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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20220049</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20220049</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Intermittent Inotrope Infusion Associated with Peritoneal Dialysis for Management of Advanced Heart Failure Secondary to Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Otaviano</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Eto</surname>
						<given-names>Breno Tadao de Paiva</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Vellosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Avançado de Pesquisa para o Diagnóstico</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Avançado de Pesquisa para o Diagnóstico (CAPED), Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro V. Schwartzman</bold> • CAPED – Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping – Av. Cel. Fernando Ferreira Leite, 154. Postal Code <postal-code>14026-900</postal-code>, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil, E-mail: <email>pedrovs.usp@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Otaviano AP, Eto BTP, Schwartzmann PV; Acquisition of data: Otaviano AP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Schwartzmann PV.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>237</fpage>
			<lpage>238</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiotonic Agents</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="9"/>
				<page-count count="2"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Advanced heart failure (HF) represents a therapeutic challenge, characterized by quality of life deterioration and multiple hospitalizations. When HF is secondary to cardiac amyloidosis, the recommended treatment for HF may have an unfavorable clinical course. In advanced HF cases, the clinical scenario is even more challenging.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Clinical Case</title>
			<p>AOV, a 73-year-old, male patient with a 4-year HF onset along with 2 hospitalizations in the last year and a pacemaker due to atrioventricular block, was referred to a tertiary hospital due to worsening dyspnea within the last week. He was admitted with limiting dyspnea, orthopnea, lower limb edema, and abdominal discomfort. The patient was characterized as decompensated HF, with hemodynamic profile B, along with high-rate atrial fibrillation (AF). Initial exams showed NT-proBNP of 20,669 pg/mL, renal failure (creatinine: 2.1 mg/dL, urea: 68 mg/dL), electrocardiogram with AF, low QRS voltage, and advanced right bundle branch block. Chest radiography showed increased cardiac area, pulmonary congestion, and right pleural effusion. The echocardiogram revealed increased left atrial volume (43 ml/m²); septum of 24 mm and posterior wall of 23 mm, and ejection fraction was 26% with grade III diastolic dysfunction (E/A = 3.1; E/e’ = 14). Due to red flags, after light chain exclusion, the diagnosis of hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy was confirmed (pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy with grade 3 uptake and genetic testing showed the Val122Ie genotype). Shortly after discharge and a brief outpatient follow-up, the patient was readmitted to another service for 20 days, but this time due to a decompensated HF profile C, requiring dobutamine and high-doses of intravenous furosemide. Even though the patient was initially considered for heart transplantation, the procedure was discouraged due to comorbidities, age, and social profile. Although he was not eligible for transplantation, the patient presented a challenging scenario, namely, New York Heart Association functional class IV, INTERMACS profile 5, which brought up a discussion on palliative care. In addition to this severe clinical profile, after 2 recent subsequent hospitalizations, the patient required another hospitalization with inotropes that were weaned with levosimendan administration, and cardiorenal syndrome with refractory systemic congestion was managed with peritoneal dialysis. In spite of those treatments, the patient presented another HF decompensation with low output and arterial hypotension, requiring dobutamine infusion and levosimendan administration. Therefore, in order to avoid subsequent episodes of other severe hospitalizations, an outpatient inotropic infusion program was proposed, with the main goal of improving quality of life. Biweekly, the patient received a 6-hour infusion of levosimendan, on day hospital basis, with good safety profile. After this regimen was adopted, the patient did not have any new hospitalizations, and he reported significant improvements in appetite, symptoms, and nutritional aspects, as well as the return to usual activities, especially regarding social life. The patient remained in this biweekly outpatient inotropic infusion program for approximately 1 year without any major complications, until the outcome of sudden death at home.