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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220075</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220075</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Myocarditis: Whole Heart Involvement Revealed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Mapping. A Case-control Study</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8095-1177</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Tiago Bartzen</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role> 
<role>Acquisition of data</role> 
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Balk</surname><given-names>Maur&#xED;cio</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role> 
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Gabriela Bartzen</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role> 
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ramos</surname><given-names>Vict&#xF3;ria Schmidt</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role> 
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Giordani</surname><given-names>Luciano</given-names></name>
<role>Acquisition of data</role> 
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Schvartzman</surname><given-names>Paulo R.</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname><given-names>Lu&#xED;s</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#xF3;s-Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Ci&#xEA;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#xF3;s-Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Ci&#xEA;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#xE7;o de Medicina Interna</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Santa Casa de Miseric&#xF3;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Servi&#xE7;o de Medicina Interna, Santa Casa de Miseric&#xF3;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#xFA;cleo de Imagem Card&#xED;aca, Servi&#xE7;o de Radiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">N&#xFA;cleo de Imagem Card&#xED;aca, Servi&#xE7;o de Radiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lu&#xED;s Beck-da-Silva</bold> &#x2022; Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia &#x2013; Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) &#x2013; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email>, <email>luisbeckdasilva@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>250</fpage>
<lpage>258</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>17</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) only demonstrates regional abnormalities in myocarditis and does not adequately assess diffuse myocardial involvement.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>To evaluate possible differences in T1 and T2 mapping between ventricular wall segments with and without LGE in patients with myocarditis, compared to control subjects.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>In a case-control design, 22 patients with CMR evidence of myocarditis and 18 controls with normal CMR were assessed. The study included: (1) T1 mapping (shortened modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery); (2) LGE; (3) T2 mapping (steady-state free precession); and (4) the T2 signal intensity of the myocardium divided by that of skeletal muscle (T2 ratio). T1 and T2 mapping of affected (LGE+) and unaffected (LGE&#x2212;) ventricular segments of cases were compared, as were those of controls versus cases. The level of significance was set at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>Comparing only patients with myocarditis, ventricular segments with evidence of late enhancement (LGE+) showed a mean T1 value significantly different from that of unaffected (LGE&#x2212;) ventricular walls (1057 &#xB1; 30 versus 1028 &#xB1; 48; p = 0.0001). Comparing myocarditis versus controls, the mean T1 value of negative LGE segments in cases (myocarditis +) was significantly different from the mean of the corresponding walls in controls (1028 &#xB1; 48 versus 996 &#xB1; 10; p &#x3C; 0.0001). The mean T2 maps of negative LGE walls in cases were not statistically different from those of controls (49 &#xB1; 4 versus 49 &#xB1; 1; p = 0.9229).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>This case-control study suggests that T1 mapping demonstrates significant involvement of the myocardium of patients with myocarditis, even in the absence of LGE. Specifically, T1 mapping could reveal diffuse myocardial involvement not evidenced by LGE imaging. T2 mapping was noncontributory.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
<kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
<kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="16"/>
<page-count count="9"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The current incidence of myocarditis is unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The epidemiology of this condition is poorly documented, due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentation and challenging diagnosis.</p>
<p>According to the Dallas criteria, myocarditis is defined histologically by the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate in the myocardium, alongside degenerative and/or necrotic changes in adjacent cardiomyocytes, which differ from the ischemic damage associated with myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Etiologically, it may be secondary to infectious or noninfectious processes. In developed nations, the leading cause of myocarditis is viral infection, while in developing countries the main causes are rheumatic carditis, Chagas disease, and HIV-related.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Among several methods available for diagnosis, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the noninvasive modality best able to characterize the inflamed myocardium, demonstrating edema, necrosis, and fibrosis. The Lake Louise Criteria (LLC) for diagnosis of myocarditis on CMR are based on techniques such as T2-weighted imaging, early gadolinium enhancement, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, these CMR sequences have some limitations, such as an inability to identify diffuse fibrosis and the need for paramagnetic contrast. Another CMR method, the T2 ratio, defined as the T2 signal intensity (SI) of the myocardium divided by that of skeletal muscle, has also been losing ground to newer and more objective imaging techniques. These include T1 mapping, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, characterization of the extracellular volume (ECV) fraction, and T2 mapping, all of which have demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to the LLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Furthermore, T1 and T2 mapping do not require gadolinium contrast,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> while contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging and ECV mapping do.</p>
<p>Considering advances in imaging modalities and confirming the need for change in diagnostic criteria, a proposed update to the LLC was published in December 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In view of the limitations of the current criteria for CMR diagnosis of myocarditis and given uncertainties surrounding the putative diagnostic superiority of T1 and T2 mapping, as well as the advantage of not requiring gadolinium contrast, we designed this study to test the hypothesis that T1 and T2 map values would be altered both within the myocardial wall segments affected by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE+) and in seemingly unaffected regions (LGE&#x2212;). Within this context, the objective of the present case-control study was to compare T1 mapping, T2 mapping, and T2 ratio between affected (LGE+) and non-affected (LGE&#x2212;) wall segments in patients with myocarditis and controls without myocarditis.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study population profile</title>
<p>This retrospective case-control study included 22 cases with acute myocarditis (age 34 &#xB1; 16 years; 13% female) and 18 controls (age 42 &#xB1; 12 years; 16% female). Study participants underwent CMR at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, located in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between January 2017 and June 2019. Analysis of CMR reports was performed consecutively, based on the date of the scans.</p>
<p>The criteria for inclusion of cases were presence of mesocardial and/or subepicardial LGE, which is currently the gold standard method, in addition to European Society of Cardiology criteria for clinically suspected myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> All cases had (a) symptoms of chest and/or abdominal pain, dyspnea, or palpitations; (b) elevation of cardiac troponin I or T levels &#x3E; 160 pg/mL; and (c) presence of LGE in the expected anatomical region on CMR.</p>
<p>The criteria for inclusion of controls were (a) symptoms of chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations; (b) normal/unavailable troponin I or troponin T values; and (c) no evidence of edema, necrosis, fibrosis, or ischemia on CMR.</p>
<p>The ratio of controls to cases was 1:1, and they were matched by age and sex. Exclusion criteria were: CMR demonstrating LGE pattern suggestive of other conditions, such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis, aortic stenosis, or pulmonary hypertension; and contraindications to CMR.</p>
<p>In all patients, the workup included LGE (132 case wall segments and 108 control wall segments), T1 mapping (132 case wall segments and 108 control wall segments), T2 mapping (130 case wall segments and 108 control wall segments), and T2 ratio &#x2265; 2:1 (20 affected case wall segments and 21 unaffected case wall segments).</p>
<p>Other variables of interest were: reason for CMR; left ventricular ejection fraction; left ventricular dimensions (atrial, diastolic, and systolic) and volumes (end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and stroke volume); anatomic region of fibrosis (subepicardial or mesocardial; walls: anterior, inferior, inferolateral, anterolateral, or septal; and segments: basal, medial, and apical); comorbidities (ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ventricular/supraventricular arrhythmia, smoking, renal failure, heart failure, neoplasia); presence of symptoms (dyspnea, chest pain/discomfort, palpitations, abdominal pain); troponin levels; and the endomyocardial biopsy.</p>
<p>Ventricular walls were analyzed according to the presence or absence of LGE. The T1 and T2 maps of the affected (LGE+) walls of cases were compared with the T1 and T2 maps of the contralateral unaffected (LGE&#x2212;) walls of the same patients. In addition, the T1 and T2 maps of the LGE&#x2212; walls of cases (patients with myocarditis) were compared with the T1 and T2 maps of the same walls in non-myocarditis controls. The mean T1 and T2 values of the LGE+ walls, the mean T1 and T2 values of the LGE&#x2212; walls of the patients with myocarditis, and the mean T1 and T2 values of controls were compared. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows image analysis among myocardial walls.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Image analysis among groups of walls of cases and controls. Designed in MS PowerPoint. LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>For analysis of T1 and T2 maps, the average values obtained in controls were considered the reference range for normality.</p>
