg (ecocardiograma)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Idade avan&#xE7;ada (<italic>Eldery</italic>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Idade &#x3E; 60 anos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Press&#xF5;es de enchimento (<italic>filling pressures</italic>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#xB4; &#x3E; 9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fonte: Marcondes-Braga et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></attrib>
<fn id="TFN4"><p>IMC: &#xED;ndice de massa corporal; PSAP: press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Escore HFA-PEFF para o diagn&#xF3;stico de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Crit&#xE9;rios</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Maior (2 pontos)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Menor (1 ponto)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Funcional</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">e&#xB4; septal &#x3C; 7 <break/>e&#xB4; lateral &#x3C; 10 ou <break/>E/e&#xB4; &#x3E; 15 ou <break/>velocidade RT &#x3E; 2,8 m/s <break/>(PsAP &#x3E; 35 mm Hg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">E/e&#xB4; 9-14 ou <break/>GLS &#x3C; 16%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Morfol&#xF3;gico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Volume AEi &#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> ou <break/>massa do VE 149/122 g/m<sup>2</sup> (H/M) e ERP &#x3E; 0,42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Volume AEi 29-34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> ou <break/>massa do VE &#x3E; 115/95 g/m<sup>2</sup> (H/M) ou SIV ou PP &#x2265; 12 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Biomarcador (ritmo sinusal) <break/>Biomarcador (fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP &#x3E; 220 pg/mL ou <break/>BNP &#x3E; 80 pg/mL <break/>NT-proBNP &#x3E; 660 pg/mL ou <break/>BNP &#x3E; 240 pg/mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NT-proBNP 125-220 pg/mL ou <break/>BNP 35-80 pg/mL <break/>NT-proBNP 365-660 pg/mL ou <break/>BNP 105-240 pg/mL</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5"><p>RT: regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o tric&#xFA;spide; PsAP: press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar; GLS: global longitudinal strain; AEi: atrial esquerdo indexado; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; H: homens; M: mulheres; SIV: septo interventricular; PP: parede posterior; NT-proBNP: pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico N-terminal pr&#xF3;-tipo B; BNP: pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico do tipo B.</p></fn>
<attrib>Fonte: Marcondes-Braga et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Fluxograma diagn&#xF3;stico de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada (ICFEP). ECG: eletrocardiograma; FEVE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Marcondes-Braga et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>O ecocardiograma</title>
<p>Entraremos agora no objetivo principal de nossa revis&#xE3;o, que consiste na extra&#xE7;&#xE3;o do maior n&#xFA;mero de dados do ECO, uma grande ferramenta diagn&#xF3;stica. Deve ser notado o n&#xFA;mero de informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es obtidas pelo ECO na constru&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses escores diagn&#xF3;sticos para ICFEP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#xE9;m dos di&#xE2;metros ventriculares e c&#xE1;lculo da FEVE, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel obter a estimativa da press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar (PsAP), a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; atrav&#xE9;s do Doppler tecidual, o volume atrial esquerdo indexado (AEi), o &#xED;ndice de massa do VE, a espessura relativa da parede (ERP) e, se poss&#xED;vel, o estudo da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica (<italic>global longitudinal strain</italic> [GLS]). Analisaremos a acur&#xE1;cia das vari&#xE1;veis fornecidas pelo ECO e de que forma podemos utiliz&#xE1;-las.</p>
<sec>
<title>A fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A FEVE deve ser obtida atrav&#xE9;s de um estudo biplanar, utilizando-se classicamente o m&#xE9;todo de Simpson.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> J&#xE1; discutimos anteriormente todas as limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es de um fornecimento isolado da FE como m&#xE9;todo de tomada de decis&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, no cen&#xE1;rio de IC, considera-se a FEVE &#x3E; 50%, iniciando, ent&#xE3;o, o racioc&#xED;nio cl&#xED;nico dentro do modelo ICFEP.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Estimativa da press&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dia do &#xE1;trio esquerdo em pacientes com FE normal</title>
<p>&#xC9; de extrema import&#xE2;ncia a quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cuidadosa das dimens&#xF5;es cavit&#xE1;rias e volumes antes da estimativa das press&#xF5;es de enchimento. A presen&#xE7;a de altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es estruturais, como a hipertrofia do VE e/ou dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do &#xE1;trio esquerdo (AE), leva ao racioc&#xED;nio de um remodelamento cavit&#xE1;rio mais marcado. A correta avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica &#xE9; que permitir&#xE1; a adequada extra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados vol&#xEA;micos. A disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica representa a combina&#xE7;&#xE3;o do relaxamento ventricular alterado, a deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mi&#xF3;cito e a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do AE, culminando em press&#xF5;es de enchimento elevadas.</p>