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In this report, the HF-associated morbidity was well characterized, which is even more challenging in the scenario of cardiac amyloidosis. For these patients, quality of life should be prioritized throughout the patients’ journey, as hospitalization is one of the main indicators of this worsening quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The approach to advanced HF regarding control of congestive symptoms and management of reduced tissue perfusion has been increasingly discussed, including guidelines supporting both peritoneal dialysis and inotropic infusion as valid strategies for quality of life improvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A recent meta-analysis of 66 studies concluded that, although there is little evidence for its use in palliative care, inotropic infusion therapy can improve patients’ functional capacity without worsening survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Moreover, the use of levosimendan, which is an inotrope with hemodynamic (pulmonary and systemic) effects, may have a suitable application for patients, as a periodic outpatient infusion program. In previous studies, repeated use at fortnightly intervals was shown to be safe as well as effective in advanced HF cases, relieving symptoms, reducing hospitalizations, and improving quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In one of these studies, intermittent infusion of levosimendan showed a significant reduction in acute decompensation and death in the first and third month in the intervention group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In another study, the use of the drug as a 6-hour infusion (0.2 mcg/kg/min), without bolus, every 2 weeks for 12 weeks, was associated with a lower hospitalization risk with similar adverse events when compared to placebo and, importantly, with savings for the health system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, repeated or intermittent infusion for patients with advanced HF was associated with a reduction in 3-month rehospitalizations; this strategy was considered safe and well tolerated in patients with HF who required inotropes, with remarkable improvements in quality of life and functional capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Similarly, in another case report of a patient with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis, an inotropic home infusion program was performed for 2 years, with positive impact on quality of life. In this case, the inotropic support strategy was a continuous home infusion of milrinone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the reported case, the combined approach of peritoneal dialysis associated with outpatient inotropic infusion led to a significant improvement in the patient’s quality of life, without new hospitalizations or safety concerns during the infusions.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The palliative approach to a patient with advanced HF due to cardiac amyloidosis is a therapeutic challenge. In this case, limiting symptoms and multiple hospitalizations were clearly linked to quality of life deterioration. The intermittent outpatient levosimendan infusion along with peritoneal dialysis was a safe and effective strategy, with a significant improvement in the quality of life and a reduction in the risk of hospitalizations without associated adverse events.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Infusão Intermitente de Inotrópico Associada à Diálise Peritoneal para Manejo de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada Secundária à Amiloidose Cardíaca</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Otaviano</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>de Paiva Eto</surname>
						<given-names>Breno Tadao</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Vellosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Avançado de Pesquisa para o Diagnóstico (CAPED), Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Pedro V. Schwartzman</bold> • CAPED – Centro Médico do Ribeirão Shopping – Av. Cel. Fernando Ferreira Leite, 154. CEP <postal-code>14026-900</postal-code>, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil, E-mail: <email>pedrovs.usp@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito: Otaviano AP, Eto BTP, Schwartzmann PV; Obtenção de dados: Otaviano AP; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Schwartzmann PV.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiotônicos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada representa um desafio terapêutico, caracterizada por piora na qualidade de vida e múltiplas internações. Quando a IC é secundária à amiloidose cardíaca, o tratamento recomendado para a IC pode cursar com evolução clínica desfavorável. Nos casos de IC avançada, o cenário é ainda mais desafiador.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Caso Clínico</title>
				<p>AOV, homem, 73 anos, com histórico de investigação de IC há 4 anos, com 2 internações no último ano e portador de marcapasso por bloqueio átrio-ventricular, foi encaminhado para hospital de referência com histórico de piora da dispneia há 1 semana. Foi admitido com dispneia aos pequenos esforços, ortopneia, edema de membros inferiores e desconforto abdominal. Foi caracterizado como IC descompensada perfil hemodinâmico B, com períodos de fibrilação atrial (FA) de alta resposta. Apresentava na admissão NT-proBNP de 20.669 pg/mL, insuficiência renal (creatinina: 2,1 mg/dL, ureia: 68 mg/dL), eletrocardiograma com FA, baixa voltagem de QRS e bloqueio avançado de ramo direito. Radiografia de tórax mostrou aumento de área cardíaca, sinais de congestão pulmonar e derrame pleural à direita. O ecocardiograma mostrou aumento do volume atrial esquerdo (43 ml/m<sup>2</sup>); septo de 24 mm e parede posterior de 23 mm; fração de ejeção de 26% com disfunção diastólica grau III (E/A = 3,1; E/e’ = 14). Após exames iniciais