<p>Ethical approval was granted for all study procedures. As the study was purely observational, there were no physical or biological risks. There was also no personal contact or contact via telephone or social media with the participants. Data analysis was confidential, and the participants&#x2019; names, addresses, and other contact information were not disclosed. In view of the foregoing and of the impossibility of accessing the participants&#x2019; contact information in medical records, pursuant to National Health Council Resolution 466/2012, the institutional Research Ethics Committee waived the usual informed consent requirement. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations were used as a guide for case-control studies.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance</title>
<p>CMR imaging was performed at 1.5 Tesla in a Siemens Healthcare AERA 45 mT scanner, using an 18-channel coil. Briefly, cine images were obtained in three long-axis sections (four-chamber, three-chamber, two-chamber) and in the short-axis plane, from the base to the apex of the heart. Tissue characterization was performed in a mid-ventricular short-axis view of the left ventricle, with T1 and T2 mapping, turbo spin-echo (TSE) T2-weighted, and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. LGE images were acquired by sectioning the whole heart, in a manner similar to the cine acquisition along the same axis. For T1 mapping, the shortened modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery (ShMOLLI) acquisition method was used before administration of the contrast agent. LGE images were acquired in the long- and short-axis planes, using a T1-weighted phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) sequence, 10 minutes after intravenous administration of gadobutrol (Gadovist - Bayer, total 0.20 mmol/kg).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Image analysis</title>
<p>Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were analyzed on cine images using Argus software (Siemens Medical Solutions). Short-axis T1 and T2 mapping images, T2 ratio, and LGE were subsequently analyzed. On T2-weighted dark blood images, edema is diagnosed when the T2 ratio is &#x2265; 2:1. The ratio was obtained as the T2 SI of the myocardial region of interest (with LGE) divided by the SI of skeletal muscle. T1 and T2 values were obtained from quantitative analysis of all T1 and T2 maps, rather than on visualization of color mapping. When delimiting the endo- and epicardial contours, care was taken to avoid contamination by the ventricular cavity and extra-myocardial structures to minimize the partial volume effect on T1/T2 values of the myocardium. In acute myocarditis, identification of remote myocardium can be challenging, because the inflammatory process is often global; thus, a myocardial region without LGE was chosen to represent the myocardium least affected by the disease process, with care also taken to avoid regions of abnormally low SI. Acute myocardial inflammation was considered when the mean T1 value was &#x3E; 996 ms and the mean T2 value was &#x3E; 49 ms. Focal areas of LGE were defined as those with a standard deviation of SI &#x2265; 2.0 above the mean SI of the remote myocardium. To calculate the extent of myocardial injury detected by tissue characterization techniques, the percentage of abnormal myocardium, as defined above, was determined for each segment and then averaged for that patient.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assessment of CMR image quality</title>
<p>Each myocardial segment of the left ventricle was rigorously assessed for image quality before inclusion in the final analyses. Only segments with minimal or no artifacts were included. Three controls were rejected due to artifacts. Four controls were excluded due to unavailability of map data.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Data were expressed as mean &#xB1; standard deviation or median (confidence interval). A paired Student&#x2019;s t test for continuous distribution with normal distribution was used to compare the walls. For categorical variables, the chi-square or Fisher&#x2019;s exact tests were used. The significance level was set at 5%. Analyses were carried out in the SPSS 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) and MedCalc 2020 software environments. Due to the unclear prevalence of myocarditis, sample size calculation was not performed. The initial sampling plan provided for 20 cases of myocarditis; 22 cases were found and ultimately included. This number is consistent with the existing literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>The most common symptom reported as the reason for suspicion of myocarditis and performance of CMR was chest pain (91%). The included patients had few comorbidities. Almost 70% of cases underwent CMR as hospital inpatients, while 95% of controls were scanned in an outpatient setting. Clinical and anatomic profile of myocarditis cases and controls are expressed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Clinical and anatomic profile of myocarditis cases and controls</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Characteristic</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Myocarditis (n=22)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Controls (n=18)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Mean age &#x2013; years (SD)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (16)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42 (12)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Female sex &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (13)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Race - White &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (100)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (100)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Reason to perform CMR &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Suspected myocarditis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13 (59)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (22)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Normal catheterization</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (27)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chest pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal troponin</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (9)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Status at the time of CMR &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inpatient</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (68)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Outpatient</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (95)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Comorbidities &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary artery disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Heart failure</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Smoker</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Other medical history &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chronic renal disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Malignancy</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Symptoms &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chest pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (91)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Palpitation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Abdominal pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (14)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Biopsy &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>hsTroponin, pg/ml,</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> <bold>median (IQR)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">First</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">820 (369 - 76510)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Second</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2800 (431 - 14960)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Third</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1306 (399 - 40440)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fourth</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2190 (716 - 9140)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>LGE topography &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Subepicardium</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (77)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mesocardium</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19 (86)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferolateral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21 (95)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterolateral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (68)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferoseptal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anteroseptal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Heart dimensions &#x2013; mean (SD)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF, %</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65 (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Left atrium, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVDD, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVSD, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Septum, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferolateral wall, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">End-diastolic volume, ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">165 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">154 (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">End-systolic volume, ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">82 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52 (14)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke volume, ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">84 (21)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">101 (19)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>LVEF by group &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x3C; 40%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">40-50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (22)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x3E; 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (73)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (100)</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>hsTroponin: high-sensitivity troponin; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; SD: standard deviation; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p>NR &#x3C; 160 pg/mL.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<sec>
<title>T2 ratio</title>
<p>For analysis of the T2 ratio, values &#x2265; 2:1 were considered abnormal.</p>
<p>The mean T2 ratio for LGE+ regions in cases were 2.75 &#xB1; 1, which is indicative of myocardial wall edema.</p>
<p>The mean T2 ratio for LGE&#x2212; regions in patients with myocarditis was 1.50 &#xB1; 0.2, which represents a normal value for these walls.</p>
<p>Accordingly, comparison of the T2 ratio in affected versus unaffected walls showed a statistically significant difference (2.75 &#xB1; 1 versus 1.50 &#xB1; 0.2; p &#x3C; 0.0001).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Late gadolinium enhancement</title>
<p>In patients with myocarditis, LGE+ images were often seen in more than one ventricular wall segment. The most affected region was the inferolateral wall (95%), followed by the lateral wall (68%), anterior wall (32%), inferior wall (32%), and septum (18%). Regarding myocardial injury pattern, mesocardial involvement was most common (86%), followed by the subepicardium (77%). The mean fibrosis mass by quantitative analysis was 12 g (9% of the myocardium). The number of segments affected by LGE was 58 of 132 in cases (44%) and 0 of 108 (0%) in controls.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>T1 mapping</title>