<p>O primeiro ponto &#xE9; a an&#xE1;lise do padr&#xE3;o do fluxo mitral, a conhecida rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/A. Muitas vezes apenas esse padr&#xE3;o inicial pode ser suficiente. Os pacientes com uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/A &#x2264; 0,8 e velocidade da onda E &#x2264; 50 cm/s apresentam press&#xE3;o m&#xE9;dia do AE normal. J&#xE1; no grupo com rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/A &#x2265; 2, a press&#xE3;o do AE encontra-se elevada. Em situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es intermedi&#xE1;rias, utilizaremos outras vari&#xE1;veis: a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019;, o volume AEi e a velocidade de pico da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o tric&#xFA;spide (RT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Di&#xE1;stole e estimativa vol&#xEA;mica na insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca. VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; IT: insufici&#xEA;ncia tric&#xFA;spide; PsAP: press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica na art&#xE9;ria pulmonar.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf02-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de Nagueh SF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Algoritmo diagn&#xF3;stico baseado em dados ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos. VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf03-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de Nagueh SF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<p>A rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o da velocidade de fluxo na di&#xE1;stole inicial (onda E, medida pelo Doppler puls&#xE1;til) com a velocidade do anel mitral (onda e&#x2019;, que representa a m&#xE9;dia de velocidades do anel septal e lateral, medida pelo Doppler tecidual) reflete a press&#xE3;o capilar (Pcap) m&#xE9;dia. A rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; &#x2265; 15 em repouso apresenta boa sensibilidade diagn&#xF3;stica em identificar uma Pcap elevada, refor&#xE7;ando a probabilidade de ICFEP como etiologia dos sintomas. No entanto, uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; na faixa intermedi&#xE1;ria (9-14) &#xE9; bem menos sens&#xED;vel e n&#xE3;o deve ser utilizada como par&#xE2;metro ecocardiogr&#xE1;fico isolado; por isso a recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de todo o algoritmo diagn&#xF3;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Esse algoritmo apresentou boa acur&#xE1;cia (84%) na identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes com ICFEP, quando aplicado aqueles com FEVE normal e queixa de fadiga aos esfor&#xE7;os. A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica, incluindo radiografia de t&#xF3;rax e n&#xED;veis de pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico N-terminal pr&#xF3;-tipo B (NT-proBNP), apresentou uma acur&#xE1;cia de apenas 64%. A utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o dessas vari&#xE1;veis ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas tamb&#xE9;m foi estudada na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da readmiss&#xE3;o hospitalar em 30 dias. Quando a vari&#xE1;vel rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; foi adicionada ao escore cl&#xED;nico, houve um aumento de 29% na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do risco de readmiss&#xE3;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os padr&#xF5;es de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica tamb&#xE9;m s&#xE3;o marcadores progn&#xF3;sticos &#xE0; medida que h&#xE1; uma altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o na complac&#xEA;ncia atrial esquerda, com dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral e fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, o chamado remodelamento atrial progressivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>). O volume AEi representa um marcador de remodelamento cr&#xF4;nico, sendo bem mais acurado do que a medida do di&#xE2;metro. Em pacientes em ritmo sinusal e sem doen&#xE7;a valvar, o volume AEi &#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> foi preditor independente de morte, IC e acidente vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> &#xC9; recomendado valores de corte diferentes para o volume AEi em pacientes em ritmo sinusal e pacientes em fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial (FA). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> mostra crit&#xE9;rios maiores ou menores de acordo com o volume AEi.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Padr&#xF5;es de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica. VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf04-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>A PsAP &#xE9; calculada pela velocidade de pico da RT atrav&#xE9;s da equa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Bernoulli modificada (PsAP = 4 x velocidade da RT elevada ao quadrado, somada &#xE0; estimativa da press&#xE3;o no &#xE1;trio direito). A eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o na PsAP, principalmente se associada a disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo direito (VD), &#xE9; uma vari&#xE1;vel importante de mau progn&#xF3;stico na ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Uma velocidade de pico da RT &#x3E; 2,8 m/s indica PsAP elevada e representa um marcador indireto de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es estruturais</title>