sugestivos, foi feito o diagnóstico de cardiomiopatia amiloidótica por transtirretina hereditária (cintilografia miocárdica com pirofosfato de sódio com captação grau 3 e pesquisa genética revelou genótipo Val122Ie). Após compensação e curto seguimento ambulatorial, foi novamente internado em outro serviço por 20 dias, mas dessa vez por IC descompensada perfil C, com necessidade de dobutamina e furosemida endovenosa em altas doses. Foi aventada a possibilidade de transplante cardíaco na ocasião, porém descartada devido às comorbidades, idade e perfil social. O paciente manteve classe funcional IV, INTERMACS 5, sendo discutido com a família a possibilidade de cuidados paliativos para melhora de qualidade de vida. Após essas 2 internações subsequentes, o paciente foi novamente internado, tendo feito uso novamente de dobutamina e desmame com levosimendana, com boa evolução clínica. Contudo, o paciente permaneceu com síndrome cardiorrenal e congestão sistêmica refratária, sendo optado por diálise peritoneal. Novamente, apesar da diálise peritoneal, cerca de 20 dias após a alta, retornou ao hospital por nova descompensação da IC, perfil hemodinâmico C, necessitando de dobutamina e uso de levosimendana novamente. Desse modo, foi discutido com a família e, após cerca de 4 episódios de internações subsequentes com gravidade e necessidade de terapia intensiva, optado por indicação de programa de infusão periódica de inotrópico na tentativa de evitar novas rehospitalizações e melhorar a qualidade de vida.</p>
				<p>Quinzenalmente, o paciente recebeu infusão de levosimendana com duração de 6 horas, em regime de hospital dia, com boa tolerabilidade. Após a introdução desse esquema, o paciente não apresentou novas hospitalizações, reportou melhora importante dos sintomas, melhora do apetite e aspectos nutricionais e retorno às atividades habituais, especialmente em relação ao convívio social. Permaneceu nesse esquema ambulatorial de infusão de inotrópicos a cada 15 dias por aproximadamente um ano, sem qualquer complicação até o desfecho de morte súbita em seu domicílio à noite.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>No relato acima, é possível observar a morbidade envolvida nos casos de IC avançada, sendo ainda mais desafiador no cenário da amiloidose cardíaca. Para esses pacientes, a qualidade de vida deve ser a prioridade no manejo, sendo que a hospitalização representa um dos principais indicativos dessa pior qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A abordagem da IC avançada no que diz respeito ao controle dos sintomas congestivos e manejo de redução de perfusão tecidual vem sendo cada vez mais discutida, inclusive com orientações de diretrizes para sugerir tanto a diálise peritoneal como a infusão de inotrópicos como estratégias válidas para melhora de qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Uma metanálise de 66 estudos concluiu que, apesar de poucas evidências para o uso em cuidados paliativos, a terapia com infusão de inotrópicos pode melhorar a capacidade funcional dos pacientes sem piorar a sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nesse cenário, o uso da levosimendana, que é um inotrópico com efeitos hemodinâmicos (pulmonar e sistêmico), pode ter uma aplicação mais confortável para os pacientes, em regime periódico ambulatorial de infusão. Em estudos prévios, o uso repetido em intervalos quinzenais mostrou-se seguro e efetivo em casos de IC avançada, aliviando sintomas, reduzindo hospitalizações e melhorando a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em um desses estudos, a infusão intermitente de levosimendana mostrou redução de descompensação aguda e morte no primeiro e terceiro mês no grupo intervenção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, o uso da droga em infusão de 6 h (0,2 mcg/kg/min), sem bolus, a cada 2 semanas por 12 semanas, demonstrou redução de hospitalização, com eventos adversos semelhantes ao placebo e economia para o sistema de saúde com o uso da droga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Mais ainda, a infusão repetida ou intermitente para pacientes com IC avançada foi associada à redução de rehospitalizações em 3 meses, sendo essa estratégia considerada segura e bem tolerada em pacientes com IC que necessitaram de inotrópicos, com melhora na qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em outro relato de caso de paciente com amiloidose cardíaca por transtirretina <italic>wild-type</italic>, o uso domiciliar de inotrópico foi realizado durante 2 anos, com melhora da qualidade de vida. Nesse caso, a estratégia de suporte com inotrópicos foi o uso de milrinone em infusão contínua domiciliar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No caso descrito, a abordagem combinada de diálise peritoneal associada à infusão intermitente de inotrópico permitiu uma melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente, sem novas hospitalizações e sem eventos adversos durante as infusões.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A abordagem da IC avançada por amiloidose cardíaca é um desafio terapêutico. Neste caso, para um paciente com IC avançada e múltiplas internações associadas à piora na qualidade de vida, a infusão intermitente de levosimendana associada à diálise peritoneal mostrou-se uma estratégia eficaz e segura no manejo da IC avançada, com melhora da qualidade de vida e redução de hospitalizações sem eventos adversos associados.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>