<p>On analysis of T1 mapping, values &#x2265; 996 ms were considered abnormal. By this parameter, the number of affected segments was 111 of 132 (84%) in cases. The LGE+ segments of the cases (patients with myocarditis) showed a mean T1 value significantly different from the LGE&#x2212; segments of the same patients. On between-group comparison, the mean T1 maps of LGE&#x2212; ventricular walls in the patients with myocarditis were significantly different from the mean of the corresponding walls in controls. The mean T1 values in each group are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Between-group comparison by T1 mapping in affected (LGE+) walls of cases versus all other unaffected (LGE &#x2212;) walls in these cases and the respective unaffected (LGE &#x2212;) walls of controls</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="14%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Affected wall (LGE+)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">T1 mapping in cases&#x2019; affected walls (mean &#xB1; SD)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">a</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">T1 mapping in all cases&#x2019; unaffected walls (LGE &#x2212;) (mean &#xB1; SD)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3b">b</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">T1 mapping of respective wall in controls (mean &#xB1; SD)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3c">c</xref>)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1017 &#xB1; 41 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.3201</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1037 &#xB1; 44 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0013</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">981 &#xB1; 47 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0859</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1068 &#xB1; 47 (21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0011</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1027 &#xB1; 49 (71)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0084</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">994 &#xB1; 38 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1075 &#xB1; 61 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0168</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1032 &#xB1; 56 (43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0284</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">999 &#xB1; 40 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0002</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1079 &#xB1; 31 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0037</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1018 &#xB1; 45 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.5783</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1010 &#xB1; 36 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0002</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferoseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1059 &#xB1; 17 (4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.6912</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1074 &#xB1; 71 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0038</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1001 &#xB1; 44 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0191</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anteroseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1005 &#xB1; 69 (4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.1450</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1074 &#xB1; 71 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0023</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">993 &#xB1; 48 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.6776</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">General Mean (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1057 &#xB1; 30 (58)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1028 &#xB1; 48 (74)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0.0001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">996 &#xB1; 10 (108)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0.0001</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><label>a</label><p>analysis between T1 mapping in cases by affected wall and T1 mapping in all unaffected walls of the same patients;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN3b"><label>b</label><p>analysis between T1 mapping in all case&#x2019;s unaffected walls and T1 mapping of respective wall in controls;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN3c"><label>c</label><p>analysis between T1 mapping in cases by affected wall and T1 mapping of respective wall in controls. LGE+: presence of late gadolinium enhancement; LGE-: absence of late gadolinium enhancement; SD: standard deviation;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN4"><label>*</label><p>n: number of patients;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN5"><label>**</label><p>n: number of walls assessed.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Observing the most frequently abnormal region in our patient population, the inferolateral wall, the mean T1 value of the affected segment in cases was 1068 &#xB1; 47 ms, which is significantly different from all unaffected contralateral segments in these same cases. This change remained significant when we compared all unaffected segments of cases to those of controls. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows a representative image of the inferolateral wall.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Inferolateral wall and the intermediate T1 map value of all unaffected walls of cases (blue bar: case LGE &#x2212;). The T1 values of supposedly normal myocardium actually differed from that of the controls and from that of the affected walls of the same cases. * All p &#x3C; 0.05. Values expressed as means. Designed in GraphPad Prism 9. LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf02.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>T2 mapping</title>
<p>On analysis of T2 mapping, values &#x2265; 49 ms were considered abnormal. By this parameter, the number of affected segments was 69 of 130 (53%) in cases. The LGE+ segments of the cases showed a mean T2 value significantly different from the LGE&#x2212; segments of the same patients. The mean T2 values of LGE&#x2212; segments among cases were not significantly different from the mean T2 values of controls. The mean T2 values in each group are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Between-group comparison by T2 mapping in affected (LGE+) walls of cases versus all other unaffected (LGE &#x2212;) walls in these cases and the respective unaffected (LGE &#x2212;) walls of controls</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="14%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Wall</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">T2 mapping in cases&#x2019; affected walls (LGE+) (mean &#xB1; SD)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">T2 mapping in all cases&#x2019; unaffected walls (LGE &#x2212;) (mean &#xB1; SD)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6b">b</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">T2 mapping of respective wall in controls (mean &#xB1; SD)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6c">c</xref>)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">53 &#xB1; 5 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.2955</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50 &#xB1; 5 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.7851</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49&#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0803</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52&#xB1; 5 (21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0062</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 4 (71)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.6339</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 4 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0760</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51&#xB1; 5 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.2190</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 5 (43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.2245</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0235</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 5 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.8068</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 4 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.8121</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 4 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.6734</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferoseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51&#xB1; 5 (3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#x2020;</xref>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.3317</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 3 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.6868</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48&#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.1092</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anteroseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49&#xB1; 1 (3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#x2020;</xref>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.7519</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48&#xB1; 3 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.6105</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.9868</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">General Mean (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 &#xB1; 2 (56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.0008</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 4 (74)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.9229</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 1 (108)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0.0001</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN6"><label>a</label><p>analysis between T2 mapping in cases by affected wall and T2 mapping in all unaffected walls of the same patients;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN6b"><label>b</label>
<p>analysis between T2 mapping in all case&#x2019;s unaffected walls and T2 mapping of respective wall in controls;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN6c"><label>c</label>
<p>analysis between T2 mapping in cases by affected wall and T2 mapping of respective wall in controls. LGE+: presence of late gadolinium enhancement; LGE&#x2013;: absence of late gadolinium enhancement; SD: standard deviation;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN7"><label>*</label><p>n: number of patients;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN8"><label>**</label><p>n: number of walls assessed;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN9"><label>&#x2020;</label><p>one wall lost due to image artifact.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Regarding the inferolateral wall, T2 values again showed a significant difference between abnormal myocardial segments and unaffected walls in the same patients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows a representative image of the inferolateral wall, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows the relationship between different imaging methods.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Analysis of the inferolateral wall by T2 mapping showed significant difference between LGE+ walls of cases (blue bar) and LGE &#x2212; walls of the same cases (green bar). No significant difference was found compared to LGE &#x2212; walls of controls (yellow bar). Values expressed as means. Designed in GraphPad Prism 9. LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Relationship between different imaging methods: a) LGE+ in anterolateral wall and LGE &#x2212; in septum; b) T2 ratio (3.38) shows edema in anterolateral wall and normal value (1.82) in septum; c) Affected T1 map in anterolateral wall (1121 ms) and in the septum (1041 ms); d) Affected T2 map in anterolateral wall (57 ms) and normal in the septum (42 ms). Designed in MS PowerPoint. LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf04.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The present case-control study demonstrates that T1 mapping allows a more comprehensive, in-depth assessment of supposedly normal myocardium in patients with CMR-proven myocarditis. Comparison of LGE+ versus LGE&#x2212; segments in cases and of cases versus controls revealed not only a regional inflammatory process, but also diffuse myocardial involvement.</p>