<p>Estudos iniciais sugeriram que pacientes com ICFEP apresentavam hipertrofia conc&#xEA;ntrica do VE, levando a uma menor distensibilidade e, ent&#xE3;o, a press&#xF5;es de enchimento elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Tamb&#xE9;m a massa do VE indexada tem mostrado uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o modesta com a medida invasiva das press&#xF5;es de enchimento (r 0,41-0,48).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Entretanto, v&#xE1;rios estudos t&#xEA;m mostrado que muitos pacientes com ICFEP apresentam remodelamento conc&#xEA;ntrico na aus&#xEA;ncia de hipertrofia ou mesmo geometria ventricular normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Consistente a essa observa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, recentemente foi demonstrado que a hipertrofia do VE foi altamente espec&#xED;fica (88%), por&#xE9;m pouco sens&#xED;vel (26%) para o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP, e, portanto, a sua aus&#xEA;ncia n&#xE3;o afasta o diagn&#xF3;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A geometria do VE &#xE9; frequentemente classificada usando a ERP, que consiste no c&#xE1;lculo de duas vezes a espessura da parede posterior (EPP) do VE dividida pelo seu di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico final (DDF): ERP = 2 x EPP / DDF. S&#xE3;o descritos quatro padr&#xF5;es, conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption><title>Padr&#xF5;es de geometria ventricular.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf05-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de Lang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>, h&#xE1; pontua&#xE7;&#xF5;es diferentes conforme os valores da massa e da espessura relativa da parede. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, resumimos a acur&#xE1;cia dos principais marcadores utilizados.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption><title>Evid&#xEA;ncias objetivas de anormalidades card&#xED;acas estruturais e funcionais consistentes com a presen&#xE7;a de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica/eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o nas press&#xF5;es de enchimento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#xE2;metro</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pontos de corte</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Observa&#xE7;&#xF5;es</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Massa do VE indexada ERP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 115/95 g/m<sup>2</sup> (homens/mulheres, respectivamente) <break/>&#x3E; 0,42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Embora a presen&#xE7;a de remodelamento conc&#xEA;ntrico ou hipertrofia sejam marcadores, a aus&#xEA;ncia de hipertrofia n&#xE3;o exclui o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">AEi</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (ritmo sinusal)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Na aus&#xEA;ncia de doen&#xE7;a valvar, a dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do &#xE1;trio esquerdo reflete press&#xF5;es de enchimento do VE cronicamente elevadas (na fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, o limiar &#xE9; &#x3E; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; em repouso</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sensibilidade 78% e especificidade 59% para presen&#xE7;a de ICFEP confirmada por teste de esfor&#xE7;o invasivo. Se utilizarmos um ponto de corte maior (&#x3E; 13), a sensibilidade cai para 46%, por&#xE9;m com maior especificidade (86%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade de pico da RT em repouso</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 2,8 m/s</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sensibilidade 54% e especificidade 85% para presen&#xE7;a de ICFEP confirmada por teste de esfor&#xE7;o invasivo</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de McDonagh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></attrib>
<fn id="TFN6"><p>VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; ICFEP: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o preservada; AEi: Volume atrial esquerdo indexado; RT: regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o tric&#xFA;spide.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Quando avaliamos morfologia do VE, devemos ter cuidado para excluir patologias que mimetizam ICFEP. Sempre que significativa hipertrofia for identificada, devemos considerar o diagn&#xF3;stico de amiloidose, em especial na presen&#xE7;a de derrame peric&#xE1;rdico ou padr&#xE3;o de <italic>apical sparing</italic> (&#xE1;pice do VE &#x201C;poupado&#x201D; do acometimento) pelo GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em uma s&#xE9;rie de pacientes com espessuras maiores que 12 mm, a amiloidose representou 13% dos pacientes hospitalizados com &#x201C;ICFEP&#x201D;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref> apresenta um exemplo de amiloidose.</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption><title>Amiloidose card&#xED;aca com extensa infiltra&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica, valvas e septo interatrial. VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; AD: &#xE1;trio direito; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0268-gf06-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal.</attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Ecocardiograma de estresse diast&#xF3;lico &#x2013; avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do paciente com dispneia, FEVE normal e press&#xE3;o atrial esquerda normal em repouso</title>