<p>Although T1 mapping has been progressively used as an adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of myocarditis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> the present study was designed to investigate this method as a means of detecting myocardial involvement in areas of the heart that are considered unaffected by myocarditis when evaluated by LGE alone. Comparatively, we found that even seemingly normal myocardial segments in patients with myocarditis could be compromised by inflammation. A mean T1 value of 1028 &#xB1; 48 ms in the unaffected walls of the patients with myocarditis proved to be statistically different from that of controls, which confirms the hypothesis that supposedly unaffected segments were in fact not normal. On the other hand, myocardial edema, as assessed by T2 mapping, showed no difference between the LGE&#x2212; segments of cases and those of controls. The findings of this study are consistent with the existing literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>The proportion of affected segments in cases was 44% when analyzed by LGE alone and 84% when assessed by T1 mapping. This result was interpreted as demonstrating a significant diffuse involvement of the myocardium, to the extent that almost the entire heart could be considered impaired in our patients with myocarditis.</p>
<p>The contribution of this finding to our knowledge of myocarditis is twofold: a) by enhancing the diagnostic performance of CMR in patients with myocarditis, particularly in borderline or difficult-to-diagnose cases; and b) by introducing a novel concept in the diagnosis of myocarditis which allows objective, numerical, and quantifiable assessment of myocardial involvement, unlike current LGE-based criteria, in which the diagnosis is subjective and operator-dependent. In addition, it should be noted that T1 mapping could obviate the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents, which eliminates the risk of allergic reactions, allows use in patients with renal failure, and reduces cost.</p>
<p>A multicenter observational study showed that T1 and ECV values were strong predictors of poor prognosis in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether this altered myocardium is in itself a predictor of cardiovascular events in myocarditis and other cardiovascular diseases, due to a lack of studies with sufficient follow-up.</p>
<p>The diffuse T1 abnormalities in seemingly unaffected myocardial segments described in our study may have a major prognostic impact in the long term. Taylor et al note that diffuse fibrosis has been identified as an etiological factor in diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Regarding T2 mapping, some studies have shown that this method might be able to locate areas involved in myocarditis with better sensitivity than conventional T2-weighted images alone. In 1.5-Tesla CMR, a cutoff value of &#x3E; 59 ms demonstrated 94% sensitivity and 97% specificity for identification of affected myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Using a mean of &#x3E; 49 ms, our study confirmed a statistically significant difference between cases with affected LGE+ walls and controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
<p>The mean T2 ratio in LGE+ segments was 2.75 &#xB1; 1, which is an abnormal value, whereas, in segments without late gadolinium enhancement (LGE&#x2212;), this ratio was normal. While T1 mapping was able to demonstrate that, in addition to a regional inflammatory process, myocarditis is characterized by widespread, diffuse myocardial involvement, the T2 ratio was consistent with the presence or absence of LGE and did not reflect this diffuse inflammation. T2 ratio failed to detect the alterations suggestive of diffuse involvement detected by T1 mapping.</p>
<p>A systematic review assessed the prevalence of abnormal CMR findings in recovered COVID-19 patients. Almost 47% of recovered patients exhibited one or more abnormal CMR findings, which included elevated native T1 or T2 values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Another review that assessed data of 199 patients with the same profile showed that the most common imaging findings were abnormalities in T1 (73%) and T2 mapping (63%) and edema on T2/STIR sequences (51%). LGE was observed in only 43% of cases. Similar to our previous pandemic data with non-COVID-19 patients, this study revealed that new quantitative mapping techniques are essential to detect diffuse myocardial inflammation also associated with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Therefore, T1 mapping was the only CMR technique capable of identifying diffuse changes in myocardial tissue, demonstrating abnormalities even in apparently normal ventricular walls.</p>
<p>Considering that the reference values of maps are determined by the value of the controls, and these are related to the characteristics of the patients at the study center and the magnetic resonance imaging device used, we believe that the work has internal validity.</p>
<sec>
<title>Study limitations</title>
<p>Patients included in this study were selected at the time of CMR and not necessarily at the time of diagnosis with myocarditis. This may have slightly reduced the diagnostic accuracy of CMR, considering that the diffuse changes in the myocardial tissue could be in a healing curve after a few days, and T1 map values may be lower than in the acute phase. However, as our main objective was to compare myocardial segments in the same patients, this limitation may actually have enhanced, rather than jeopardized our analysis.</p>
<p>Although a T1 map has its own normality value according to the center in which it is evaluated, by way of comparison, our mean T1 map was slightly higher than reported in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This may have reduced the odds of finding significant differences between cases and controls. However, even considering this unexpected finding, we were able to detect a significant difference between the T1 values of controls and the LGE&#x2212; segments of cases. We thus believe this was a conservative bias. This limitation may also have decreased the statistical significance of the analysis of T2 map values between groups.</p>
<p>Other limitations include the small sample size, the retrospective design, and the absence of endomyocardial biopsy to confirm the imaging findings.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>This study suggests that, in patients with myocarditis, even ventricular wall segments with no LGE are abnormal on T1 mapping. The abnormal T1 map values found in LGE&#x2212; were intermediate between those of LGE+ walls in cases and those of LGE&#x2212; walls in controls. Specifically, T1 mapping revealed a diffuse myocardial involvement not evidenced by LGE imaging. This method should be used to demonstrate whole heart involvement in the diagnosis of myocarditis.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tiago Bartzen Pereira, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Moinhos de Vento under the protocol number 3.796.462. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Miocardite: Envolvimento de Todo o Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o Revelado pelos Mapas da Resson&#xE2;ncia Magn&#xE9;tica Card&#xED;aca. Um Estudo Caso-controle</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8095-1177</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Tiago Bartzen</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Balk</surname><given-names>Maur&#xED;cio</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Gabriela Bartzen</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ramos</surname><given-names>Vict&#xF3;ria Schmidt</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Giordani</surname><given-names>Luciano</given-names></name>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Schvartzman</surname><given-names>Paulo R.</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname><given-names>Lu&#xED;s</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>6</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#xF3;s-Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Ci&#xEA;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Servi&#xE7;o de Medicina Interna, Santa Casa de Miseric&#xF3;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">N&#xFA;cleo de Imagem Card&#xED;aca, Servi&#xE7;o de Radiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Lu&#xED;s Beck-da-Silva</bold> &#x2022; Servi&#xE7;o de Cardiologia &#x2013; Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) &#x2013; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email>, <email>luisbeckdasilva@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>Realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio (RTG) na resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC) demonstra apenas anormalidades regionais na miocardite e n&#xE3;o avalia adequadamente o envolvimento mioc&#xE1;rdico difuso.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>Avaliar poss&#xED;veis diferen&#xE7;as nos mapas T1 e T2 entre os segmentos da parede ventricular com e sem RTG em pacientes com miocardite, em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com controles.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#xE9;todos:</title>
<p>Em um desenho de caso-controle, foram avaliados 22 pacientes com evid&#xEA;ncia de miocardite pela RMC e 18 controles com RMC normal. O estudo incluiu: (1) mapa T1 (<italic>shortened modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery</italic>, ShMOLLI); (2) RTG; (3) mapa T2 (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic>); e (4) a intensidade do sinal T2 do mioc&#xE1;rdio dividida pela do m&#xFA;sculo esquel&#xE9;tico (rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2). Os mapas T1 e T2 dos segmentos ventriculares acometidos (RTG+) e n&#xE3;o acometidos (RTG&#x2212;) dos casos foram comparados, assim como os dos controles versus os casos. O n&#xED;vel de signific&#xE2;ncia foi estabelecido em alfa bilateral de 0,05.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Comparando apenas os pacientes com miocardite, os segmentos ventriculares com evid&#xEA;ncia de realce tardio (RTG+) apresentaram valor m&#xE9;dio de T1 significativamente diferente das paredes ventriculares n&#xE3;o acometidas (RTG&#x2212;) (1057 &#xB1; 30 versus 1028 &#xB1; 48; p = 0,0001). Comparando pacientes com miocardite versus controles, o valor m&#xE9;dio de T1 dos segmentos com RTG negativos nos casos (miocardite +) foi significativamente diferente da m&#xE9;dia das paredes correspondentes nos controles (1028 &#xB1; 48 versus 996 &#xB1; 10; p &#x3C; 0,0001). As m&#xE9;dias dos mapas T2 das paredes RTG&#x2212; nos casos n&#xE3;o foram estatisticamente diferentes das m&#xE9;dias dos controles (49 &#xB1; 4 versus 49 &#xB1; 1; p = 0,9229).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o:</title>
<p>O presente estudo caso-controle sugere que o mapa T1 demonstra envolvimento significativo do mioc&#xE1;rdio de pacientes com miocardite, mesmo na aus&#xEA;ncia de RTG. Especificamente, o mapa T1 poderia revelar envolvimento mioc&#xE1;rdico difuso n&#xE3;o evidenciado por RTG. O mapa T2 n&#xE3;o foi contributivo.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
<kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
<kwd>Imageamento por Resson&#xE2;ncia Magn&#xE9;tica</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A incid&#xEA;ncia atual da miocardite &#xE9; desconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A epidemiologia dessa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; pouco documentada, devido &#xE0; heterogeneidade da apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica e ao diagn&#xF3;stico desafiador.</p>
<p>Segundo os crit&#xE9;rios de Dallas, a miocardite &#xE9; definida histologicamente pela presen&#xE7;a de um infiltrado inflamat&#xF3;rio no mioc&#xE1;rdio, juntamente com altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es degenerativas e/ou necr&#xF3;ticas nos cardiomi&#xF3;citos adjacentes, que diferem do dano isqu&#xEA;mico associado ao infarto do mioc&#xE1;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Etiologicamente, pode ser secund&#xE1;ria a processos infecciosos ou n&#xE3;o infecciosos. Nos pa&#xED;ses desenvolvidos, a causa principal da miocardite &#xE9; a infec&#xE7;&#xE3;o viral, enquanto nos pa&#xED;ses em desenvolvimento as principais causas s&#xE3;o a cardite reum&#xE1;tica, doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e relacionadas ao HIV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Dentre v&#xE1;rios m&#xE9;todos dispon&#xED;veis para o diagn&#xF3;stico, a resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC) &#xE9; a modalidade n&#xE3;o invasiva mais capaz de caracterizar o mioc&#xE1;rdio inflamado, demonstrando edema, necrose e fibrose. Os Crit&#xE9;rios de Lake Louise (LLC) para diagn&#xF3;stico de miocardite na RMC s&#xE3;o baseados em t&#xE9;cnicas como imagem ponderada em T2, realce precoce com gadol&#xED;nio e realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio (RTG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, essas sequ&#xEA;ncias de RMC apresentam algumas limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como a incapacidade de identificar fibrose difusa e a necessidade de contraste paramagn&#xE9;tico. Outro m&#xE9;todo de RMC, a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2, definida como a intensidade do sinal T2 do mioc&#xE1;rdio dividida pela intensidade do sinal do m&#xFA;sculo esquel&#xE9;tico, tamb&#xE9;m vem perdendo espa&#xE7;o para t&#xE9;cnicas de imagem mais novas e objetivas. Estas incluem mapa T1, imagem ponderada em T1 com contraste, caracteriza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de volume extracelular e mapa T2, todos os quais t&#xEA;m demonstrado acur&#xE1;cia diagn&#xF3;stica superior em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com os LLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, os mapas T1 e T2 n&#xE3;o requerem contraste de gadol&#xED;nio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> enquanto a imagem ponderada em T1 com contraste e o mapeamento de volume extracelular requerem.</p>
<p>Considerando os avan&#xE7;os nas modalidades de imagem e confirmando a necessidade de mudan&#xE7;a nos crit&#xE9;rios diagn&#xF3;sticos, uma proposta de atualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos LLC foi publicada em dezembro de 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Tendo em vista as limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es dos crit&#xE9;rios atuais para diagn&#xF3;stico de miocardite por RMC e dadas as incertezas em torno da suposta superioridade diagn&#xF3;stica dos mapas T1 e T2, bem como a vantagem de n&#xE3;o exigir contraste de gadol&#xED;nio, projetamos o presente estudo para testar a hip&#xF3;tese de que os valores dos mapas T1 e T2 estariam alterados tanto dentro dos segmentos da parede mioc&#xE1;rdica acometidos no realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio (RTG+) quanto em regi&#xF5;es aparentemente n&#xE3;o acometidas (RTG&#x2212;). Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo caso-controle foi comparar o mapa T1, mapa T2 e raz&#xE3;o T2 entre os segmentos de parede acometidos (RTG+) e n&#xE3;o acometidos (RTG&#x2212;) em pacientes com miocardite e controles sem miocardite.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>M&#xE9;todos</title>
<sec>
<title>Perfil da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o do estudo</title>
<p>O presente estudo caso-controle retrospectivo incluiu 22 casos com miocardite aguda (idade 34 &#xB1; 16 anos; 13% do sexo feminino) e 18 controles (idade 42 &#xB1; 12 anos; 16% do sexo feminino). Os participantes do estudo foram submetidos &#xE0; RMC no Hospital Moinhos de Vento, localizado em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre janeiro de 2017 e junho de 2019. A an&#xE1;lise dos laudos de RMC foi realizada de forma consecutiva, com base na data dos exames.</p>
<p>Os crit&#xE9;rios de inclus&#xE3;o dos casos foram presen&#xE7;a de RTG mesoc&#xE1;rdico e/ou subepic&#xE1;rdico, atualmente o m&#xE9;todo padr&#xE3;o-ouro, al&#xE9;m dos crit&#xE9;rios da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia para suspeita cl&#xED;nica de miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Todos os casos apresentavam (a) sintomas de dor tor&#xE1;cica e/ou abdominal, dispneia ou palpita&#xE7;&#xF5;es; (b) eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos n&#xED;veis de troponina card&#xED;aca I ou T &#x3E; 160 pg/mL; e (c) presen&#xE7;a de RTG na regi&#xE3;o anat&#xF4;mica esperada na RMC.</p>
<p>Os crit&#xE9;rios para inclus&#xE3;o de controles foram (a) sintomas de dor tor&#xE1;cica, dispneia ou palpita&#xE7;&#xF5;es; (b) valores normais/indispon&#xED;veis de troponina I ou troponina T; e (c) nenhuma evid&#xEA;ncia de edema, necrose, fibrose ou isquemia na RMC.</p>
<p>A propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de controles para casos foi de 1:1, pareados por idade e sexo. Os crit&#xE9;rios de exclus&#xE3;o foram: RMC demonstrando padr&#xE3;o de RTG sugestivo de outras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es, como cardiomiopatia isqu&#xEA;mica, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#xF3;fica, cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#xE1;tica, amiloidose, estenose a&#xF3;rtica ou hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar; e contra-indica&#xE7;&#xF5;es &#xE0; RMC.</p>
<p>Em todos os pacientes, a proped&#xEA;utica incluiu RTG (132 segmentos da parede dos casos e 108 segmentos da parede dos controles), mapa T1 (132 segmentos da parede dos casos e 108 segmentos da parede dos controles), mapa T2 (130 segmentos da parede dos casos e 108 segmentos da parede dos controles) e rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 &#x2265; 2:1 (20 segmentos acometidos da parede dos casos e 21 segmentos n&#xE3;o acometidos da parede dos casos).</p>
<p>Outras vari&#xE1;veis de interesse foram: motivo da RMC; fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; dimens&#xF5;es do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (atrial, diast&#xF3;lico e sist&#xF3;lico) e volumes (volume diast&#xF3;lico final, volume sist&#xF3;lico final e volume sist&#xF3;lico); regi&#xE3;o anat&#xF4;mica da fibrose (subepic&#xE1;rdica ou mesoc&#xE1;rdica; paredes: anterior, inferior, inferolateral, anterolateral ou septal; e segmentos: basal, medial e apical); comorbidades (doen&#xE7;a isqu&#xEA;mica do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#xE3;o, arritmia ventricular/supraventricular, tabagismo, insufici&#xEA;ncia renal, insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, neoplasia); presen&#xE7;a de sintomas (dispneia, dor/desconforto no peito, palpita&#xE7;&#xF5;es, dor abdominal); n&#xED;veis de troponina; e a bi&#xF3;psia endomioc&#xE1;rdica.</p>
<p>As paredes ventriculares foram analisadas de acordo com a presen&#xE7;a ou aus&#xEA;ncia de RTG. Os mapas T1 e T2 das paredes acometidas (RTG+) dos casos foram comparados com os mapas T1 e T2 das paredes contralaterais n&#xE3;o acometidas (RTG&#x2212;) dos mesmos pacientes. Al&#xE9;m disso, os mapas T1 e T2 das paredes RTG&#x2212; dos casos (pacientes com miocardite) foram comparados com os mapas T1 e T2 das mesmas paredes dos controles sem miocardite. Foram comparados os valores m&#xE9;dios de T1 e T2 das paredes RTG+, os valores m&#xE9;dios de T1 e T2 das paredes RTG&#x2212; dos pacientes com miocardite e os valores m&#xE9;dios de T1 e T2 dos controles. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> mostra a an&#xE1;lise das imagens entre as paredes mioc&#xE1;rdicas.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>An&#xE1;lise de imagens entre grupos de paredes de casos e controles. Realizado em MS PowerPoint. RTG: realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Para an&#xE1;lise dos mapas T1 e T2, os valores m&#xE9;dios obtidos nos controles foram considerados o intervalo de refer&#xEA;ncia para normalidade.</p>
<p>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica foi concedida para todos os procedimentos do estudo. Como o estudo foi puramente observacional, n&#xE3;o houve riscos f&#xED;sicos ou biol&#xF3;gicos. Tamb&#xE9;m n&#xE3;o houve contato pessoal, via telefone ou por redes sociais com os participantes. A an&#xE1;lise dos dados foi confidencial, e os nomes, endere&#xE7;os e outras informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de contato dos participantes n&#xE3;o foram divulgados. Diante do exposto e da impossibilidade de acesso &#xE0;s informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de contato dos participantes nos prontu&#xE1;rios, conforme Resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#xFA;de, o Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica em Pesquisa institucional dispensou a exig&#xEA;ncia costumeira de consentimento informado. As recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) foram usadas como guia para o estudo de caso-controle.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca</title>
<p>A imagem RMC foi realizada a 1,5 Tesla em um scanner Siemens Healthcare AERA de 45 mT, usando uma bobina de 18 canais. Resumidamente, foram obtidas as imagens de cine em tr&#xEA;s cortes de eixo longo (quatro c&#xE2;maras, tr&#xEA;s c&#xE2;maras, duas c&#xE2;maras) e no plano de eixo curto, da base ao &#xE1;pice do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o. A caracteriza&#xE7;&#xE3;o tecidual foi realizada em corte m&#xE9;dio-ventricular do eixo curto do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, com mapas T1 e T2, sequ&#xEA;ncias ponderadas em T2 <italic>turbo spin-echo</italic> (TSE) e recupera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de invers&#xE3;o tau curta (<italic>short tau inversion recovery</italic>, STIR). As imagens de RTG foram adquiridas seccionando envolvimento card&#xED;aco completo, de forma semelhante &#xE0; aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o cine ao longo do mesmo eixo. Para o mapa T1, foi usado o m&#xE9;todo de aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o <italic>shortened modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery</italic> (ShMOLLI) antes da administra&#xE7;&#xE3;o do agente de contraste. As imagens de RTG foram adquiridas nos planos de eixo longo e curto, usando uma sequ&#xEA;ncia de recupera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de invers&#xE3;o sens&#xED;vel &#xE0; fase (<italic>phase-sensitive inversion recovery</italic>, PSIR) ponderada em T1, 10 minutos ap&#xF3;s a administra&#xE7;&#xE3;o intravenosa de gadobutrol (Gadovist - Bayer, total 0,20 mmol/kg).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>An&#xE1;lise de imagem</title>
<p>Foram analisados os volumes e a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo em imagens de cine usando o software Argus (Siemens Medical Solutions). Imagens de mapas T1 e T2 de eixo curto, rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 e RTG foram posteriormente analisadas. Nas imagens de sangue escuro ponderadas em T2, o edema &#xE9; diagnosticado quando a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 &#xE9; &#x2265; 2:1. A rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi obtida como a intensidade do sinal T2 da regi&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica de interesse (com RTG) dividida pela intensidade do sinal do m&#xFA;sculo esquel&#xE9;tico. Os valores de T1 e T2 foram obtidos a partir da an&#xE1;lise quantitativa de todos os mapas T1 e T2, e n&#xE3;o da visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mapa colorido. Ao delimitar os contornos endo- e epic&#xE1;rdicos, tomou-se o cuidado de evitar contamina&#xE7;&#xE3;o pela cavidade ventricular e estruturas extra-mioc&#xE1;rdicas para minimizar o efeito do volume parcial nos valores de T1 e T2 do mioc&#xE1;rdio. Na miocardite aguda, a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio remoto pode ser desafiadora, pois o processo inflamat&#xF3;rio &#xE9; frequentemente global; assim, foi escolhida uma regi&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica sem RTG para representar o mioc&#xE1;rdio menos acometido pelo processo da doen&#xE7;a, tomando-se tamb&#xE9;m o cuidado de evitar regi&#xF5;es de intensidade do sinal anormalmente baixa. A inflama&#xE7;&#xE3;o aguda do mioc&#xE1;rdio foi considerada quando o valor m&#xE9;dio de T1 foi &#x3E; 996 ms e o valor m&#xE9;dio de T2 foi &#x3E; 49 ms. As &#xE1;reas focais do RTG foram definidas como aquelas com um desvio padr&#xE3;o da intensidade do sinal &#x2265; 2,0 acima da intensidade m&#xE9;dia do sinal do mioc&#xE1;rdio remoto. Para calcular a extens&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica detectada por t&#xE9;cnicas de caracteriza&#xE7;&#xE3;o tecidual, foi determinada a porcentagem de mioc&#xE1;rdio anormal, conforme definido acima, para cada segmento e ent&#xE3;o calculada a m&#xE9;dia para aquele paciente.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da qualidade da imagem RMC</title>
<p>Cada segmento mioc&#xE1;rdico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo foi rigorosamente avaliado quanto &#xE0; qualidade da imagem antes da inclus&#xE3;o nas an&#xE1;lises finais. Foram inclu&#xED;dos apenas segmentos com m&#xED;nimo ou nenhum artefato. Tr&#xEA;s controles foram rejeitados devido a artefatos. Quatro controles foram exclu&#xED;dos devido &#xE0; indisponibilidade de dados do mapa.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>An&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</title>
<p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; desvio padr&#xE3;o ou mediana (intervalo de confian&#xE7;a). O teste t de Student pareado para distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o cont&#xED;nua com distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal foi utilizado para comparar as paredes. Para vari&#xE1;veis categ&#xF3;ricas, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. O n&#xED;vel de signific&#xE2;ncia foi estabelecido em 5%. As an&#xE1;lises foram realizadas nos ambientes de software SPSS 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA) e MedCalc 2020. Devido &#xE0; preval&#xEA;ncia incerta de miocardite, n&#xE3;o foi realizado o c&#xE1;lculo do tamanho da amostra. O plano de amostragem inicial previa 20 casos de miocardite; foram encontrados e finalmente inclu&#xED;dos 22 casos. Este n&#xFA;mero &#xE9; consistente com a literatura existente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>O sintoma mais frequentemente relatado como motivo de suspeita de miocardite e realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de RMC foi dor tor&#xE1;cica (91%). Os pacientes inclu&#xED;dos apresentavam poucas comorbidades. Quase 70% dos casos foram submetidos &#xE0; RMC como pacientes internados, enquanto 95% dos controles foram submetidos como ambulatoriais. O perfil cl&#xED;nico e anat&#xF4;mico dos casos de miocardite e dos controles est&#xE1; expresso na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Perfil cl&#xED;nico e anat&#xF4;mico de casos de miocardite e controles</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Caracter&#xED;stica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Miocardite (n=22)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Controles (n=18)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Idade m&#xE9;dia &#x2013; anos (DP)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (16)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42 (12)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Sexo feminino &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (13)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Ra&#xE7;a - Branca &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (100)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (100)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Motivo para realizar RMC &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Suspeita de miocardite</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13 (59)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (22)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cateterismo normal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (27)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dor tor&#xE1;cica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Troponina anormal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (9)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o no momento da RMC &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Internado</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (68)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ambulatorial</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (95)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Comorbidades &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (11)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#xE7;a arterial coron&#xE1;ria</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Outro hist&#xF3;rico m&#xE9;dico &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#xE7;a renal cr&#xF4;nica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Malignidade</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Sintomas &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dor tor&#xE1;cica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (91)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dispneia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Palpita&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dor abdominal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (14)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Bi&#xF3;psia &#x2013; n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Troponina de alta sensibilidade, pg/ml,</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> <bold>mediana (IIQ)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Primeira</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">820 (369 - 76510)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Segunda</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2800 (431 - 14960)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Terceira</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1306 (399 - 40440)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Quarta</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2190 (716 - 9140)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Topografia do RTG &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Subepic&#xE1;rdico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (77)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mesoc&#xE1;rdico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19 (86)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferolateral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21 (95)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterolateral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (68)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferoseptal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anteroseptal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Dimens&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas &#x2013; m&#xE9;dia (DP)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE, %</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65 (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#xC1;trio esquerdo, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DDVE, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DSVE, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">37 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Septo, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Parede inferolateral, mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Volume diast&#xF3;lico final, ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">165 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">154 (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Volume sist&#xF3;lico final, ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">82 (32)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52 (14)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Volume sist&#xF3;lico, ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">84 (21)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">101 (19)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>FEVE por grupo &#x2013; n (%)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x3C; 40%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">40% a 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (22)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x3E; 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (73)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (100)</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN10"><p>DDVE: di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; DP: desvio padr&#xE3;o; DSVE: di&#xE2;metro sist&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; RTG: realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN11"><label>*</label><p>RN &#x3C; 160 pg/mL; RMC: resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<sec>
<title>Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2</title>
<p>Para an&#xE1;lise da rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2, valores &#x2265; 2:1 foram considerados anormais.</p>
<p>A rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 m&#xE9;dia para as regi&#xF5;es RTG+ nos casos foi de 2,75 &#xB1; 1, que &#xE9; indicativa de edema da parede mioc&#xE1;rdica.</p>
<p>A rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 m&#xE9;dia para as regi&#xF5;es RTG&#x2212; nos pacientes com miocardite foi de 1,50 &#xB1; 0,2, o que representa um valor normal para essas paredes.</p>
<p>Dessa maneira, a compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o da rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 nas paredes acometidas versus n&#xE3;o acometidas mostrou diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa (2,75 &#xB1; 1 versus 1,50 &#xB1; 0,2; p &#x3C; 0,0001).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio</title>
<p>Em pacientes com miocardite, imagens RTG+ foram frequentemente observadas em mais de um segmento da parede ventricular. A regi&#xE3;o mais acometida foi a parede inferolateral (95%), seguida pela parede lateral (68%), parede anterior (32%), parede inferior (32%) e septo (18%). Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao padr&#xE3;o de les&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica, o envolvimento mesoc&#xE1;rdico foi o mais comum (86%), seguido pelo subepic&#xE1;rdio (77%). A m&#xE9;dia da massa de fibrose pela an&#xE1;lise quantitativa foi de 12 g (9% do mioc&#xE1;rdio). O n&#xFA;mero de segmentos acometidos no RTG foi 58 de 132 nos casos (44%) e 0 de 108 (0%) nos controles.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Mapa T1</title>