<p>Boa parte da dificuldade em diagnosticar ICFEP est&#xE1; relacionada ao fato de que as press&#xF5;es de enchimento s&#xE3;o frequentemente normais em repouso, tornando-se elevadas apenas durante o teste de esfor&#xE7;o. Com isso, o teste de esfor&#xE7;o cardiopulmonar invasivo tem surgido como o padr&#xE3;o-ouro para confirmar ou excluir o diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP como causa da dispneia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Estudos recentes t&#xEA;m avaliado se dados similares podem ser obtidos de forma n&#xE3;o invasiva atrav&#xE9;s do ECO de estresse diast&#xF3;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es durante o esfor&#xE7;o pode desmascarar disfun&#xE7;&#xF5;es sist&#xF3;licas e diast&#xF3;licas. Os par&#xE2;metros mais frequentemente estudados s&#xE3;o a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; e a velocidade de pico da RT, indicando aumentos na Pcap e na PsAP, respectivamente. A Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular e a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiograma recomendam um protocolo estagiado, de prefer&#xEA;ncia em bicicleta semissupina, at&#xE9; o paciente atingir a frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca m&#xE1;xima prevista ou desenvolver sintomas limitantes. O exame deve ser considerado anormal se a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; no pico do estresse for &#x2265; 15, com ou sem a velocidade da RT &#x3E; 3,4 m/s. &#xC9; importante lembrar que o aumento isolado da velocidade da RT n&#xE3;o deve ser usado para diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP, pois pode representar simplesmente uma resposta hiperdin&#xE2;mica normal ao esfor&#xE7;o, causada pelo hiperfluxo pulmonar, mesmo na aus&#xEA;ncia de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na presen&#xE7;a de resultados inconclusivos, devemos considerar a realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do teste de estresse invasivo, com medida da Pcap em repouso e no esfor&#xE7;o (algoritmo descrito na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cen&#xE1;rios especiais</title>
<p>Nos pacientes em ritmo de FA, a determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o do padr&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica fica comprometida, visto a aus&#xEA;ncia da onda A. Por&#xE9;m, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel estimar as press&#xF5;es de enchimento atrav&#xE9;s da rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019;, tamb&#xE9;m lan&#xE7;ando m&#xE3;o de outras ferramentas. Nos casos de press&#xF5;es de enchimento elevadas, encontraremos uma redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o no tempo de desacelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o (TD) da onda E e no tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#xE9;trico (TRIV).</p>
<p>Nos pacientes com hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar e que desenvolvem sobrecarga do VD, geralmente temos uma altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o na interdepend&#xEA;ncia ventricular, com movimento paradoxal do septo. Nesses casos, devemos usar a velocidade apenas do anel mitral lateral, pois o anel septal ter&#xE1; sua velocidade reduzida.</p>
<p>Outra situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o comum, em especial na popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o idosa, &#xE9; a calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel mitral, o que reduz consideravelmente a velocidade da onda e&#x2019;, superestimando a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019;. Nesses casos, devemos nos deter ao padr&#xE3;o E/A ao Doppler puls&#xE1;til e ao TRIV e n&#xE3;o utilizar a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xF5;es</title>
<p>O diagn&#xF3;stico de ICFEP n&#xE3;o &#xE9; simples, e a intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o cl&#xED;nico e o ecocardiografista &#xE9; fundamental. A responsabilidade do examinador &#xE9; grande, podendo j&#xE1; triar alguns pacientes no cen&#xE1;rio ambulatorial, identificando fen&#xF3;tipos de maior risco. Aspectos muito t&#xED;picos na imagem podem abreviar o diagn&#xF3;stico, por&#xE9;m, na maior parte dos casos, a suspeita cl&#xED;nica ser&#xE1; levantada em um laudo detalhado. H&#xE1; controv&#xE9;rsias sobre os melhores &#xED;ndices para obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o invasiva das press&#xF5;es de enchimento do VE, muitas vezes testados em cen&#xE1;rios diferentes e com objetivos diversos. A utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o adequada de cada marcador discutido, respeitando suas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es, ser&#xE1; de grande valia para o cl&#xED;nico seguir em sua busca etiol&#xF3;gica.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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