<p>Na an&#xE1;lise do mapa T1, foram considerados anormais valores &#x2265; 996 ms. Segundo esse par&#xE2;metro, o n&#xFA;mero de segmentos acometidos foi 111 de 132 (84%) nos casos. Os segmentos RTG+ dos casos (pacientes com miocardite) apresentaram valor m&#xE9;dio de T1 significativamente diferente dos segmentos RTG&#x2212; dos mesmos pacientes. Na compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre os grupos, os mapas T1 m&#xE9;dios das paredes ventriculares RTG&#x2212; nos pacientes com miocardite foram significativamente diferentes da m&#xE9;dia das paredes correspondentes nos controles. Os valores m&#xE9;dios de T1 em cada grupo s&#xE3;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre grupos por mapa T1 em paredes acometidas (RTG+) de casos versus todas as outras paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas (RTG &#x2212;) nestes casos e as respectivas paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas (RTG &#x2212;) de controles</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="14%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parede acometida (RTG+)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mapa T1 das paredes acometidas dos casos (m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">a</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mapa T1 das paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas de todos os casos (RTG &#x2212;) (m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12b">b</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mapa T1 da respectiva parede dos controles (m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12c">c</xref>)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1017 &#xB1; 41 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,3201</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1037 &#xB1; 44 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0013</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">981 &#xB1; 47 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0859</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1068 &#xB1; 47 (21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0011</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1027 &#xB1; 49 (71)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0084</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">994 &#xB1; 38 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0,0001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1075 &#xB1; 61 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0168</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1032 &#xB1; 56 (43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0284</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">999 &#xB1; 40 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0002</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1079 &#xB1; 31 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0037</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1018 &#xB1; 45 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,5783</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1010 &#xB1; 36 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0002</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferoseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1059 &#xB1; 17 (4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,6912</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1074 &#xB1; 71 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0038</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1001 &#xB1; 44 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0191</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anteroseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1005 &#xB1; 69 (4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,1450</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1074 &#xB1; 71 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0023</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">993 &#xB1; 48 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,6776</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">M&#xE9;dia geral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1057 &#xB1; 30 (58)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1028 &#xB1; 48 (74)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0,0001</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">996 &#xB1; 10 (108)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0,0001</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN12"><label>a</label><p>an&#xE1;lise entre o mapa T1 nos casos por parede acometida e o mapa T1 em todas as paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas dos mesmos pacientes;</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN12b"><label>b</label><p>an&#xE1;lise entre o mapa T1 em todas as paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas de todos os casos e o mapa T1 da respectiva parede nos controles;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN12c"><label>c</label><p>an&#xE1;lise entre mapa T1 nos casos por parede acometida e mapa T1 da respectiva parede nos controles. RTG+: presen&#xE7;a de realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio; RTG&#x2013;: aus&#xEA;ncia de realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio; DP: desvio padr&#xE3;o;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN13"><label>*</label><p>n: n&#xFA;mero de pacientes;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN14"><label>**</label><p>n: n&#xFA;mero de paredes avaliadas.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Observando a regi&#xE3;o que mais frequentemente era anormal em nossa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes, a parede inferolateral, o valor m&#xE9;dio de T1 do segmento acometido nos casos foi de 1068 &#xB1; 47 ms, o que &#xE9; significativamente diferente de todos os segmentos contralaterais n&#xE3;o acometidos nesses mesmos casos. Essa altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o permaneceu significativa quando comparamos todos os segmentos de casos n&#xE3;o acometidos com os dos controles. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref> mostra uma imagem representativa da parede inferolateral.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Parede inferolateral e o valor intermedi&#xE1;rio do mapa T1 de todas as paredes n&#xE3;o afetadas dos casos (barra azul: caso RTG &#x2013;). Os valores de T1 do mioc&#xE1;rdio supostamente normal na verdade diferiram dos controles e das paredes afetadas dos mesmos casos. * Todos p &#x3C; 0,05. Valores expressos como m&#xE9;dias. Realizado no GraphPad Prism 9. RTG: realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Mapa T2</title>
<p>Na an&#xE1;lise do mapa T2, foram considerados anormais valores &#x2265; 49 ms. Segundo esse par&#xE2;metro, o n&#xFA;mero de segmentos acometidos foi 69 de 130 (53%) nos casos. Os segmentos RTG+ dos casos apresentaram valor m&#xE9;dio de T2 significativamente diferente dos segmentos RTG&#x2212; dos mesmos pacientes. Os valores m&#xE9;dios de T2 dos segmentos RTG&#x2212; entre os casos n&#xE3;o foram significativamente diferentes dos valores m&#xE9;dios de T2 dos controles. Os valores m&#xE9;dios de T2 em cada grupo s&#xE3;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre grupos por mapa T2 nas paredes acometidas (RTG+) de casos versus todas as outras paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas (RTG &#x2212;) nestes casos e as respectivas paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas (RTG &#x2212;) de controles</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
<colgroup width="14%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parede</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mapa T2 das paredes acometidas dos casos (RTG+) (m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">a</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mapa T2 das paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas de todos os casos (RTG &#x2212;) (m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15b">b</xref>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mapa T2 da respectiva parede dos controles (m&#xE9;dia &#xB1; DP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15c">c</xref>)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">53 &#xB1; 5 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,2955</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50 &#xB1; 5 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,7851</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49&#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0803</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52&#xB1; 5 (21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0062</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 4 (71)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,6339</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 4 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0760</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anterolateral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51&#xB1; 5 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,2190</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 5 (43)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,2245</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0235</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 5 (7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,8068</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 4 (15)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,8121</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 4 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,6734</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferoseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51&#xB1; 5 (3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#x2020;</xref>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,3317</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48 &#xB1; 3 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,6868</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48&#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,1092</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Anteroseptal (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49&#xB1; 1 (3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#x2020;</xref>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,7519</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48&#xB1; 3 (8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,6105</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 3 (18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,9868</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">M&#xE9;dia geral (n)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51 &#xB1; 2 (56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,0008</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 4 (74)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,9229</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49 &#xB1; 1 (108)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C;0,0001</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN15"><label>a</label><p>an&#xE1;lise entre o mapa T2 nos casos por parede acometida e o mapa T2 em todas as paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas dos mesmos pacientes;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN15b"><label>b</label>
<p>an&#xE1;lise entre o mapa T2 em todas as paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas de todos os casos e o mapa T2 da respectiva parede nos controles;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN15c"><label>c</label>
<p>an&#xE1;lise entre mapa T2 nos casos por parede acometida e mapa T2 da respectiva parede nos controles. RTG+: presen&#xE7;a de realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio; RTG&#x2013;: aus&#xEA;ncia de realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio; DP: desvio padr&#xE3;o;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN16"><label>*</label><p>n: n&#xFA;mero de pacientes;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN17"><label>**</label><p>n: n&#xFA;mero de paredes avaliadas;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN18"><label>&#x2020;</label><p>uma parede perdida devido a artefato de imagem.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; parede inferolateral, os valores de T2 novamente mostraram diferen&#xE7;a significativa entre segmentos mioc&#xE1;rdicos anormais e paredes n&#xE3;o acometidos nos mesmos pacientes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref> mostra uma imagem representativa da parede inferolateral e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref> mostra a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre os diferentes m&#xE9;todos de imagem.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>An&#xE1;lise da parede inferolateral pelo mapa T2 mostrou diferen&#xE7;a significativa entre as paredes RTG+ dos casos (barra azul) e as paredes RTG &#x2212; dos mesmos casos (barra verde). N&#xE3;o foi encontrada diferen&#xE7;a significativa em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;s paredes RTG &#x2212; dos controles (barra amarela). Valores expressos como m&#xE9;dias. Realizado no GraphPad Prism 9. RTG: realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre diferentes m&#xE9;todos de imagem: a) RTG+ na parede anterolateral e RTG &#x2212; no septo; b) rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 (3,38) mostra edema na parede anterolateral e valor normal (1,82) no septo; c) Mapa T1 acometido na parede anterolateral (1121 ms) e no septo (1041 ms); d) Mapa T2 acometido na parede anterolateral (57 ms) e normal no septo (42 ms). Realizado em MS PowerPoint. RTG: realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-002-03-0250-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O presente estudo caso-controle demonstra que o mapa T1 permite uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais abrangente e aprofundada do mioc&#xE1;rdio supostamente normal em pacientes com miocardite comprovada por RMC. A compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos segmentos RTG+ versus RTG&#x2212; nos casos e dos casos versus controles revelou n&#xE3;o apenas um processo inflamat&#xF3;rio regional, mas tamb&#xE9;m envolvimento mioc&#xE1;rdico difuso.</p>
<p>Embora o mapa T1 tenha sido progressivamente utilizado como ferramenta auxiliar no diagn&#xF3;stico de miocardite,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> o presente estudo foi desenhado para investigar esse m&#xE9;todo como forma de detectar o envolvimento mioc&#xE1;rdico em &#xE1;reas do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o consideradas como n&#xE3;o acometidas pela miocardite quando avaliadas apenas pelo RTG. Comparativamente, verificamos que mesmo segmentos mioc&#xE1;rdicos aparentemente normais em pacientes com miocardite podem ser comprometidos pela inflama&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Um valor m&#xE9;dio de T1 de 1028 &#xB1; 48 ms nas paredes n&#xE3;o acometidas dos pacientes com miocardite mostrou-se estatisticamente diferente dos controles, o que confirma a hip&#xF3;tese de que segmentos supostamente n&#xE3;o acometidos eram de fato anormais. Por outro lado, o edema mioc&#xE1;rdico, conforme avaliado pelo mapa T2, n&#xE3;o mostrou diferen&#xE7;a entre os segmentos RTG&#x2212; dos casos e dos controles. Os achados deste estudo s&#xE3;o consistentes com a literatura existente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>A propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de segmentos acometidos nos casos foi de 44% quando analisados pelo RTG isolado e 84% quando avaliados pelo mapa T1. Esse resultado foi interpretado como demonstrando um envolvimento difuso significativo do mioc&#xE1;rdio, na medida em que quase todo o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o poderia ser considerado comprometido em nossos pacientes com miocardite.</p>
<p>A contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste achado para o nosso conhecimento da miocardite &#xE9; dupla: a) melhora o desempenho diagn&#xF3;stico da RMC em pacientes com miocardite, particularmente em casos lim&#xED;trofes ou de dif&#xED;cil diagn&#xF3;stico; e b) introduz um novo conceito no diagn&#xF3;stico de miocardite que permite a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o objetiva, num&#xE9;rica e quantific&#xE1;vel do acometimento mioc&#xE1;rdico, diferentemente dos atuais crit&#xE9;rios baseados no RTG, em que o diagn&#xF3;stico &#xE9; subjetivo e operador-dependente. Al&#xE9;m disso, deve-se notar que o mapa T1 poderia evitar o uso de contrastes &#xE0; base de gadol&#xED;nio, o que elimina o risco de rea&#xE7;&#xF5;es al&#xE9;rgicas, permite o uso em pacientes com insufici&#xEA;ncia renal e reduz os custos.</p>
<p>Um estudo observacional multic&#xEA;ntrico mostrou que os valores de T1 e volume extracelular foram fortes preditores de mau progn&#xF3;stico na cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda n&#xE3;o se sabe se esse mioc&#xE1;rdio alterado &#xE9;, por si s&#xF3;, um preditor de eventos cardiovasculares na miocardite e outras doen&#xE7;as cardiovasculares, devido &#xE0; falta de estudos com seguimento suficiente.</p>
<p>As anormalidades difusas de T1 em segmentos mioc&#xE1;rdicos aparentemente n&#xE3;o acometidos descritas em nosso estudo podem ter um grande impacto progn&#xF3;stico a longo prazo. Taylor et al. observam que a fibrose difusa foi identificada como fator etiol&#xF3;gico na disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica, insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca e morte s&#xFA;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao mapa T2, alguns estudos mostraram que esse m&#xE9;todo pode localizar &#xE1;reas envolvidas na miocardite com melhor sensibilidade do que as imagens convencionais ponderadas em T2 isoladamente. Em RMC a 1,5 Tesla, um valor de corte &#x3E; 59 ms demonstrou 94% de sensibilidade e 97% de especificidade para identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio acometido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Usando uma m&#xE9;dia de &#x3E; 49 ms, nosso estudo confirmou uma diferen&#xE7;a estatisticamente significativa entre casos com paredes acometidas RTG+ e controles (<xref rid="t6" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
<p>A rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 m&#xE9;dia nos segmentos RTG+ foi de 2,75 &#xB1; 1, que &#xE9; um valor anormal, enquanto essa rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o foi normal nos segmentos sem realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio (RTG&#x2212;). Enquanto o mapa T1 foi capaz de demonstrar que, al&#xE9;m de um processo inflamat&#xF3;rio regional, a miocardite &#xE9; caracterizada por envolvimento mioc&#xE1;rdico difuso e disseminado, a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 foi consistente com a presen&#xE7;a ou aus&#xEA;ncia de RTG e n&#xE3;o refletiu essa inflama&#xE7;&#xE3;o difusa. A rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o T2 n&#xE3;o conseguiu detectar as altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es sugestivas de envolvimento difuso detectadas pelo mapa T1.</p>
<p>Uma revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica avaliou a preval&#xEA;ncia de achados anormais na RMC em pacientes recuperados de COVID-19. Quase 47% dos pacientes recuperados apresentaram um ou mais achados anormais na RMC, que inclu&#xED;am valores elevados de T1 ou T2 nativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outra revis&#xE3;o que avaliou dados de 199 pacientes com o mesmo perfil mostrou que os achados de imagem mais comuns foram altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es no mapa de T1 (73%) e T2 (63%) e edema nas sequ&#xEA;ncias T2/STIR (51%). RTG foi observado em apenas 43% dos casos. Semelhante aos nossos dados anteriores de pandemia com pacientes sem COVID-19, esse estudo revelou que novas t&#xE9;cnicas de mapa quantitativo s&#xE3;o essenciais para detectar inflama&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica difusa tamb&#xE9;m associada &#xE0; COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Portanto, o mapa T1 foi a &#xFA;nica t&#xE9;cnica de RMC capaz de identificar altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es difusas no tecido mioc&#xE1;rdico, demonstrando anormalidades mesmo em paredes ventriculares aparentemente normais.</p>
<p>Considerando que os valores de refer&#xEA;ncia dos mapas s&#xE3;o determinados pelo valor dos controles, e estes est&#xE3;o relacionados &#xE0;s caracter&#xED;sticas dos pacientes do centro de estudo e do aparelho de resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica utilizado, acreditamos que o trabalho tem validade interna.</p>
<sec>
<title>Limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es do estudo</title>
<p>Os pacientes inclu&#xED;dos neste estudo foram selecionados no momento da RMC e n&#xE3;o necessariamente no momento do diagn&#xF3;stico da miocardite. Isso pode ter levemente reduzido a acur&#xE1;cia diagn&#xF3;stica da RMC, considerando que as altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es difusas no tecido mioc&#xE1;rdico podem estar em curva de cura ap&#xF3;s alguns dias, e os valores do mapa T1 podem ser menores do que na fase aguda. No entanto, como nosso objetivo principal foi comparar segmentos mioc&#xE1;rdicos nos mesmos pacientes, essa limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o pode, na verdade, ter potencializado, e n&#xE3;o prejudicado, a nossa an&#xE1;lise.</p>
<p>Embora um mapa T1 tenha seu pr&#xF3;prio valor de normalidade de acordo com o centro onde &#xE9; avaliado, em termos de compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o, nosso mapa T1 m&#xE9;dio foi levemente superior ao relatado em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Isso pode ter reduzido a probabilidade de encontrar diferen&#xE7;as significativas entre casos e controles. No entanto, mesmo considerando esse achado inesperado, conseguimos detectar uma diferen&#xE7;a significativa entre os valores de T1 dos controles e os segmentos RTG&#x2212; dos casos. Acreditamos, portanto, que este foi um vi&#xE9;s conservador. Essa limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o tamb&#xE9;m pode ter diminu&#xED;do a signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica da an&#xE1;lise dos valores do mapa T2 entre os grupos.</p>
<p>Outras limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es incluem o pequeno tamanho da amostra, o desenho retrospectivo e a aus&#xEA;ncia de bi&#xF3;psia endomioc&#xE1;rdica para confirmar os achados de imagem.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O presente estudo sugere que, em pacientes com miocardite, mesmo os segmentos da parede ventricular sem RTG s&#xE3;o anormais no mapa T1. Os valores anormais do mapa T1 encontrados no RTG&#x2212; foram intermedi&#xE1;rios entre os das paredes RTG+ nos casos e os das paredes do RTG&#x2212; nos controles. Especificamente, o mapa T1 revelou um envolvimento mioc&#xE1;rdico difuso n&#xE3;o evidenciado pelas imagens de RTG. Este m&#xE9;todo deve ser usado para demonstrar o envolvimento de todo o cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o no diagn&#xF3;stico de miocardite.</p>
</sec>
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<fn-group>
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<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo &#xE9; parte de disserta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mestrado de Tiago Bartzen Pereira pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica do Hospital Moinhos de Vento sob o n&#xFA;mero de protocolo 3.796.462. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#xE3;o de acordo com a Declara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p></fn>
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